Inside this issue

SET2020 - cover page

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Articles

A new heat exchanger forpassive ventilation in coolclimates - page 2

Comprehensive technical,economic and environmentaloptimization of a photovoltaicbattery energy storage systemin low-energy building – page 3

Integrated eucalyptus fibreshutters for passive evapora-tive cooling applications inbuildings - page 4

Use of Industrial waste/processheat for thermochemicalhydrogen production –pages 5-6

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Other News

WSSET News and Information:

5th WSSET Innovation Awards 2020 - page 6

Rushlight Awards 2019-20 winner – page 6

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Associated Journals: discount on OA publication fees for WSSET members in IJLCT & FC&E - page 7

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Important Notices – page 8

Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2020

SET2020: Istanbul, Turkey -Call for Papers

SET2020 will be held in Istanbul, Turkey,from 18th to 20th August, 2020. Hosted bythe University of Nottingham, the WorldSociety of Sustainable Energy Technologiesand Sunum Engineering and Education,SET2020 will take place at the CVK ParkBosphorus Hotel in the heart of Istanbul.

Istanbul is one of the most popular cities inthe world to visit and is spread over an area of8500 square km: 150 km long & 100 km wide.

Deadline Date Action

Monday 6th April 2020 One page abstract submission

Monday 15th June 2020 Full manuscript submission;

Deadline for ‘Early Bird’ registration

Monday 13th July 2020 Submission of revised accepted papers

Monday 3rd August 2020 Registration & payment deadline for paper

presentation and conference attendance

Monday 10th August 2020 Registration and payment deadline for attendance

only – without paper/poster presentation

Because of its location between Asia and Europe, the city historically had a greatgeopolitical importance. Around 12 million tourists visit Istanbul each year to seethe historical and natural sites of the city including mosques, churches andmuseums. For more information about this prestigious conference, visitset2020.org and submit your abstracts on EasyChair: set2020.org/submissions/.With the ‘Early-Bird’ rate you can save €80 if you register and pay before 15th

June 2020, so get your abstracts in now and arrange your funding in plenty oftime. To register, visit http://set2020.org/registration-and-fees/. WSSETmembers benefit from a 20% discount.

www.set2020.org

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Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2020

The UK Government has set ambitious targets forreductions in carbon dioxide emissions, with the aim ofcomplete decarbonisation by 2050. In the UK space heatand air-conditioning of buildings accounts for 23% oftotal energy demand and 20% of CO2 emissions.Therefore, improvements in building efficiency, heatingand ventilation are key to achieving emissions targets.Thus far, the efficiency of non-residential buildings hasshown little improvement.

To maintain a healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) inbuildings ventilation is provided by removing stale airwhilst providing a supply of fresh air. Poor IAQ has beenshown to affect thermal comfort, health andproductivity. With increased attempts to improve thethermal efficiency of buildings, new buildings are highlyinsulated and airtight. However, without sufficientventilation this is detrimental for IAQ.

In non-residential buildings mechanical HVAC systemsare commonly used to provide heating and ventilation,however such systems are energy intensive. Passiveventilation systems are able to supply ventilation air to abuilding with little energy demand. However, passivesystems do not have a means of regulating thetemperature of the incoming air. Where passive systemsare currently installed building users may experiencepoor thermal comfort caused by draughts. In thesecircumstances the user may then shut the passiveventilation, reducing IAQ, or make use of heating,increasing the energy demand.

At the University of Strathclyde, in collaboration withFree Running Buildings, a team has been developing anew heat recovery technology for integration in passiveventilation systems. The aim is to design a new heatexchanger to increase the temperature of the incomingair by 3-5°C so that passive ventilation can provide ahealthy air supply while also maintaining thermalcomfort. The heat exchanger will increase thetemperature of the incoming air by recovering heatfrom the air leaving the building.

