session 2.2 quest for appropriate bamboo species
TRANSCRIPT
Quest for an appropriate bamboo species in tropical
homegardens - Can Dendrocalamus stocksii
(Munro) fit the bill?
S. Viswanath, A. Rane1, Sowmya, C. and M.S.Rao Tree Improvement and Genetics Division, Institute of Wood
Science and Technology, Bangalore, India1 College of Forestry, Dr.B.S.Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli,
IndiaEmail: [email protected]
• Dendrocalamus stocksii – Knowing the species• Distribution in Peninsular India• D.stocksii – Domestication in Konkan belt• D.stocksii - Utility and Value addition• D.stocksii – Integration in Homegardens• Problems and prospects• Conclusion
Outline of Talk
Why not bamboo?
• Cheap• Renewable • Fast growing• Short rotation• Wide adaptation• Grows in poor soil and low
rainfall• Multifarious uses• C sequestration potential
• Rehabilitation of degraded land
• High social, economic & environmental values
• Create local employment opportunities
• Substitute of traditional timber wood in many ways
• Requires less energy for processing
Number NumberCountry of Genera of Species
Global 75 1250Asia 65 900China 26 300Malaysia 10 44India 23 145Thailand 12 41Vietnam 16 92Indonesia - 65Nepal 11 53Bangladesh 8 20Srilanka 1 7
Source: INBAR, 2005
Bio-resource of bamboo (selected countries)
• Bamboo covers 11.3 m.ha of forest area in India
• Main concentration in NE (28%) of total bamboo area
• Madhya Pradesh (20%) and Chattisgarh (12%)
• Highest productivity recorded in Assam (5 MT/ha/yr)
• India with China & Myanmar – 75% of World’s bamboo resources
• Only 13.5 m. MT (17%) harvested annually
Distribution and productivity in India
• Dendrocalamus strictus
• Bambusa bambos• Melocanna baccifera• B.balcooa• B.tulda• B.nutans• D.stocksii• Ochlandra
travancorica
Source: Lobovikov et al., 2005; Rai & Chauhan, 1998
Sl. No. Species Sl. No. Species
1 Bambusa bambos 10 D. hamiltonii
2 B. nutans 11 D. stocksii
3 B. pallida 12 D. strictus
4 B. polymorpha 13 D. asper
5 B. tulda 14 Guadua angustifolia
6 B. vulgaris 15 Meloconna baccifera
7 B. balcooa 16 Ochlandra travancorica
8 Dendrocalamus brandisii 17 Schizostachym dullooa
9 D. giganteus 18 Phyllostachys bambusoides
Economically important bamboo species in India (NMBA)
In Peninsular India in Central Western Ghats
Native Species• D.strictus• Bambusa bambos• Ochlandra travancorica• O.scriptoria• D.stocksii• D.brandisii• D.giganteus• B.vulgaris• B.wamin• B.multiplex
Introduced Species• T.oliveri• G.angustifolia• D.asper• B.balcooa• B.tulda• B.nutans• B.textilis• B.polymorpha• B.membraneas• D.hamiltonii• B.pallida
Common homegarden spp. in India
Spp. of North-east India• Bambusa cachrensis• Bambusa vulgaris• Bambusa balcooa• Teinostachyum dullooa• Melocanna baccifera• Bambusa nutans
Spp. of Peninsular India • Bambusa bambos (Kerala)• Ochlandra travancorica
(Kerala)• Dendrocalamus brandisii
(Karnataka)• Dendrocalamus stocksii
(Konkan belt)
Why these bamboo spp. do not fit the bill
Bambusa bambos
Dendrocalamus strictus Ochlandra travancorica
Extremely manageable thornless species with great economic and
ecological importance
Naturally distributed in Central Western Ghats from Kasargod
(Kerala) to Ratnagiri (Maharashtra)
Most preferred by farmers in Southern India
Dendrocalamus stocksii
• Endemic to Western Ghats and traditionally utilized by bamboo dependent communities.
• Commercial plantations (block and mixed) of this species are present and each 20 feet culm is sold for Rs. 50/- to 200/-.
• Used in agricultural tools, farm structures, handicrafts, construction, furniture etc.
