8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

1/16

Netmendingandpatching P.D.Lorimer

500F

Contents PageArrangingetormending 2Th enots 3Th etartingno t 3Netakingnots 3Rightidenots 5 Leftideno t 6Pick upnots 7 Finishingno t 8Cuttingndending 9Cuttingut 9 MendingLargeroles 13 Patching 14Lacing 15

FISHINGnetshavebeenusedforthousandsofyearsbythosewh oseekfoodfromthese aormaketheirlivingbycatchingfish.

Intheearlydayssuitableknotshadtobe devisedbeforeanetcouldbemade.tsiz ewa sdeterminedyheavailabilityofsuitablematerialsan dbythetimeavailabletomakebyhandthetwinean dthenbraidthenet.Theintroductionof netmakingmachinesabout00yearsag ospeeded

upoperationsconsiderablyandmeantmuchbiggernetscouldbemanufactured.However,manyhoursstillhadtobespentbyfishermenwashinghenaturalibres,reservinghem itharranninan dmendingthemtoextendtheirusefullife.Whensyntheticfibreswereintroducedinthe1950 snetsofgreaterstrengthandlongerlifebecameavailabletofishermen,but despitetheseadvantagesmodernnetsstillge tdamagedan dhavetoberepairedbyhand.Thispaperisnotmeanttobe acompletedo-it-yourselfcoursefoibeginnersfromfillingtheneedleonwards.Ratheritisintendedforpracticalfishermenstartingof finanetfisheryandisessentiallyaguidetomendingan dpatchingnetsaboardAustralianfishingboats.

SG83 September1989

P . D .Lorimer,technicaladviser,FisheriesDivision,DepartmentofPrimaryIndustry,Canberra,Australia.ThispubUcation,formerlyP S9,is reprinted bypermission fromasupplementtothe June1970issueof ustralianFisheries;itispublishedfo rthe PacificSeaGrantCollegeProgramby OregonStateUniversity ExtensionService.

O R G G O NSTATG UNIVGR ITYGXTGNS IONSGRV ICG

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

2/16

Arranginghene tformendingNettingismadeby machineor hand.Itis aseriesofknots,eachknotcompletingameshandeachrowofknotsincreasingthelengthofth epieceofne tby halfamesh.InFig.1 itwil lbeseenthateachrow mustbecompletedbeforeth enextcanbestarted,the arrowsshow thedirectioninwhicheachsuccessiveknotismade.Whenmendingapieceofne tthefirststepistoarrangethenettingso thattheknots runinth esamedirectionas whenitwas constructedsothatth erowsofknotsar einline.Photo1showsapieceofnettingcorrectly linedup andPhoto2showsapiecelinedup incorrectly,thatis ,at90 degreesto th enettinginPhoto1.I fthetwineiscu timmediatelybelowon eofth eknotsin Photo1andthe knotuntied,aloopwillremain.If th etwineiscu timmediatelybelow aknotin photo2andtheknotuntied,tw olooseendswillremain.Th emostcommonwaysofsupportingapieceof ne twhilstmendingare:1.Havean assistantoldth ene tby severalmeshesinth esamerow,directlyabove

th epointatwhichth ene tis beingmended.Hookanumberofmeshesinthesamerow (twofeetor moreaboveth eholebeingmended)overanailor ontoahook supportedatasuitableheight.Ifitisconvenienttosi tdownanumberofmeshesinth esamerowca nbeloopedoverth etoes.

4.Weavingaba ror stickthroughth emeshes ,makingsurethatal lmeshesareinth esamerow,andthensupportingtheba ratbothends.Thisison eofthebestmethods.(Photo 3) .

