sfe sik redboard guide version3.0 online

8/13/2019 SFE SIK RedBoard Guide Version3.0 Online

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IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGN

DGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

SIK GUIDEYour guide to the SparkFun Inventors Kit for the SparkFun RedBoard

EF

T

7

~6

~5

TX DIGITAL(PWARDUINOL

ANGUAGEDEVELOPMENTPLATFORM

Version 3.0


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e SparkFun Inventor's Guide is your map for navigating thewaters of beginning embedded electronics. is booklet contains

all the information you will need to explore the 15 circuits of theSparkFun Inventor's Kit for Educators. At the center of thismanual is one core philosophy - that anyone can (and should)play around with electronics. When you're done with this guide,you'll have the know-how to start creating your own projects andexperiments. Now enough talking - let's get inventing!

www.sparkfun.com

Welcome to the SparkFun Inventors Guide

Table of Contents


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What is the RedBoard platform? 1

Download Arduino Software (IDE) 3

Install Drivers 4

Identify Your Hardware 7

Download SIK Guide Code 8

The World Runs on Circuits 9

Inventory of Parts 11

13

15

17

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

52

Section 2: Getting Started with Circuits

Section 1: Getting Started

RedBoard

Breadboard

Circuit #1 - Your First Circuit: Blinking a LED

Circuit #3 - RGB LED

Circuit #4 - Multiple LEDs

Circuit #5 - Push Buttons

Circuit #6 - Photo Resistor

Circuit #7 - Temperature Sensor

Circuit #8 - A Single Servo

Circuit #9 - Flex Sensor

56Circuit #10 - Soft Potentiometer

60Circuit #11 - Piezo Element

64Circuit #12 - Spinning a Motor

68Circuit #13 - Relay

72Circuit #14 - Shift Register

76Circuit #15 - LCD

Circuit #2 - Potentiometer


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We live in a unique time where we have access to resources

that allow us to create our own solutions and inventions. eDIY revolution is composed of hobbyists, tinkerers andinventors who would rather craft their own projects than letsomeone do it for them.

www.sparkfun.com

The DIY Revolution

What is the RedBoard platform?

FPO

FPO

e RedBoard in your hand (or on your desk) is yourdevelopment platform. At its roots, the RedBoard isessentially a small portable computer. It is capable oftaking inputs (such as the push of a button or a readingfrom a light sensor) and interpreting that information tocontrol various outputs (like a blinking LED light or anelectric motor).

at's where the term "physical computing" is born -this board is capable of taking the world of electronicsand relating it to the physical world in a real and tangible

way. Trust us - this will all make more sense soon.

A Computer for the Physical World

RedBoard

// SparkFun RedBoard

e SparkFun RedBoard is one of a multitude ofdevelopment boards based on the ATmega328. It has 14digital input/output pins (6 of which can be PWMoutputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, aUSB connection, a power jack, an ISP header, and a resetbutton. Dont worry, youll learn about all these later.

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9

8

7

~6

~5

4

~3

2

1

0

TX

RX

13

3.3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


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In order to get your RedBoard up and running, you'll need todownload the newest version of the Arduino software first from

www.arduino.cc (it's free!). is software, known as the ArduinoIDE, will allow you to program the board to do exactly what you

want. Its like a word processor for writing programs. With aninternet-capable computer, open up your favorite browser andtype in the following URL into the address bar:

Access the Internet

Download the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

user

Windows

Mac OS X

Linux: 32 bit, 64 bit

N

W

S

ENW

SW

SE

NE

arduino.cc/en/main/software

Choose the appropriate Operating System installation package for your computer.

DownloadClick on your appropriate computeroperating system next to the + sign.

Windows

Mac OS X

source

Linux: 32 bit, 64 bit

1


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// Connect your RedBoard to your Computer

Use the USB cable provided in the SIK kit to connect the RedBoard toone of your computers USB inputs.

// Install Arduino DriversDepending on your computers operating system, you will need to follow specificinstructions. Please go to https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-install-ftdi-driversfor specific instructions on how to install the FTDI drivers onto your RedBoard.

23

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10

~9

8

7~6

~54

~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


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1 2 3 5 6

7

8

9

4

Open the Arduino IDE software on your computer. Poke around and get to knowthe interface. We arent going to code right away, this is just an introduction. isstep is to set your IDE to identify your RedBoard.

// Open the Arduino IDE:


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// The three most important commands for this guide are seen below:

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Verify: Compiles and approves your code. It will catch errors in syntax (like missing semi-colons or parenthesis). //See Diagram Below1

Upload: Sends your code to the RedBoard. When you click it, you should see the lights on your board blink rapidly.//See Diagram Below2

New: This buttons opens up a new code window tab.3

Open: This button will let you open up an existing sketch.//See Diagram Below4

Save: This saves the currently active sketch.5

Serial Monitor: This will open a window that displays any serial information your RedBoard is transmitting. It is very useful for debugging.6

Code Area: This is the area where you compose the code for your sketch.8

Message Area: This is where the IDE tells you if there were any errors in your code.9

Sketch Name:This shows the name of the sketch you are currently working on.7

Verify

Upload

Open


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File Edit Sketch Tools Help

Auto Format

Archive Sketch

Fix Encoding & Reload

Serial Monitor

Arduino UnoArduino Duemilanove w/ ATmega328]

Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168

Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328

Arduino Nano w/ ATmega168

Arduino Mega 2560 or Mega ADK

Arduino Mega (ATmega1280)

Arduino Mini

Arduino Mini w/ATmega168

Arduino Ethernet

Arduino Fio

Arduino BT w/ ATmega328

Arduino BT w/ATmega168

LilyPad Arduino w/ ATmega328LilyPad Arduino w/ ATmega168

Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (5V, 16 MHz) w/ATmega328

Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (5V, 16 MHz) w/ATmega168

Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega328

Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega168

Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168

Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega8

Programmer

Burn Bootloader

BoardSerial Port

// Select your board: Arduino Uno

Select the serial device of the RedBoard from the Tools |

Serial Port menu. is is likely to be com3 or higher(COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardwareserial ports). To find out, you can disconnect yourRedBoard and re-open the menu; the entry thatdisappears should be the RedBoard. Reconnect the

board and select that serial port.

Select the serial device of the RedBoard from the Tools> Serial Port menu. On the Mac, this should be

something with /dev/tty.usbmodem or/dev/tty.usbserialin it.

http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Learning/Linux

Tools Help

Auto FormatArchive Sketch


Serial Monitor

com 1

com 12Programmer

Burn Bootloader

Board

Serial Port

Tools Help

Auto Format

Archive Sketch


Serial Monitor

/dev/tty.usbmodem262471

/dev/cu.usbmodem262471

/dev/tty.Bluetooth-Modem

/dev/cu.Bluetooth-Modem

/dev/tty.FireFly-7256-SPP

/dev/cu.FireFly-7256-SPP

/dev/tty.tiPhone-WirelessiAP-1

/dev/cu.tiPhone-WirelessiAP-1

/dev/tty.Bluetooth-PDA-Sync

/dev/cu.Bluetooth-PDA-Sync

Programmer

Burn Bootloader

Board

Serial Port

//SelectyourSerialDevice

4

Note:Your SparkFun RedBoard and the

Arduino UNO are interchangeablebut you wont find the RedBoard

listed in the Arduino Software.

