setting (element) the setting of a story is the time and place in which it occurs. elements of...
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LITERARY DEVICES (ELEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES)
OF FICTION
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Setting (element) The setting of a story is
the time and place in which it occurs.
Elements of setting may include the physical, psychological, cultural, or historical background against which the story takes place.
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Characterization
Characterization is the creation of imaginary persons so that they seem lifelike. There are two fundamental methods of characterization.
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Direct Characterization
The explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct description, either in an introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work.
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Indirect Characterization
The presentation of a character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader can deduce the attributes of the character from his/her actions.
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Types of Characters (element)
Static character—a character who remains primarily the same during the course of a story or novel
Dynamic character—a character which changes during the course of a story or novel
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Types of Characters Flat character—a two-dimensional and
relatively uncomplicated character who does not change throughout a story or novel
Round character—a well developed character who demonstrates varied and sometimes contradictory traits
Stock Character—a special kind of flat character who is instantly recognizable (stereotypical)
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Tone
Tone is a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tone may be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke and emotional response from the reader.
For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.
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Mood
The mood of a
story is the
atmosphere or
feeling created by
the writer and
expressed through
setting.
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ConflictConflict is the struggle between
opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.
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Internal Conflict
Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action.
Character vs. self
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External Conflict
External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate.
Character vs. character
Character vs. society
Character vs. Nature
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Theme (element)
The theme is the central or universal idea
of a piece of fiction; it is a perception
about life and the human condition.
An implicit theme refers to the author’s ability
to construct a piece in such a way that through
inference the reader understands the theme.
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Figurative Language (technique)
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Types of Characters
Protagonist—the story’s main character
Antagonist—a character in opposition of the protagonist
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Foreshadowing (technique)
Foreshadowing is the presentation of material in a work in such a way that later events are prepared for. The purpose of foreshadowing is to prepare the reader or viewer for action to come.
Foreshadowing can result from the establishment of a mood or atmosphere, an event that hints at the later action,the appearance of physical objects or facts, or the revelation of a fundamental and decisive character
trait.
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Symbol
An item that stands for something else.
What are these items symbols of?EagleDoveBlack cats
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Point of View The point of view is the perspective from
which the events in the story are told. The author may choose to use any of the following:
First personThird-person limitedThird-person omniscient
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Point of View First person/subjective—The narrator
restricts the perspective to that of only one character to tell the story.Signal pronouns—I, we, us
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Point of View Third-person limited—The narrator
restricts his knowledge to one character’s view or behavior.Signal pronouns—he, she, they
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Point of View Third-person omniscient—The narrator
tells the story in third person from an all-knowing perspective. The knowledge is not limited by any one character’s view or behavior, as the narrator knows everything about all characters.Signal pronouns—he, she, they
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PLOTLINE
ExpositionResolution
Ris
ing
Act
ion
Climax
Falling Action
Conflict Introduced
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ExpositionThe Exposition is the
introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.
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Rising ActionRising Action is the part of the
plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.
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ClimaxThe Climax is the point of
greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.
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Falling Action
Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.
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ResolutionThe Resolution is the part of the
plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.