The heat exchanger concept is based on a heat pipe, butinstead of being filled with saturated liquid-vapour asolid internal structure will be used to achieve thedesired heat transfer. While within a standard heat pipeheat transfer is achieved by exploiting the evaporation-condensation process, the research team areinvestigating the use of different solid structures

A new heat exchanger for

passive ventilation in cool

climatesDaniel Marshall Cross1, Ben Hughes1, Dominic O’Connor2

1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom2Free Running Buildings, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Catcliffe, Rotherham, S60 5WG, United Kingdom

Figure 1: Calibri 9

within a heat pipe to achieve the heat transfer, asshown in figure 1. Through investigating variations inmaterial structure and choice within the heatexchanger, the design will be tailored to the specificrequirements of passive ventilation in cool climates.

Computational fluid dynamics is used to investigatedifferent internal structure designs and materialchoices and once determined, the structures areprototyped using 3D printing technologies. Theinternal structures are then tested in a wind tunnelfacility located at Free Running Buildings, shown inFigure 2. The wind tunnel provides a heated air streamand a chiller provides a cold sink, so that theperformance of the heat exchanger can be assessed.

Figure 2: Heat pipe testing in the wind tunnel facility

Once an optimal internal structure is determined fullscale testing will be carried out in a passive ventilationsystem. The development of this heat exchangertechnology will increase the viability of passiveventilation for buildings in cool climates, such as theUK.

This project is support by the UK Government’sDepartment for Business, Energy and IndustrialStrategy through the Thermal Efficiency InnovationFund.

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Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2020

Comprehensive technical, economic and environmental optimization of a photovoltaic battery energy storage system in a low-energy buildingJia Liu1, Xi Chen1, 2, Yutong Li 3, Hongxing Yang 1

1Renewable Energy Research Group (RERG), Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.2School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.3Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Figure 1: Developed TRNSYS model of the PV-BES system

The building sector accounts for nearly 30% of total finalenergy consumption in the world, with 31% directlyserved by electricity which contributes to 49% of theworld electricity use (REN21. Renewables 2019 GlobalStatus Report, 2019). It is necessary to introducerenewable sources such as solar and wind energy forpower supply to buildings to reduce its overall impact onenergy and environment sustainability. Since both solarand wind power depend highly on local weatherconditions, which are intermittent, unstable andunmatched with the fluctuating building load, electricalenergy storage such as battery may therefore berequired to store surplus renewable energy during off-peak hours and supply to electric appliances in peak timeto assure a reliable power supply to buildings.

A comprehensive study was conducted to optimize thetechnical, economic and environmental performances ofa photovoltaic (PV) system with battery energy storage(BES) technology installed in a low-energy building inShenzhen, China. The PV-BES system was developed on

TRNSYS platform as shown in Figure 1, integrating thebuilding load, PV panel, battery storage, utility grid andenergy management strategy. A SketchUp model of thebuilding was first established according to practicalbuilding dimensions and then imported into TRNSYS todefine internal building properties. Both rooftop andfaçade PV panels were modelled according to practicalbuilding installations. The battery model was developedbased on the energy balance considering the state ofcharge and the battery cycling aging (Jiang Y, Kang L, LiuY. A unified model to optimize configuration of batteryenergy storage systems with multiple types of batteries.Energy, 2019; 176:552-560). The grid import limitexplained as the ratio of the rated PV power and the gridexport limit setting to restrict battery charge from theutility grid, were introduced to consider grid integrationwith the PV-BES system. Finally, a novel energymanagement strategy considering the battery cyclingaging, grid relief and local time-of-use pricing wasproposed to optimize the system performances.

The optimization analyses were conducted on the jointmodeling and optimization platform of the TRNSYS andjEPlus+EA based on the Non-dominated Sorting GeneticAlgorithm with the battery cell number, grid export limitand grid import limit as optimization variables. It wasconcluded that compared with existing operatingscenario in the building, the PV self-consumption and PVapplication efficiency can be increased by 15.0% and48.6%, while the standard deviation of net grid power,battery cycling aging and CO2 emission were reduced by3.4%, 78.5% and 34.7% respectively in the final optimalsolution. A balance between technical, environmentaland economic performance aspects was achieved todeliver an overall optimum design and energymanagement solution for the low-energy building, whichcan guide the renewable energy and energy storagesystem design to achieve higher penetration ofrenewable applications into urban areas.

