sharda bt ppt
TRANSCRIPT
What is biotechnology? • Biotechnology = bios (life) + logos (study of or essence)
– Literally ‘the study of tools from living things’
• CLASSIC: The word "biotechnology" was first used in 1917 to describe processes using living organisms to make a product or run a process, such as industrial fermentations. (robert Bud, The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology)
• LAYMAN: Biotechnology began when humans began to plant their own crops, domesticate animals, ferment juice into wine, make cheese, and leaven bread (Acess Excellence)
What is biotechnology? • GENENTECH: Biotechnology is the process of
harnessing 'nature's own' biochemical tools to make possible new products and processes and provide solutions to society's ills (G. Kirk Raab, Former President and CEO of Genentech)
• WEBSTER’S: The aspect of technology concerned with the application of living organisms to meet the needs and ends of man.
• WALL STREET: Biotechnology is the application of genetic engineering and DNA technology to produce therapeutic and medical diagnostic products and processes. Biotech companies have one thing in common - the use of genetic engineering and manipulation of organisms at a molecular level.
What is biotechnology?
• Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms
• Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
What is biotechnology?
• Biotechnology is a multidisciplinarian in nature, involving input from
• Engineering• Computer Science• Cell and Molecular Biology• Microbiology• Genetics• Physiology• Biochemistry• Immunology• Virology• Recombinant DNA Technology Genetic manipulation
of bacteria, viruses, fungi, plants and animals, often for the development of specific products
History of Biotechnology
• The term “biotecnology" was coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky, an Hungarian engineer
• Traditional biotechnology has been used for thousands of years to produce improved food and health care products. Today, modern biotechnology enables us to develop improved products more safely and more rapidly than ever before.
• Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times.
What are the stages of biotechnology?
• Ancient Biotechnology• early history as related to food and shelter,
including domestication
• Classical Biotechnology• built on ancient biotechnology• fermentation promoted food production• medicine
• Modern Biotechnology• manipulates genetic information in organism• genetic engineering
• Long history of fermented foods since people began to settle (9000 BC) (fervere –to boil)
• Often discovered by accident!
• Improved flavor and texture
• Deliberate contamination with bacteria or fungi (molds)
• Examples:•Bread•Yogurt•Sour cream•Cheese•Wine•Beer•Sauerkraut
Ancient biotechnology
Fermented foods and beverages
• Dough not baked immediately would undergo spontaneous fermentation would rise Eureka!!
• Uncooked fermented dough could be used to ferment a new batch no longer reliant on “chance fermentation”
• 1866 – Louis Pasteur published his findings on the direct link between yeast and sugars CO2 + ethanol (anaerobic process)
• 1915 – Production of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ancient biotechnology
Fermented foods and beverages
•Different types of beer•Vinegar•Glycerol•Acetone•Butanol•Lactic acid•Citric acid•Antibiotics – WWII (Bioreactor developed for large scale production, e.g. penicilin made by fermentation of penicillium)
•Today many different antibiotics are produced by microorganisms•Cephalosporins, bacitracin, neomycin, tetracycline……..)
Classical biotechnology
Industry today exploits early discoveries of the fermentation process for production of huge numbers of products
• Substrate + Microbial Enzyme Product
• Examples:• Cholesterol Steroids (cortisone, estrogen, progesterone) (hydroxylation reaction -OH group added to cholesterol ring)
Classical biotechnology
Chemical transformations to produce therapeutic products
• Amino acids to improve food taste, quality or preservation
• Enzymes (cellulase, collagenase, diastase, glucose isomerase, invertase, lipase, pectinase, protease)
• Vitamins
• Pigments
Classical biotechnology
Microbial synthesis of other commercially valuable products
• Cell biology• Structure, organization and reproduction
• Biochemistry• Synthesis of organic compounds• Cell extracts for fermentation (enzymes versus whole cells)
• Genetics• Resurrection of Gregor Mendel’s findings 1866 1900s
• Theory of Inheritance (ratios dependent on traits of parents)• Theory of Transmission factors
• W.H. Sutton – 1902• Chromosomes = inheritance factors
• T.H. Morgan – Drosophila melanogaster
Modern biotechnology
Molecular Biology
• Beadle and Tatum (Neurospora crassa)• One gene, one enzyme hypothesis
• Charles Yanofsky colinearity between mutations in genes and amino
acid sequence (E. coli)• Genes determine structure of proteins
• Hershey and Chase – 1952 • T2 bacteriophage – 32P DNA, not 35S protein
is the material that encodes genetic information
Modern biotechnology
• Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins (1953)
• X-ray crystallography • 1962 – Nobel Prize awarded to three men• Chargaff – DNA base ratios• Structural model of DNA developed
• DNA Revolution – Promise and Controversy!!!