2

1S TOW2NDROW3RD.ROW4THROW

tHALF MESHFULL MESHFig

Photo Photo

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

3/16

S .Providingtheknotsinaprawnor fishtrawlne trunin th eright directionth ene tcanbefleeteduptoheboomndarge reascanbeinspectedasilyfo rholesandmended.I tisstressedthattomendane tquickly andefficientlyth erowsofknotsmustbelinedupintherightdirectionandth enettingproperlysupported. TheknotsKnotsdescribedrehoseommonly usedinne tmendingandpatching.Therear eseveralvariationsofth estartingandfinishing knotsbu tonlyth ebestknownonesar eshown.Therear ealsodoubleleftandrighthandsideknotsbu ttheyar eseldomused,because theyar es lowertoexecute,andhavetittle advantageoverth esimplesideknots illustrated,andhaveno tbeenincluded.

ThestartingknotPasstheneedleup throughth emeshuntilashorttailoftwineremainsbelowth eknot(Fig.2) .Usingth efingerstwistth etailofthe twinearoundth etw obarsofth emeshaboveth etwineleadingtotheneedle(Fig.3). Throwingtheloopoftwinetoth eleftform asheetbend(Fig.4)andpulltight(Fig.5) .NetmakingknotsThesear ealsoknownas halfmeshknots.Whenworkingfromlefttorightacrossth ene ttheneedleisbroughtupthroughthemesh(Fig.6 ,Continuedpage4

Fig.Fig

Fig.

Fig

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

4/16

Fig

Photo

Photo Fig

Fig

Frompage3Theiz efheoopormedsmeasuredagainstthepreceedinghalfmeshusingthefingersasillustrated Photo4) .Thiseaveshehumbndndexingero

clampthetwineatthecentrepointofthehalfmeshonwhichthe knotisbeingtied.Photo5) .Asheetbendisthenformedbythrowingtheloopoftwinetotheleftan dpassingtheneedleunderthehalfmeshan dovertheloop(Fig.7) .Theknotisthenpulledtightbymovingtheneedletotheright Fig8) .

Fig 0

Fig

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

5/16

Whenworkingfromrighttolefttheneedleispasseddownthroughthemesh(Fig.9)an dthesizeoftheloopismeasuredagainsttheprecedinghalfmeshusingthefingersasillustrated.(Photo6. )Thistimethepalmofthehandnotthebackofthehandistowardsthenetmender .Thebackof thehandistowardsthemenderwhenworkingfromlefttoright.Thetwineisclampedinthehalfmeshbytheindexfingerandthumban dasheetbendisformedin thesamemannerasbefore(Fig.10 )andtightenedbymovingtheneedletotheleft(Fig.11) .RightsideknotsL aythetwinetotherightoftheknotofthesidemesh(Fig.1 2) withtheindexfingerbehindtheknot.Measurethelengthofthebarofthemeshbeingformedbyliningupthetw oknotsabovetheonebeingmade(Photo7) .Clampthetwinewithindexfingerandthumbjustbelowtheknotinthesidemesh.Throwingtheloopinthetwinetotheleftformanoverhandknotaroundtheknotinthesidemesh(Fig.1 3)an dpulltightbymovingtheneedletotheleft(Fig.14).

Fig 2

Fig 3

Pholo

Photo

Fig 4

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

6/16

Fig 5

Photo

Photo

LeftsideknotL aythetwinetotheleftoftheknotinthesidemesh(Fig.1 5)withtheindexfingerbehindtheknotMeasurethelengthof thebarinthesamemannerasfortherightsideknot(Photo8)an dclampthetwineinthesameway.Throwingtheloopoftwinetotherightformanoverhandknotaroundtheknotinthesidemesh(Fig.1 6)an dpulltightbymovingtheneedletotheright Fig.17).

Fig 6

Fig 7

Fig 9

Fig 8 Fig 0

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

7/16

Pick upknotsWhenworkingfromlefttorightacrossthene ttheneedleispassedupthroughthemesh(Fig.18) .Thelengthofthebarofthemeshbeingformedismeasuredbylininguptheknotbeingformedwiththeadjacentknotontheleft(Photo9).Clampthetwinewiththeindexfingeran dthumb.Asheetbendisthenformedbythrowingtheloopoftwinetotheleftan dpassingtheneedleunderthehalf meshbeingpickedupan dovertheloop(Fig.19) .Theknotisthenpulledtightbymovingtheneedletotheright(Fig.20).Whenworkingfromrighttolefttheneedleispasseddownthroughthemeshbeingpicked

up(Fig.21 )an dthelengthofthebarofthemeshbeingformedismeasuredbylininguptheknotbeingformedwiththeadjacentknotontheright(Photo10).Thetwineisclampedbetweenforefingeran dthumb(Photo11 )an dasheetbendformed,throwingtheloopinthetwinetotheleft(Photo12)(Fig.22 )an dtighteningby movingtheneedletotheleft(Fig.23).