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Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2020

Integrated eucalyptus fibre shutters for passive evaporative cooling applications in buildingsPervin Abohorlu Dogramaci1, Devrim Aydin2, Guohui Gan3, Saffa Riffat3

1Department of Interior Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Cyprus International University, Haspolat-Lefkosa, Mersin 10, Turkey. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, G. Magosa, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey. 3Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK

The idea of integrating energy efficient systems in tobuildings is significant as current objectives aim to reduceenergy consumption, particularly as buildings areresponsible for 40% of CO2 emissions and total energyconsumption (Directive 2010/31/EU).

Integrating evaporative cooling (EC) systems into thebuilding element is important not only for providingclean energy, but also for meeting the architecturalrequirements of a building. Architectural design elementssuch as walls, wind catcher, solar chimney, shutters, etc.become multifunctional elements of the buildingcomponents based on cooling approach.

The elements that form the building design play a vitalrole for low energy design strategies. According toSantamouris et al. (2008), the building form plays thehighest role for low-energy design by 67%. It is thenfollowed by façade design (52%). Thus, the form andfaçade design of the building should be considered at thedesign stage of the building in order to reduce the energyconsumption caused by heating and cooling loads.

Windows are the most significant part of the building forfacilitating air ventilation. Based on the literature,ancient people placed pottery jars filled with water orwet mats as cooling pad in front of windows to allowevaporation and thus cool the indoor air (Lechner, 2015).Theoretically speaking, evaporative cooling windowsmade of natural eucalyptus fibre-based shutters could beused to reduce the indoor air temperature.Consequently, the integration of EC methods into thewindows of a building could considerably reduce theenergy consumption through decreasing the cooling load.As seen in Figure 1, eucalyptus fibres (EF) integrated intoshutters in two different configurations (horizontally andvertically folded evaporative shutters) provide not onlycool air but also visual communication and daylighting.Such innovative building integration concepts withnatural materials could enhance the passive use of EC,thereby enhance the sustainability in buildings. Thisarchitectural integration approach can be called‘multifuntional sustainable shutter’ since it provides awide range of solutions such as shading, light diffusionand aesthetic views by moveable louvres. Additionally, it

Figure 1: EC system integrated shutter a) horizontally folded evaporative shutter b) vertically folded evaporative shutter

a)

b)

In order to investigate the performance of eucalyptusfibres for EC, experimental investigations wereperformed. For the inlet conditions of Tin = 35°C andRhin = 20%, test materials showed a promisingperformance, where outlet temperature varied between23.6°C – 29.7°C for the air velocity range of 0.1m/s →1.2m/s (see Figure 2). Testing results demonstrated thateucalyptus fibres were capable of providing ΔT>10°C atlow air velocities (vair = 0.1 m/s).

Performed investigations indicated that eucalyptus fibressatisfied the expected characteristics from the ECmaterials such as: (i) high surface area for fast waterevaporation; (ii) spongy nature/high porosity for highwater absorption/evaporation capacity; (iii) good heatand mass transfer; (iv) low cost and (v) abundancy.Therefore this environmentally-friendly organic materialcould be used as a shutter integrated passive EC forenhancing sustainability in residential and commercialbuildings.

is cost effective, easy to install and easy to maintain.

Figure 2: Outlet air temperature variations for the testing of EF

REFERENCESDirective 2010/31/EU. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0013:0035:en:PDF. [Accessed: 2nd March 2019].

Santamouris M., Synnefa A., Kolokotsa D., Dimitriou V., Apostolakis K., (2008). Passive cooling of the built environment - Use of innovative reflective materials to fight heat islands and decrease cooling needs', International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 71 – 82.

Lechner, N., (2015). Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Canada, pp. 297-323.