Select Arduino UNO instead.


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Type in the following URL to download the code:

Download Arduino Code (For use with the circuits in this guide)

sparkfun.com/sikcode

5

Unzip the file SIK Guide Code. Itshould be located in your browsersDownloadsfolder. Right click thezipped folder and choose unzip.

Copy the SIK Guide Code folder into Arduinosfolder named examples.

Copy the SIK Guide Code folder intoArduinos folder named examples.

WHATS NEXT? Read on to learn more about getting started with circuits. en you can start on your first circuit on page 17!

Unzip the file SIK Guide Code. Itshould be loacted in your browsersDownloadsfolder. Right click thezipped folder and choose unzip.

Find Arduino in your applicationsfolder. Right click(ctrl + click) onArduino. Select Show PackageContents.

http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Learning/Linux

//CopySIKGuideCodeintoExamp

leslibraryinArduinof

older

ProgramsStart arduino examples

Contents

Resources

Java

examplesArduino

Move to Trash

Open

Show Package Contents


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Everywhere you look, you'll find circuits. e cellphone in your pocket, the computer that controlsyour car's emissions system, your video gameconsole - all these things are chock full of circuits.In this guide, you'll experiment with some simplecircuits and learn the gist of the world of embedded

electronics.

The World Runs on Circuits:

Getting Started with Circuits

A circuit is basically an electrical loop with a starting point and an

ending point - with any number of components in between.Circuits can include resistors, diodes, inductors, sensors of all sizesand shapes, motors, and any other handful of hundreds ofthousands of components.

Circuits are usually divided into three categories - analog circuits,digital circuits, or mixed-signal circuits. In this guide, you willexplore all three sets of circuits.

What is an Electrical Circuit?

// Simple and Complex Circuits

In this guide, you will be primarily exploringsimple circuits - but that doesn't mean you can'tdo amazing things with simple tools! When you'vefinished the SIK, your knowledge of circuits willenable you to explore amazing projects andunleash the power of your imagination.

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Inventory of Parts

* ACTUAL SIZE

(1N4148)

Diode

x2

x1

Piezo Element

Various Colors

Jumper Wire

x30

Push Button

x2x1

DC Motor

x1

DC Motor

x1

Potentiometer

(Light Emitting Diode)

x10 x10 x1

LED (5mm) +-

330 Resistor

x25* ACTUAL SIZE

10K Resistor

x25* ACTUAL SIZE

(TMP36)

x1

Temp. Sensor

FRONT

BACK

(P2N2222AG)

x2

Transistor

P2N2

222A

A18

FRONT

BACK

x1

Photo Resistor


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Standard Solderless

Breadboard

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Standard Solderless (Color may vary)

Breadboard

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SparkFun RedBoardFlex Sensor

x1

Soft Potentiometer

x1

Servo

x1

Relay

x1

x1

x1

LCD

x1

(IC)

Integrated Circuit

x1

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11~10

~9

8

7

~6

~5

4

~3

2

1

0

TX

RX

13

3.3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


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IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11~10

~9

8

7

~6

~5

4

~3

2

10

TX

RX

13

3.3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

1

2

8

6

9

7

4 3 5

10


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// Pins Diagram

SparkFun RedBoard

RFU- This pin is reserved for future use.11

Power In (Barrel Jack) - Can be used with either a 9V or 12V wall-wart or battery.1

Power In (USB Port) - Provides power and communicates with your board when plugged into your computer via USB.2

LED (RX: Receiving) - This shows when the FTDI chip is receiving data bits from the microcontroller. This happens when the microcontroller issending data bits back to the computer.3

LED (TX: Transmitting) - This shows when the FTDI chip is transmitting data bits to the microcontroller. This happens when themicrocontroller is receiving this data from the computer.

4

LED (Pin 13: Troubleshooting) - This LED is incorporated into your sketch to show if your program is running properly.5

Pins (ARef, Ground, Digital, Rx, Tx) - These various pins can be used for inputs, outputs, power, and ground.// See Diagram Below6

LED (Indicates RedBoard is ON) - This is a simple power indicator LED.7

Reset Button- This is a way to manually reset your RedBoard, which makes your code restart.8

Pins (Analog In, Power In, Ground, Power Out, Reset) - These various pins can be used for inputs, outputs, power, and ground. //See Diagram10

ICSP Pins (Uploading Code without Bootloader) - This is for "In-Circuit Serial Programming," used if you want to bypass the bootloader.9

Power Out

Reset

IOREF

Power Out

Ground

Ground

Power In

Analog

Analog

Analog

Analog

Analog

Analog

Ground

ARef

SDA

SCL

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

TX - Out

RX - In

10

11

6

= PWM/Analog out compatible (i.e. )

The header pins are one of the most important parts for putting our

example circuits together. Take a moment and locate the input/output

ports of your RedBoard.

RFU


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This line divides the board in half, restricting electricity to one half or the other.

1

2


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Power:

Each + sign runs power anywhere in the

vertical column.

Ground:

Each - sign runs to ground anywhere in the

vertical column.

Horizontal Rows:

Each of these rows numbered 1-30 are

comprised of five horizontal sockets.

Components placed in the same row will be

connected in a circuit when power is running.

Vertical Connection (+ Power and - Ground) - Power bus// See Diagram Below1

Horizontal Connection (a-e & f-j)// See Diagram Below)2

Hows it all connected?

View of the inside

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Breadboard

Above the breadboard

CONNECTED!

LED

Making a Connection:

Inside the breadboard


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How It Works:

ASSEMBLE WRITE UPLOAD

Peel scker off back of

breadboard and sck into place.

Make sure the text on the RedBoard and

breadboard are facing up so you can read them.

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Screw the RedBoard down and into place.

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX R

X 13

3.3V5VGNDG

NDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Connect the USB cable.

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9

8

7

~6

~5

4

~3

2

1

0

TX

RX

13

3.3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

CIRCUIT #1 - Your First Circuit

Your RedBoard runs on 5V. is is the power that will be supplied from your computer via USB andwill be the driving force behind any components you use in your circuits. By plugging your RedBoardinto your computer, you are supplying it with just the right voltage it needs to thrive! 5V cant hurt you,so dont be afraid to touch anything in your circuit. You can also power the RedBoard through thebarrel jack. e on-board voltage regulator can handle anything from 7 to 15VDC.

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9

8

7

~6

~5

4

~3

2

1

0

TX

RX

13

3.3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


21/84

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

PART

S: LED

1X

Wire

3X

330

Resistor

1X This secon lists the parts you

will need to complete the circuit.