Fig 1

Fig 2

Fig 3

Photo0

Photo

Photo2

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

8/16

FinishingknotTo finishof iamendasheetbendisformedinthesamemannerasthepickupknot(Figs.24 and25 )andahalfhitchisthentiedaroundthebaroppositethelastbarformedFig.26 )andpulledtight Fig.27).

Fig 4 Fig 6

Fig 5 Fig 7

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

9/16

Cuttingandmending

CuttingoutInapieceofnettingeachknotalwayshasfourbarsleadingtoit,neverthreeortw ounlessitisontheedgeofthenetting,an dneverfiveunderan ycircumstances.Whenthestartingknotistiedthetwineontheneedleformsthefourthbarto theknot.Onhalfmesh,pickupan dsideknots,thetwineontheneedleformsone barasitisbroughttotheknotandanotherasitleavesaftertheknotistied.Inthefinishingknotthetwineontheneedleformsone barasitisbroughttotheknotandtied.Therefore,whencuttingoutahole,preparatorytomendingit,theknottowhichthestarting

knotistobe tiedmusthavethreebarsleadingtoit,onlyoneofthenormalfourbarsbeingcutaway Fig.28).Al ltheotherknotstiedinmendingthehole,exceptthefinishing knot,mustbe tiedtoaknotwithonlytw obarsleadingtoit,requiringtw obarstobecutaway.Thefinishingknotistiedtoaknotwiththreebarsleadingtoit,soonlyone bariscutaway.

Fig.8

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

10/16

Th eprocedureforcuttingoutistherefore:1 rrangean dsupportthenetsothatitispullingintherightdirectionwiththerowsofknotsinline Photo1 ).2.electthestartingknotatthehighestpointofthehole(Fig.29-1)an dcutawayonebar,leavingthreebarstotheknot3 or kdownthelefthandsideofthehole

cuttingawaytw obarsfromeachknot,leavingtw obars(Fig.29-2to1 1 )towithinafe wmeshesofthebottomofthehole.4.tartingatthetopagain,immediatelytotherightofthestartingknot,workdowntherighthandsideofthehole,cuttingawaytw obarsfromeachknotan dleavingtw obars(Fig.29-12to21 )towithinafe wmeshesofthebottomofthehole.5.uttw obarsawayfromeachremainingknotalternatelyontheleftthentherighthandsideofthehole(Fig.29-22to24 )untilafinishing knot(Fig.29-25)remains,whenonlyonebariscutaway.

Theholeisthenreadyformending.Withlargeholesorripsinthenetitisofteneasiertocutoutoneachsideforthefirstfiveto0meshesfromthestartingpoint.Mendthisinthencutoutafurthersectionan dme nditin,soprogressingfromcuttingtomendinguntilthejobiscompleted.

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

11/16

MendingMendingisastraightforwardprocedureoncetheholehasbeenpreparedbycuttingout.However,therearefivesimplerulestofollowan ditisessentialthatthemenderdoesnotdeviatefromthem.1 Withtheexceptionofthestartingan d

finishingknot,everyknotformedmustcompleteameshwithfourequalsides.(Fig.30 and31 ,halfmeshknot;Fig.32sideknot;Fig.33 pickupknot.)Whenthestartingknotismadenomeshisformed;whenthefinishingknotismadetw omeshesareformed.2.achhalfmeshrow,whethermovingfromrighttoleftorlefttorightacrossthehole,mustbe completedbeforethenextisstarted.

