session 6 – refuting evolution pt.2 in this final session we will continue our refutation of the...
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Session 6 – Refuting Evolution Pt.2
In this final session we will continue our refutation of the theory of evolution
We will look at what most believe is the best evidence against evolution, and great evidence for the creator God of scripture
Don’t let your study stop after this, there is much more information available on these
topics that support the Biblical view
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Irreducible Complexity & Design
In this session we will look at two topics that are similar but distinct from each other
The first is the argument against evolution from irreducible complexity (which will be
explained in a moment)
The second will be a general argument against evolution from design and
complexity found in organism
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"If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not
possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.“ - Charles
Darwin, Origin of Species
Evolution must explain everything by random mutation and natural selection (which we showed isn’t possible) in short successive
building steps over billions of years
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The best argument against evolution (in my opinion) comes from Irreducible Complexity
which was originally put forward (and remains to be argued) by Dr. Michael Behe
“By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched,
interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal or any one of
the parts causes the system to effectively crease functioning” – Michael Behe
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The example often given to illustrate
this is a mouse trap with it’s five
interacting parts
If you remove the spring (1 or the 5 parts) from the mouse trap, does it become 1/5th less effective than before? No. It’s useless
Unless you have all the parts there, there is no function to the mouse trap
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The mouse trap couldn’t “evolve”, because evolution does things step by step over a
period of time, not all at once
When dealing with living organisms, natural selection should get rid of useless machinery
that is taking nutrition from the cell. If you have to build these step by step, but don’t
have any function until all steps are complete, the organisms doesn’t look ahead and wait for that function to come about, it either has a beneficial function or doesn’t
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Irreducibly complex systems
Bacterial Flagellum Motor
The flagellum is a rotary motor in
bacteria that drives a propeller to spin
It is capable of spinning 100,000 rpm
More than other motors found in nature, this one looks like something we’d make
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When we look at a simple bacteria (E. Coli) we’ve discovered there are 35 genes (Proteins) that make up this system
If any one of these genes was not in place, the flagellum would not function, and would
be removed by natural selection
You need all the pieces of this puzzle in place to begin in order for evolution t explain it,
but there is no mechanism that can arrange these 35 parts from the get go
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Eukaryotic Cilium
The cilium is a hair-like, or whip-like structure that is built upon a system of microtubules
the function of the cilium will fail if it is
missing any microtubules,
connecting arms, or lacks sufficient dynein motors
Because everything is needed to work, it’s irreducibly complex
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Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (aaRS)
These enzymes are responsible for fusing tRNA with the proper
amino acid
Most cells require twenty different aaRS (one for each of the amino acids needed)
If you don’t have all types of aaRS present, translation cannot continue (and life ends)
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RibosomesThese molecular machines are essential for
life, and give us the best example of an irreducibly complex system
Ribosomes are responsible for RNA translation, and the
production of polypeptides (proteins)
inside cells
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How does it work?
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George Church, Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and Director of the
Center for Computational Genetics said: “The ribosome, both looking at the past and at the future, is a very significant structure --
it's the most complicated thing that is present in all organisms. Craig does
comparative genomics, and you find that almost the only thing that's in common
across all organisms is the ribosome. And it's recognizable; it's highly conserved…
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For the most simple Ribosome, a minimum of 53 proteins and 3 polynucleotides are
required to function (many ribosome's have around 300 proteins)
So the question is, how did that thing come to be? And if I were to be an intelligent
design defender, that's what I would focus on; how did the ribosome come to be?”
They’ve tried to construct more simple ribosome's in the lab, and have failed
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“The only way we're going to become good scientists and prove that it could come into being spontaneously is to develop a much better in vitro system where you can make smaller versions of the ribosome that still
work, and make all kinds of variations on it to do really useful things but that are really wildly different, and so forth, and get real
familiarity with this really complicated machine. Because it does a really great
thing: it does this mutual information trick…
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but not from changing something kind of trivial, from DNA to RNA; that's really easy. It can change from DNA three nucleotides into one amino acid. That's really marvelous. We
need to understand that better..” – Dr. George Church
Leading evolutionists agree this system is problematic for the theory, it’s the best example of a system that can’t get any simpler, but is essential for life to exist
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According to cell biologist and molecular machine modeler David Goodsell, “ATP synthase is one of the wonders of the
molecular world.”
