Session 7Session 7

Letters and MemosLetters and Memos

Writing processWriting process

InventingInventing CollectingCollecting OrganizingOrganizing DraftingDrafting RevisingRevising ProofreadingProofreading

Inventing: coming up Inventing: coming up with your topicwith your topic

Brainstorming:Brainstorming:– Getting your Getting your

ideas on paper so ideas on paper so you can give you can give yourself the yourself the widest range of widest range of topics possibletopics possible

Brainstorming: coming Brainstorming: coming up with ideas that up with ideas that interest youinterest youListing:

Political apathyAnimal abuseNFL instant replayAir pollutionTelemarketing scamsInternet censorshipNBA salary caps

Paper Topics

Brainstorming

Clustering: mapping Clustering: mapping out ideasout ideas

IInternet censorship

telemar-ketingscams

NFL instantreplay

NBA

politicalapathy

three-partysystem

salarycaps

sportsmanship

animalabuse

First Amendment

Flag- Burning Amend-

ment

CollectingCollecting

Gathering ideasGathering ideas Locating and Locating and

evaluating evaluating researchresearch

Conducting Conducting interviewsinterviews

Organizing: putting Organizing: putting information in an information in an outlineoutline

OUTLINE

I. IntroductionA. Grab attentionB. State the thesis

II. BodyA. Build pointsB. Develop ideasC. Support the main claim

III. ConclusionA. Reemphasize the main idea

DraftingDrafting Give yourself ample Give yourself ample

time to work on time to work on your project.your project.

Find a comfortable Find a comfortable place to do your place to do your writing.writing.

Avoid distractions.Avoid distractions. Take breaks.Take breaks.

Revising: reviewing Revising: reviewing ideasideas

Review higher-Review higher-order concerns:order concerns:– Clear communication Clear communication

of ideas of ideas – Organization of paperOrganization of paper– Paragraph structureParagraph structure– Strong introduction Strong introduction

and conclusionand conclusion

Editing and PolishingEditing and Polishing

Improve your first draft by Improve your first draft by identifying mistakes that are identifying mistakes that are there and pieces of missing there and pieces of missing information that aren't.information that aren't.

Verify the content of your Verify the content of your message and check the way message and check the way you've written it.you've written it.

Don't rely on computer programs Don't rely on computer programs entirely for your proofreading.entirely for your proofreading.

Proofreading Proofreading TechniquesTechniques

Read slowly and fixate on Read slowly and fixate on each word.each word.

Sub-vocalize.Sub-vocalize. Read one line at a time.Read one line at a time. When you find an error, When you find an error,

reread the entire reread the entire sentence.sentence.

Check for consistency in Check for consistency in format.format.

Proofreading Proofreading TechniquesTechniques Watch for common Watch for common

errors.errors. Pay special attention to Pay special attention to

headings.headings. Check not only for Check not only for

typographical errors typographical errors but also for common but also for common word-processing errors.word-processing errors.

Proofreading Proofreading TechniquesTechniques Have someone who was not Have someone who was not

involved in the preparation of involved in the preparation of your text check it over.your text check it over.

Because certain errors can be Because certain errors can be caught more readily by the caught more readily by the author, be sure to proofread author, be sure to proofread your own copy when someone your own copy when someone else has done your typing.else has done your typing.

Proofreading Proofreading ExerciseExercise

How not to write a letterHow not to write a letterDear Sir/Madam,Dear Sir/Madam,

I have heard on the grapevine that you are seeking a I have heard on the grapevine that you are seeking a company which is capable of installing new computers of company which is capable of installing new computers of all your departments. I believe that my company can be all your departments. I believe that my company can be safely appointed as one in which you migh have complete safely appointed as one in which you migh have complete confidence. Notwhitstanding our somewhat limited confidence. Notwhitstanding our somewhat limited experience in your industry, I have been advized by some experience in your industry, I have been advized by some one who used to work for you that we would be just right one who used to work for you that we would be just right for the job. I am most entousiastic, about the possibilities for the job. I am most entousiastic, about the possibilities to mete you except please be advized that I will to mete you except please be advized that I will unfortunately be unable to visit your office on Mondays, unfortunately be unable to visit your office on Mondays, Tuesdays, or on Wednesday afternoons. This is because Tuesdays, or on Wednesday afternoons. This is because at present I am a student at the De La Salle Graduate at present I am a student at the De La Salle Graduate School of Business.School of Business.

