sesión 1 bilingualism
TRANSCRIPT
TEACHING
BILINGUALLYEnrique Arias Castaño
Today’s lesson
Topics:•Think about bilingualism•Types of bilingualism•Bilingual phenomenons
Activities:Bilingual factsComprehending some videosDefining bilingual typesBuilding bilingualism
BilingualismSession 1
Bilingual thoughts
…the norm rather than the exception.
23Bilinguals
50%
50%35%25%
1. English 360 million of native speakers
10. Chinese 955 million of native speakers
8. Spanish 405 million of native speakers
Speak English, please!
Benefits of being
Love
money
intelligence
travel
business
Knowing the Benefits
Benefits of knowing a country`s native language
when traveling
3xOver 20 yearsStudents abroad
travel
Each year the number of
international students
increases by
Saving money
safety Ordering food
Making friends
An increase of
12%1975 2009
800.
000
3.50
0.00
0
Knowing the Benefits
Bilingual people are sexy
270British dating
agencies agreed people who know
a foreign language are
more attractive
Love
Children raised by bilingual
couples are more likely to have
better memory and overall intelligence
hebrew russian french
germanspanish
Knowing the Benefits
Mental benefits of learning languages
4xLess likely to have
Cognitive impairment
intelligenceOf those
surveyed think that knowing a
second language would
improve their brain power
Memory Multi-tasking
aptitude health
People who know 2+
languages are
95%
800.
000
3.50
0.00
0
✓
Bilinguals find easier to learn a third language than
monolinguals to know a second one
attention
¡
Knowing the Benefits
Occupations in which knowing 2+ languages is beneficial
20%In certain jobs
moneyOf those
surveyed think that knowing a
second language would help their career
journalist Computer games
designer
Marketing manager
engineer
Multilingual employees can expect a salary uplift of up to
98%
800.
000
3.50
0.00
0
Over 1/3 of businesses want people specifically for
their language skills
doctor
Knowing the Benefits
Bilingual professionals can earn at least
business Of companies take language into account
when recruiting
50%
800.
000
3.50
0.00
0
It is estimated that 1 in 8 companies has lost
business because of a lack of language competence
10%More than their
monolingual peers
31% know 2 languages
In a survey of international executives
21% know 3 languages
9% know 4 languages4% know more than 4
Do you speak English?
What is Bilingualism?
You tell me…
“New studies are showing that a multilingual brain is nimbler,
quicker, better able to deal with ambiguities, resolve conflicts
and even resist Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of
dementia longer.” - Jeffrey Kluger, Time Magazine Space & Science
Bialystock (2001)
1. Productive Bilingualism – speakers can produce and understand both languages.
2. Receptive Bilingualism – Speakers can understand both languages but have more limited production abilities.
Categories of Bilingualism
Compound vs. Coordinate• Compound bilingual:
Has one semantic system but two linguistic codes. Usually refers to someone whose two languages are learnt at the same time, often in the same context.
• Coordinate bilingual:Has two semantic systems and two linguistic codes. Usually refers to someone whose two languages are learnt in distinctively separate contexts
• Subordinate bilingual:The weaker language is interpreted through the stronger language
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Semantic system
Has wingsHas feathersCan fly
Language code
Orange Apple Bird
naranja manzana pajaro20
The mental lexicon of monolinguals
The mental lexicon of bilinguals
21
Semantic system
Semantic System 1
Semantic System 2
English Spanish English SpanishCompound bilingual Coordinate bilingual
The mental lexicon of bilinguals
22
Semantic system
English Spanish
Subordinate bilingual
The mental lexicon of bilinguals23
Semantic System 1
English Spanish
Semantic System 2
English Spanish
Semantic System 2
Semantic System 1
The mental lexicon of bilinguals
Whether there are two or more systems depends on:
–Age of acquisition–Learning/teaching method–Similarities and differences between the two languages
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Early vs. Late bilinguals• Early bilingual:
someone who has acquired two languages early in childhood (usually received systematic training/learning of a second language before age 6).