3.achchangeof directionacrossthehole,attheen dofeachrow,ismadebyprogressingtoasideknot.4.Withoneexception,aftermakingasideknotthenextknotwillbeahalfmeshknotFig.34),apickupknotfollowedbyahalfmeshknot, Fig.35)orafinishing knot5.Asideknotcannotfollowasideknotonthesamesideofthehole(Fig.36).Thiswouldentailprogressingdowntheholebyafullmesh(tworows)insteadofthespecifiedhalfmesh onerow).

Fig 4

Thexceptionoule swhennly nebarof ameshisneededtojointhetw oedgesofthehole.Sideknotthenfollowssideknotbuteachsuccessiveknotisontheoppositesideoftheholean deachinvolvesachangeofdirection(Fig.37).

Fig 0

Fig 5 ULF MESHCOBHECt

Fig 1Fig 6

Fig 2

Fig 3 Fig 7 HALFES H

COPRECT

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

12/16

Fig.38 showsasimplemendinwhichalltheknotsareused.Thecurvedarrowsindicatethatahalf mesh(twobars)isformedtocompleteamesh.Movingfromlefttorightfromthestartingknot1 ,tw omeshesarecompletedwithhalfmeshknotsat2and3.Thesearefollowedbyasideknot4; thedirectionischangedtorighttoleftan dapickupknotmadeat5. Halfmeshknotsaremadeat6an d7ontheloopsleftwhenknots2an d3wei Jmade.Eight8isasideknotfollowedbyachangeofdirectiontoapickupknot9,ahalfmeshknot1 0thenthefinishingknot1 1 .

START

Fig 9

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

13/16

LargerholesUnfortunatelyallholesarenotassimplean dstraightforwardtomendasthatshowninFig.38 .Whenadamagednetisexamineditwilloftenbe foundthattw oormoretearsrundownthenet,meetingatthepointofmostdamage,an dleavingatongueortonguesofne thangingdownbetweenthetears.InFig.39 therearetw otearsrunningdownthenetan dmeetinginthecentrewithasingletearrunningondownfromthere.Asall mendsmustprogressdownthenethalfameshatatime,torepairthisholeitisnecessarytomaketw oseparatemends.Thefirstsmallmend(1ststart,1to4) closesthelefthandtear.Itisthenpossibletocompletetherepairwork,startingatthetopoftherighthandtearan dprogressingdownthenet.(2ndstart,1to26).Ifmorethantw otearsleadfromthetopdown,allbutonemustberepairedseparatelybeforetheholeca nbe closed.Iftw oormoretearsrunof ffromthebottomofaholethenettingca nbeen dforendedsothatthebottombecomesthetopan dthesameproceduresused.Whenmendingtotheedgeofapieceofnettingaselvedgemeshmustbeformed(Fig.40).Aselvedgemeshisformedafter

thelasthalfmeshknotofarowiscompleted.Threebarsof thefourbarsforthemeshareformedwhenthefirsthalfmeshknotofthe nextro wismade.

Greatcaremustbeexercisedwhenmendingaholewhichcutsacrossasectionofnetwheretaperededgeshavebeenjoined.Itisessentialtoknowthetaperan dthedirectioninwhichitisdecreasing.Theeasiestapproachtothissituationforabeginnermaybe toundothetaperededgesforafe wmeshesabovean dbelowthehole,mendeachsideofthetaperasseparateholestoastraightedge,thencuttheappropriatetaperontheedgesandrejoin.Withpracticeitwillsoonbe possibletomake

anevenmendwiththebarsofthemeshesthesamelengthasthoseoftheoriginalnetting.However,duringthelearningstagesitisbettertomakethebarsalittlelargerthantheoriginalratherthantoosmall.Whenmendingwe tnettingofnaturalfibrewithdrytwineallowforshrinkageofthemendingtwinewhenitisalsowet.

Donottryforspeedinmendingrightfromthestart.Concentrateontyingtheknotssmoothlyan defficientlywithoutan yfumbling.Speedwillthenfollownaturallywithpractice.