Hope to hear from you soon,Hope to hear from you soon,Maribel S. CruzMaribel S. Cruz

Parts of a Business Parts of a Business LetterLetter February 23, 2010

Ms. Jeanette MartinPurchasing ManagerPlanning CompanySuite 5156750 Ayala Avenue, Makati City

Dear Ms. Martin:

Subject: Microsoft Enterprise System

Thank you for your telephone inquiry. I am enclosing a recent brochure. You have confirmed that your company is interested in installing new computer software, and I am sure we will be able to supply your needs.

I look forward to hearing from you and to meeting you soon. Please call me at 525-4616 if you have questions.

Very truly yours,

Maria de Jesus

Maria de JesusManager, Corporate Sales

Enclosurecc: Mr. Juan Santos, Microsoft Philippines

Letterhead Letterhead

Official name of business Official name of business organizationorganization

AddressAddress Telephone and fax numbersTelephone and fax numbers Email Email

Sender’s AddressSender’s Address

Included if there is no Included if there is no letterheadletterhead

At the top of the letter one At the top of the letter one line above the dateline above the date

Contains senders’ street Contains senders’ street address, city and zip codeaddress, city and zip code

Date Date

Indicates the date the letter Indicates the date the letter was writtenwas written

Include the month, day and Include the month, day and year written two inches from year written two inches from the top of the pagethe top of the page

Inside AddressInside Address

The inside address is the recipient's address. The inside address is the recipient's address. It is always best to write to a specific individual at the firm to which you It is always best to write to a specific individual at the firm to which you

are writing. are writing. If you do not have the person's name, do some research by calling the If you do not have the person's name, do some research by calling the

company or speaking with employees from the company. company or speaking with employees from the company. Include a personal title such as Ms., Mrs., Mr., or Dr. Include a personal title such as Ms., Mrs., Mr., or Dr. Follow a woman's preference in being addressed as Miss, Mrs., or Ms. Follow a woman's preference in being addressed as Miss, Mrs., or Ms. If you are unsure of a woman's preference in being addressed, use Ms.If you are unsure of a woman's preference in being addressed, use Ms. If there is a possibility that the person to whom you are writing is a Dr. or If there is a possibility that the person to whom you are writing is a Dr. or

has some other title, use that title. has some other title, use that title. Usually, people will not mind being addressed by a higher title than they Usually, people will not mind being addressed by a higher title than they

actually possess. actually possess. To write the address, use the U.S. Post Office Format. To write the address, use the U.S. Post Office Format. For international addresses, type the name of the country in all-capital For international addresses, type the name of the country in all-capital

letters on the last line. letters on the last line. The inside address begins one line below the sender's address or one inch The inside address begins one line below the sender's address or one inch

below the date. below the date. It should be left justified, no matter which format you are using.It should be left justified, no matter which format you are using.

LettersLetters

http://http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/pw/handouts/pw/p_basicbusletter.htmlp_basicbusletter.html

Dos and Don’ts of Dos and Don’ts of Writing a Business Writing a Business LetterLetter Do use a company letterhead Do use a company letterhead

when corresponding on business.when corresponding on business. Do address people as Mr. and Ms. Do address people as Mr. and Ms.

until you are sure that you are on until you are sure that you are on a first-name basis. a first-name basis.

Do avoid sounding stuffy in your Do avoid sounding stuffy in your letters by writing as if you were letters by writing as if you were talking to the person directly.talking to the person directly.

Dos and Don’ts of Dos and Don’ts of Writing a Business Writing a Business LetterLetter Do keep your letter to one or two Do keep your letter to one or two

pages on average.pages on average. Do use a Do use a serif fontserif font (Times or (Times or

Palatino) instead of a Palatino) instead of a sans serifsans serif (Arial and Futura) font.(Arial and Futura) font.