• Scientific foundation of modern biotechnology • based on knowledge of DNA, its replication, repair and use of enzymes to carry out in vitro splicing DNA fragments
Modern biotechnology
• Breaking the Genetic Code – Finding the Central Dogma
• An “RNA Club” organized by George Gamow (1954) assembled to determine the role of RNA in protein synthesis
• Vernon Ingram’s research on sickle cell anemia (1956) tied together inheritable diseases with protein structure
• Link made between amino acids and DNA
• Radioactive tagging experiments demonstrate intermediate between DNA and protein = RNA
• RNA movement tracked from nucleus to cytoplasm site of protein synthesis
Modern biotechnology
• DNA RNA Protein Transcription Translation
Genetic code determined for all 20 amino acids by Marshal Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei and Gobind Khorana – Nobel Prize – 1968
• 3 base sequence = codon
Modern biotechnology
Biotechnology Timeline
1750 BC The Sumerians brew beer.
500 BC Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils
1590 Janssen invents the microscope
1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers cells (bacteria, red blood cells)
1830 Proteins are discovered
1833 The first enzymes are isolated
1855 The Eschirium coli bacterium is discovered
Biotechnology Timeline
1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
1864 Louis Pasteur shows all living things are produced by other living things
1865 The age of genetics begins
1902 Walter Sutton coins the term ‘gene’ - proposed that chromosomes carry genes
Biotechnology Timeline
1910 Chromosomal theory of inheritance proved
1928 Fleming discovers antibiotic properties of certain molds
1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum propose that one gene makes one protein
1949 Sickle cell anaemia demonstrated to be molecular disease
Biotechnology Timeline 1952 The ‘Waring Blender’
experiment
1953 The double helix is unravelled
1967 The genetic code is cracked
1973 Recombinant DNA technology begins
1975 First international conference on recombinant DNA technology
Biotechnology Timeline
1975 Monoclonal antibody technology introduced
1975 DNA sequencing discovered
1978 Genentech Inc. established
1978 Genentech use genetic engineering to produce human insulin in E.coli - 1980 IPO of $89
1978 Kary Mullis discovers PCR
Biotechnology Timeline
1989 The Human Genome Project begins
1990 First use of gene therapy
1990 First product of recombinant DNA technology introduced into US food chain
1993 FDA announces that transgenic food is safe
1994 The FLAVRSAVR tomato - first genetically engineered whole food
Biotechnology Timeline
1996 First mammal cloned from adult cells
1990s First conviction using genetic fingerprinting
1996 Development of AffymetrixGeneChip
1997 First artificial chromosome
History of Biotechnology 1998 Human embryonic stem cells
grown
1999 Celera announces completion of Drosophilia genome sequence
2000 90% of Human Genome sequence published on web
2001 Human genome project complete
GM Crops World-wideGM Crops World-wide
Over 30 GM Crops.
Including the following: maize, wheat, soya beans, papaya, raspberries, tomatoes, canola, potatoes, peppers, cabbage, cucumber, squash, cotton, grapes, carrots and chicory.
Trees, turf, flowers
GLOBAL AREA OF GM CROPS
30 FOLD INCREASE SINCE 1996
Global Arear of GM Crops, 1996 to 2001
1.7
11
27.8
39.944.2
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6
YEARS
1
2
3
4
5
6
Source: Clive James, ISAAA
Where are we with GM crops world wide?
GM crop planting globally increased by 11% in 2000 and >10% in 2001. It has slowed down due to slow development of new markets and lack of products with consumer benefit
More developing countries are commericalising and investing in crop biotech
China wants to be the Asian centre of excellence
Between 1997 and 1999 China approved 26 applications for commercialisation of GMOs, 59 for environmental releases and 73 for field trials
India increasing investment in genomics and biotech ($85 million on genomics in next 5 years)
Genetic Engineering Example: Researchers at Jawaharlal Nehru University in India have developed a genetically
engineered potato that produces about one-third to one-half more protein than usual, including substantial amounts of all the essential amino acids.
