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26 November26 November26 November26 November 2013201320132013

Muhammad Ary [email protected]

AgendaLegacy M2M Protocols for Sensor Networks,Building Automation and Home Automation

• The BACnet™ Protocol• The BACnet™ Protocol

• The LonWorks® Control Networking

Platform

• ModBus

• KNX

• ZigBee

• Z-Wave

Legacy M2M Protocols for Utility Metering

• M-Bus and Wireless M-Bus

• The ANSI C12 Suite

• DLMS/COSEM

Thanks to Arief Hamdani Gunawan for great slide of IoT


The Next Generation : IP-Based Protocols• 6LoWPAN and RPL


• 6LoWPAN and RPL• ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0• The ETSI M2M Architecture

Key Applications of the Internet of Things

• The Smart Grid• The Smart Grid

• Electric Vehicle Charging

Thanks to Arief Hamdani Gunawan for great slide of IoT

6LoWPAN and RPL6LoWPAN and RPL6LoWPAN and RPL6LoWPAN and RPL

Background

• Traditionally, battery-powered networks or lowbitrate networks, such as most bitrate networks, such as most or 802.15.4 were considered incapable of runningIP.

• In the home and industrial automation networksworld, the situation compares to the situation ofcorporate LANs in the 1980s:

“should I run Token-Ring, ATM or “should I run Token-Ring, ATM or

translates to

“should I run ZigBee, LON or KNX?”

Background

powered networks or low-networks, such as most fieldbus networksnetworks, such as most fieldbus networks

802.15.4 were considered incapable of running

In the home and industrial automation networksworld, the situation compares to the situation ofcorporate LANs in the 1980s:

Ring, ATM or IPX/SPX?”Ring, ATM or IPX/SPX?”

translates to

“should I run ZigBee, LON or KNX?”

IP

• IP, with its concept of layer 3 routing andinternetwork technology, has made thoseinternetwork technology, has made thosedebates about incompatible networksobsolete: the vast majority of LANs and WANstoday run IP, and many people can hardlyremember which layer 2 technology their IPnetworks are running on.networks are running on.

• Almost any layer 2 technology can be usedand will simply extend the IP internetwork.

IP

IP, with its concept of layer 3 routing andinternetwork technology, has made thoseinternetwork technology, has made thosedebates about incompatible networksobsolete: the vast majority of LANs and WANstoday run IP, and many people can hardlyremember which layer 2 technology their IPnetworks are running on.networks are running on.

Almost any layer 2 technology can be usedand will simply extend the IP internetwork.

6LoWPAN and RPL

The same transition to IP is now happening in

the home and industrial automation worlds.the home and industrial automation worlds.

6LoWPAN and RPL have made this possible.

6LoWPAN and RPL

The same transition to IP is now happening in

the home and industrial automation worlds.the home and industrial automation worlds.

6LoWPAN and RPL have made this possible.

6LoWPANs

• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)6LoWPAN Working Group was formed in 6LoWPAN Working Group was formed in design an adaptation layer for over 802.15.4 low-power and (LowPAN or LLN).

• The work included a detailed review ofrequirements, which were released in 2007 (RFC4919): “IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless PersonalArea Networks (6LoWPANsArea Networks (6LoWPANsAssumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals”http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4919

6LoWPANs

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)Working Group was formed in 2004 toWorking Group was formed in 2004 to

design an adaptation layer for IPv6 when runningpower and lossy networks

The work included a detailed review ofrequirements, which were released in 2007 (RFC

Power Wireless Personal6LoWPANs): Overview,6LoWPANs): Overview,

Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals”http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4919

IEEE 802.15.4

• Low-power wireless personal area networks(LoWPANs) comprise devices that conform (LoWPANs) comprise devices that conform the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard by the IEEE.

• IEEE 802.15.4 devices are characterized byshort range, low bit rate, low power, and lowcost.

• Many of the devices employing IEEE 802.15.4• Many of the devices employing IEEE 802.15.4radios will be limited in their computationalpower, memory, and/or energy availability.

IEEE 802.15.4

power wireless personal area networkscomprise devices that conform tocomprise devices that conform to

2003 standard by the IEEE.