Don’t send a cover letter out on Don’t send a cover letter out on company stationery if you’re company stationery if you’re submitting a resume.submitting a resume.

Dos and Don’ts of Dos and Don’ts of Writing a Business Writing a Business LetterLetter Don’t write so informally that Don’t write so informally that

the recipient of the letter is the recipient of the letter is made to feel uncomfortable.made to feel uncomfortable.

Don’t carbon-copy everyone. Don’t carbon-copy everyone. Send your letter only to Send your letter only to people who need it.people who need it.

MemosMemos

http://http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/pw/p_memo.htmlhandouts/pw/p_memo.html

MemosMemos

Memos have one purpose in Memos have one purpose in life: as the authors of life: as the authors of Business Business Writing Strategies and SamplesWriting Strategies and Samples put it, "Memos solve put it, "Memos solve problems." problems." – inform the reader about new inform the reader about new

informationinformation– persuade the reader to take an actionpersuade the reader to take an action

Parts of a MemoParts of a Memo

Heading Heading Segment Segment

Opening Opening Segment Segment

Discussion Discussion Segments Segments

Closing Closing SegmentSegment

Heading SegmentHeading Segment

DATE: (complete and current DATE: (complete and current

date) date)

TO: (readers' names and job TO: (readers' names and job

titles) titles) FROM: (your name and job title) FROM: (your name and job title)

SUBJECT: (what the memo is about,SUBJECT: (what the memo is about,

highlighted in some way)highlighted in some way)

Opening SegmentOpening Segment

The purpose of a memo is The purpose of a memo is usually found in the opening usually found in the opening paragraphs and is paragraphs and is presented in three parts:presented in three parts: – the context and problemthe context and problem– the specific assignment or taskthe specific assignment or task– the purpose of the memothe purpose of the memo

Discussion SegmentsDiscussion Segments

The discussion segments are the The discussion segments are the parts in which you get to include all parts in which you get to include all the juicy details that support your the juicy details that support your ideas. Keep these two things in ideas. Keep these two things in mind:mind:– Begin with the key findings or Begin with the key findings or

recommendations. recommendations. – Think of an inverted pyramid. Start with your Think of an inverted pyramid. Start with your

most general information and move to your most general information and move to your specific or supporting facts. (Be sure to use specific or supporting facts. (Be sure to use the same format when including details: the same format when including details: strongest to weakest.) strongest to weakest.)

Closing SegmentClosing Segment

After giving the reader all of After giving the reader all of your information, close with a your information, close with a courteous ending that states courteous ending that states what action you want your what action you want your reader to take. reader to take. – "I will be glad to discuss this "I will be glad to discuss this

recommendation with you during our recommendation with you during our Tuesday meeting and to follow Tuesday meeting and to follow through on any decisions you make."through on any decisions you make."

Memo DosMemo Dos

Do carbon-copy others within Do carbon-copy others within your organization who need your organization who need to see your memo.to see your memo.

Do send a memo to people Do send a memo to people who report directly to you, who report directly to you, and let them distribute it and let them distribute it within their units as they see within their units as they see fit.fit.

Memo DosMemo Dos

Do use bullet points and other Do use bullet points and other graphics to identify your key graphics to identify your key points or issues.points or issues.

Do stamp sensitive memos Do stamp sensitive memos with “confidential” or “for with “confidential” or “for internal use only” to inform internal use only” to inform people not to let anyone else people not to let anyone else know what they’ve just been know what they’ve just been told.told.

Memo Don'tsMemo Don'ts

Don’t cover too many issues Don’t cover too many issues in one memo.in one memo.

Don’t carbon-copy everyone. Don’t carbon-copy everyone. Don’t send a memo to anyone Don’t send a memo to anyone

higher up than your higher up than your immediate supervisor.immediate supervisor.

Memo Don'tsMemo Don'ts

Don’t send memos to customers Don’t send memos to customers or prospects.or prospects.

