Conclusions:

IntroductionObjectives

Studies of phase behavior help to provide a better understanding of the ways in which fat blends

interact, an important aspect since the large-scale industrial production of shortenings and other fat-

containing products often requires blending of lipids from many different sources.

Palm Oil is without doubt the most fractionated oil. Multi-step dry fractionation gives rise to soft

fractions (Oleins, Superoleins and Topoleins) that are used as salad, cooking and frying oils, and to

harder fractions (Stearins and Palm Mid Fractions) finding applications in frying fats, margarines,

shortenings and speciality fats. Anydrous milk fat (AMF) is also widely fractionated.

This is why those oils and their fractions have been selected as model fats for this basic study.

GOAL: The objective of this work is to study physical characteristics

and interactions that occur in binary systems models made of oils and

fats commonly used in European shortenings (for ex. palm oil).

Physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC) by pulsed nuclear

magnetic resonance (pNMR), melting profile by differential scanning

calorimetry (DSC) and polymorphism by powder X-ray diffraction

analysis (XRD) under dynamic conditions and after a tempering

procedure are studied. Isosolid diagrams are drawn based on pNMR

data. Dynamic phase behavior diagrams of the binary systems are

established from DSC and XRD data.

Melting and polymorphic behavior of binary and ternary blends made of palm oil or its

fractions and other fats.Sabine Braipson-Danthine *, Claude Deroanne

Food Technology Department, Gembloux Agricultural University (FUSAGx), Gembloux, Belgium. * danthine.s@fsagx.ac.be

Sub-

’2

’1

A B

-10°C

0°C

15°C

40°C

Palm oil and HLERO : Dynamic conditions

Dynamic phase behavior constructed from DSC

and Powder X-ray data :

Palm oil or some of its fractions and HLERO :

Tempered conditions (48h at 15 C )

After the tempering procedure, the

minimum of SFC is observed for

higher HLERO content in the case of

blends involving « solid fractions »

and for lower HLERO content in the

case of blends involving « liquid

fractions » compared to blend made of

full palm oil.

Methods:

• DSC : • Powder X-Ray diffraction :

Melting, Cooling., Heating 5 C/min.

• NMR:

IUPAC Method

Particular method

after tempering

AOCS Method

Isosolid diagram Palm oil - AMF

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% of palm oil in the blend

tem

péra

ture

(°C

)

35% SFC

30% SFC

25% SFC

20% SFC

15% SFC

33% SFC

Palm oil blended with AMF :

Tempered conditions

After a tempering procedure, Isosolid lines corresponding to lower

SFC (upper lines) increase with increasing content of palm oil in

the blend (specially palm oil content > 30%). Isosolid lines

corresponding to higher SFC (lower lines) don’t follow that

behavior : a minimum is observed for the 50-50% composition

(eutectic interaction)

Palm oil blended with AMF or AMF fractions:

Dynamic conditions (IUPAC method)

This figure illustrates the correspondence between DSC melting profiles

and polymorphic behavior of the extreme samples.

Palm oil HLERO

Isosolid diagrams at 15 and 20 C, after a

tempering procedure of 48h at 15 C :

(a) blends involving palm oil

(b) blends involving a liquid lab fraction of

palm oil,

(c) blends involving a solid lab fraction of

palm oil

Arrows indicate eutectic interactions.

HLEROHLERO

HLERO HLERO

HLERO HLERO

LERO LERO

LEROLERO

LERO LERO

Liquid lab fraction Liquid lab fraction

Solid lab fraction Solid lab fraction

Palm oilPalm oil

Palme Palme Palme

Oléine labo Oléine labo Oléine labo

Stéarine labo Stéarine labo Stéarine labo

CH CHCH

CH CH CH

Solid lab fraction Solid lab fraction Solid lab fraction

Liquid lab fraction Liquid lab fraction Liquid lab fraction

Palm oilPalm oilPalm oilLEROLEROLERO

LEROLEROLERO

LEROLEROLERO

HLEROHLEROHLERO

HLEROHLEROHLERO

HLEROHLEROHLERO

Isosolid diagrams at 15, 20 and 30 C C (AOCS method):

Palm oil or some of its fractions blended with HLERO and LERO:

Dynamic conditions (AOCS method )

Under dynamic conditions,

• at low temperature : nearly ideal behavior

• At higher temperature : isosolid lines : curves : eutectic interaction

SFC (%) at 10°C (IUPAC method)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Proportion of AMF or its fractions in the blend(%)

SF

C (

%)

DP 32°C

DP 20°C

DP 15°C

DP 41°C

Molecular interactions have been observed for all the studied blends.

Compositions at which molecular interactions are detected are dependent on TAG compositions of the fat fractions

involved in the blends.

Further studies are being conducted in our lab on this topic, with trans-free fats.

Under dynamic conditions, a minimum is observed (eutectic interaction) within the

SFC-lines as a function of composition, for all the blends.

This minimum is shifted to higher Palm oil contents for blends made of AMF

fractions with high DP and to lower Palm oil content for blends made of AMF

fractions with low DP.

Regarding blends made of AMF and a solid fraction of palm oil, the minimum is

shifted to higher AMF contents.

SFC (%) at 10°C (IUPAC method)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Proportion of AMF in the blend(%)

SF

C (

%)

palm solid fraction

palm oil