sharks in trouble
TRANSCRIPT
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Sharks in TroubleHunters Become the Hunted
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Most shark species are unable to withstand
the pressure o modern fshing technology and
practices.1 Their lie history characteristics
they grow slowly, become sexually mature
relatively late and produce ew ospring
make them especially vulnerable to
overfshing. Once depleted, shark populations
can take years, decades or more to recover.2 3
Some fsheries that collapsed in the frst hal
o last century have yet to recover. 4 5
This report provides an overview o the
status o sharks globally, including:
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Overview
Commercialsheriestargeting sharksexistthroughouttheworld. Sharksaresoughtprimarilyfortheir ns(forsharknsoup)andtheir meatbutalsofortheircartilage, lierandskin.
Upto73millionsharksarekilledeeryyear,accordingtoananalysisoftheHongKongsharkntrade.Thedemandforsharkns,meatandotherproductshasdrienumeroussharkpopulationstothebrinkof
extinction.
Sharkpopulationshae declinedbyasmuchas70to
80percent,accordingtoglobal reports.Somepopulations,such astheporbeaglesharkinthenorth westernAtlanticandspinydogsh inthenortheasternAtlantic,hae beenreducedbyupto90percent.
ThirtypercentofallsharkandrayspeciesarenowThreatenedor
NearThreatenedwithextinction,andaccuratescienticassessmentscannotbedoneonanadditional47percentofthespeciesbecauseofalackofdata.
Thehighestnumbersofreported sharklandingsarefrom: Indonesia;India;Taiwan,Proince ofChina;Spain;andMexico.
Thecatchingofsharksinsheries thattargetotherspecies(bycatch) isfrequentlyreportedinopen-sea
longlinesheriestargetingtunaand swordshandcanrepresentas muchas25percentofthetotal catch.Thisbycatchisconsidered tobeamajorsourceofmortalityfor manysharkspeciesworldwide.
Bluesharksmakeupaparticularlylargeproportionofsharkbycatchinopen-seasheries(47to92percent).
Thealueofsharknshas increasedwitheconomicgrowthinAsia(particularlyChina),andthisincreasedalueisamajorfactorinthecommercialexploitationofsharksworldwide.OnebowlofsharknsoupcancostUS$100.
Sharksplayanimportantroleinmaintainingthestructureandfunctionoftheecosystem.Theyregulatethearietyandabundanceofthespeciesbelowtheminthefoodchain.Impactsfromthelossofsharkscanbefeltthroughouttheentiremarineenironment.
Liesharkshaeasignicant alueformarineecotourism(suchasrecreationaldiing,snorkelling,andsharkwatching)thatismoresustainableandoftenfarmore
aluablethantheirworthtosheries.Whalesharktourism,forexample,isestimatedtobeworth$47.5millionannuallyworldwide,andsharktourismactiitiesintheBahamasgenerate$78millionannuallyfortheBahamianeconomy.
Toreersedeclinesinsharkpopulations,sharksanctuariesshouldbeestablished,andstrong,science-basedmanagementshouldbeputinplacebyallshing
countriesandinternationalbodiesthatregulatesharkshingandtrade.
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Sharks are targeted and caught as bycatchthroughout the worlds oceans and in fsheries thatuse surace, mid-water and bottom longlines, dritand set gill nets, and trawls.6 7 8 Sharks aretargeted primarily or their fns and meat butalso or cartilage and oils.9 A study used statisticsbased on data rom the Hong Kong fn trade toestimate that up to 73 million sharks are killedby humans each year.10 Ecosystem models andsome feld studies suggest that the loss o these toppredators could have signifcant impacts on manymarine ecosystems.11 12 13
This document summarizes the threats to sharks,ocusing on the number o sharks killed per year,the drivers o this mortality, the status o shark
species worldwide and the impact on ecosystemswhen large predators are removed. It alsoprovides management recommendations thatcan help reverse the steep declines o many sharkpopulations and begin rebuilding them.
GEORGETTEDOUWMA/GETTYIMAGE
C/OSTUARTCOvESDIvEBAHAM
ASONNEvANDERvAL/BLUEGREENPICTURES.COM
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Howmanysharksarekil
ledeachyear?