• Early maturity, non-predominant node and easy working has made it the most popular industrial species.
Why Dendrocalamus stocksii ?
Distribution of D. stocksii in Central Western Ghats
D.stocksii in agroforestry practices in Peninsular India
In homestead On farm boundaries
Block plantationsLive fence
D.stocksii - Intercropping
Intercropping with sweet potato
Intercropping with finger millet
Survey and Distribution of D. Stocksii genotypes Central Western Ghats
Variation in morphological parameters of Dendrocalamus stocksii genotypes evaluated from Central Western Ghats:
S. No. Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean
1 Clump diameter (m) 6.75 0.23 2.592 Clump height (m) 15.00 5.0 9.77
3 Total number of standing culms per clump 139 10 54.60
4 Number of stumps per clump 150 00 24.85
5 Number of Current year culms per clump 38 3 15.93
6 Culm basal diameter (mm) 70.06 9.00 44.857 Culm 5th internode diameter (mm) 57.32 6.75 37.388 Culm 5th internode length (cm) 52.00 9.00 44.85
9 Culm wall thickness to culm diameter ratio 1.00 0.10 0.33
10 Culm height (m) 16.2 0.23 7.75
11 Commercial culm height (m) 13.0 2.90 7.7512 Height of Solidness (m) 12.5 0.10 3.34
12 populations of Dendrocalamus stocksii identified along the Central Western Ghats(M. C. J. Bottini et al. 2000;Carlos Navarro &Gustavo Hernández, 2004)
Population Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m.asl) No. of clumps sampled
Dapoli 17.444338 73.110834 130.47 8Patan 17.175870 73.492500 536.70 3Ratnagiri 16.461830 73.245540 139.69 8Sindhudurg 16.013478 73.521820 114.43 17Kolhapur 15.510400 74.090800 762.61 9North Goa 15.381850 74.023920 90.84 10South Goa 15.230990 74.030200 80.17 4Belgaum 15.443740 74.304050 738.86 8Karwar 14.485160 74.272150 556.76 6Sirsi 14.195870 74.512580 582.24 12Udupi 13.154830 74.533230 88.92 7Kasargod 12.295700 75.002620 113.97 10
Populations of D. stocksii identified in Central Western Ghats
Culm production capacity of genotypes in different populations of Dendrocalamus stocksii
DapoliPatan
Ratnagiri
Sindhudurg
Kolhapur
North Goa
South Goa
Belgaum
Karwar
Sirsi
Udupi
Kasargod
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Number of standing culms per clump current year culms per clumpNumber of harvested culms per clump Total number of culms per clump
12 Populations
Nu
mb
er o
f cu
lms
clu
mp
-1No of culms
emerging annually varied from 11 to 19
across populations
Population Clump diameter
(m)
Commercial culm height
(m)
Basal diameter of culms
(cm)
5th internode diameter of culms (cm)
5th internode length of the culms (cm)
Culm wall thickness to
diameter ratio
Height of culm
solidness (m)
Dapoli 2.58 8.61abc 4.55bcd 3.75bdcef 29.67fg 0.31abcde 0.85d
Patan 2.93 7.61bc 4.21def 3.42ef 35.10bc 0.57a 4.57abc
Ratnagiri 2.28 9.77abc 4.79ab 3.93abc 31.95def 0.32bcde 1.90bcd
Sindhudurg 2.40 8.78ab 4.63abc 3.88abcd 32.33cdef 0.33cde 5.14ab
Kolhapur 3.20 6.67c 4.43bcd 3.64cdef 28.20g 0.37cde 2.93bcd
North Goa 3.01 8.27bc 4.47bcd 3.88abcde 34.08bcd 0.29abc 1.63bcd
South Goa 2.94 8.67abc 4.47bcd 3.68bcdef 31.13ef 0.31abcde 2.25bcd
Belgaum 2.16 6.58c 4.33bcd 3.49ef 36.09bcde 0.48ab 7.01a
Karwar 2.23 9.58ab 4.90a 4.01ab 40.36a 0.27de 1.03cd
Sirsi 2.72 8.48abc 4.94a 4.07abcd 40.32a 0.35abcd 2.91bcd
Udupi 2.09 8.07abc 4.89a 4.41a 31.84edf 0.28abcd 0.23d