Don’t use a memo to correct Don’t use a memo to correct wayward employees or identify wayward employees or identify weaknesses they need to work weaknesses they need to work on.on.

Don’t use memos to share bad Don’t use memos to share bad news.news.

ReportsReports

Purpose of a Business Purpose of a Business ReportReport Convey essential information in an Convey essential information in an

organized, useful formatorganized, useful format Provide complete, accurate Provide complete, accurate

informationinformation Influence decisions and provide Influence decisions and provide

solutions to problemssolutions to problems

Reports must be CLEAR, CONCISE, Reports must be CLEAR, CONCISE,

and READABLE.and READABLE.

Why Write ReportsWhy Write Reports

Monitoring and controlling operationsMonitoring and controlling operations Implementing policies and proceduresImplementing policies and procedures Complying with legal or regulatory Complying with legal or regulatory

requirementsrequirements Obtaining new business or fundingObtaining new business or funding Documenting work performed for a Documenting work performed for a

clientclient Guiding management decisionsGuiding management decisions

Information to include Information to include in Reportsin Reports Why does the reader want the Why does the reader want the

report?report? Sketch a general answer based on Sketch a general answer based on

results of research.results of research. Create a question-and-answer chain.Create a question-and-answer chain. The balance between general and The balance between general and

specific depends on the nature of specific depends on the nature of the report.the report.

Every detail must relate to the main Every detail must relate to the main question.question.

Types of Reports Types of Reports Record Report - merely states facts Record Report - merely states facts

(e.g., Annual Report)(e.g., Annual Report) Statistical Report - presents Statistical Report - presents

numerical data, usually in the form numerical data, usually in the form of charts, tables, and graphs (e.g., of charts, tables, and graphs (e.g., Sales Report)Sales Report)

Progress Report - traces Progress Report - traces developments that have occurred developments that have occurred over time (e.g., Status of Skyway over time (e.g., Status of Skyway construction)construction)

Types of ReportsTypes of Reports

Investigative Report - based on a Investigative Report - based on a study or investigation of a situation study or investigation of a situation or issue; presents and analyzes data or issue; presents and analyzes data (e.g., Accident Report)(e.g., Accident Report)

Recommendation Report - Recommendation Report - investigative report taken one step investigative report taken one step further, providing recommendations further, providing recommendations based on the information provided based on the information provided (e.g., Reorganization Report)(e.g., Reorganization Report)

Informal ReportsInformal Reports

Most common form of Most common form of business reportbusiness report

Usually short, about five Usually short, about five pages or fewerpages or fewer

Generally drafted in the form Generally drafted in the form of a memo (for inter-office of a memo (for inter-office use) or written as a letter (if use) or written as a letter (if sent outside the company)sent outside the company)

Informal ReportsInformal Reports

Typical formatTypical format– First paragraph - presents main idea First paragraph - presents main idea

clearly and conciselyclearly and concisely– Second paragraph - develops main Second paragraph - develops main

point with supporting detailspoint with supporting details– Third paragraph - states objective Third paragraph - states objective

conclusionconclusion

Formal ReportFormal Report

Title PageTitle Page Table of Table of

ContentsContents IntroductionIntroduction SummarySummary BodyBody

ConclusionConclusion RecommendationRecommendation

ss AppendicesAppendices BibliographyBibliography

Reports Dos and Don’tsReports Dos and Don’ts Do make each report interesting.Do make each report interesting. Do use verbatim quotes from Do use verbatim quotes from

interviewees.interviewees. Do emphasize your most important Do emphasize your most important

findings and facts.findings and facts. Do use headings for changes of Do use headings for changes of

subjects and subheadings for related subjects and subheadings for related themes.themes.

Do word your report with courtesy Do word your report with courtesy and tact.and tact.

Do number the pages of your report.Do number the pages of your report.

Reports Dos and Reports Dos and Don’tsDon’ts

Don’t waffle (vacillate, write foolishly) Don’t waffle (vacillate, write foolishly) or write unbroken long paragraphs.or write unbroken long paragraphs.