Whatistheresultointe
nsefshingpressureonsharks?
Whatarethemostsignif
cantcausesosharkmortality?
Whatarethedrivingorcesbehindsharkfshing?
Whathappenstoouroceanswhentoppredatorsarelost?
Whatisthevalueoaliv
eshark?
How many sharks are killed each year?
What is the result o intense fshingpressure on sharks?
What are the most signifcant causes o
shark mortality?
What are the driving orces behindshark fshing?
What happens to our oceans when toppredators are lost?
What is the value o a live shark?
Contents
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How many sharks arekilled each year?
A study o the Hong Kong shark fn marketound that humans kill 26 to 73 million sharks
each year.14
This is the only comprehensiveestimate o worldwide shark catches, and it isthree to our times higher than the estimateo the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO).15 The disparity is probably due to theact that the FAO records only shark landingsand has no data related to shark catchesthat are unrecorded, recorded in non-shark
categories, or discarded at sea.16
Further, the estimate on global shark catchesrom the fn market study may be low becauselandings, particularly in Asia (e.g., Japanand Taiwan, Province o China), and discardso whole sharks at sea may not have beenaccounted or.17
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Howmanysharksarekilledeachyear?
The study o the Hong Kong shark fnmarket ound that humans kill up to73 million sharks each year.73M
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What is the result o intense fshingpressure on sharks?
The International Union or Conservation oNature (IUCN) Red List assessed 1,045 specieso sharks and rays and ound that 30 percent othe species are Threatened or Near Threatenedwith extinction.
30%
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Whatistheresultointensefshingpressureonsharks?
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What is the result o intense fshingpressure on sharks?
Recentresearchhasdocumenteddramaticdeclinesinpopulationsizesformanyspeciesofsharksworldwide.Sharksaresusceptibletooershingbecauseoftheirlifehistorycharacteristics,whichincludeslowgrowth,latematurationandfewoffspring.1819TheInternationalUnionforConserationofNature(IUCN)RedListassessed1,045speciesofsharksandraysandfoundthat30percentofthespeciesareThreatenedorNearThreatenedwithextinction.20Theirndingsareasfollows:
ItisimportanttonotethattheIUCNhascategorizednearlyhalf(47percent)ofallgloballyassessedsharksandraysasdatadecientbecauseaailableinformationisinsufcienttoaccuratelyassesstheirextinctionrisk.Thestatusofindiidualsharkspeciesisoftendifculttodeterminebecauseofashortageoflong-termdataonshingeffortandspecies-speciccatches,landingsanddiscardsincommercialsheries.21222324Thefactthatsomanyspeciesareclassiedasdatadecienthighlightstheurgentneedforcountriestogatheraccurate,species-specicdatasothatassessmentscanbemade.
AsaDataDecientlistingsimplyindicatesalackofdata,itdoesnotmeanthataspeciesisnotatriskofextinction.Indeed,unlesssheriesmanagementimproesimmediatelyanddramatically,enhancedknowledgeofDataDecientspecieswillundoubtedlyndeenmoresharksandraysqualifyingforThreatenedclassication.2526Dulyet al.usedtheIUCNRedListCategoriesandCriteriatodeterminethestatusof21pelagic(openocean)shark
andrayspeciescommonlycaughtinhighseassheries.27Sixteenofthe21specieswereconsideredgloballyThreatenedorNearThreatenedwithextinction:
Threatened: Whaleshark(Rhincodon typus) Pelagicthreshershark (Alopias pelagicus) Bigeyethreshershark (Alopias superciliosus) Threshershark(Alopias vulpinus) Baskingshark(Cetorhinus maximus)
Greatwhiteshark (Carcharodon carcharias) Shortnmakoshark(Isurus oxyrinchus) Longnmakoshark(Isurus paucus) Porbeagleshark(Lamna nasus) Oceanicwhitetipshark (Carcharhinus longimanus) Giantdeilray(Mobula mobular)
Near Threatened:Blueshark(Prionace glauca)Crocodileshark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai)Silkyshark(Carcharhinus alciormis)
Mantaray(Manta birostris)Spinetaildeilray(Mobula japanica)
Category
vulnerable
Endangered
CriticallyEndangered
Total Threatened
11
4
2
17
Percentage oAssessed Species
Category
NearThreatened
LeastConcernDataDecient
13
2347
Percentage oAssessed Species
JIM
ABERNETHY
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Whatistheresultointensefshingpressureonsharks?