Circuit 2

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are small, powerful lights

that are used in many different applications. To start offthe SIK, we will work on blinking an LED. at's right- it's as simple as turning a light on and off. It mightnot seem like much, but establishing this importantbaseline will give you a solid foundation as we worktoward more complex experiments.

Blinking an LED

1

Each circuit begins with a brief descripon

of the what you are pung together and

the expected result.

This is a schemac of your circuit.

This is an illustraon of how the

completed circuit should look. It is not

necessary to use the black holder for the

RedBoard and breadboard, but we

recommend it for the first me inventor!

Components like resistors need to have

their legs bent into 90 angles in order to

correctly fit the breadboard sockets. You

can also cut the legs shorter to make them

easier to work with on the breadboard.


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IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circu

it1:Blink

inganLED

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111

213

14

1516171

81920

21

22

23

24

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28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192

021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

LED:Makesuretheshortleg,

markedwithflatside,

goe

sinto

thenegaveposion(-

).

330Re

sistor:Thecolorbanding

shouldreadorange-or-

ange-brown-gold.

Thecompo-

nentlegscangoineitherhole.

JumperWire:Alljumperwires

workthesame.Theyareusedto

connecttw

opointstogether.This

guidewillsho

wthewireswithdifferent

coloredinsula

onsforclarity,

butusing

differentcombinaonsofcolorsis

completelyac

ceptable.

FlatEdge

ShortLeg


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Component:

Im

ageRe

ference:

LED(5mm)

+

-

+

-

c2

c3

JumperW

ire

Pin13

e2

330

Res

istor

a3

GND

a3

JumperW

ire

GND

JumperW

ire

5V

5V

+

5VontheRedBoardconnectstotherowmarked+onthebreadboard.

Pin13ontheRedBoardconnectstosockete2onthebreadboard.

GNDontheRedBoardshouldbeco

nnectedtotherowmarked-onthebreadboard.

Resistorsareplacedinbreadboardso

cketsonly.The-symbolrepresentsan

ysocketinitsvercal

columnonthePowerbus.

Breadbo

ard:Thewhitebackground

representsaconnecontoa

breadbo

ardsocketspecifiedbya

leer-nu

mbercoordinatesuchas

e2.Thes

ecoordinatesaremerely

sugges

onsthatalignwiththe

graphicimage.

RedBoard:Theredbackground

representsaconnecontooneof

theRedBoardheaderpins.

ComponentslikeLEDsareinsertedintothebreadboardsocketsc2(longleg)c3(shortleg).Steps

highlightedwithayellowwarningtrianglerepresentapolarizedcomponent.

Payspecialaenonto

thecomponentsmarkingsindicang

howtoplaceitonthebreadboard.


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Open Up the Arduino IDE software on your computer. Coding in the Arduinolanguage will control your circuit. Open the code for Circuit 1 by accessing the SIKGuide Code you downloaded and placed into your Examples folder earlier.

Open Your First Sketch:

File Edit Sketch Tools Help

1.Basics

2.Digital

3.Analog

4.Communication

5.Control

6.Sensors

7.Displays

8.Strings

ArduinoISP

SIK Guide Code

EEPROM

Ethernet

Firmata

Liquid Crystal

SD

Servo

SoftwareSerial

SPI

Stepper

Wire

Page Setup

Print

New

Open...

Sketchbook

Examples

Close

Save

Save As...

Upload

Upload Using Progammer

Circuit #1

Circuit #2

Circuit #3

Circuit #4

Circuit #5

Circuit #6

Circuit #7

Circuit #8

Circuit #9

Circuit #10

Circuit #11

Circuit #12

Circuit #13Circuit #14

Circuit #15

Circuit #1

/* Blink

Turns on an LED on for one second,then off for one second, repeatedly.This example code is in the public domain.

*/

void setup() {// initialize the digital pin as an output.

// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);}

void loop() { digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // set the LED on delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(13, LOW); // set the LED off

delay(1000); // wait for a second}

// Circuit #1


25/84

Verify

Upload

// The result of a completed circuit with correct code after verified and uploaded.

is compiles your code. e IDE changes it from text into instructions the computercan understand.

is sends the instructions via the USB cable to the computer chip on the RedBoard. eRedBoard will then begin running your code automatically.

IOR

EFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~10~

98

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


26/84

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

1

Troubleshooting:

LED Not Lighting Up?LEDs will only work in one direction. Try taking it out andtwisting it 180 degrees (no need to worry, installing itbackward does no permanent harm).

Program Not Uploadingis happens sometimes, the most likely cause is a confusedserial port, you can change this in tools>serial port>

Still No Success?A broken circuit is no fun, send us an e-mail and we will getback to you as soon as we can: [email protected]

You should see your LED blink on and off. Ifit isn't, make sure you have assembled thecircuit correctly and verified and uploaded thecode to your board or see the troubleshootingtips below.

Before you can use one of the RedBoard's pins, you need to tell the

RedBoard whether it is an INPUT or OUTPUT. We use a built-in

"function" called pinMode() to do this.

When you're using a pin as an OUTPUT, you can command it to be

HIGH (output 5 volts), or LOW (output 0 volts).digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

Code to Note:

Real World Application:

Almost all modern flat screen televisions and monitorshave LED indicator lights to show they are on or off.

Open Arduino IDE// File > Examples > SIK Guide > Circuit # 1

What you Should See:

This is where you will find the

Arduino code for each circuit.

Remember to Verify and

Upload your code.

See if your circuit is complete

and working in this secon.

Begin to understand how the

Arduino code works. See below.

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGN

D13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGN

DGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

This is a secon dedicated to the most

common mistakes made while assembling

the circuit.

Here you will find examples of the circuit

you just completed in the real world.

Many of the theories in these circuits areused in things you use everyday!


27/84


28/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit2:Potentiometer

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

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30

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b

c

d

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g

h

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

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29/84

Component:

Im

ageReference:

Potentiometer

e6

JumperWire

e8

JumperWire

JumperWire

GND

JumperWire

5V

Pin

13

j20

JumperWire

GND

JumperWire

5V

5V

+

+

-

+

-

h20

h21

LED(5mm)

330

Resistor

j21

+

JumperWire

A0

e7

+

a6

a7

a8

IfyoulookcloselyatyourRedBoard,you'llseesomepinsla

beled"DIGITAL",

andsomelabeled"ANALO

G".What'sthedifference?

Manyofthedevicesyou'll

interfaceto,suchasLEDsandpushbuttons,have

onlytwopossiblestates:on

andoff,orasthey'reknowntotheRedBoard,

"HIGH"(5volts)and"LO

W"(0volts).edigitalpinson

anRedBoardare

greatatgettingthesesignalstoandfromtheoutsideworld,

andcanevendo

trickslikesimulateddimm

ing(byblinkingonandoffreally

fast),andserial

communications(transferr

ingdatatoanotherdevicebyencodingitaspatterns

ofHIGHandLOW).