Protein deficiency is widespread in India and potato is the staple food of the poorest people.
The “protato” was developed by a coalition of Indian charities, scientists, government institutes and industry as part of a 15-year campaign against childhood mortality.
The campaign aims to eliminate childhood mortality by providing children with clean water, better food and vaccines.
The protato includes a gene from the amaranth plant, a high-protein grain that is native to South America and widely sold in Western health-food stores.
The protato has passed preliminary field trials and tests for allergens and toxins. Final approval from the Indian Government is probably at least five years away.
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Blooming Biotech
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Egypt
Cuba
South Africa
Brazil
India
China
South Korea
1991 2002
Number of health-biotechnology papers published by developing countries
Source: The Economist – Dec 11, 2004; Institute for Scientific Information; Science Matrix
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Number of health-biotechnology patents (Major developing countries) issued by US in 2003
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Egypt
South Africa
Cuba
Brazil
China
South Korea
India
Source: The Economist – Dec 11, 2004; Institute for Scientific Information; United States Patent and Trademark Office
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Agriculture Biotechnology - Crops
Focus :- Improved Productivity
- Drought, Salinity Tolerance- Reduced Yield due to Pests/Diseases - Nutritional Enhancement
Crops :- Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Mustard , Chickpea,
Potato Pigeonpea, Mungbean, Sugarcane
Strategy :- Transgenics & Marker based Molecular Breeding- Cloning and Characterization of New Genes and
Promoters
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Crops
Wheat Rust: Durable resistance to leaf and stripe rusts using molecular marker technology in bread wheat (DWR,DWR-RS, PAU, ARI & NCL)
Rice: Salinity and dehydration stress tolerance: Cloning of responsive genes, their promoters and development of transgenics (ICGEB, UDSC, IARI, BI, UOH)
Sugarcane: 12,956 EST’s generated and deposited in genbank. 9000 genomic clones and several thousand cDNA clones developed from high sugar and red-rot resistant lines
Crop Improvement for Better Nutrition in rice, sweet potato and cassava using AmA1 Gene
Use of molecular marker technology approach in wheat quality breeding
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Transgenic Research in India
Target Crops/ Vegetables
Cotton, Corn, Mustard, Rice, Soybean, Potato, Tobacco, Coffee, Tomato, Brinjal, Cauliflower, Pea, Cabbage, Banana, Muskmelon, Pigeonpea, Chickpea, Bell-pepper, Blackgram, Chilli, Watermelon etc.
Transgenes Employed
Bt. toxin genes, Herbicide tolerant genes (CP4 EPSPS, Bar gene), Xa21, ctx-B and tcp of V.cholera, Chitinase, Glucanase, ACC synthase, RIP, Protease Inhibitor, Lectin, Ama-1, OXDC gene, Rabies glycoprotein gene, Bar, Barnase, Barstar, GNA gene, Vip-3 gene, Bacterial Blight Resistance gene, Osmotin etc.