Thebest-studiedoceanareaforsharkpopulationsisthenorthwestAtlantic.Studiescarriedoutthereinthepastfewyearshaereealedseeredeclinesinmanysharkspecies.
Otherstudieshaeindicateddeclinesasfollows:
Porbeaglesharkpopulationsareestimatedat10to20percentofunexploitedleels.31
NorthAtlanticshortnmakopopulationsareatabout50percentofunexploitedleels.32
ThenortheastAtlanticspinydogsh (Squalus acanthias)populationstandsatlessthan10percentofunexploitedleels.33
SandbarsharkstocksoffWesternAustraliaareestimatedatabout35percentofunexploitedleels.34OceanicwhitetipsharksintheGulfofMexicohaedeclined99percentsincethe1950s.35
Decline romUnexploited Levels
Species
Sandbarshark
Duskyshark
Hammerheadshark(3species)
64to71%28
80%minimum29
70%30
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The most signifcant causeso shark mortality
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The percentage o all reported shark landingsin 2008 coming rom Indonesia; India; Spain;
Argentina; and Taiwan, Province o China.
45%
Whatarethemostsignifcantcausesosharkmortality?
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The most signifcant causeso shark mortality
Commercial shark fshingCommercialsheriestargetingsharksexistthroughouttheworld.Sharksaretargetedprimarilyfortheirnsbutalsofortheirmeat,cartilage,lierandskin.36Well-documentedcollapsesofdirectedsharksheries(wheresharksaretheprimarytarget)include:
spinydogshoffBritishColumbia37andtheNorthSea.3839
soupn(orschool)sharks(Galeorhinusgaleus)offAustralia40andoff
California.41porbeaglesharksintheNorthAtlanticOcean.4243sandbarandduskysharksinthenorthwestAtlantic.4445Thehighestnumbersofreportedsharklandingsarefrom:Indonesia;India;Spain;Argentina;andTaiwan,ProinceofChina.Theyaccountedfor45%ofreportedsharklandingsin2008.46Directedsharksheriesaretypicallycharacterizedbyaboomandbust
pattern,inwhichhighinitialcatchesarefollowedbyarapidcrashandusuallyresultinthesherybeingclosed.
Althoughsometargetsharksheriesarewelldocumented,therearemanyothersworldwideaboutwhichlittleisknown.Unfortunately,manyofthesesheriesoperateintheIndo-Pacic,wheresharkbiodiersityandendemismarehigh,whichmeansthatmanyobscure,range-restrictedsharksmaybeindangerofbiologicalextinction.
Shark bycatch fsheriesBycatchisthepartofthecatchthatisnottargetedthecollateraldamagecaughtalongwiththetargetedshspecies.Inessence,itisunregulatedandoftenunreportedandisconsideredtobeamajorsourceofmortalityformanysharkspeciesworldwide.4748Althoughsomesharkscaughtasbycatchmayberetainedandlandedforsale,oftentheyarethrownoerboardeitherdeadorseriouslyinjured.
Bycatchofsharksisparticularlyproblematicbecausesharksusuallyhaeslowergrowthratesthanthetargetshspecies.Sharkpopulationscanbeseriouslydepletedthroughbycatchfromasherythatmaybesustainableforthetargetspeciesbutnotforsharks.49Inpelagiclonglinesheries,sharkscanmakeupmorethanaquarterofthetotalcatch(andthereforeconstitutemoreofanunregulated/unmanagedshery,thantruebycatch).
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Whatarethemostsignifcantcausesosharkmortality?
