sheep productionsheep production · increased problems in animal husbandry. sheep husbandry was...
TRANSCRIPT
Sheep ProductionSheep ProductionSheep ProductionSheep Production
in the Tropics and in the Tropics and in the Tropics and in the Tropics and
SubtropicsSubtropicsSubtropicsSubtropics
S. K. Kaushish
Published by
SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA) 5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur 342 001 (INDIA) E-mail: [email protected] Website : http://www.scientificpub.com
Print : 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic , mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publisher, for rectifying it in future editions, if published. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the editors and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The editors and publisher have attempted to trace and acknowledge the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission and acknowledgment to publish in this form have not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so that we may rectify it. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN : 978-81-72330-72-9 [HB]
ISBN : 978-93-88449-22-9 [E/B] © S. K. Kaushish, 1994 Print in India
PREFACEPREFACEPREFACEPREFACE
The aim of this book is to collect all available informations
about sheep production to improve traditional methods. Most of
the previous sheep books have concentrated on wool, but the
emphasis in the present book is more in lamb with trend of the
increasing importance of meat and milk from sheep.
It is hoped that this book will be able to fill a gap in the
literature for the students of sheep production, working for their
graduate and post-graduate degrees in the field of veterinary and
agricultural sciences. It is hoped that the book should also meet
the need of the great number of those with veterinary and
agricultural degrees in every walk of life-farmers and advisors
alike. It is also hoped that it will provide reference materials and
additional self study guide for research workers and veterinary
practitioners.
I am indebted to many colleagues who have made the
writing of this book possible, in particular to staff colleagues who
have shared the burden of some of the development work
reported. Parts of the draft at various stages were read by kind
colleagues Dr. J. P. Mittal, Dr. B. D. Sharma, Dr. N. D. Yadav,
Sh. Shiv Prasad and Sh. P. M. Singh.
I am finally thankful to my wife and my children who
provided assistance in all sorts of ways.
Bikaner S. K. KAUSHISH
FOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORD
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry are two fundamental
basis of our economy. Advances have been made in agricultural
sciences, which resulted in increase in income. This improvement
increased problems in animal husbandry. Sheep husbandry was
given maximum emphasis during fourth-five year plan. Central
Sheep and Wool Research Institute was established in the state of
Rajasthan in 1962. Some exotic breeds of sheep were imported in
sixties for cross breeding native sheep for increased mutton and
wool production. All India Coordinated Research Projects for fine
wool and mutton were started. The objective of AICRP on sheep
for mutton was to produce sheep which would weigh 30 kg at 6
months of age. Karakul was imported for increasing pelt
production.
The subject of sheep production and management was
introduced in many agricultural universities at graduate and post-
graduate levels. Many books have been written by foreign authors
and we have been copying them. The climate of this region being
different from that of those countries, these are far away from
realities under our conditions. Very few books have been written
on sheep management under tropical and subtropical conditions.
These are not according to the syllabi being followed in
agricultural universities. The author has written this book keeping
in view the requirements of undergraduate and post-graduate
students of sheep production which is a rare combination.
This book will be useful not only for students but also for the
teachers farm managers and planning officers alike. Dr. Kaushish
had been associated with sheep research and teaching for the last
20 yrs. It is hoped that this book will be able to help students,
teachers and researchers alike.
R. M. ACHARYA
Deputy Director General (Animal Sciences)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
New Delhi.
CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS Preface
Forword
1. GENERAL VIEW 1
History, classification, world sheep population, Indian
sheep population, mutton, milk and wool production in
different countries; Breeds of sheep, Exotic, Dorset, Suffolk,
Corriedale, Rambouillet; Karakul, Awassi, Ossimi, Cheviot,
Barbary, Borderliecester, Clunforest, Kurdi, Waziri, Native
and crossbreds; Bhakerwal, Biangi, Gaddi, Kashmir Valley,
Gurej. Rampur Bhusair, Karnah, Punchi, Changthangi,
Kashmir merino. Chokla, Pugal, Marwari, Jaisalmeri
Magra, Nali, Sonadi, Malpura, Patanwadi, Lohi, Jalauni,
Bundelkhandi, Avikalin, Avikastra, Hisardale, Balangir,
Bonpala, Chotanapuri, Ganjam, Shahbadi, Bellari,
Coimbature, Deccani, Hasan, Kilakarsal, Mandya,
Mechheri, Madrasred, Nellore, Nilgiri, Tenguri, Trichuri
Black and Vem buri.
2. HOUSING 29
Points to be considered, types of sheds, Farm plan
constructional details, material, shed under village
conditions.
3. ESTABLISHMENT, MIGRATION AND FARM
CALENDER 40
Points to be considered for purchase of ewes and rams, age,
dental formula, implements, migration in plains and
mountains, migration routes, sheep farm calender, culling.
4. SHEEP AND LAMB MANAGEMENT 50
Care of dry, pregnant and lactating ewes, symptoms of
parturition, feeding of rams, ewes and lambs. Ear marking,
metal ear tags, thigh tattoo, docking, methods of docking,
methods of castration, hoof pairing.