Buttherearealsoalotofthingsouttherethataren'tjust"on"or"off".

Temperaturelevels,contro

lknobs,etc.a

llhaveacontinuou

srangeofvalues

betweenHIGHandLOW

.Forthesesituations,t

heRedBoardofferssixanalog

inputsthattranslateaninp

utvoltageintoanumberthatran

gesfrom0(0volts)

to1023(5volts).eanalogpinsareperfectformeasuring

allthose"real

world"values,andallowyoutointerfacetheRedBoardtoallkindsofthings.

DigitalversusAnalog

:

DIGITAL

0volts

0

5volts

1023

toor

ANALOG

HIGH

on

5volts

LOW

off

0volts


30/84


31/84

Circuit 2

PARTS:

p.10

IC

1X

330

Resistor

8X

LED

8X

You know whats even more fun than a blinking

LED? Changing colors with one LED. RGB, orred-green-blue, LEDs have three different color-emit-ting diodes that can be combined to create all sorts ofcolors. In this circuit, youll learn how to use an RGBLED to create unique color combinations.Depending on how bright each diode is, nearly anycolor is possible!

RGB LED

PARTS:

CIRCUIT #3

3

p.28

Potentiometer

1X

TransistorP2N2222AG

1X

Wire

6X

330

Resistor

3X

LED

1X

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

red

commongreen

blue


32/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit3:RGBLED

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

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19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

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19

20

21

22

23

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25

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28

29

30

*Thelongestleadisthecommon(gnd).


33/84

Component:

Im

ageReference:

e7

e11

5V

330

Resistor

g4

e4

e7

e11

5V

330

Resistor

g6

e6

e7

e11

5V

330

Resistor

g7

e7

RGBLED(5mm)

JumperWire

GND

JumperWire

5V

5V

+

JumperWire

Pin

9

h4

JumperWire

Pin

10

h6

JumperWire

Pin

11

h7

e5

JumperWire

We'veseenthattheArduinocanreadanalogvoltages(voltagesbetween0and

5volts)usingtheanalogR

ead()function.IsthereawayfortheRedBoardto

outputanalogvoltagesaswell?

eanswerisno...andye

s.eRedBoarddoesnothaveatrueanalogvoltage

output.But,becausetheRedBoardissofast,itcanfakeit

usingsomething

calledPWM("Pulse-WidthModulation").epinson

theRedBoardwith

~nexttothemarePWM

/Analogoutcompatible.

eRedBoardissofastth

atitcanblinkapinonandoffalmost1000times

persecond.P

WMgoesonestepfurtherbyvaryingtheam

ountoftimethat

theblinkingpinspendsH

IGHvs.t

hetimeitspendsLOW

.Ifitspendsmost

ofitstimeHIGH,a

LED

connectedtothatpinwillappearbright.I

fit

spendsmostofitstimeLOW,t

heLEDwilllookdim.Becausethepinis

blinkingmuchfasterthan

youreyecandetect,t

heRedBoardcreatesthe

illusionofa"true"analog

output.

Theshockingtruthb

ehindanalogWrite():

90%9

0%

50%

50%

0.5

V

2.5

V

4.5

V

LOW(0volts)

HIGH(5volts)

LOW(0volts)

HIGH(5volts)

LOW(0volts)

HIGH(5volts)

10%

10%

a4

a5

a6

a7


34/84

Many electronics such asvideogame consoles use RGBLEDs to have the versatilityto show different colors in

the same area. Often timesthe diffent colors representdifferent states of workingcondition.

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

3

Troubleshooting:

LED Remains Dark or Shows Incorrect ColorWith the four pins of the LED so close together, itssometimes easy to misplace one. Double check eachpin is where it should be.

Seeing Rede red diode within the RGB LED may be a bit brighterthan the other two. To make your colors more balanced,use a higher Ohm resistor. Or adjust in code.

analogWrite(RED_PIN, redIntensity);to

analogWrite(RED_PIN, redIntensity/3);

You should see your LED turn on,but this time in new, crazy colors! If itisn't, make sure you have assembledthe circuit correctly and verified anduploaded the code to your board orsee the troubleshooting tips below.

Code to Note:




A for() loop is used to step a number across a range, and repeatedly runscode within the brackets {}. Here the variable "x" starts a 0, ends at 767,

and increases by one each time ("x++").

for (x = 0; x < 768; x++)

{}

e RedBoard is very very fast, capable of running thousands of lines ofcode each second. To slow it down so that we can see what it's doing,

we'll often insert delays into the code. delay() counts in milliseconds;

there are 1000 ms in one second.

delay(sensorValue);

"If / else" statements are used to make choices in your programs. e statement

within the parenthesis () is evaluated; if it's true, the code within the first brackets {}

will run. If it's not true, the code within the second brackets {} will run.

if (x


35/84

So you have gotten one LED to blink on and off

fantastic! Now it's time to up the stakes a little bit byconnecting EIGHT LEDS AT ONCE. We'll also giveour RedBoard a little test by creating various lightingsequences. is circuit is a great setup to start practicing

writing your own programs and getting a feel for theway RedBoard works.

Along with controlling the LEDs, youll learn about acouple programming tricks that keep your code neatand tidy:

for() loops - used when you want to run a piece ofcode several times

arrays[ ] - used to make managing variables easier bygrouping them together

Multiple LEDs

p.32

PARTS: LED

8X

Wire

10X

330

Resistor

8X

CIRCUIT #4

4

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PW

M~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


36/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit4:MultipleLEDs

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

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19

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23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


37/84


38/84

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

4

Troubleshooting:

Some LEDs Fail to LightIt is easy to insert an LED backwards. Check the LEDsthat aren't working and ensure they the right wayaround.

Operating out of sequenceWith eight wires it's easy to cross a couple. Double checkthat the first LED is plugged into pin 2 and each pinthere after.

Starting AfreshIts easy to accidentally misplace a wire without noticing.Pulling everything out and starting with a fresh slate isoften easier than trying to track down the problem.

is is similar to circuit number one, butinstead of one LED, you should see all theLEDs blink. If they aren't, make sure youhave assembled the circuit correctly andverified and uploaded the code to your boardor see the troubleshooting tips below.

Code to Note:


Scrolling marquee displays are generally used to spreadshort segments of important information. ey are builtout of many LEDs.



IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGN

DGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

When you have to manage a lot of variables, an "array" isa handy way to group them together. Here we're creating

an array of integers, called ledPins, with eight elements.int ledPins[] = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};

Computers like to do the same things each time they run. But sometimesyou want to do things randomly, such as simulating the roll of a dice. e

random() function is a great way to do this.