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Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2020

Use of Industrial waste/process heat for thermochemical hydrogen production Ibrahim Dincer and Haris Ishaq

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario, Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, CanadaEmail: Ibrahim.Dincer@uoit.ca, haris.ishaq@uoit.net

Figure 1: 3S approach used for the system design

Importance and Approach

The economic development of any country significantlydepends upon energy and energy demand isprogressively increasing with growth in population. Onthe commercial scale, steel, cement, glass andpetrochemical industries are the major consumers ofenergy and significant part of this demand is dependenton fossil fuels which causes CO2 emissions [1]. Theseindustries also emit flue gases having CO2 emissions. Thisstudy focused on the industrial waste heat recoverythrough thermal management and employed therecovered heat to the thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle forhydrogen production. Hydrogen is a globally recognizedpotential fuel and provide carbon-free solutions for theenergy systems. As compared with hydrogen, electricityundergoes transmission and heat losses and it cannot bestored using available fuel storage systems.

This study used a 3S approach using source, system andservice for hydrogen production system [2]. Figure 1displays the 3S approach used for the designed hydrogenproduction system. The sources used for the systemdesign are the steel industrial waste heat/cement slagwaste heat/glass industrial flue gas to recover the heatthrough thermal management. Second step is the systemwhich employs the thermal energy recovered from thesource and uses is for hydrogen production. The thirdstep of the 3S approach which stands for service andhydrogen is the service for the designed system.

To explore system performance and efficienciesunder different operating parameters.

Recently we have designed an energy system usingindustrial waste heat for thermochemical hydrogenproduction shown in Figure 2. Industrial waste heat isrecovered through thermal management and employedto the thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle for hydrogenproduction. Thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle designed byclean energy research laboratory (CERL) is a heat-intensive process irrespective to the water electrolysisand significantly depends upon thermal energy. Thisprocess consists of four significant steps which onlyconsumes water with thermal energy and electricalpower and all remaining constituents are recycledthroughout the system. Hydrolysis is the first stepwhich facilitates the hydrolysis of CuCl2 in hydrolysisreactor and generates output of Cu2OCl2 and HCl. Theproduced Cu2OCl2 reaches the decomposition reactorwhich facilitates the decomposition of Cu2OCl2 into O2

and CuCl. Produced CuCl reaches the PEM electrolyserand reacts with HCl coming from hydrolysis reactor toproduce hydrogen gas and aqueous CuCl2. Water isseparated from CuCl2 using dryer and separated CuCl2 isrecycled again to the hydrolysis reactor.Thermochemical CuCl is a continuous cycle whichrequires the inputs of water, heat and electricity toproduce oxygen and hydrogen.

Objectives and System Description

The main objectives of this kind of heat recovery forhydrogen production are listed as follows: To recover the industrial waste heat through thermal

management. To utilize the recovered heat to the thermochemical

Cu-Cl cycle for H2 production

Figure 2: Schematic of the designed thermochemical hydrogen production system

Results

The effect of steam input flow rate is important to beinvestigated to analyse the system performance.Figure 3 displays the steam input flow rate effect onhydrogen and oxygen flow rates and heat recoveryfrom CuCl and HCl streams. The primary Y-axis is usedfor hydrogen and oxygen production while secondaryY-axis is used for heat recovery. The rise in increase ofhydrogen and oxygen flow rates and heat recoveryfrom CuCl and HCl streams can be depicted fromFigure 3. Figure 4 exhibits the effect of input flowrates of steam and CuCl2 on the hydrogen output flowrate. In the 3D representation, the input steam flowrate is ranged from 1.8-54 kmol/h and CuCl2 flow rateis ranged from 3.6-108 kmol/h. The rise is hydrogenproduction flow rate can be depicted from the figure.

Cont.

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Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2020

Cont.

Figure 3: Effect of steam input flow rate on H2 and O2 production and heat recovery

Figure 4: Effect of input steam and CuCl2 flow rate on H2 productionIn summary, the result presented above reveals that

integrating industrial waste heat recovery with

thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle can be a promising route

for producing clean hydrogen. The thermolysis step

showed the maximum exergy destruction rate. This

study will also help in the industrialization of the

thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle. The performance indicator

showed promising results of the designed configuration

for clean hydrogen production.