5. REPRODUCTION 62
Semen production, methods of semen collection, A.V.,
electro ejeculation, merits and demerits of A. 1., frequency
Contents (viii)
of semen collection, semen evaluation, bio-chemistry of
semen, semen preservation, Deep freezing of semen, sire
individuality, extenders, properties of extenders, additives,
Factors affecting semen quality, Reproductive behaviour of
ewes, puberty, oestrus cycle, factors affecting corpus
luteum, Artificial insemination, selection and management
of rams and ewes, Management calender, storage and
transportation of semen. Insemination techniques,
equipment, restraining of ewes for insemination, time of
A.I., Number of insemi nation, volume and number of
sperms per insemination, site of insemination, detection of
estrus, estrus during pregnancy, gestation period,
parturition, time of parturition, signs of parturition, Process
of parturition, post partum estrus.
6. EMBRYO TECHNOLOGY 113
History, synchronization, collection of embryos, embryo-
transfer, embryostorage, cryopreservation, difficulties in
superovulation. Invitro fertilisation, mediums used for
embryo collection.
7. WOOL 123
Chemical composition of wool, physical, chemical and
mechanical properties of wool, structure of wool fibre,
shearing, factors affecting wool production, methods of
shearing, hand, machine and chemical shearing, medicines
used for dipping, time of dipping, precaution while
dipping, primary classing of wool, development of grading
systems, wool packaging, storage, demages during storage,
transportation of wool, preparation of clip for sale,
utilization of wool, marketing of wool. Canary coloration of
wool, causes and remidies.
8. PELT PRODUCTION 152
Quality and evaluation of pelts, advantages of pelt
production.
9. MUTTON PRODUCTION 157
World meat production and consumption, contribution of
sheep in livestock economy. Proximate composition of
meat, means for increasing meat production, marketing
terminology, judging of sheep, chemical composition of
(ix) Contents
carcass, nutritional value of meat, carcass quality
characteristics, characteristics of meat, factors affecting
growth of lambs.
10. MILK PRODUCTION 168
Milk producing breeds, anatomy of udder, milk secretion,
composition of milk and plasma, chemical composition of
colostrum, chemical composition cow, buffaloe, goat and
sheep milk, milk production, factors affecting milk
production.
11. HEALTH MANAGEMENT 178
Disinfection and disinfactents, physio-logical norms;
Bacterial diseases; haemorrhagic septicaemia, black quater,
enterotoxaemia, foot rot, lamb dysentery, arthritis,
inflamation of naval cord, listeriosis, tetanus, pneumonia,
tuberculosis, brucellosis, vibriosis, leptospirosis, anthrax,
viral diseases; Bluetongue, rinderpest, conjunctivitis,
ecthyma, foot and mouth disease, sheep pox, rabies, Fungal
diseases; dermatities, ringworm, coccidiomycosis;
protozoon diseases; red water disease, coccidiosis,
listeriosis, toxoplsmosis, Parasitic diseases; external
parasites, internal parasites, liver flukes, round worms,
amphistomiasis, lungworms, tape worms and Miscelaneus
diseases: chocking, constipation, diarrhoea, injuries,
dystocia, mastitis, retetion of placenta, tympany,
intussuception, drenching pneumonia, impection,
poisoning, snake bite, electrocution.
12. NUTRITION 206
Nutrient requirement, feed resources, water, energy,
protein, minerals, Major elements : calcium, phosphorus,
sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphur, managenesium,
Trace elements: copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, molybdenum,
chromium, zinc, managanese, selenium, vitamin
requirements; Some deficiency diseases due to protein,
Vitamin A, B, C, D, E, calcium, phosphorus, sodium,
common salt, sulphur, copper, cobalt flourine, iodine, iron,
magnesium, selenium, zinc, Nutrients required for wool
production, nutrient requirement for reproduction. Feed
additives.
Contents (x)
13. PASTURE AND FORAGES 237
General tree plantation, synonyms, distribution, habitat,
tree planting and nutrients of Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia
labbek, Azarachta indica, Bauhinia variengata, Cordia
dicholoma, Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaema leucocephala,
Prosopis cineraria and Zizyphus mauratiana. Chemical
composition of fodder trees and shrubs; plant poisoning,
pasture establishment package of practices for increased
fodder production, crop rotation; synonyms, habitat,
sowing, fodder yield and nutrients of Avena sativa,
Bricheria rimosa, B. mutica, Chloris gagana, digestible
nutrient contents and chemical composition of some
grasses synonyms, distribution, habitat fodder yield and
nutrients of Lablab purpureus, Macro-ptilium
atrapurpurium, Mucuna prurients, Pemisetum perpureum,
P. Pedicellatium, pusa giant napier, Vigna ungiuealata etc.
zecommen-dations of fodders for different areas.
14. ECONOMICS 272
Utility of sheep, source of income, expanditure and net
income, socio economic survey, economic characters of
some breeds of native and cross breed sheep.
15. FARM RECORDS 280
Importance of keeping records, daily diary, lambing
register, ram register, ram register, sheep register, lamb
register, Breeding register, growth register, wool register,
strength register, mortality/disposal register, daily feed
register, feed lot register, slaughter register.
16. APPENDIX 290
I Glossary of technical
II Body weights of different ages of lambs of different
breeds. 313
III Pre weaning growth rates of lambs of different breed. 318
IV Botanical and common names of some fodder trees. 320
17. REFERENCES 335