V/ \U 'y/y

V /<

Fig 0

13

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

14/16

PatchingWhendamagetoane tisextensivean dpart

ofthenettingismissing,ratherthanjusttorn,itis quicker to pu tinapatchthanto attempttomendth eholein th enormalway.To pu tinarectangularpatchcu tou tth eholeas showninFig.41 .Th epatchiscu ton emeshsmallerindepthandwidththantheholetoallowfo rth ehalfmeshformedon eachsidewhensewingitintothehole.Startinginthetoprighthandcornerat1and2workaround

thepatchtofinishat1and2inth ebottom lefthandcorner..If tw omenareavailableon eca nworkin eachdirectionandsosavetime.Whenputtinginapatchitis no tessentialtocu tou tasquareorrectangularholeandthenapatchtofitit.Th emostcommonlyusedmethodof patchingistocu tout partoftheholeandthenpartofthe,patchtofit.Jointhis in ,thencutou tafurthersectionofth eholeandacorrespondingsectionofpatchtose wtoit.

Continuecuttingthehole,cuttingthepatch andjoininguntilthejo biscompleted.The completedpatchca nbean yshapeso longaseachcornerturnedduringcuttingou tth edamagednettingisarightangle(Fig.42).Figure42alsoshowsadifferentmethodofstartingandfinishing.Astherear etw ostartingknotsbeingtiedat(1 )inth etoplefthand cornerandtw ofinishingknotsbeingtiedat (2),bottomright,theholeandthepatchcan

Fig 1 Fig 2

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

15/16

be cu tou twithtw obarstoeachknotalltheway round.Beforestartingtocu tou tfo rapatchitis advisable to makeaquickmeshcountofth ewidthanddepthofth edamagedareaso thatapieceofnettingofsufficientsizecanbechosen fo rthe patch.Althoughundernormalconditionsth epatchingmaterialusedwillbeofth esamemeshsizeas th edamagednet,itsometimes happensthattheonlypatchingmaterialavailableisofadifferentmeshsize.Apatchcanstillbepu tin .Th evariationsin procedureare:1 easurementisno tmadebycountingth emeshesbu tby th estretchedmeshlengthofeachsideofth eholeagainstthestretchedmeshlengthofthecorrespondingsideofthepatchingpiece.The meshesofth etw opiecesof nettingareno tlinedup on ewithth eother.2.notsar eonly tiedonth esideofthejointhatha sth elargestmeshmaterialinit. The twineis simplypassedbehindth eknotalongth eedgeofth esmallermeshpiece(Fig.43).(Behindth eknotmeansbehind th efirstknotinfromth eedgethatha sfourbarsleadingto it.)LacingLacingisusedtomakeatemporaryrepaironly andisusually pulledou tatthefirstopportunityandthedamageproperlymended.Whenlacing,th etwineispassedbehindtheknotoneachsideofth etearandtiedwithadoublehitch,on on esideofth etearonly,aboutevery6to12 inches.Theessentialthing inacingsoeaveufficientlacknhe mendingtwinesothatsomenaturaladjustment cantakeplacewhenastrainis placedon th elacedsectionofnetting.

Fig 3

5

8/13/2019 Sg No 831989

16/16

xtensionService,OregonStateUniversity,CorvaUis,O.E.Smith,director.Thispublication wa s producedan d distributed infurtherance oftheActsofCongressofMay8an dJune30,1 9 1 4 .xtensionworkisa cooperativeprogramofOregonStateUniversity,the U.S.Department ofAgriculture,an dOregoncounties.TheExtension/SeaGrantProgramissupportedin partbythe NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,U.S.DepartmentofCommerce .OregonStateUniversityExtensionService offerseducational programs,activities,an dmaterialswithoutregardtorace color nationalorigin sexage ordisability asrequiredbyTitleV Iof the CivilRightsAc tof1 9 5 4 ,TitleIX of the EducationAmendmentsof1972,andSection5 0 4of the Rehabilita-tionAc tof1973.OregonStateUniversity xtensionServiceisan EqualOpportunityEmployer .