‘‘Shaking Earth’Shaking Earth’

Presented by Students of Class X

Goal of our ProjectGoal of our Project

Analyze why and how earthquakes are caused.

Provide guidelines for Earthquake Planning and Recovery

Provide recommendations that can mitigate the losses due to earthquake

Create awareness in the school and nearby community

Natural DisastersNatural Disasters How vulnerable is India? How vulnerable is India?

Our country is very vulnerable to natural disasters.Our country is very vulnerable to natural disasters.

Earthquake: 54% of the landmass prone to Earthquake: 54% of the landmass prone to earthquake.earthquake.

Flood: 40 million hectares of landmass prone to Flood: 40 million hectares of landmass prone to floods.floods.

Cyclone: 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone Cyclone: 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons.seasons.

Drought: low and medium rainfall regions which Drought: low and medium rainfall regions which constitute 68% of the total areas, are vulnerable to constitute 68% of the total areas, are vulnerable to periodical drought. periodical drought.

India is also vulnerable to other natural calamities India is also vulnerable to other natural calamities like avalanches/landslides etc.like avalanches/landslides etc.

What made us take up the What made us take up the project – ‘Shaking Earth’project – ‘Shaking Earth’

The Bhuj earthquake that The Bhuj earthquake that shook the Indian Province shook the Indian Province of Gujarat on the morning of Gujarat on the morning of January 26, 2001 is one of January 26, 2001 is one of the two most deadly of the two most deadly earthquakes to strike India earthquakes to strike India in its recorded history. in its recorded history.

Aftermath of the Bhuj EarthquakeAftermath of the Bhuj Earthquake Government of India figures:Government of India figures:

Death toll: 19,727Death toll: 19,727 Injured: 1,66,000Injured: 1,66,000 Homeless: 6,00,000 Homeless: 6,00,000 Houses destroyed: 3,48,000Houses destroyed: 3,48,000 Houses damaged: 8,44,000Houses damaged: 8,44,000

The State Department estimates that the earthquake The State Department estimates that the earthquake affected, directly or indirectly, 15.9 million people out of a affected, directly or indirectly, 15.9 million people out of a total population of 37.8 million. More than 20,000 cattle total population of 37.8 million. More than 20,000 cattle were reported killed. Government estimates place direct were reported killed. Government estimates place direct economic losses at $1.3 billion. Other estimates indicate economic losses at $1.3 billion. Other estimates indicate losses may be as high as $5 billion.losses may be as high as $5 billion.

Understanding EarthquakesUnderstanding Earthquakes

Why does the crust move?

COLD!!!

VERY VERY HOT!!!HOT!!!

The earth is divided into The earth is divided into three main layers – a hard three main layers – a hard outer crust, a soft middle outer crust, a soft middle crust, and a center core. crust, and a center core. The outer crust is broken into The outer crust is broken into massive irregular pieces massive irregular pieces called “called “platesplates”. These plates ”. These plates move very slowly, driven by move very slowly, driven by energy forces deep within energy forces deep within the earth.the earth.

Tectonic Plates - “Pieces of Tectonic Plates - “Pieces of the Crust”the Crust”

6 Continental Plates (14 sub-continental plates)

Earthquake Locations

PacificPlate

AntarcticPlate

AmericaPlate

AfricaPlate

EurasiaPlate

AustraliaPlate

Earthquakes occur when these moving plates grind and Earthquakes occur when these moving plates grind and scrape against each other. When the accumulated energy scrape against each other. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the ground to shake. ground to shake.

Seismic WavesSeismic WavesThe rupture of fault results in sudden release of The rupture of fault results in sudden release of the strain energy that has been built up over the the strain energy that has been built up over the years. The most important form which this years. The most important form which this suddenly released energy takes is that of suddenly released energy takes is that of seismic seismic waves waves which is of 3 types.which is of 3 types.