Don’t overuse the first person singular Don’t overuse the first person singular (I) or allow your personal prejudices to (I) or allow your personal prejudices to show.show.

Don’t digress or go off on tangents.Don’t digress or go off on tangents. Don’t draw conclusions from Don’t draw conclusions from

insufficient evidence.insufficient evidence. Don’t print your report without Don’t print your report without

thoroughly checking your sources.thoroughly checking your sources.

Cite Your SourcesCite Your Sources

When you quote another person’s When you quote another person’s words and ideas, you must say so.words and ideas, you must say so.

Failure to do this constitutes Failure to do this constitutes PLAGIARISM, which is information PLAGIARISM, which is information theft.theft.– If you interview people, name them.If you interview people, name them.– If your refer to books or articles, footnote them.If your refer to books or articles, footnote them.

You lose no credit when you You lose no credit when you acknowledge the source of your acknowledge the source of your information, but you lose all information, but you lose all credibility if you are caught credibility if you are caught presenting another’s idea as your presenting another’s idea as your own.own.

Documenting Documenting Sources:Sources:Using the Using the APA* FormatAPA* FormatA workshop brought A workshop brought to you by the Purdue to you by the Purdue University Writing University Writing LabLab*American Psychological Association*American Psychological Association

Why Use the APA Why Use the APA Format?Format?

Allows readers to Allows readers to cross-reference your cross-reference your sources easilysources easily

Provides consistent Provides consistent format within a format within a disciplinediscipline

Gives you credibility Gives you credibility as a writeras a writer

Protects you from Protects you from plagiarismplagiarism

Cross-Referencing Your Cross-Referencing Your SourcesSources

Cross-referencing Cross-referencing allows readers to allows readers to locate the locate the publication publication information of information of source material. source material. This is of great This is of great value for value for researchers who researchers who may want to locate may want to locate your sources for your sources for their own research their own research projects.projects.

Using a Consistent Using a Consistent FormatFormat

Using a consistent Using a consistent format helps your format helps your reader reader understand your understand your arguments and arguments and the sources the sources they’re built on. they’re built on.

It also helps you It also helps you keep track of keep track of your sources as your sources as you build you build arguments. arguments.

Establishing CredibilityEstablishing Credibility

The proper use The proper use of APA style of APA style shows the shows the credibility of credibility of writers; such writers; such writers show writers show accountability accountability to their source to their source material.material.

Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of your Proper citation of your sources in APA style sources in APA style can help you avoid can help you avoid plagiarism, which is plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It a serious offense. It may result in may result in anything from failure anything from failure of the assignment to of the assignment to expulsion from expulsion from school.school.

Where Do I Find the Where Do I Find the APA Format?APA Format?

Publication Manual of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological American Psychological AssociationAssociation, 5th ed., 5th ed.

www.apastyle.orgwww.apastyle.org Composition textbooksComposition textbooks OWL website: OWL website:

owl.english.purdue.edu

Title PageTitle Page

Papers in APA Papers in APA style require a style require a title page.title page.

The running head The running head will be used as will be used as the header for the the header for the whole paper.whole paper.

Include the Include the paper’s title and paper’s title and the author’s the author’s name and name and affiliation. affiliation.

APA Style: Two Main APA Style: Two Main ConcernsConcerns

Reference Reference Page Page

ParentheticParenthetical Citations al Citations

Reference PageReference Page

A list of every source that A list of every source that you make reference to in you make reference to in your essay.your essay.

Provides the information Provides the information necessary for a reader to necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any locate and retrieve any sources cited in your sources cited in your essay.essay.

Each retrievable source Each retrievable source cited in the essay must cited in the essay must appear on the reference appear on the reference page, and vice versa.page, and vice versa.

A Sample Reference A Sample Reference PagePage

Shell Shock 12

References

Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory. New

York: Oxford UP.

Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war, and

madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser

(Ed.), The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York:

Routledge.

Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the

central nervous system. The Lancet, 55(2), 331-38.

Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and modern

media. New York: Columbia UP.