See http://arduino.cc/en/reference/randomfor more information.

index = random(8);

You refer to the elements in an array by their position.

e first element is at position 0, the second is at position

1, etc. You refer to an element using "ledPins[x]" where x

is the position. Here we're making digital pin 2 HIGH,

since the array element at position 0 is "2".

digitalWrite(ledPins[0], HIGH);


39/84

Circuit 2

PARTS: Wire

19X

IC

1X

330

Resistor

8X

LED

8X

Circuit 2

Up until now, weve focused solely on outputs. Now

were going to go to the other end of spectrum andplay around with inputs. In this circuit, well belooking at one of the most common and simpleinputs a push button. e way a push button works

with RedBoard is that when the button is pushed, thevoltage goes LOW. e RedBoard reads this andreacts accordingly. In this circuit, you will also use apull-up resistor, which keeps the voltage HIGH whenyou're not pressing the button.

Push Buttons

PARTS: Wire

7X

CIRCUIT #5

5

Push Button

2X

LED

1X

330

Resistor

1X

10K

Resistor

2X

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PW

M~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

p.10

p.36


40/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit5:PushButtons

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111

213

14

1516171

81920

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192

021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


41/84


42/84

e buttons we used here are similar to the buttons inmost video game controllers.

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

5

Troubleshooting:

Light Not Turning One pushbutton is square, and because of this it is easy toput it in the wrong way. Give it a 90 degree twist and seeif it starts working.

UnderwhelmedNo worries, these circuits are all super stripped down tomake playing with the components easy, but once youthrow them together the sky is the limit.

You should see the LED turn onif you press either button, and offif you press both buttons. (See thecode to find out why!) If it isn't

working, make sure you haveassembled the circuit correctlyand verified and uploaded thecode to your board or see thetroubleshooting tips below.

Code to Note:



What You Should See:

e digital pins can be used as inputs as well as outputs.Before you do either, you need to tell the RedBoard

which direction you're going.

pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT);

Because we've connected the button to GND, it will read LOW when

it's being pressed. Here we're using the "equivalence" operator ("==")

to see if the button is being pressed.

if (button1State == LOW)

To read a digital input, you use the digitalRead()

function. It will return HIGH if there's 5V present at the

pin, or LOW if there's 0V present at the pin.

button1State = digitalRead(button1Pin);

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~10~

98

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


43/84

Circuit 2

So youve already played with a potentiometer, which

varies resistance based on the twisting of a knob. Inthis circuit, youll be using a photo resistor, whichchanges resistance based on how much light thesensor receives. Since the RedBoard cant directlyinterpret resistance (rather, it reads voltage), we use avoltage divider to use our photo resistor. is voltagedivider will output a high voltage when it is getting alot of light and a low voltage when it is not.

Photo Resistor

PARTS: Wire

6X

CIRCUIT #6

6

LED

1X

330

Resistor

1X

Photo Resistor

1X

10K

Resistor

1X

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

p.40


44/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit6:PhotoResistor

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121

31415161718192

021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121

31415161718192

021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


45/84

Component:

Im

ageReference:

+

-

+

-

h20

h21

LED(5mm)

PhotoResistor

j1

JumperWire

j6

+

JumperWire

JumperWire

GND

JumperWire

5V

5V

+

330Resistor(sensor)

j21

+

10K

Resistor

i1

i5

JumperWire

A0

j5

f5

f6

JumperWire

Pin

9

j20

Manyofthesensorsyou'lluse(potentiometers,photoresistors,etc.)areresistors

indisguise.eirresistancechangesinproportiontowhateverthey'resensing

(lightlevel,temperature,sound,etc.).

eRedBoard'sanalogin

putpinsmeasurevoltage,notre

sistance.Butwecan

easilyuseresistivesensors

withtheRedBoardbyincludingthemaspartofa

"voltagedivider".

Avoltagedividerconsists

oftworesistors.e"top"resistoristhesensoryou'll

beusing.e"bottom"oneisanormal,fixedresistor.W

henyouconnectthe

topresistorto5volts,and

thebottomresistortoground.evoltageatthe

middlewillbeproportion

altothebottomresistorrelative

tothetotalresistance

(topresistor+bottomresistor).W

henoneoftheresistors

changes(asitwill

whenyoursensorsensesthings),t

heoutputvoltagewillchangeaswell!

Althoughthesensor'sresistancewillvary,t

heresistivesensors(flexsensorlight

sensor,softpot,andtrimpot)intheSIKarearound10Koh

ms.Weusuallywant

thefixedresistortobeclosetothisvalue,sousinga10Kr

esistorisagreatchoice

forthefixed"bottom"resistor.Pleasenotethefixedresistorisn'tnecessarilythe

bottomresistor.Wedoth

atwiththephotodiodeonlysothatmore

light=morevoltage,butitcouldbeflippedandwe'dgettheoppositeresponse.

Measuringresistivesensors:

PIN3

5

volts

GND

(ground)(-)

PinA0


46/84

A street lamp uses a light sensor to detect when to turnthe lights on at night.

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

6

Troubleshooting:

LED Remains Darkis is a mistake we continue to make time and timeagain, if only they could make an LED that worked bothways. Pull it up and give it a twist.

It Isn't Responding to Changes in LightGiven that the spacing of the wires on the photo-resistoris not standard, it is easy to misplace it. Double check itsin the right place.

Still Not Quite WorkingYou may be in a room which is either too bright or dark.Try turning the lights on or off to see if this helps. Or ifyou have a flashlight near by give that a try.

You should see the LED grow brighteror dimmer in accordance with howmuch light your photoresistor isreading. If it isn't working, make sureyou have assembled the circuitcorrectly and verified and uploadedthe code to your board or see thetroubleshooting tips below.

Code to Note:




When we read an analog signal using analogRead(), it will bea number from 0 to 1023. But when we want to drive a

PWM pin using analogWrite(), it wants a number from 0 to

255. We can "squeeze" the larger range into the smaller range

using the map() function.

lightLevel = map(lightLevel, 0, 1023, 0, 255);

Because map() could still return numbers outside the "to"

range, we'll also use a function called constrain() that will

"clip" numbers into a range. If the number is outside the

range, it will make it the largest or smallest number. If it is

within the range, it will stay the same.

lightLevel = constrain(lightLevel, 0, 255);

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGN

D13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PW

M~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Seehttp://arduino.cc/en/reference/map for more info.

Seehttp://arduino.cc/en/reference/constrain for more info.

Parametersmap(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)

Parametersconstrain(x, a, b)

x:the number to constrain, all data typesa: the lower end of the range, all data typesb:the upper end of the range, all data types

value:the number to mapfromLow:the lower bound of the value's current rangefromHigh:the upper bound of the value's current rangetoLow: the lower bound of the value's target rangetoHigh: the upper bound of the value's target range


47/84

Circuit 2

A temperature sensor is exactly what it sounds like a

sensor used to measure ambient temperature. isparticular sensor has three pins a positive, a ground,and a signal. is is a linear temperature sensor. Achange in temperature of one degree centigrade is equalto a change of 10 millivolts at the sensor output. eTMP36 sensor has a nominal 750 mV at 25C (aboutroom temperature). In this circuit, youll learn how tointegrate the temperature sensor with your RedBoard,and use the Arduino IDEs serial monitor to display thetemperature.