1. P (primary) waves move 1. P (primary) waves move the fastest the fastest 2. S (shear) waves move more 2. S (shear) waves move more slowly, shake up and downslowly, shake up and down 3. L or Surface Waves travel 3. L or Surface Waves travel slowly and are the most slowly and are the most dangerousdangerous

Major Earthquakes world wideMajor Earthquakes world wide

DateDate LocationLocation MagnitudeMagnitude DeathsDeaths

15561556 ChinaChina 8.08.0 530,000530,000

19061906 CaliforniaCalifornia 7.97.9 700700

19081908 ItalyItaly 7.57.5 83,00083,000

19761976 ChinaChina 7.87.8 700,000700,000

19851985 MexicoMexico 8.18.1 9,5009,500

19891989 CaliforniaCalifornia 7.17.1 6363

1993 1993 IndiaIndia 6.3 6.3 7601 7601

20012001 IndiaIndia 7.47.4 19,72719,727

20052005 PakistanPakistan 7.67.6 84,000+84,000+

Effects of EarthquakesEffects of Earthquakes

Ground Shaking Ground Shaking Liquefaction Liquefaction Dam Breaks Dam Breaks Landslides Landslides TsunamiTsunami Flash floods Flash floods Disruption of gas, electric, and phone services Disruption of gas, electric, and phone services Fire Fire

What determines the amount What determines the amount of damage in an Earthquake? of damage in an Earthquake?

Magnitude and Duration of the earthquake Magnitude and Duration of the earthquake Underlying Geology Underlying Geology Building ConstructionBuilding Construction

How can we prepare for How can we prepare for Earthquakes?Earthquakes?

Understand what happened in the past Understand what happened in the past Understand how materials and structures respondUnderstand how materials and structures respond Understand how rescue agencies respondUnderstand how rescue agencies respond Understand the awareness level of the Understand the awareness level of the

communitycommunity

Role PlayRole Play

Basic facts as contributed by each member of the team:Basic facts as contributed by each member of the team: Survey Specialist Survey Specialist Construction Engineer Construction Engineer Geologist Geologist Social workerSocial worker

We decided to focus on the three metros – Delhi, We decided to focus on the three metros – Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. Collected information through Mumbai and Bangalore. Collected information through E- Mails, Blogs and Field Visit.E- Mails, Blogs and Field Visit.

Metros at a glanceMetros at a glance

Mumbai - Seismic zone IIIMumbai - Seismic zone III Presence of major fault linesPresence of major fault lines Unsafe BuildingsUnsafe Buildings

Bangalore – Seismic Zone II Bangalore – Seismic Zone II Sudden spurt of buildingsSudden spurt of buildings Foundation on Lake bedsFoundation on Lake beds

Delhi – Seismic Zone IV Delhi – Seismic Zone IV Non-engineered structuresNon-engineered structures Unauthorized colonies Unauthorized colonies Liquefaction susceptibleLiquefaction susceptible

Observation – Survey Observation – Survey SpecialistsSpecialists

Majority of the population in three metros are Majority of the population in three metros are aware of the aftermath of Earthquakesaware of the aftermath of Earthquakes

Few know about Building Bye-Laws and Few know about Building Bye-Laws and Regulations laid down by the governmentRegulations laid down by the government

Most do not know whether the building they Most do not know whether the building they reside are Earthquake Resistant or notreside are Earthquake Resistant or not

Many are not aware about insurance against Many are not aware about insurance against Natural DisastersNatural Disasters

Vague information about the do’s and don'ts in Vague information about the do’s and don'ts in case of an earthquakecase of an earthquake

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

EarthquakeAftermath

Resistant &Retrofitting

Bldg Bye -laws

Insurance Preparedness

Delhi

Mumbai

Bangalore

Awareness on various categoriesAwareness on various categoriesSample Population - 1500Sample Population - 1500

Observation - Engineering a Observation - Engineering a ModelModel

Our task was to design an earthquake resistant Our task was to design an earthquake resistant building given the following criteria:building given the following criteria:

1. High Impact1. High Impact2. Hill side home2. Hill side home3. Unstable terrain3. Unstable terrain

1. We found that a relatively short, wide building 1. We found that a relatively short, wide building can withstand a great impact when compared to a can withstand a great impact when compared to a tall, narrow building. tall, narrow building. 2. A deep foundation with a large surface area can 2. A deep foundation with a large surface area can support a house on a hill. support a house on a hill. 3. A building on an uneven terrain can be 3. A building on an uneven terrain can be stabilized by focusing most of its mass near the stabilized by focusing most of its mass near the bottom. A pyramid shaped building proves to be bottom. A pyramid shaped building proves to be the best bet. the best bet.

Size of the BuildingsSize of the Buildingsa) a) In tall buildings the horizontal movement In tall buildings the horizontal movement

of the floors during ground shaking is of the floors during ground shaking is large.large.

b) In short but very long buildings, the b) In short but very long buildings, the damaging effects are many. damaging effects are many.

c) In buildings with large plan area, the c) In buildings with large plan area, the horizontal seismic forces can be horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and excessive to be carried by columns and walls.walls.

b.

a. c.

Building Considerations - Tips Building Considerations - Tips that might helpthat might help

Building Considerations - Tips Building Considerations - Tips that might helpthat might help

HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL    LAYOUT OF BUILDINGSLAYOUT OF BUILDINGS

Building Plans with simple geometry perform well Building Plans with simple geometry perform well during strong earthquakes. during strong earthquakes.

Buildings with re-entrant corners, like U, V, H and + Buildings with re-entrant corners, like U, V, H and + shaped in plan sustain significant damage.shaped in plan sustain significant damage.

Such buildings can be made into two parts by using Such buildings can be made into two parts by using a separation joint at the junction.a separation joint at the junction.  

Building Considerations Building Considerations Tips that might helpTips that might help

When two buildings are close to When two buildings are close to each other, they may pound on each other, they may pound on each other during strong shaking. each other during strong shaking.

When building heights do not match When building heights do not match the roof of the shorter building may the roof of the shorter building may pound at the mid- height of the pound at the mid- height of the column of the taller one and this can column of the taller one and this can prove to be very dangerousprove to be very dangerous

ADJACENCY OFADJACENCY OF   BUILDINGS BUILDINGS

Earthquake Resistant BuildingsEarthquake Resistant Buildings

RetrofittingRetrofitting

Shock absorbers (viscous dampers) can be added to absorb seismic energy

Use bearings or isolators to reduce shocks

Underlying GeologyUnderlying GeologyLiquefaction Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause major damage during earthquakes.structures can cause major damage during earthquakes.

Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed, water-Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking. strength in response to strong ground shaking.

When the soil is not homogeneous, then there is differential When the soil is not homogeneous, then there is differential settlement, with some part of the structure sinking more settlement, with some part of the structure sinking more than other. This induces excessive stress and causes than other. This induces excessive stress and causes cracking. cracking. 

Observations - Geological Observations - Geological ConsiderationsConsiderations

Buildings can be constructed on firm and soft soils but it will be dangerous to build them on weak soils. Hence appropriate soil investigations should be carried out to establish the allowable bearing capacity and nature of soil.

Type of soil present in most parts of the cities –

Delhi – Weak SoilMumbai – Alluvial sandy soil (soft soil)Bangalore - Loamy and clayey soil

Observation – Social Worker Observation – Social Worker Relief MechanismRelief Mechanism

States primarily responsible for handling disasters.States primarily responsible for handling disasters. Central Government provides assistance as and when Central Government provides assistance as and when

necessary.necessary. A Calamity Relief Fund is constituted at State level to which A Calamity Relief Fund is constituted at State level to which

the Government of India contributes 75%. This is used for the Government of India contributes 75%. This is used for provision of immediate relief and restoration of essential provision of immediate relief and restoration of essential infrastructure.infrastructure.