Kasargod 2.59 8.25abc 4.56bcd 3.85edf 33.71bced 0.27ab 1.14cd
SE ± 0.772 0.16 0.12 0.93 0.01 1.12CD 5% N. S. 1.943 0.314 0.29 2.32 0.02 2.90
Trait means not followed by the same superscript are significantly different at p=0.05
Morphological parameters of D.stocksii genotypes
Variation in clump and culm characteristics in D.stocksii populations
Culm Character GV PV EV GCV PCV ECV Heritability (%)
Genetic Advance
Basal diameter 51.53 81.17 29.64 16.08 20.18 12.20 63.48 11.78
5th internode diameter 35.91 63.17 27.26 16.11 21.36 14.04 56.84 9.30
5th internode length 36.03 55.98 19.95 19.95 22.47 13.42 64.36 9.91
GV: Genetic variance; PV: Phenotypic variance; EV: Error of Variance; GCV: Genetic coefficient of Variance; PCV: Phenotypic coefficient of Variance; ECV: Error coefficient of Variance
Genetic estimates of culm characters of D. stocksii genotypes evaluated along the Central Western Ghats
Utility and Value addition in Konkan belt
> 40 mm dia
< 30 mm dia
> 50 mm dia
Different size classes have
different utility value
Multiple uses and Value addition in Konkan belt
Traditionally: harvest every year from the 4th year onwards Value addition: substitute to cane in furniture
• Juvenile shoots – edible• Around 10-15 new shoots produced per clump every year• >50% of extractable edible portion
Utility Value as edible shoots
D.stocksii
A B C D E F A B C D E F
A: B.balcooa; B: D.asper; C: D.stocksii; D: B.bambos; E: G.angustifolia; F: D.strictus
• Nutritional composition on par with other edible spp.
Utility Value as edible shoots
Name of Species Moisture % Proteing/100g of fresh wt
Carbohydratesg/100g of fresh wt
Fatg/100g of fresh wt
Crude fibre g/100g of fresh wt
Ash%
Bambusa bambos 90.8±0.00 3.80±0.03 3.95±0.05 0.14±0.003 0.83±0.003 0.93±0.11
Bambusa balcooa 89.4±0.51 3.76±0.02 2.39±0.03 0.05±0.002 0.81±0.010 1.1±0.11
Guadua angustifolia
90.8±0.20 3.16±0.04 2.17±0.34 0.35±0.058 0.76±0.010 1.1±0.42
Dendrocalamus strictus
91.8±0.20 3.17±0.04 5.53±0.05 0.23±0.003 0.78±0.015 0.9±0.23
Dendrocalamus asper
91.8±1.04 2.71±0.04 5.17±0.05 0.10±0.003 0.71±0.014 0.47±0.23
Dendrocalamus stocksii
93.1±2.61 2.87±0.35 5.87±0.02 0.01±0.002 0.76±0.011 1.27±0.30
Utility and Value addition in Konkan belt – Case study of Ovaliye village, Sindhudurg Dist., Maharashtra
• Entire village (160 households) engaged in D.stocksii cultivation• 200 truck loads marketed annually
D.stocksii – Preservative treatment for enhancing durability in value added products
• Vacuum pressure treatment (1.5kgcm-2) using CCB preservative for one hour
Intricate linkage of D.stocksii with farm, household, industry and local markets in Central Western Ghats
• D. stocksii – a truly multi-purpose spp. • Consistent market demand • High adaptability in semi-arid, sub-humid and humid
tropical conditions - Greater chances of popularization
• Multilocational trials in different agroclimatic zones • Improvement work can focus on selecting genotypes
having value addition potential • D.stocksii undoubtedly has an important socio-
cultural and economic role on par with recognized commercial horticulture crops like coconut or mango
Has the Quest for an appropriate bamboo spp. ended with D.stocksii ?
• Karnataka Forest Department for funding the project
• Dean, College of Forestry, DBSKKV, Dapoli• Director, IWST
Acknowledgement
Thank you for your kind attention…