Temperature Sensor

CIRCUIT #7

7

p.44

PART

S: Wire

5X

Temp. Sensor

1X

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGN

DGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PW

M~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

FRONT

BACK

When youre building the circuit be careful notto mix up the transistor and the temperaturesensor, theyre almost identical. Look forTMP on the body of the temperature sensor.

SIGNAL

+V

GND

SIGNAL

GND

+V


48/84


49/84

TemperatureSensor

f5

f7

f6

Component:

Im

ageRe

ference:

j5

JumperW

ire

j7

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

GND

JumperW

ire

5V

5V

+

JumperW

ire

A0

j6

+

iscircuitusestheArduin

oIDE'sserialmonitor.Toopenthis,firstuploadthe

programthenclickthebuttonwhichlookslikeamagnifyingglassinasquare.In

orderfortheserialmonitor

tooperatecorrectlyitmustbeset

tothesamebaud

rate(speedinbitspersecon

d)asthecodeyou'rerunning.iscoderunsat9600

baud;ifthebaudratesettin

gisnot9600,changeitto9600.

Openingyourserialm

onitor:

1

2

3

+V

SIGN

AL

GND

-

+

VOUT


50/84

Building climate control systems use a temperature sensorto monitor and maintain their settings.

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

7

Troubleshooting:

Nothing Seems to Happenis program has no outward indication it is working. Tosee the results you must open the Arduino IDE's serialmonitor (instructions on previous page).

Gibberish is Displayedis happens because the serial monitor is receiving data ata different speed than expected. To fix this, click thepull-down box that reads "*** baud" and change it to"9600 baud".

Temperature Value is UnchangingTry pinching the sensor with your fingers to heat it up orpressing a bag of ice against it to cool it down.

You should be able to read thetemperature your temperaturesensor is detecting on the serialmonitor in the Arduino IDE. If itisn't working, make sure you haveassembled the circuit correctly andverified and uploaded the code toyour board or see the troubleshoot-ing tips below.

Code to Note:




Before using the serial monitor, you must call Serial.begin() toinitialize it. 9600 is the "baud rate", or communications speed. When

two devices are communicating with each other, both must be set to

the same speed.

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.print() will print everything on the same line. Serial.println() will

move to the next line. By using both of these commands together, you

can create easy-to-read printouts of text and data.

Serial.println(degreesF);

e Serial.print() command is very smart. It can print out almost

anything you can throw at it, including variables of all types,

quoted text (AKA "strings"), etc.

See http://arduino.cc/en/serial/printfor more info.

Serial.print(degreesC);

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6~

54

~32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM

~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

voltage: 0.73 deg C: 23.24 deg F: 73.84















51/84

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54

~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

Circuit 2

Servos are ideal for embedded electronics applications

because they do one thing very well that motors cannot they can move to a position accurately. By varying thepulse width of the output voltage to a servo, you can movea servo to a specific position. For example, a pulse of 1.5milliseconds will move the servo 90 degrees. In this circuit,youll learn how to use PWM (pulse width modulation)to control and rotate a servo.

A Single Servo

PART

S: Wire

8X

CIRCUIT #8

8

p.48

Servo

1X


52/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circu

it8:A

Single

Servo

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


53/84

Component:

Im

ageRe

ference:

Servo

e5

e7

e6

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

e6

e7

e5

5V

JumperW

ire

Pin

9

a7

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

GND

b5

+

a6

+

eArduinodevelopmentenv

ironmentgivesyouaveryusefulsetofbuilt-incommandsfor

doingbasicinputandoutput,

makingdecisionsusinglogic,solvingmathproblems,etc.

ButtherealpowerofArduino

isthehugecommunityusingitandtheirwillingnesstoshare

theirwork.

Librariesarecollectionsofnew

commandsthathavebeenpackagedtogethertomakeiteasy

toincludetheminyoursketch

es.Arduinocomeswithahandfulofusefullibraries,suchas

theservolibraryusedinthisexample,thatcanbeusedtointerfacetomoreadvanced

devices(LCDdisplays,steppermotors,ethernetports,etc.)

Seehttp://arduino.cc/en/reference/librariesforalistofthestanda

rdlibrariesand

informationonusingthem.

Butanyonecancreatealibrary,andifyouwanttouseanewsensor

oroutputdevice,

chancesarethatsomeoneouttherehasalreadywrittenonethatinterfacesthatdevicetothe

RedBoard.ManyofSparkFun

'sproductscomewithArduinolibraries,andyoucanfind

evenmoreusingGoogleandtheArduinoPlaygroundathttp://ardu

ino.cc/playground/.

WhenYOUgettheRedBoard

workingwithanewdevice,consider

makingalibraryforit

andsharingitwiththeworld!

Tousealibraryinasketch,se

lectitfromSketch>ImportLibrary.

Afterimportingthelibraryintoyourcode,youwillhaveaccesstoanumberofpre-written

commandsandfunctions.Mo

reinformationonhowtousethestan

dardlibraryfunctions

canbeaccessedat:http://ardu

ino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries.

Expandy

ourhorizon

s

usingL

ibraries:

File

Edit

Sketch

Tools

Help

EEPROM

Ethernet

Firmata

LiquidC

rystal

SDServo

Softwa

reSerial

SPI

Steppe

r

Wire

Verify

/Compile

Show

SketchFolder

AddF

ile...

Impo

rtLibrary


54/84

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

8

Troubleshooting:

Servo Not TwistingEven with colored wires it is still shockingly easy to plug aservo in backward. is might be the case.

Still Not WorkingA mistake we made a time or two was simply forgettingto connect the power (red and brown wires) to +5 voltsand ground.

Fits and StartsIf the servo begins moving then twitches, and there's aflashing light on your RedBoard, the power supply youare using is not quite up to the challenge. Using a walladapter instead of USB should solve this problem.

You should see your servo motor move tovarious locations at several speeds. If themotor doesn't move, check yourconnections and make sure you haveverified and uploaded the code, or see thetroubleshooting tips below.

Code to Note:


Robotic arms you might see in an assembly line or sci-fimovie probably have servos in them.


What You Should See:7~

6~5

4~3

21

0

.

TAL(PWM~)

ON

TXRX

#include is a special "preprocessor" command that inserts a library (or anyother file) into your sketch. You can type this command yourself, or

choose an installed library from the "sketch / import library" menu.#include

e servos in this kit don't spin all the way around, but they can be commandedto move to a specific position. We use the servo library's write() command to

move a servo to a specified number of degrees(0 to 180). Remember that the

servo requires time to move, so give it a short delay() if necessary.

servo1.write(180);

e servo library adds new commands that let you control a servo. To

prepare the Arduino to control a servo, you must first create a Servo

"object" for each servo (here we've named it "servo1"), and then "attach" it

to a digital pin (here we're using pin 9).