Where
U.S.pelagiclonglinetuna/swordshsherySouthAfricanlonglineshery Australianlonglinetuna/billshsheryFijilonglinetunashery
Portuguesesemi-pelagiclonglineshery
When1992-2003
1998-200519991999
1997-1998
Percentage ototal catch
25%i
16%ii25%ii
25%+ii
33%iii
i - Abercrombie, D.L., H.A. Balchowsky and A.L. Paine. 2005. 2002 and 2003 Annual Summary: Large PelagicSpecies. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC-529.
ii - Gilman, E., S. Clarke, N. Brothers, J. Alaro-Shigueto, J. Mandelmann, J. Mangel, S. Peterson, S. Piovano,N. Thompson, P. Dalzell, M. Donoso, M. Goren and T. Wernder. 2008. Shark interactions in pelagiclongline fsheries. MarinePolicy32:1-18.
iii - Coelho, R., K. Erzini, L. Bentes, C. Correia, P.G. Lino, P. Monteiro, J. Ribeiro and J.M.S. Goncalves. 2005.Semi-pelagic longline and trammel net elasmobranch catches in southern Portugal: catch composition,catch rates and discards. JournalofNorthwestAtlanticFisheryScience35:531-537.
Sharks Caught as Bycatch
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What are the driving orcesbehind shark fshing?
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Whatarethedrivingorcesbehindsharkfshing?
Shark fns are considered one o the mostvaluable ood items in the world, reaching
prices as high as US$700 per kg.
kg
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FinsThealueofsharknshasescalatedinrecentyearswitheconomicgrowthinChinaandisamajorfactorinthecommercialexploitationofsharksworldwide.5051Thesharkntradeisdrienbyeconomic,traditionalandculturalfactors.52From1985to1998,sharknimportsto
HongKongandTaiwanincreasedbymorethan214percentand42percent,respectiely.5354IntheChinesemarket,tradeinsharknsgrewby6percentayearfrom1991to2000.55Sharknsareconsideredoneofthemostaluablefooditemsintheworld,56reachingpricesashighasUS$700perkg.57Theminimumalueoftheglobaltradeofsharknshasbeenestimatedat$400millionto$550millionayear.58
Sharknningthepracticeofcuttingoffthensatseaanddiscardingtherestofthesharkisamajorsourceofnsforthelucratieinternationalsharkntrade.Bykeepingonlythens,asingleesselcankillanextraordinarynumberofsharksonasingletrip.Forexample,in2002,theU.S.esselKingDiamondIIwascaughtbytheU.S.CoastGuardoffthecoastof
Guatemalawith32tonsofnsonboard(estimatedtorepresent30,000sharks),withoutthecorrespondingcarcasses.59Sharknningisoutlawedinseeralcountries,includingtheUnitedStates,CostaRica,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdom,Oman,ColombiaandthememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion.Seeralregionalsherymanagementorganizations(RFMOs),includingtheInternationalCommissionfortheConserationofAtlanticTunas(ICCAT),
theInter-AmericanTropicalTuna
Commission(IATTC),theIndianOceanTunaCommission(IOTC)andtheWesternandCentralPacicFisheriesCommission(WCPFC),haealsoprohibitednning.Thereareoftennoclearguidelinesonhowthebansaretobeenforced,howeer,andloopholesremain.6061
What are the driving orcesbehind shark fshing?What are the driving orcesbehind shark fshing?
The IUCN advises thatsharks be landed with their
fns attached to prevent theexcessive mortality and wasteassociated with fnning.
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TMAN
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Wheresharknningregulationsexist,then-to-carcassratioisthemostwidelyadoptedmanagementmeasure,butitisnoteffectiewithrespecttoenforcement.Thisratioisintendedtopreentnningbyensuringthatthenslandedareproportionaltothebodieslanded.Thesharknsretainedusuallycannotexceed5percentoftheweightofthesharks
onboard.Thisratiohasseeralproblems:Itishighlyinconsistent,asitarieswithspecies,thechoicesofns,nningprocedure,thestateofthesharkcarcassandeenthedegreetowhichthensaredried.62Further,theratiosystemallowshighgrading,inwhichshingesselscanbringmismatchednsandcarcassestoport,keepingcarcassesfromsharksaluedfortheirmeatandthenon-matchingnsfromsharkswithhighlyaluablensbutlow-qualitymeat.
