sex roles introduction. sex roles sex is biological gender is self or social conception of...
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Sex Roles
Introduction
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Sex Roles
Sex is biological Gender is self or social conception of
masculinity and femininity Virtually every known society
differentiates people on the basis of gender
Also based on male domination
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Gender-Identity Formation
Typical prenatal differentiation (6 weeks)
– 23 human chromosomes• 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
– Chromosomal sex• XX: female XY: male• DSS gene on X SRY gene on Y• Ovaries Testes
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Typical Prenatal DifferentiationPart 1
Gonadal sex– Ovaries or testes (DSS or SRY)
Hormonal sex– Estrogens & androgens (once developed
release)
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Sex Differentiation
Hypothalamus • absent testosterone during prenatal
differentiation (pregnancy)• leads to receptor cells initiating menstrual cycle
– Cerebral hemispheres– Corpus callosum (thicker in women)
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Typical Prenatal DifferentiationPart 2
Internal structures– Mullerian (female) or Wolffian duct systems
develop into female or male internal organs
External structures– Genital tubercle develops into clitoris or penis– Labio-scrotal swelling develops into labia or
scrotum
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Prenatal Differentiation of Internal Structures
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Prenatal Differentiation of External Genitals
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Prenatal Differentiation of External Genitals
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Atypical Prenatal DifferentiationPart 1
Intersexed– Hermaphrodites
• Both ovarian and testicular tissue
– Pseudohermaphrodites• Gonads match chromosomal sex
Sex chromosome disorders (see table page 54)– Turner’s syndrome XO
• Only 1 sex chromosome, external OK, internal not developed
– Klinefelter’s syndrome XXY• Antomically male, sterile, little interest
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Transsexualism and Transgenderism
Transexualism– Cross gender identification and gender dysphoria
Transgendered– People whose appearance and/or behavior does not
conform to traditional gender roles
Intersexed people Gender Identity vs. sexual orientation
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Options for Transsexuals
Gender blending / cross-dressing
Psychotherapy
Sex reassignment
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Doing Gender
Should not be based on size– Penis is too small, can’t possibly be a man
Gender is active– Performance with props, signs, symbols,
behaviors, emotions – Sex changes vs. cross dressers as
evidence
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The Interactional Model
Acknowledgment of both nature and nurture
Relative roles are still unclear
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Other Issues
Our culture believes certain characteristics are feminine and thus should not be part of being male– Males: independent and aggressive– Females: nonassertive, warm, and nurturant – Recent trend away from rigid stereotypes– Ethnic Variation in gender roles
What happens when women or men decide to contradict the larger culture’s views on femininity or masculinity?
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Margaret Mead
Found that in some societies men are more emotional and feminine than the women in that society
Argued that personality differences between the sexes are cultural creations, which we are trained to conform
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Margaret Mead
Majority of society will conform, few deviants
However she wanted to know why men and women were so divided in most cultures- regardless of the division
Why are boys taught not to show fear and for girls it is okay to show fear?
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Institutions
5 Social Institutions– Family, economy, religion, political order,
and education– Let’s focus on family and school for now
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Family
First thing known about new baby Toys Chores Role models
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School
Boys and girls reinforce and teach gender
Males receive more attention in class – They need it, can’t sit still, etc. – Demand more of it, call out
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Changes
Despite this extra attention boys generally do worse in school
ADD, mentally retarded, learning disabled (71%), emotionally disturbed (81%)
Schools are run by women, for girls – Expected to sit quietly
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Effects
Boys tend to be overconfident Girls begin to undervalue their abilities Comparing math scores when girls and
boys did the same, boys rate their abilities higher and girls lower
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The best thing about being a boy… Playing Sports (24.5%) Being Strong (20.7%) Entitlement (17.7%)
– Listened to more– Allowed to do more– Greater respect
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The best thing about being a girl… Appearance (22.5%) Nothing (17.7%)
– More boys than girls submitted this answer Academic Advantage (13.4%)
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Androgyny: Transcending Gender Roles
Blending of typical male and female behaviors in one individual
Benefits and drawbacks
May show more flexibility & comfort with sexuality