Servo servo1;

servo1.attach(9);


55/84


56/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Circu

it9:Flex

Sensor


57/84

Ithappenstoeveryone-you

writeasketchwhichsuccessfullycompilesanduploads,

butyoucan'tfigureoutwhy

it'snotdoingwhatyouwantitto.

Largercomputers

havescreens,keyboards,and

micethatyoucanusetodebugyourcode,buttiny

computersliketheRedBoardhavenosuchthings.

ekeytovisibilityintoam

icrocontrollerisoutput.iscanbealmostanything,

includingLEDsandbuzzers,butoneofthemostusefultoolsis

theserialmonitor.

Using

Ser

ial.pr

int()andpr

intln(),youcaneasilyoutputhuma

n-readabletextand

datafromtheRedBoardtoawindowbackonthehostcomputer.isisgreatfor

yoursketch'sfinaloutput,butit'salsoincrediblyusefulfordebugging.

Debuggingyoursket

chesusingtheSerialMon

itor:

Component:

Im

ageRe

ference:

i20

i24

Servo

e1

e3

e2

e1

JumperW

ire

i19

JumperW

ire

h24

+

JumperW

ire

h24

+

JumperW

ire

h24

+

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

JumperW

ire

e2

JumperW

ire

e3

JumperW

ire

Flex

Sensor

h19

h20

10K

Res

istor

j20

A0

b1

+

a2

+

a3

Pin

9

5V

5V

+

GND

Andifyourunthecodeagain,you'llseethe

outputyouwanted:

for

(x=

1

;

x Examples > SIK Guide > Circuit # 10


IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGN

DGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PW

M~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


63/84


64/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit11:PiezoElements

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111

213

14

1516171

81920

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192

021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


65/84

Component:

Im

ageReference:

PiezoElement

+

-

f9

f7

JumperWire

Pin

9

j9

i7

JumperWire

GND

JumperWire

Arduinocontainsawealthofbuilt-infunctionsthatareusefulforallkindsofthings.

(Seehttp://arduino.cc/en/referenceforalist).Butyoucanalsoeasilycreateyour

ownfunctions.F

irst,weneedtodeclareafunction.Here'sasim

pleexamplenamed

"add,"whichaddstwonumberstogetherandreturnstheresult.Let'sbreakitdown.

Yourfunctionscantakeinvalues("parameters"),andreturnav

alue,asthisonedoes.

Ifyou'llbepassingparamete

rstoyourfunction,putthem(and

theirtypes)inthe

parenthesesafterthefunctionname.Ifyourfunctionisnotusin

ganyparameters,just

useanemptyparenthesis()afterthename.

Ifyourfunctionisreturning

avaluefromyourfunction,putthetypeofthereturn

valueinfrontofthefunctionname.eninyourfunction,whenyou'rereadyto

returnthevalue,putinareturn(value)statement.Ifyouwon'tbereturningavalue,

put"void"infrontofthefunctionname(similartothedeclarationforthesetup()

andloop()functions).

Whenyouwriteyourownfunctions,youmakeyourcodeneaterandeasiertore-use.

Seehttp://arduino.cc/en/re

ference/functiondeclarationform

oreinfomationabout

functions.

Creatingyourown

fu

nctions:

intadd(intparameter1

,intparameter2)

{

intx;

x=parame

ter1+parameter2;

return(x);

}


66/84

Many modern megaphones have settings that use a loudamplified buzzer. ey are usually very loud and quitegood at getting peoples attention.

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

11

Troubleshooting:

No SoundGiven the size and shape of the piezo element it is easy tomiss the right holes on the breadboard. Try doublechecking its placement.

Can't ink While the Melody is PlayingJust pull up the piezo element whilst you think, uploadyour program then plug it back in.

Feeling Let Down and Desertede code is written so you can easily add your own songs.

You should see - well, nothing!But you should be able to hear asong. If it isn't working, makesure you have assembled thecircuit correctly and verified anduploaded the code to your boardor see the troubleshooting tipsbelow.

Code to Note:




IOREFRESE

T

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54

~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3

.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX

Up until now we've been working solely with numerical data, butthe Arduino can also work with text. Characters (single, printable,

letters, numbers and other symbols) have their own type, called

"char". When you have an array of characters, it can be defined

between double-quotes (also called a "string"), OR as a list of

single-quoted characters.

char notes[] = "cdfda ag cdfdg gf ";

char names[] = {'c','d','e','f','g','a','b','C'};

One of Arduino's many useful built-in commands is the tone()

function. is function drives an output pin at a certain

frequency, making it perfect for driving buzzers and speakers. If

you give it a duration (in milliseconds), it will play the tone then

stop. If you don't give it a duration, it will keep playing the tone

forever (but you can stop it with another function, noTone() ).

tone(pin, frequency, duration);


67/84

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PW

M~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit 2

Remember before when you played around with a servo

motor? Now we are going to tackle spinning a motor.is requires the use of a transistor, which can switch alarger amount of current than the RedBoard can. Whenusing a transistor, you just need to make sure itsmaximum specs are high enough for your use. etransistor we are using for this circuit is rated at 40V maxand 200 milliamps max perfect for our toy motor!When the motor is spinning and suddenly turned off, themagnetic field inside it collapses, generating a voltagespike. is can damage the transistor. To prevent this, weuse a "flyback diode", which diverts the voltage spikearound the transistor.

Spinning a Motor

PARTS: Wire

6X

CIRCUIT #12

12

1X

DC Motor

1X

Diode1N4148

p.64

TransistorP2N2222AG

1X

When youre building the circuit be careful notto mix up the transistor and the temperaturesensor, theyre almost identical. Look forP2N2222A on the body of the transistor.

330

Resistor

1X

P2N2

222A

FRONT

BACK

COLLECTOR

BASE

EMITTER

EMITTER

BASE

COLLECTOR


68/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit12:SpinningaMotor

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


69/84

Component:

Im

ageReference:

TransistorP2N2222AG

a1

a3

a2

JumperWire

JumperWire

Pin

9

j2

JumperWire

JumperWire

JumperWire

5V

JumperWire

GND

Diode1N4148

a3

GND

b7

b11

e7

e11

e7

e11

DCMotor

5V

330

Resistor

g2

e2

e1

a7

+

+

e3

d11

Atthispointyou'reprobablystartingtogetyourownideasforcircuitsthatdofun

things,orhelpsolvearealproblem.Excellent!Herearesometipsonprogrammingin

general.

Mostofthesketchesyouwritewillbealoopwithsomeorallofthesesteps:

1.Performsomesortofinput

2.Makesomecalculations

ordecisions

3.Performsomesortofou

tput

4.Repeat!(Ornot!)

We'vealreadyshownyouho

wtouseabunchofdifferentinputsensorsandoutput

devices(andwestillhaveafewmoretogo).Feelfreetomakeu

seoftheexamplesin

yourownsketches-thisisthewholeideabehindthe"OpenSource"movement.