• Late bilingual: someone who has become a bilingual later than childhood (after age 12).
• Discussion: Is there a “critical period” for second language learning?
25
Early vs. Late bilinguals
26
How do we determine the age of acquisition?
Early bilingual Late bilingual
age 0 6 12
?
Balanced vs. Dominant• Balanced bilingual:
someone whose mastery of two languages is roughly equivalent.
• Dominant bilingual: someone with greater proficiency in one of his or her languages and uses it significantly more than the other language.
• Semilingual: –someone with insufficient knowledge of either language.
27
Successive vs. Simultaneous
• Successive bilingualism: Learning one language after already knowing another. This is the situation for all those who become bilingual as adults, as well as for many who became bilingual earlier in life. Sometimes also called consecutive bilingualism.
• Simultaneous bilingualism: Learning two languages as "first languages". That is, a person who is a simultaneous bilingual goes from speaking no languages at all directly to speaking two languages. Infants who are exposed to two languages from birth will become simultaneous bilinguals.
• Receptive bilingualism: Being able to understand two languages but express oneself in only one. This is generally not considered "true" bilingualism but is a fairly common situation.
28
Additive vs. Subtractive• Additive bilingual:
The learning of a second language does not interfere with the learning of a first language. Both languages are well developed.
• Subtractive bilingual: The learning a second language interferes with the learning of a first language. The second language replaces the first language.
• Additive or subtractive bilingualism is related to the different status associated with the two languages in a society.
29
Elite vs. Folk• Elite bilingual:
Individuals who choose to have a bilingual home, often in order to enhance social status.
• Folk bilingual: Individuals who develop second language capacity under circumstances that are not often of their own choosing, and in conditions where the society does not value their native language.
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Effects of the second language on the first language
FIRST LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
TRANSFER
Identify the bilingual profile
Let´s have a break
Moving Between
Languages
How do we translate between two languages?
Language MixingSwitching from one language to another is termed a “crutch” syndrome. There are two types of language mixing:
code-switchingcode-mixing
Language MixingCode-switching involves inserting whole utterances (inter-sentence) in a second, non-dominant language during conversation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbj6ceDOd7E
Code-mixing (or borrowing) involves the blending of non-dominant language words or phrases within an utterance (within-sentence). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6wW4EAYuUA
Language MixingUsing this definition, and presuming that English is the dominant language in the following utterances:
“Is this what we are having for dinner today? Sira naba tuktok mo? [Are you crazy?] It’s not Saturday and I don’t eat tuyo [smoked/dried fish] except on Saturdays. It just doesn’t seem right!”
Language MixingThe first italicized utterance is a code-switch, while the second italicized word in the next utterance is a code-mix.
Some say that this crutch syndrome is a model of incompetence.
Language Mixing: ExampleA Turkish-Arabic bilingual boy, knew the word for an object in each of his languages, but would choose the one which was easier for hım to pronounce.
FOR EXAMPLE: Arabic = tiyyara English = plane He knew both the English word 'plane' and its Arabic equivalent 'tiyyara'.On the other hand, he preferred the English 'plane' to the Arabic 'tiyyara'.
From Prada to nada
Cognitive advantages of bilingualism
Growing up bilingual can be a tremendous blessing. In addition to the obvious benefit (i.e., the ability to speak and understand more than one language),
1. Better metalinguistic awareness (ability to identify and describe characteristics and features of language);
2. Better classification skills; 3. Better concept formation; 4. Better analogical reasoning; 5. Better visual-spatial skills; 6. Better storytelling skills; 7. Better semantic development. 8. Prevention of some neurological
disabilities??
COGNITIVE ADVANTAGES OF BILINGUALISM
Bilingualism & Neurologyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeVx68xGT0Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBLwDU6NIjohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TLEJN0xSyAFor the Brain, the Benefits of Being
Bilingual
Bilingualism Delays Alzheimer's
Speaking 2nd Language Could Delay Alzheimer's, Memory Loss
The endSession1