Sharksshouldbelandedwiththeirnsattachedtopreenttheexcessiemortalityandwasteassociatedwithnning.Further,a2006scienticpaperonnratiospreparedfortheICCATstatedthattheonlyguaranteedmethodtoaoidsharknningistolandsharkswithallnsattached.63Indeed,mostsharkexpertsagreethatthisstraightforwardapproachisthemostreliablemeanstoimplementanningban.
MeatSharkmeatismoredifculttoprocessthanmeatfrommostshspeciesbecauseofitshighureacontent,64whichalsomakesitlessmarketableinmanyareasandhasledtomanyspeciesofsharksbeingtargetedfortheirnsalone.Sharkmeatislesseconomicallyaluablethansharkns,ormeatfromothermorewidelyeatenshspecies,suchastunaand
swordsh.65Forexample,U.S.exportsofsharknsin2006hadaalueofUS$93.68perkilogram;bycontrast,freshandfrozensharkmeatwasworth$2.09and$1.94perkg,respectiely.66Howeer,shortnmako,thresherandporbeaglesharksareconsideredhigh-aluespeciesformeatintheEuropeanandU.S.seafoodmarketsandforsashimiinAsia.67Manysmallerspecies,suchasthespinydogsh,arealsocommonlyusedforfood.6869Somesharkspecies,suchasblueand
hammerheadsharks,aretargetedspecicallyfortheirnsbecauseofaperceieddifcultyinprocessingtheirmeat.70
Whatarethedrivingorcesbehindsharkfshing?
CRAMW
ORLD
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What happens to our oceans whentop predators are lost?
The decline in shark populationscan lead to unpredictableconsequences, including the
collapse o important fsheries.
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Whathappenstoouroceanswhentoppredatorsarelo
st?
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What happens to our oceans whentop predators are lost?
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Whathappenstoouroceanswhentoppredatorsarelo
st?
Astoppredators,sharksplayanimportantroleinmaintainingthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystem.7172Thelossofsharkscancausedramaticshiftsinthemarineenironment,includingacascadeofindirecteffectsresultingfromchangesintheabundanceofotherorganisms.73747576Withoutsharkstoregulatetheabundanceofspeciesbelowthem,shiftsinpopulation
sizescancascadethroughoutthefoodchainanddisruptthebalanceoftheecosystem.
Thedeclineinsharkpopulationscanleadtounpredictableconsequences,includingthecollapseofimportantsheries.InthenorthwestAtlantic,forexample,populationsofsharkshaedroppedtothepointthattheymaynolongerfulltheirroleasatoppredatorintheecosystem.77OffthecoastofNorthCarolina,scientistsbelieethatthe
cownoseraypopulationexplodeddue
tothelossoflargesharks,whichhelpedkeeptheecosysteminbalanceandtheirpreyincheck.Withmorecownoserays,whicheatscallops,clamsandoysters,thebayscalloppopulationcollapsedandwasterminated.78Withthelossofthebayscallops,theclamsandoystersalongtheeasterncoastoftheUnitedStatesmayexperienceasimilarfate.79AmodeloftheFrenchFrigateShoalsecosysteminHawaiifoundthattheremoaloftigersharkspresentedasimilarscenario.Withoutthetigersharkstokeeptheseabird
populationincheck,increasedseabirdpredationontunaandjackscausedasignicantdeclineinthepopulationsoftheseimportantcommercialshspecies.80
Impactsfromthelossofsharkscanbefeltthroughouttheentiresystem.Incoralreefecosystems,suchasthoseintheCaribbeanandPacic,coralsdependonherbiorousshsuchasparrotshtoeatalgaeandproidespaceforcoralstosettleandgrow.81Whensharksareremoedfromthesystem,thelargersh,whichfeedonherbioroussh,increaseinabundance.82Withoutthesmallershto
eatthealgae,coralscannolongercompeteforspace.Asaresult,theecosystemswitchestoanalgae-dominatedsystem,lackingthediersityandabundanceofspeciesoncefoundwithinthecoralreefecosystem.83
Impacts rom the loss osharks can be elt throughout
the entire ecosystem.
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What is the value o a live shark?
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Whatisthevalueoaliveshark?
It has been estimated that whale shark tourism,mainly through recreational diving, is worth about
US$47.5 million worldwide.