It'susuallyprettyeasytopullpiecesofdifferentsketchestogether,justopenthemin

twowindows,andcopyand

pastebetweenthem.

isisoneof

thereasonswe've

beenpromoting"goodprogramminghabits".ingslikeusing

constantsforpin

numbers,andbreakingyour

sketchintofunctions,makeitmucheasiertore-useyour

codeinnewsketches.Forex

ample,ifyoupullintwopiecesofcodethatusethesame

pin,youcaneasilychangeoneoftheconstantstoanewpin.(D

on'tforgetthatnot

allofthepinssupportanalogWrite();thecompatiblepinsarem

arkedonyourboard.)

Ifyouneedhelp,t

herearein

ternetforumswhereyoucanaskquestions.Try

Arduino'sforumatarduino

.cc/forum,andSparkFun'satforum.sparkfun.com.

Whenyou'rereadytomove

tomoreadvancedtopics,takealoo

katArduino's

tutorialspageatarduino.cc/en/tutorial.ManyofSparkFun'sm

oreadvanced

productswereprogrammed

withArduino,(allowingyoutoeasilymodifythem),or

haveArduinoexamplesforthem.Seeourproductpagesforinfo.

Finally,w

henyoucreatesom

ethingreallycool,considersharing

itwiththeworldso

thatotherscanlearnfromyourgenius.Besuretoletusknowon

https://www.sparkfun.com

/project_c

allssowecanputiton

ourhomepage!

Putt

ing

italltogether:

P2N2

222A

COLLECT

OR

BASE

EMITTER

E

B

C


70/84

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

12

Troubleshooting:

Motor Not SpinningIf you sourced your own transistor, double check withthe data sheet that the pinout is compatible with aP2N2222AG (many are reversed).

Still No LuckIf you sourced your own motor, double check that it willwork with 5 volts and that it does not draw too muchpower.

Still Not WorkingSometimes the RedBoard will disconnect from thecomputer. Try un-plugging and then re-plugging it intoyour USB port.

e DC Motor should spin if you haveassembled the circuits components correctly,and also verified/uploaded the correct code. Ifyour circuit is not working check thetroubleshooting section below.

Code to Note:


Radio Controlled(RC) cars use Direct Current(DC)motors to turn the wheels for propulsion.


T

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10~

98

7~6~5

4~32

10

TX RX 13

.

IN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

WER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX


e RedBoard's serial port can be used to receive as well as send data.Because data could arrive at any time, the RedBoard stores, or

"buffers" data coming into the port until you're ready to use it. e

Serial.available() command returns the number of characters that the

port has received, but haven't been used by your sketch yet. Zero

means no data has arrived.

while (Serial.available() > 0)

If the port has data waiting for you, there are a number of ways for

you to use it. Since we're typing numbers into the port, we can

use the handy Serial.parseInt() command to extract, or "parse"

integer numbers from the characters it's received. If you type "1"

"0" "0" to the port, this function will return the number 100.

speed = Serial.parseInt();


71/84

Circuit 2

PARTS:

CIRCUIT #5

5

p.10

IC

1X

LED

8X

Circuit 2

In this circuit, we are going to use some of the lessons we

learned in circuit 12 to control a relay. A relay is basicallyan electrically controlled mechanical switch. Inside thatharmless looking plastic box is an electromagnet that,when it gets a jolt of energy, causes a switch to trip. Inthis circuit, youll learn how to control a relay like a pro giving your RedBoard even more powerful abilities!

Relays

PARTS:

CIRCUIT #13

13

p.68

TransistorP2N2222AG

1X

Relay

1X 1X

Diode1N4148

Wire

14X

330

Resistor

2X

LED

2X

When the relay is off, the COM (common)pin will be connected to the NC (Normally

Closed) pin. When the relay is on, the COM(common) pin will be connected to the NO(Normally Open) pin.

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TXRX


72/84

IOREF

RESET

RESET

7-

15V

SCL

SDA

AREF

GND

13

12

~11

~10

~9 8 7

~6

~5 4

~3 2 1 0

TX

RX13

3.

3V

5V

GND

GND

VIN

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

POWER ANALOG IN

DIGITAL (PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Circuit13:Relays

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121

3141516171

81920

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192

021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30


73/84


74/84

Garage door openers use relays to operate. You might beable to hear the clicking if you listen closely.

Circuit 2

Arduino Code:

13

Troubleshooting:

LEDs Not LightingDouble-check that you've plugged them in correctly. elonger lead (and non-flat edge of the plastic flange) is thepositive lead.

No Clicking Sounde transistor or coil portion of the circuit isn't quiteworking. Check the transistor is plugged in the right way.

Not Quite Workinge included relays are designed to be soldered rather thanused in a breadboard. As such you may need to press it into ensure it works (and it may pop out occasionally).

When youre building the circuit be careful not to mix upthe temperature sensor and the transistor, theyre almostidentical.

You should be able to hear therelay contacts click, and see thetwo LEDs alternate illuminatingat 1-second intervals. If youdon't, double-check that youhave assembled the circuitcorrectly, and uploaded thecorrect sketch to the board. Also,see the troubleshooting tips below.

Code to Note:




When we turn on the transistor, which in turn energizes the

relay's coil, the relay's switch contacts are closed. is connects the

relay's COM pin to the NO (Normally Open) pin. Whatever

you've connected using these pins will turn on. (Here we're using

LEDs, but this could be almost anything.)

digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);

e relay has an additional contact called NC (Normally Closed).

e NC pin is connected to the COM pin when the relay is OFF.

You can use either pin depending on whether something shouldbe normally on or normally off. You can also use both pins to

alternate power to two devices, much like railroad crossing

warning lights.

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);

IOREFRESET

RESET

SCLSDAAREFGND

1312~

11~10

~9

8

7~6

~5

4~3

21

0

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGN

DGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

IOREFRESET

RESET

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VG

NDGNDVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX


75/84

Circuit 2

Shift Register

PARTS: Wire

19X

CIRCUIT #14

14

p.72

Now we are going to step into the world of ICs (integrated

circuits). In this circuit, youll learn all about using a shiftregister (also called a serial-to-parallel converter). e shiftregister will give your RedBoard an additional eight outputs,using only three pins on your board. For this circuit, youllpractice by using the shift register to control eight LEDs.

IC

1X

330

Resistor

8X

LED

8X

IOREFRESET

RESET

7-15V

SCLSDAAREFGND13

12~11~

10~9

8

7~6~

54~

32

10

TX RX 13

3.3V5VGNDGN

DVIN

A0A1

A2A3

A4A5

POWER

ANALOGIN

DIGITAL(PWM~)

ON

ISP

TX

RX

Bend legs to 90 angle.

Align notch on top,

inbetween e5 and f5 o

sfe sik redboard guide version3.0 online

Documents