Police control rooms, Fire stations, Home Guard Police control rooms, Fire stations, Home Guard organization, Govt hospitals, Ambulance services are the organization, Govt hospitals, Ambulance services are the local agencies that come to immediate rescue in case of an local agencies that come to immediate rescue in case of an earthquake. earthquake.

Prevailing ConditionsPrevailing Conditions

InadequateInadequate• man powerman power• trained personneltrained personnel• basic Infrastructurebasic Infrastructure• fundsfunds

Outdated Equipments & Communication systemsOutdated Equipments & Communication systems Lack of definite guidelinesLack of definite guidelines Misuse & mismanagement of resourcesMisuse & mismanagement of resources

RecommendationsRecommendations

Specialist teams should be given intensive Specialist teams should be given intensive training on search, rescue and evacuation training on search, rescue and evacuation procedures.procedures.

New and latest equipments should be New and latest equipments should be procuredprocured

Development policies and programs must Development policies and programs must be examined and monitored at regular be examined and monitored at regular intervalsintervals

Based on the research we would like to advocate some recommendations to mitigate the losses that might occur due to earthquakes.

RecommendationsRecommendations

Establish web-enabled, centralized database for Establish web-enabled, centralized database for quick access to resources to minimize response quick access to resources to minimize response time in emergencies. time in emergencies.

Publicize disaster resistant design featuresPublicize disaster resistant design features Review building by-laws and make it mandatoryReview building by-laws and make it mandatory Provide guidelines for masonry buildings Provide guidelines for masonry buildings Certify builders to ensure technical competency Certify builders to ensure technical competency

RecommendationsRecommendations Impose risk disclosure requirements on real Impose risk disclosure requirements on real

estate agents estate agents Retrofit the life line buildings .Retrofit the life line buildings . Create awareness through technology Create awareness through technology

demonstration.demonstration. Encourage community involvement and Encourage community involvement and

participationparticipation Formulate preparedness and response plans.Formulate preparedness and response plans.

What we can doWhat we can do Encourage our parents to insure not just for life but also for Encourage our parents to insure not just for life but also for

structures and household goods structures and household goods Increase public awareness of the earthquake hazardIncrease public awareness of the earthquake hazard Create and distribute ‘Earthquake Preparedness Campaign’ Create and distribute ‘Earthquake Preparedness Campaign’

among the students and nearby communityamong the students and nearby community Conduct Mock Drills in the schools at regular intervalsConduct Mock Drills in the schools at regular intervals Contribute towards ‘Disaster Relief Fund/PM Relief Fund’Contribute towards ‘Disaster Relief Fund/PM Relief Fund’ Provide a common platform for exchange of views among Provide a common platform for exchange of views among

schools for discussing methods of developing and implementing schools for discussing methods of developing and implementing Earthquake Preparedness and Evacuation plan.Earthquake Preparedness and Evacuation plan.

Establish a good rapport with the social /voluntary agencies of Establish a good rapport with the social /voluntary agencies of the city so that help can be extended when requiredthe city so that help can be extended when required

Time to ActTime to Act

Action Plan:Action Plan:

Analyse why we need to take preventive Analyse why we need to take preventive measures in case of an Earthquake and prepare measures in case of an Earthquake and prepare an ‘Earthquake Preparedness Campaign’ an ‘Earthquake Preparedness Campaign’ Brochure to be circulated in the school and nearby Brochure to be circulated in the school and nearby communitycommunity

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es_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.html http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/

planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.html http://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.html http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar102007/646.pdf http://members.aol.com/physgeo/eqmod.htm

http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/BhujGeodesy.html Presentation by Shri R.K. Singh, Joint Secretary (DM), Ministry of Home Affairs http://www.weatherwizkids.com/earthquake1.htm http://www.4shared.com/get/54108796/de535bb1/

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