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What is the value o a live shark?
Liesharkshaeasignicantalueformarineecotourism,suchasrecreationaldiingandsharkwatchingfromboats,thatistypicallymoresustainableandoftenmorelucratiethansharkshingandtrade.8485SharkecotourismsitesincludetheBahiadelosAngelesconserationareainMexico;8687theSeychelles;8889SouthAfrica;90thePhilippines;91Phuket,Thailand;92theMaldies;93Belize;94andNingalooMarineParkinWesternAustralia.95Indeed,researchersdocumentmorethan200sharkdietourismoperationsaroundtheworld.96Althoughmanysharkspeciesarethefocusofmarineecotourism,97large,charismaticspeciesyieldthehighestreenue.Ithasbeenestimatedthatwhalesharktourism,mainlythroughrecreationaldiing,isworthaboutUS$47.5millionworldwide.98
InAustralia,thealueofeachliingwhalesharkwasestimatedatAU$282,000,99andinBelize,thealuewasputatUS$2.09millionoerasharkslifetime,or$34,906ayear.100IntheMaldies,indiidualgreyreefsharkswereestimatedtohaeanannualalueofUS$33,500in1993.101In2005,whalesharkecotourismcreated300jobs,anincreaseinannualincomeandaneconomicreturnofaboutUS$623,000inDonsol,Philippines.102Finally,a2010studyfoundthatanindiidualreefsharkinPalauwas
estimatedtohaeanannualalueofUS$179,000andalifetimealueofUS$1.9milliontothetourismindustry.103
In Australia, the value o each livingwhale shark was estimated at
AU$282,000, and in Belize the valuewas put at US$2.09 million over asharks lietime, or $34,906 a year.
C/OSTUARTCOvESDIvEBAHAMAS
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Location
Ningaloo,AustraliaSeychelles Gansbaai,S.AfricaBelize
Donsol,PhilippinesCanaryIs.,SpainIndo-Pacicregion
ActivityWhalesharktours
Whalesharkresearch/toursSharkdiingWhalesharktours
Whalesharkwatching
SharkdiingSharkdiing
Value(millions)*
US$5.93
US$2.02US$4.4US$3.7
US$0.62US$24.7US$40
Year
2006aProjectedannuallyb2000/2001cAnnuallyd
AnnuallyeAnnuallyfAnnuallyg
a - Jones, T., D. Wood, J. Catlin and B. Norman. 2009. Expenditure and ecotourism: predictors o expenditure or whaleshark tour participants. JournalofEcotourism 8:32-50.b - Rowat, D. and U. Engelhardt. 2007. Seychelles: a case study o community involvement in the development o whaleshark ecotourism and its socio-economic impact. FisheriesResearch84:109-113.c - Hara, M., I. Majaraj and L. Pithers. 2003. Marine-based Tourism in Gansbaai: A Socio-economic Study. Programme orLand and Agrarian Studies, University o the Western Cape, Bellville.d - Graham, R.T. 2003. Behavior and conservation o whale sharks on the Belize Barrier Ree. Dissertation, University o
York.e - Quiros, A.L. 2005. Whale shark ecotourism in the Philippines and Belize: evaluating conservation and communitybenefts. Tropical Resources Bulletin 24:42-48. - De la Cruz Modino, R., Esteban, A., Crilly, R. & Pascual- Fernndez, J. (2010). Bucear con tiburones y rayas en Espaa.Anlisis de su potencial en Espaa y de los benefcios econmicos de la actividad en las Islas Canarias. Instituto Universi-tario de Ciencias Polticas y Sociales de la Universidad de La laguna y ne, 39 pp.g Vianna, G., M. Meekan, D. Pannell, S. Marsh, and J. Meeuwig. 2010. Wanted Dead or Alive? The relative value oree sharks as a fshery and an ecotourism asset in Palau. Australian Institute o Marine Science and University o WesternAustralia, Perth.
*For consistency and ease in comparison, non-USD fgures were converted to USD in October 2010.
Shark Tourism Values in Selected Locations
JIMABERNETHY
Whatisthevalueoaliveshark?