ATP Synthase
Found inside the Mitochondria (and other places) ATP Synthase is the power (ATP)
producing molecular machines of the cell
Understand there are many steps before ATP synthase also needed to get energy
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There are two motors involved with this system,
the F0 (powered by protons) and F1
motors (powered by the F0 motor)
This kinetic energy is used like a generator to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Cyanide blocks the step prior to this, making ATP synthase useless and killing the organism
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Whole processes in the cell often require many independent molecular machines to
make them happen
DNA replication
In order for cells to divide (and for life to continue) DNA must be replicated
This vital process is not a simple challenge for evolution to overcome, and shows
evidence of incredible design by a creator
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Here’s an overview of what happens
All these parts have a vital function
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DNA polymerase
This is the main character in replication,
it’s the machine that reads and adds
nucleotides to create a template strand of DNA
It is extremely accurate, making less than one mistake per billion bases (usually if a mistake
is made, it catches and corrects it)
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Other parts
Helicase catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the original DNA strands
being copied
Topoisomerase cuts and rejoined the DNA during
replication
SSBP attached to the separated strands to prevent them from recombining
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Primase adds RNA primers to the lagging strand of DNA which is needed for DNA
polymerase to begin doing it’s job
DNA Polymerase I replaces the RNA with DNA
Ligase closes the gaps on the lagging strand
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RNA Polymerase in cells
Without RNA polymerase, you wouldn’t have the RNA needed to code for proteins in the
Ribosome we looked at earlier
It’s not as simple as RNA polymerase though, you need initiation factors in order for RNA
polymerase to start doing it’s job
These initiation factors guide the RNA polymerase to where it needs to be on the
strand of DNA
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“To grasp the reality of life as it has been revealed by molecular biology, we must
magnify a cell a thousand million times until it is twenty kilometers in diameter and
resembles a giant airship large enough to cover a great city like London or New York…
What about these simple cells?
Understand that most these molecular machines we have been discussing are inside
the most simple cells
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What we would then see would be an object of unparalleled complexity and adaptive
design. On the surface of the cell we would see millions of openings, like the port holes of a vast space ship, opening and closing to
allow a continual stream of materials to flow in and out. If we were to enter one of these openings we would find ourselves in a world
of supreme technology and bewildering complexity.” Michael Denton, Evolution: A
Theory In Crisis
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Here is a “simple” bacteria cells
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Here is a Eukaryotic cell
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Human (Mammals) reproduction shows great complexity and design
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Ovaries contain 400,000 eggs to begin! The mother never generates more
Fertilization happens very quick after the
egg enters the fallopian tube, and the baby begins to
grow from that point
If the egg can’t get from the ovary to the tube, life can’t continue
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If fertilization happens inside the tube, that means
you need to get the sperm up to that
point, while moving the egg down
If you can’t get the fertilized egg down the fallopian tube, the baby can implant in that
location and cause a tubal pregnancy (which kills both mother and baby)
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How do the sperm get up to the egg? It is true they swim, but left alone they would
never reach the egg. The muscles inside the tube help move the sperm upward
But if the muscles are moving the sperm upward, how is the egg coming down?
There are trillions of little hairs (Cilia) that help move the egg
down! What kind of motion do they use?
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Maybe they just go wild?
Maybe they are like windshield wipers on a car going back and forth?
Reality? They end up doing the wave
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The next obstacle will be fertilization (But don’t worry, there
was a smart designer)
There are several barriers that the sperm must over
come to fertilize the egg, but it has what it needs
The sperm must first get through the cumulus and the shell of the egg
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Luckily it has enzymes needed to dissolve those barriers and always it entry
Once it’s inside the egg, there is a check that takes place to make sure it’s the same
species (which is why humans and monkeys can’t have offspring together)
You then have to make sure no other sperm get into the egg, which is hard because
usually many are trying to. So once the first sperm get’s in there is a reaction that
creates another shell to prevent others
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From that point the process of growth begin to take place as the cells begin to divide
If left alone for the next 9 or so months (for humans) you will get a baby
Psalm 139:14: “I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your
works; my soul knows it very well.”
God created the miracle of reproduction and should get the credit for it and everything
else that he created
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Memory Verse
Hebrews 11:3: “By faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of
God, so that the things which are seen were not made of things which are visible.”