sexual reproduction and meiosis chapter 11. 2 ramifications of meiosis most animals and plants...
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Sexual Reproductionand Meiosis
Chapter 11
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Ramifications of meiosis
• MOST animals and plants reproduce sexually
• plays a key role in generating the tremendous genetic diversity of evolution
• Genetic contributions from 2 cells instead of 1
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History of meiosis
• 1876- Walther Fleming discovers chromosomes
• 1879- Cytologist Edouard van Beneden discovers different # of chromosomes in different cell in roundworm
• 1883-proposes idea that gametes contain ½ # of chromosomes
• These join to form a zygote
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Overview of Meiosis
Meiosis is a form of cell division that leads to the production of gametes.
gametes: egg cells and sperm cells-contain half the number of chromosomes of
an adult body cellAdult body cells (somatic cells) are diploid,
containing 2 sets of chromosomes.Gametes are haploid, containing only 1 set
of chromosomes.
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Overview of Meiosis
Sexual reproduction includes the fusion of gametes (fertilization or syngamy) to produce a diploid zygote.
Life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms involve the alternation of haploid and diploid stages.
Some life cycles include longer diploid phases, some include longer haploid phases.
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GERM-LINE CELLS
• Cells that will eventually be gametes are set aside early in embryonic development
• Gamete producing germ-line cells are
• Diploid
• Undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
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Features of Meiosis
Meiosis includes two rounds of division – meiosis I and meiosis II.
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (homologues) become closely associated with each other. This is synapsis.
Proteins between the homologues hold them in a synaptonemal complex. Sometimes called a tetrad.
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Features of Meiosis
Crossing over: genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids
-physical exchange of regions of the chromatids
chiasmata: sites of crossing over
The homologues are separated from each other in anaphase I.
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Features of Meiosis
Meiosis involves two successive cell divisions with no replication of genetic material in the 2nd, just a separation of the sister chromatids for each homologue.
This results in a reduction of the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. The first division is called “reduction division”.
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The Process of Meiosis
Prophase I:
-chromosomes coil tighter
-nuclear envelope dissolves
-homologues become closely associated in synapsis
-crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids (different from mitosis)
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The Process of Meiosis
Metaphase I:
-terminal chiasmata hold homologues together following crossing over
-microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue, not each sister chromatid
-homologues are aligned at the metaphase plate side-by-side
-the orientation of each pair of homologues on the spindle is random
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The Process of Meiosis
Anaphase I:
-microtubules of the spindle shorten
-homologues are separated from each other
-sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres
Genes on different chromosomes assort differently (independent assortment)
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The Process of Meiosis
Telophase I:
-nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes
-each new nucleus is now haploid
-sister chromatids are no longer identical because of crossing over
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The Process of Meiosis
Meiosis II resembles a mitotic division:-prophase II: nuclear envelopes dissolve
and spindle apparatus forms-metaphase II: chromosomes align on
metaphase plate-anaphase II: sister chromatids are
separated from each other-telophase II: nuclear envelope re-forms;
cytokinesis follows
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Final result
• 4 different haploid cells
• in animals become gametes
• Plants, fungi, protists increased number of gametes
• Varying # of chromosome sets found in some insects and plants – this results in polyploidy- (1 or more entire sets of chromosomes added to a diploid gamete)
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ERRORS IN MEIOSIS
• Nondisjunction-
• Aneuploid gametes-
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
Meiosis is characterized by 4 features:
1. Synapsis and crossing over
2. Sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres throughout meiosis I
3. Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the same pole in meiosis I
4. DNA replication is suppressed between meiosis I and meiosis II.
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
Meiosis produces haploid cells that are not identical to each other.
Genetic differences in these cells arise from:
-crossing over
-random alignment of homologues in metaphase I (independent assortment)
Mitosis produces 2 cells identical to each other.
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