session 4 teaching vocabulary - ldaustralia.org 4 teaching vocabulary.pdf · teaching vocabulary...
TRANSCRIPT
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No Word Is an Island: Teaching Vocabulary Through
Word Relationships
Louisa Moats, Ed.D.
Workshop Part 4
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SESSION OBJECTIVES n Review the importance of vocabulary n Understand why and how we learn
words n Learn techniques for teaching word
relationships n Identify extension activities to promote
independent word learning
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3 Reading is a multifaceted skill, gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice.
The Many Strands that are Woven into Skilled Reading (Scarborough, 2001)
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE LANGUAGE STRUCTURES VERBAL REASONING LITERACY KNOWLEDGE
PHON. AWARENESS DECODING (and SPELLING) SIGHT RECOGNITION
SKILLED READING: fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension.
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
WORD RECOGNITION
increasingly
automatic
increasingly
strategic
What is a word?
“a peg to hang ideas on.” …Henry Ward Beecher
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Variance in Comprehension Accounted for by Word Recognition Ability
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01020304050607080
1st 3rd 5th 7th
Proportion of variance incomprehension accounted for bydecoding skill
Connecticut Longitudinal Study
What Do These Data Mean?
n … decoding skill is necessary but not sufficient for learning to read, write, and spell
n …as time goes on, vocabulary and language proficiency account for more and more of the variance in reading comprehension.
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What Is Academic Language?
n Longer sentences with embedded clauses
n Paragraph and genre (text) structures
n Unusual, content-specific words
n Formal, conventional grammar
n Tighter logic, less redundancy
n Fewer conversational cues
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Newspapers:“Research Team Clones Human Embryos” (USA Today, 2/2004)
“…Medical researchers hope to use cloned embryonic stem cells – which have the potential to grow into any kind of cell or tissue – to someday treat diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s. The cells potentially could create rejection-free transplant organ tissues. Opponents of cloning fear the development will lead to cloned babies. They decry the destruction of human embryos to produce the stem cells.”
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Vocabulary: “Research Team Clones Human Embryos” (USA Today, 2-12-04)
medical (medic) researchers cloned, cloning embryonic, embryos stem cells potential, potentially diseases diabetes Parkinson’s
create, creation rejection-free transplant organ tissues opponents development decry destruction (destroy) human produce 9
The Vocabulary Gap at Age 6
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
words known by age 6
low SESmiddle SEShigh SES
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The Gap Grows
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1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 End of Pre-K End of K End of gr. 1 End of gr. 2
Lowest 25% of students
Average students
after Biemiller, 1999, 2005
This gap remains wide!
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
low vocabavg vocabhigh vocab
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A Grown Vocabulary: What Do Children Need to Learn by 12th Grade ?
n Nagy and Anderson (1984) estimated that there are 88,700 word families in text up to 12th grade.
n 107 words account for 50% of the words in running text.
n 5,000 more words account for an additional 45% of the words in running text.
n Infrequent words (5% of total) carry the most unique meaning in a passage.
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Differences in Text Exposure
14 Less than 1 minute 4.6 minutes 20 minutes
8,000 words
282,000 words
1,800,000 words Number of words, per year, children are exposed to, compared to time spent reading each day.
The Importance of Vocabulary
n Predicts overall academic success n Highly correlated with reading
comprehension n Facilitates fast, accurate word
reading and passage reading fluency
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How Do We Learn Words?
n Incidental encounters with words in context
n Direct, planned, explicit teaching n Fostering of word consciousness that
enables students to learn words on their own
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Word form enhances access to word meaning… (Perfetti, 2011)
Context Processor
Orthographic Processor
Phonological Processor
Meaning Processor
writing output speech output reading input
speech sound system
letter memory
Phonemic Awareness
Fluency
Phonics
Background Knowledge and Language Context
Vocabulary
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Deep Knowledge of a Word
Aspect of Language
n syntactic role n morphemes n syllable structure n graphemes n phonemes
Example
n to prodúce (v.) vs. próduce (n.) n pro (prefix) + duc (Latin root) n pro (open) + duce (VCe) n p r o d u ce n /p/ /r/ /ō/ /d/ /ū/ /s/
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Deep Knowledge of Words
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(word)
Linguistic Structure: morphemes, syllables, graphemes, phonemes
Examples in context
Synonyms Antonyms
Connotations and Denotations
Multiple meanings
Categories shinny
-not “shiny” or “skinny”
-2 syllables, 1st closed
-related to “shin?”