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Transgenic Crops under Trial
• Under green house trial : 19• Under limited field trial : 3
(Rice, Mungbean, Mustard)• Large scale field trial : 1
(Cotton)• Released for commercial production : 1
(Cotton)
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Plant Biotechnology– Areas : Forestry, Horticulture & Plantation Crops– Status
• 57 regeneration systems documented• Protocols standardized for 20 plant species, 10 technologies
transferred to industry – Eucalyptus, Bamboo, Teak, Sugarcane, Potato, Black pepper, Coffee, Citrus
• Ongoing R&D - Transgenics– Tomato, Grapes, Banana - shelf life– Chilli, Pepper, Ginger, Cardamom – Disease resistance– Populus, leucaena - reduced lignin
• Germplasm characterization – Teak, Eucalyptus, Casurina– International Solanaceae Genome initiative launched
• India to sequence chromosome 5 of tomato• Functional genomics of tomato – nutritional quality, shelf life,
disease resistance – Production and demonstration of quality planting material of Bamboo
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Tomato Genome Sequencing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
euchromatineuchromatin
heterochromatinheterochromatin
AT-rich satellite DNAAT-rich satellite DNA
Short arm
Centromere
Long arm
24 26 26 19 11 20 27 17 16 10 13 11 T=220Mb*
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Animal Biotechnology– Diagnostics for Peste-des-Petitis
Ruminants (PPR) detection commercialized
– Reconstituted Bovine collagen for wound and burn healing commercialized
– Multicentric programme on buffalo genomics launched : Characterisation of traits of economic importance
– Multicentric programme on bovine tuberculosis
– Programme on animal nutrition
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Aquaculture & MarineBacterial immunostimulant for shrimp health management developedBioreactor system developed for water quality management in prawn hatcheryNew source of insulin from carp adipose tissueQuality agar extracted from seaweed (Gelidiella acerosa)Efficacy of DNA-based vaccine for Aeromonas infection in carps under
evaluation Shrimp Genomics launched – Comparative and functional genomicsDiagnostics and vaccines transferred to industry
• Immunodiagnostic kit for detection of bacterial pathogens in finfish and shellfish
• Combi kit for simultaneous detection of White Spot Shrimp Virus and Monodon Baculo Virus
• Heat killed whole cell vibrio vaccine, shows immune response in shrimp • Immunodot detection kit for white spot shrimp virus
Technology ready for transfer• Bioreactor technology in shrimp hatcheries through bacterial
conservation for denitrification
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Seribiotechnology
• Improved quality and productivity in silk– Silkworm genome sequencing– Over 400 molecular markers generated – India participating in International Consortium on Lepidopteran
Genomics: More than 10,000 ESTs of muga silkworm and mori silkworm characterized
• Three high yielding hybrids of silkworm released to farmers• Network projects initiated for use of molecular markers in breeding
of disease-resistant silkworm and pest- and disease-resistant mulberry
• Molecular characteriztion of non-mulberry silkworm (Tasar, muga, eri)
• Spider silk– Biophysical properties of spider silk proteins produced by
Indian species– Sourcing of spider silk genes and expression in Bombyx mori– Prospecting of Indian spiders venom for therapeutic purposes– Application of nanobiotechnology to spider silk
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Medicinal & Aromatic Plants• Four national gene banks established - about 3500 accessions • Two specialized germplasm banks set up for plants used in Indian
System of Medicines• Production of high value therapeutic compounds in cell culture
(Podophyllotoxin, guggulsterones Z&E, camptothecin and azadirachtin)• Isolation and characterization of new thereapeutic leads (for anticancer,
antiamoebic, antidiabetic, bioenhancers, immunomodulatory).• Clinical trial of standardized herbal preparations - Terminalia arjuna – left
ventricular dysfunction• Five technologies transferred to industry; several other leads under
discussion with industry• Herbals for veterinary health care - priorities identified • Functional genomics of selected medicinal and aromatic plants• Plants as bioreactor for production of biomolecules (antigens for cholera,
rabies), antibodies for therapeutics and industrial enzymes
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Biofertilizers • 23,000 ha demonstrated for use of
biofertilizers; 50,000 farmers benefited• 10 packages for Integrated Nutrient
Management developed for specific cropping system of varied agroclimatic zones
• A network project on development of efficient strains of biofertilisers launched at 11 centres
• Liquid biofertilizer technology – being developed
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Biopesticides• Technology Development and Demonstration
– 24 Integrated Pest Management technology packages developed; 7 transferred to industry
– Over 150,000 ha covered in different agroclimatic zones; 65,000 farmers benefited