Most citations Most citations should contain should contain the following the following basic basic information:information:

Author’s nameAuthor’s name Title of workTitle of work Publication Publication

informationinformation

Reference PageReference Page

BookBookShay, J. (1994). Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of characterthe undoing of character. New . New York: Touchstone.York: Touchstone.

Article in a MagazineArticle in a MagazineKlein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. days. The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 40-45.40-45.

References: Some References: Some ExamplesExamples

Web pageWeb pagePoland, D. (1998, October 26). Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. The hot button. RoughcutRoughcut. . Retrieved October 28, 1998, Retrieved October 28, 1998, from http://www.roughcut.comfrom http://www.roughcut.com

References: Some References: Some ExamplesExamples

A newspaper articleA newspaper articleTommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Master teachers whose artistry glows Master teachers whose artistry glows in private. in private. New York TimesNew York Times, p. B2., p. B2.

A source with no known authorA source with no known authorCigarette sales fall 30% as California Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. (1999, September 14). tax rises. (1999, September 14). New New York TimesYork Times, p. A17., p. A17.

References: Some References: Some ExamplesExamples

What other types What other types of sources might of sources might you need to list you need to list on your reference on your reference page?page?

Study the basics of Study the basics of APA citation APA citation format. When format. When something odd something odd comes up, don’t comes up, don’t guess. Look it guess. Look it up!up!

Reference PageReference Page

When Should You Use When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?Parenthetical Citations?

When When quotingquoting any any words that are words that are not your ownnot your own– Quoting means Quoting means

repeating another repeating another source word for source word for word, using word, using quotation marksquotation marks

When Should You Use When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?Parenthetical Citations?

When When summarizingsummarizing facts and facts and ideas from a sourceideas from a source– Summarizing means taking ideas Summarizing means taking ideas

from a large passage of another from a large passage of another source and condensing them using source and condensing them using your own wordsyour own words

When When paraphrasing paraphrasing a sourcea source– Paraphrasing means using the Paraphrasing means using the

ideas from another source but ideas from another source but changing the phrasing into your changing the phrasing into your own words.own words.

Keys to Parenthetical Keys to Parenthetical CitationsCitations

ReadabilityReadability Keep references Keep references

brief brief Give only Give only

information information needed to needed to identify the identify the source on your source on your reference pagereference page

Handling Quotes in Handling Quotes in Your TextYour Text

Author’s last name, publication Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the textmust appear in the text

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).phenomena” (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently entails A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).p.11).

Sometimes additional information is Sometimes additional information is necessary. necessary.

More than one author with the same last More than one author with the same last namename(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

Two or more works in the same Two or more works in the same parenthesesparentheses(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)1997)

Work with six or more authorsWork with six or more authors(Smith et al, 1998)(Smith et al, 1998)

Specific part of a sourceSpecific part of a source(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

Handling Parenthetical Handling Parenthetical CitationsCitations

Handling Parenthetical Handling Parenthetical CitationsCitations If the source has no If the source has no

known author, then use known author, then use an abbreviated version an abbreviated version of the title:of the title:

Full Title: “California Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Smokers”

Citation: (“California,” Citation: (“California,” 1999)1999)

Handling Parenthetical Handling Parenthetical CitationsCitations

A reference to a personal A reference to a personal communication:communication:Source: email message fromSource: email message from

C. Everett Koop C. Everett KoopCitation: (C. E. Koop, personal Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)communication, May 16, 1998)

A general reference to a web siteA general reference to a web siteSource:Source: Purdue University web Purdue University web sitesiteCitation:Citation: (http://www.purdue.edu)(http://www.purdue.edu)

Handling Parenthetical Handling Parenthetical CitationsCitations

Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6). individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

There are many There are many different different combinations and combinations and variations within variations within APA citation APA citation format. format.

If you run into If you run into something something unusual, look it unusual, look it up! up!

Handling Quotes in Handling Quotes in Your TextYour Text

Where can you go for Where can you go for additional help with APA additional help with APA documentation?documentation?

Purdue University Purdue University Writing LabWriting Lab– http://owl.english.purdue.e

du– owl@owl.english.purdue.eowl@owl.english.purdue.e

dudu