Setting the StageSetting the Stage What didnWhat didn’’t Muhammad leave?t Muhammad leave?

– SuccessorSuccessor Who became the next leader?Who became the next leader? Abu-BakrAbu-Bakr

– Life long friend & supporter Life long friend & supporter What was his title?What was his title?

– Caliph (Caliph (““SuccessorSuccessor””) ) Head of Head of

– State, army, society, econ & law State, army, society, econ & law

SpreadSpread

““Rightly GuidedRightly Guided”” Caliphs Caliphs

Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Why?Why?

– Used QurUsed Qur’’an & Man & M’’s actionss actions– Sunna & HadithSunna & Hadith

As guides to leadership As guides to leadership Hence = Hence = ““Rightly GuidedRightly Guided””

Jihad Jihad

2 types in the Qur2 types in the Qur’’an an – ““Inner struggleInner struggle”” – Holy war against infidelsHoly war against infidels

Abu-Bakr & other CaliphsAbu-Bakr & other Caliphs– Justification to spread Islam Justification to spread Islam

Reasons for Success Reasons for Success

Willing to fight to extend Willing to fight to extend Islam Islam

Saw victories as a signSaw victories as a sign– AllahAllah’’s supports support

Energy & inspiration Energy & inspiration

Armies Armies – Well disciplined & good Well disciplined & good

leaders leaders

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success

Weak empires to the northWeak empires to the north– Byzantine & SassanidByzantine & Sassanid

Exhausted from constant warfare Exhausted from constant warfare

– Rel. Persecution Rel. Persecution Christianity V. Zoroastrianism Christianity V. Zoroastrianism

Treatment of Conquered PeoplesTreatment of Conquered Peoples Qur’an forbade forced conversionQur’an forbade forced conversion Tolerated Christianity and JudaismTolerated Christianity and Judaism

– WHY?WHY?

Non-Muslims:Non-Muslims:– Practice their religionPractice their religion– Could hold important positions Could hold important positions

Officials, bureaucrats & scholarsOfficials, bureaucrats & scholars

– BUTBUT CanCan’’t spread their faitht spread their faith Intermarriage discouragedIntermarriage discouraged Pay Pay poll tax poll tax

– Except from military service Except from military service

Internal ConflictInternal Conflict

Civil War & assassinationsCivil War & assassinations– Uthman Uthman – Ali (MAli (M’’s son-in-law & cousin)s son-in-law & cousin)

Umayyads (661-750)Umayyads (661-750)– Moved capital to Damascus Moved capital to Damascus

Better location to control the empire Better location to control the empire

– Abandoned simple life Abandoned simple life Surrounded by wealth & ceremony Surrounded by wealth & ceremony

The Split The Split Majority of Muslims Majority of Muslims

accepted Umayyadsaccepted Umayyads– Sunni (83% modern day) Sunni (83% modern day)

Mostly Arabs Mostly Arabs

Minority Minority – Caliph must be Caliph must be

descendant of the Prophetdescendant of the Prophet ShiShi’’a (16% modern day) a (16% modern day)

SufismSufism

MysticismMysticism Rejected Rejected

luxuriesluxuries

Abbasids (750-1258)Abbasids (750-1258)

Umayyad faced Umayyad faced – Vigorous rel & pol opposition Vigorous rel & pol opposition

Abbasids Abbasids – Most powerful rebel group Most powerful rebel group – Ruthlessly murdered UmayyadRuthlessly murdered Umayyad

Moved the capital 762Moved the capital 762– BaghdadBaghdad

Location = key trade routes Location = key trade routes

Failed to maintain complete pol. control Failed to maintain complete pol. control – Independent Muslim states Independent Muslim states

Rel, Language, trade & econ. ties Rel, Language, trade & econ. ties