-it’s a verb
Examples: “shinny up the flagpole…”
Syn: Scale,climb. Antonym: ??
Denotes a creature with strong, agile legs climbing up a pole or tree by use of shins.
1. Field hockey
2. Curved stick
3. To climb by shinnying
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Which Words to Teach Directly? (Beck & McKeown, Bringing Words to Life) Tier 1- Basic, common words that students
should learn on their own. Tier 2- Most mature readers are familiar with
them. “Core content” vocabulary. Can be found across various contexts and topics. Are central to the topic or theme.
Tier 3- Low-frequency words; many of these are domain specific.
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Multiple Meanings
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One trip around an oval running track
lap
Can you brainstorm other meanings for this word?
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Categories
n Listen to the words on the list. n What are all the words about? n What subordinate categories do they belong in? n Use a graphic organizer that shows these word relationships.
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n mushing jobs sniffing n dogs kibbles leading n milkbone famous dogs Fido n searching Bruno retriever n Lassie greyhound legs n Rin-Tin-Tin tail food n terrier bones breeds n fur/hair spaniel body parts
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DOGS
breeds jobs body parts famous dogs
food
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(superordinate)
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CANINE
dog fox wolf
working
toy herding
gray Arctic
Algebra Vocabulary n equation n solution n deduction n variables n inequality n negative number n positive number n coordinate n conditional statements n base n factor n hypothesis
Categories n Mathematical expressions
and solving equations n Logical reasoning process n Graphing numbers
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Why Categorize?
n If words aren’t “filed” in the lexicon, they will be harder to retrieve quickly and accurately.
n Categories are fundamental structures of
knowledge – aspects of the mental frameworks (schemas) that enable understanding.
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Formal, Structured Definitions
n A darkroom is a room for developing photographs that has very dim, special light and running water.
n To plunder is to rob or pillage, usually by an invading or conquering group.
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Formal, Structured Definitions
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= + word category, synonym attributes
A _______ is (a) ___________ that (is, does) ________. (word) (category, synonym) (attributes)
Part A Part B
Making Definitions
Use the following format to write a definition for the word listed below:
A _____ is (a) ______ that (is, does) ________.
wolf
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Scaling of Attributes
Put these words on a “scale” that indicates their relationships to one another:
placid, fierce, docile, accepting,
ferocious, aggressive, gentle, energetic, menacing
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How to Introduce a New Word
Pronounce and read the word. Examine the spelling. (Ehri, 2014)
Tell students what the new word means, using a student friendly definition.
Say more about the word. Use it several times while elaborating its meaning.
Ask questions about the word’s meaning. Elicit word use by students.
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How to Introduce a New Word
Pronounce and read the word. “semantics”
Tell students what the new word means,
using a student friendly definition. “the study of meaning and meaning
relationships”
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How to Introduce a New Word
Say more about the word. Use it several times. Semantics --- the study of sense; the stuff of thought; the concepts that underlie words; the nature of meaning.
Ask questions about the word’s meaning. “Could we say that ….”
Elicit word use by students. “When we study or talk about word meaning,
we are dealing with ___________”
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Extension Activity: Select and Connect
Column 1 Column 2
definition depth dictionary multiple meanings breadth categories word conscious(ness) lexicon semantics vocabulary
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Extension: Word Structure Analysis
n Pare off prefixes and suffixes:
incomparable = in + com + par + able; par + ity n Find word cousins:
sanitation, sanitary, sanitarium, sanitize, sane, insane (from the Latin layer of English, “sanitus” = “health”)
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Teach Word Building by Morpheme
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VERT, VERS
co
in
sub
con
contra
uni
-ion
-ity
-ible
-ation
-ical
-atile
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Semantic Feature Analysis has hair swims can be a pet flies
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X 42