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Conclusions and recommendations
Fishing countries should:
Establishsharksanctuarieswithintheir waters,includingtheirfullexclusie economiczones(EEZ),wheresharksare fullyprotectedfromexploitation. DeiseandimplementeffectieNational PlansofActionforsharks. Endshingofsharksthatare
ThreatenedorNearThreatenedwithextinctionandsharksthatdonothaescience-basedmanagementplansinplace.
Enactlegislationprohibitingtheremoal ofsharknsatsea. Worktoeliminatesharkbycatch. Enactimmediateprotectionsforspecies listedbymultilateralagreementssuch astheConentiononMigratorySpecies (CMS)andtheConentionon InternationalTradeinEndangered SpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES). Imposeprecautionarysharkcatchlimits thatarebasedonsoundscience. Improespecies-specicsheriesand tradedatacollection.
Generatehigh-qualityscienticresearch onsharksheries,sharkpopulation status,andnationalandinternational tradetoinformdecisionmakingthatis precautionaryandecosystem-based.
The exploitation o sharks in commercial fsheries or theirfns, meat, liver oil, cartilage and other parts remains largelyunregulated across most o the world. Overfshing, excessivebycatch, a lack o scientifc data, poor management, shark
fnning and the lack o political will to adopt best practiceshave led to declines in populations o many shark speciesworldwide. To reverse these declines, Pews Global SharkConservation campaign believes concerted action must betaken by all fshing countries and international bodies thatregulate shark fshing and trade, including:
RFMOs and bodies tasked withregulating shark fsheries andtrade should:Adoptbindingmeasuresprohibitingtheshingandretentionofsharkspeciesthatdonothaescience-basedsherymanagementplansorarelistedbytheIUCNasbeingThreatenedorNearThreatenedwithextinction.Adoptbindingmeasuresthatprohibittheremoalofsharknsatsea.Requiretheirmemberstoproide
reliable,species-specicdataonlandingsanddiscardsandimposemeaningfulpenaltiesonthosewhodonotcomply.Ensurefullindependentobserercoerageofesselsshingwithintheareastheymanage.Adoptgearmodicationsandothermeasures,suchasbansonwireleaders,toensurethatbycatchofsharksisminimizedasmuchaspossible.
A
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Conclusionsandrecommendations
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1 Camhi, Merry D., et al. (2008). Sharks o the Open Ocean:Biology, Fisheries & Conservation, p. 411.
2 Corts, E., et al. (2006a). Stock assessment o the duskyshark in the U.S. Atlantic and Gul o Mexico. SustainableFisheries Division Contribution SFD-2006-014. .
3 National Marine Fisheries Service. (2006). SEDAR 11 Stockassessment report: large coastal shark complex, blacktip andsandbar shark. NMFS Oce o Sustainable Fisheries, SilverSpring, Md. .
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17 Ibid.
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21 Ibid.
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63 Ibid.
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70 Vannuccini, S. (1999).
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77 Myers, R.A., et al. (2007).
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
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82 Bascompte, J., C.J. Melin and E. Sala. (2005).
83 Ibid.
84 Rodriguez-Dowdell, N., R. Enriques-Andrade and N.Crdenas-Torres. (2007). Property rights-based management:whale shark ecotourism in Bahia de los Angeles, Mexico.Fisheries Research 84:119-127. .85 Newman, H.E., A.J. Medcrat and J.G Colman. (2002).
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86 Rodriguez-Dowdell, N., et al. (2007).
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88 Ibid.
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90 Hara, M., I. Majaraj and L. Pithers. (2003). Marine-basedtourism in Gansbaai: a socio-economic study. Programmeor Land and Agrarian Studies, University o the WesternCape, Bellville, South Arica. .
91 Newman, H.E., A.J. Medcrat and J.G Colman. (2002).
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95 Newman, H.E., A.J. Medcrat and J.G. Colman. (2002).
96 Carwardine, M. and K. Watterson. (2002). The sharkwatchers handbook: a guide to sharks and where to see them.Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
97 Ibid.
98 Graham, R.T. (2004).
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100 Graham, R.T. (2004).
101 Anderson, R.C. and H. Ahmed. (1993).
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