T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Session 14 - Hydropower

Manitoba Hydro’s 1340 MW Limestone Generating Station

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Hydro’s Role in Renewables

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Countries with Most Dams

• China (~24,000 dams, about 45% of total)

• United States (6600)

• India (4300)

• Japan (2700)

• Spain

• Canada

Countries with Most Hydro Generation•China 145 GW•Canada 89•United States 80•Brazil 69•Russia 45•India 34•Japan 27•Norway 27•France 25

Sources: Sustainable Energy, Wikipedia

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Hydroelectric Production

• North America 743,000 GWh/yr1

• Europe 647,000

• Asia 555,000

• South America 471,000

• Africa 59,000

• Australia 39,000

1Sustainable Energy, Tester, p. 522.

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Largesse of Installations

Three Gorges DamYangtze River, China

23,000 MW

Grand Coulee DamColumbia River, US

6,500 MW

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Energy Conversion Principles

Power available from 1 cubic meter of waterfalling through 1 meter every second:

P = Energy per unit of Time

= mgh= 1000 kg X 9.8 m/s2 X 1 m/ 1 s= 9800 Joules/s= 9800 W= 9.8 kW

So, for every cubic meter of water per meter ofDrop per second,

9.8 kW of power is available

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Energy Conversion Principles

Impoundment (e.g. Grand Coulee)

      

             

      

                   

      

                    

      

                  

                    

                         

      

                    

      

                  

      

             

                    

                               

Pond orReservoir

Discharge orTailrace

Z = head = 160 m

1. Cubic meter of Water (ρ= 1000 kg/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3)

2. PE = mghor PE/m3 = ρgZ

3. For Grand Coulee,PE/m3 = 1000 kg/m3

X 9.8 m/s2

X 160 m= 1.6 E 6 J 4. For a flowrate of 5000 m3/s,

Power = Potential Energy X Volume/Time X Efficiency= (1.6 E 6 J) X (5000 m3) X (s-1) X (0.8)= 6.4 E 9 J/s = 6400 MW

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Energy Conversion Principles

Run of River (e.g. Limestone Station, MHEB)

Z = 27.6 m

1. Flow rate through station matches natural flow rate of river (5100 m3/s)

Forebay

2. Minimal static head: PE = 1000 kg/m3X 9.8 m/s2X 27.6 m= 2.7 E 5 J

PowerPE = PE X Flowrate X Eff= 1.1 E 9 J/s = 1100 MW

3. Nameplate capacity= 1340 MW

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Construction Sequence

http://www.hydro.mb.ca/corporate/facilities//build_gen_station/constr_sequence.htm

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Grand Coulee Powerhouse Cross-section

1. Excavation2. Penstock3. Trashracks4. Vert. Axis5. Turbine Runner

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Turbine-Generator

1. Typical clearance of runner to scroll case wall < 1 mm2. Wicket gates3. Stator/Rotor4. Reaction turbine

Source: SustainableEnergy, p 539.

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Manitoba HydroLimestone

Rectifier

Inverter

~AC

AC (EasternInterconnection)

Bipole 1+ 450 kVDC Bipole 2

+ 500 kVDC

1. Length = 900 km2. 18,432 thyristors (BP2)3. 4 cm diameter cable

Source: Manitoba Hydro

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

R&D

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Future in US is Uncertain

T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008

Hydroelectric in Developing Countries

• Western Uganda: 60 kW run of river system for US$15,000 ($250/kW)

• Uganda planning more microhydros• Primary source today is 200 MW hydro; only 5%

of population served; drought afflicted• Microhydros: <100 kW; $200-$500/kW; impulse

turbines• China has ~ 42,200 microhydros (28 GW)

Source: IEEE Spectrum, May 2007, pp 32-37.