Session 2 1

IS 425

Enterprise Information ILECTURE 2

Autumn 2004-2005

Session 2 2

Agenda

Homework Individual Paper Assignment Review Value Chain Review Information Organizing Mechanisms Architecture versus Infrastructure Information Architecture Model and Types Information Needs with Others Information Systems & People Supported Organizational Structures Information Needs Within Next week

Session 2 3

Homework

What are the top HOT TOPICS? Form teams Each team justifies their list of the 3 top HOT

TOPICS using facts/information What facts are more persuasive?

Session 2 4

Individual Paper Assignment

Due Week 5 An IS Competency Analysis Specifications & Grading Criteria

Session 2 5

Value Chain review

Session 2 6

Review Information Organizing Mechanisms The Fundamentals

DATA = elementary descriptions or FACTS INFORMATION = DATA + meaning KNOWLEDGE = INFORMATION + CONTEXT

where context conveys understanding, experience, accumulated learning and experience

Session 2 7

Information Technology Challenges

Regulated

Monopoly

Organization Productivity/ Efficiency

Free Market Individual

Individual/Group Efficiency

Collaborative

Enterprise and Industry Integration

Value Creation

Era I

Era II

Era III

Administrative Framework

Primary Target

Justification/ Purpose

?

?

?

Application Challenges

?

?

?

Integrating Changing Technology Platforms

Session 2 8

Review Information Organizing Mechanisms continued

Information System Types By Functional Area

Accounting Information System Finance Information System Marketing Information System

By Organizational Structure Departmental Information System Enterprise Information System Inter-Organizational Information System

Session 2 9

Review Information Organizing Mechanisms continued

System Support Provided toTransaction Processing System (TPS)

Repetitive, mission-critical activities & clerical staff

Management Information System (MIS)

Functional activities and managers

Office Automation System (OAS) Office workers

Decision Support System (DSS) Decision making by managers & analysts

Executive Information System (EIS) Executives

Group Support System (GSS) People working in groups

Intelligent Support Systems Knowledge workers & others

Session 2 10

Review Information Organizing Mechanisms continued

Interrelated Support Systems – The TPS collects info thatis used to build the MIS and EIS. Info from other sources also

goes into the EIS

Session 2 11

Turning our attention to

Architecture/infrastructure

Session 2 12

Architecture versus Infrastructure

Information Architecture: High level map or plan of the information requirements

in an organization. To conceptualize the information requirements of the

core business of the organization, including how the requirements are to be met.

Information Infrastructure: Consist of the physical facilities, services, and

management that support all computing resources in an organization.

How specific computers, networks, databases, and other facilities are arranged and how they are connected, operated, and managed.

Session 2 13

Architecture versus Infrastructure

Architecture = “A plan of the information requirements in an organization” A guide for current operations A blueprint for future directions

Infrastructure = the realization of the architecture consisting of 5 components: Computer hardware General-purpose software Networks and communication facilities Databases Information management personnel What is not a component?

Session 2 14

Schematic View of Infrastructure & Applications

Inside matrix includes the specific applications & s/w types

Outside ring is the infrastructure

Session 2 15

An Information Architecture Model

Between centralized and decentralized whereBusiness/Data/Communications central base with decentralized strategic/managerial/operational applications.

Session 2 16

General Types of Information Architecture

Mainframe environment One computer with dumb terminals

PC environment Only PCs connected by networks

Networked (distributed) Environment 2 or more computers linked Client/Server is dominant

Session 2 17

Information Needs with Others

Business Pressures create pressures on Organizations Organizations respond to pressures with IT supported activities

Session 2 18

Information Needs with Others

These pressures from market, technology and society demand responses from organizations. These pressures either alone or with one another can impact an organization’s value chain’s viability.

The major business pressures

Session 2 19

Information Needs with Others

These 5 organizational components maintain an equilibrium until business pressures force a realignment of the 5 for a response.

Framework for organizational and societal impacts of information

Session 2 20

Information Needs with Others

Critical Response Activities

-5 major groups

--Strategic Systemsgives advantage over competitionvery rarely lasts

--Continuous Improvements

--Business Alliances

--ECommerce

--BPRbusiness process reengineering

Session 2 21

Information Systems & People Supported

Session 2 22

Organizational Structures

Organizations – By Function where people are grouped

around the resources they commonly use Most small and mid-sized firms

By Divisions where large organizations are subdivided into smaller functional units Most large firms

Session 2 23

Information Needs Within

When organized around functions (traditional organization form), each function maintains its own information leading to each function having its own information systems

Information that must be shared is “shipped” from one function to the next“following the ‘paper’ trail”

Early legacy systems automated the existing information flows between functions

Session 2 24

Information Needs Within

Later, the need to update various functions with the same facts led to: A common database Decentralized processing simultaneously at several

locations A process orientation from the functional orientation, i.e.,

reorienting people’s work to the accomplishing outcomes Streamlining work so it always is rationalized in terms of

outcomes Can Build a unique system

That is a BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING (BPR) Or Can Buy a system

That is an ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP)

Session 2 25

Next Week

Software Methods/Software Development

Security Issues

Homework – Readings from course home page