– Insect sex pheromones successfully synthesized and field-tested for the mass trapping of brinjal shoot and fruit borer
– More than 615 plant extracts prospected as source of pesticides; 11 promising leads short listed for further investigation
• Product Development– ‘Bioprahar’: biopesticide (for cabbage and
cauliflower) developed by ICGEB, launched commercially (2004)
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Bioprospecting– Bioprospecting of genes / molecules –
• 96 stress related genes identified, characterized and cloned, salt resistance gene transferred to rice and mung bean, field trials of transgenic rice being conducted
• Product development –
– Microbial biofertilizers for coastal region
– Biopesticide for bollworm (Helicoverpa)
– SOD antioxidant – skin cream
– Over 4000 plant species from Western Himalayas and Western ghats screened for natural dyes; nine short listed as potential sources
– Network project on lac biotechnology initiated
– Chemical and genetic profiling, conservation –
6 endangered medicinal plant species
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Microbial Diversity– Arid Zones : 48 Saline tolerant algal species, screened for pigment
production, soil conditioning and nitrogen fixation– Cold Habitats : > 100 bacterial species isolated from soil and water
samples from Antarctica – Hot Springs and sulfur springs : > 150 Actinomycetes species isolated,
potential rifamycin producer identified– Hydrocarbon contaminated Sites : 12 oil refineries screened, > 350
bacteria species isolated, thermophilic Bacterial consortium developed for enhancing Oil recovery from Oil wells
– Marine Sources: > 500 Bacterial isolates screened for secondary metabolites, benzoate and phenol degraders identified
– Forest Belts: Virgin ecosystems, novel entomopathogenic and keratinolytic fungi Isolated and identified
– Enhancement of Oil Recovery from dead Oil wells - Bacterial Consortium developed which on being injected in sick oil wells under high pressure leads to oil recovery, tested in 25 Oil Wells of ONGC, helped in extraction of 4500 cubic meters of oil worth US$675000
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Environment Biotechnology• Conservation of endangered animals – especially big
cats – through embryo transfer technology and tissue banking
• Use of lichens as indicators of environmental pollution• Bioremediation of degraded ecosystems • Green technologies to treat industrial effluents (paper
& pulp, dyes, distilleries, tanneries etc)• Bioscrubber for removal of obnoxious industrial
emissions• 14 technology packages developed; 5 under use by
industry• Programme on microbial approaches to combat global
warming
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Medical Biotechnology
• Vaccines• Diagnostics• Therapeutics• Stem Cell Technology• Biomedical Engineering• Nanomedicines• Clinical Trials and Clinical Research
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Vaccines• Rabies : DNA vaccine, phase III animal
trials completed.• Cholera : Recombinant oral vaccine,
Phase II trial.• Malaria : Phase I clinical trials initiated.• Rotavirus : Phase I clinical trials underway• JEV : Vaccine technology transferred to
industry• HIV/AIDS : DNA candidate for subtype ‘C’
developed • Anthrax : Phase III clinical trials initiated. • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis : Commercialised
(cattle)
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Diagnostics
Transferred to the Industries & Launched in the Market :
Western Blot for HIV-I & II : HIV/AIDS
Naked Eye Agglutination : HIV/AIDSSystem (NEVA)
ELISA : Hepatitis ‘C’ ELISA :
Leishmaniasis ELISA : Alpha-feto
Protein
(Pregnant Women)
Transferred, yet to be launched :
IgM Mac ELISA : DengueJapanese
EncephalitisWest Nile
IgM – ELISA : Hepatitis ‘A’ Urine Based ELISA : Reproductive
Hormones
Under Development & Negotiations
for Transfer : DAT :
Toxoplasmosis Haemagglutination Assay :
Leishmaniasis IFA : Rabies Species Specific Tests : Snake
Bites PCR Assay : Tuberculosis Multiplex PCR : STD PCR : Leptospirosis In-vitro Assay : Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs Immunochromatogrpahy/ :
Tuberculosis / ELISA Assay PCR Assay : Typhoid
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Biotech Products in Indian market
• r DNA Hep ‘B’ vaccine• Recombinant streptokinase• Erythropoietin• α, β, γ – interferon• Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine• Human insulin• Human Growth Hormone• Human Interleukin• Streptokinase • Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor • Follicle Stimulating Hormone• Tissue Plasminogen Activator
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Indian Biotechnology IndustryNumber of biotech companies : 300Global ranking in terms biotech companies : 11Investment growth in last 5 years : 50 % per annumAnnual Turnover (Apr 04 – Mar 05) : US $ 1.07 BillionAnnual increase : 37 %Percentage of global business (2004-05) : 1.6 %
(2003-04) : 1.5 %(2002-03) : 1.2 %
Exports : 43 %Major areas : Biopharma, Bioservices, Bioindustries,
Bioagriculture, bioinformatics, Biosupplies