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REFERENCES1. Chiari L, Zecca A. 2011. Constraints of fossil fuels depletion on global warming projections. Energy Policy. 39:5026–5034.2. Dincer I, Acar C. 2015. A review on clean energy solutions for better sustainability. Int. J. Energy Res. 39:585–606.

5th WSSET Innovation Awards 2020Deadline for submissions: 31st March 2020

The WSSET Innovation Awards recognise the achievements of private individuals and organisations innew sustainable technologies and encourage the wider application of these new developments. TheWSSET Innovation Awards recognise the achievements of private individuals and organisations in newsustainable technologies and encourage the wider application of these new developments. Innovativeideas are welcome in any of the following areas:

• Renewable energy systems ▪ Power generation technologies • Energy efficiency ▪ Low carbon buildings and future cities• Water treatment and desalination ▪ Sustainable materials • Waste management and water recycling ▪ Agri-food technologies

To enter, go to www.wsset.org/news-events/innovation-awards and download an application form.

Winners will be announced at the SET2020 gala dinner in August.

StorTera WINS RUSHLIGHT AWARDS 2019-20

Eventure Media presented the 13th Rushlight Awards at a lively Awards Party on31st January 2020 at Church House Westminster in London. The overall winner was StorTera who havedeveloped a single liquid flow battery, a highly novel system with one rechargeable liquid comprised of low cost,abundant and natural materials. Attended by organisations that are leading the way in clean technologyinnovation and sustainable solution deployment, investors, advisers, media, trade associations and governmentdepartments, the party followed the very successful Rushlight Show where over 400 delegates participated. Formore information, go to www.rushlightevents.com.

Volume 9, Issue 2, Newsletter, April 2017

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WSSET exclusive offer – IJLCT

The International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies (IJLCT), whose Impact Factor hasincreased to 1.054 with indexing in the WOS and the JCR, offers a 20% discount to theAPC (article processing charge) for WSSET members wishing to publish a paper in IJLCT(open access). This will cost WSSET members £915 (€1099) as opposed to the full chargeof £1144 (€1373). Authors will need to state that they are WSSET members when paying.

Please visit www.ijlct.oxfordjournals.org to submit your articles.

WSSET exclusive offer - FCaE

Also in conjunction with Future Cities and Environment (FCaE), WSSET have agreed a £25discount to the APC (article processing charge) for WSSET members wishing to publish apaper in FCaE (open access). This will cost WSSET members £475 compared to the fullcharge of £500. Authors will need declare their membership details to the editorial teamwhen it comes to payment before publication.

Please visit www.futurecitiesandenvironment.com to submit your articles.

Renewable Bioresources is an Open Access (Gold OA), peer reviewed, international onlinepublishing journal, which aims to publish premier papers on all the related areas ofadvanced research carried in its field. Renewable Bioresources emphasizes the advancedapplications of biotechnology to improve biological ecosystems through renewable energyderived from biological sources.

Please visit www.hoajonline.com/renewablebioresources to submit your articles.

Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2020

Volume 9, Issue 2, Newsletter, April 2017

Page 8

All WSSET members are kindly invited to submit articles for publication in future WSSET newsletters. Articles can be on a range of topics surrounding the word of sustainable energy

technologies. With nearly 2000 members, the WSSET newsletter provides a great opportunity to publicise new ideas, technologies or products – all free of charge!

Articles should be no more than 400-500 words and one or two photographs would be very much appreciated. Submissions should be emailed to secretary@wsset.org

Furthermore please contact secretary@wsset.org regarding any conferences, seminars or symposiums relating to topics of sustainable energy technologies that you wish to be advertised

in the newsletter.

Once again, thank you for your continued support to WSSET.

www.wsset.org

Donations are welcome and greatly

appreciated!

We would like to remind our members thatWSSET is a non-profit organisation, henceproviding free membership. We would not beable to play a significant role in consolidatingpractical partnerships between academic andindustrial organisations without the help of ourmembers.

Whether you would like to get more involved orcontribute financially, please get in touch withus at: secretary@wsset.org

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Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2020