IEEE 802.15.4 devices are characterized byshort range, low bit rate, low power, and low

Many of the devices employing IEEE 802.15.4Many of the devices employing IEEE 802.15.4radios will be limited in their computationalpower, memory, and/or energy availability.

In Practice…

• In practice, however, the 6LoWPAN is notrestricted to radio links, and restricted to radio links, and be extended to run over other mediainstance it has been extended to run over lowpower CPL (www.watteco.com

• IPv6 is also being adapted to other physicallayers, independently of 6LoWPAN, for example,for HomePlug CPL.for HomePlug CPL.

• Many fieldbus vendors are now considering anIPv6 adaptation layer for their products

In Practice…

In practice, however, the 6LoWPAN is notrestricted to radio links, and the technology canrestricted to radio links, and the technology canbe extended to run over other media, forinstance it has been extended to run over low-

www.watteco.com) or G3 OFDM CPL.

IPv6 is also being adapted to other physicallayers, independently of 6LoWPAN, for example,

vendors are now considering anadaptation layer for their products

Constrained but still Internet

• Today - a complete IP based Web stack can be run on small

devices with microcontrollers.devices with microcontrollers.

Constrained but still Internet

a complete IP based Web stack can be run on small

devices with microcontrollers.devices with microcontrollers.

(Constrained

ApplicationApplication

Protocol)

IETF 6LoWPAN

• The 6LoWPAN WG group has defined encapsulationand header compression mechanisms that allow and header compression mechanisms that allow packets to be sent and received over IEEE 802.15.4based networks. IEEE 802.15.4 maximum transfer unit(MTU) is limited to 127 bytes.

• Taking into account frame overhead and optionalsecurity headers, very little is left for upper layers, thatis, TCP/IP and application payload, unless protocoloverhead is optimized.

• In essence, the 6LowPAN work allows IP to be used all• In essence, the 6LowPAN work allows IP to be used allthe way to constrained devices, a desirable feature toallow for an end-to-end IP-based communication.

IETF 6LoWPAN

group has defined encapsulationmechanisms that allow IPv6mechanisms that allow IPv6

packets to be sent and received over IEEE 802.15.4-based networks. IEEE 802.15.4 maximum transfer unit

) is limited to 127 bytes.

Taking into account frame overhead and optionalsecurity headers, very little is left for upper layers, thatis, TCP/IP and application payload, unless protocol

In essence, the 6LowPAN work allows IP to be used allIn essence, the 6LowPAN work allows IP to be used allthe way to constrained devices, a desirable feature to

based communication.

6LoWPAN: Why IPv6?

• Long-lived technology (20 years+)

• Ability to connect heterogeneous networks

• Existing worldwide free

• Global scalability

• 2^128 Bit (16 Byte) Addressing = Enough for

Internet of ThingsInternet of Things

• Great number of tools (diagnostic,

management etc.)

6LoWPAN: Why IPv6?

lived technology (20 years+)

Ability to connect heterogeneous networks

Existing worldwide free-to-use infrastructure

2^128 Bit (16 Byte) Addressing = Enough for

Great number of tools (diagnostic,

IPv6 Problems

• Bandwidth and Energy efficiencyStandard protocol: IEEE 802.15.4 L1/L2 (low bandwidth:Standard protocol: IEEE 802.15.4 L1/L2 (low bandwidth:250 kbps, low power: 1mW)

• Fragmentation:IPv6 minimum frame size (MTU) = 1280 bytes

IEEE 802.15.4 frame size (MTU) = 127 byte (higher bit errorrate, failure proneness)

• Header compression:IPv6 headers (40 bytes) reduce payload

53 byte payload in 127 byte 802.15.4 frame

IPv6 Problems

Bandwidth and Energy efficiencyStandard protocol: IEEE 802.15.4 L1/L2 (low bandwidth:Standard protocol: IEEE 802.15.4 L1/L2 (low bandwidth:

IPv6 minimum frame size (MTU) = 1280 bytes

IEEE 802.15.4 frame size (MTU) = 127 byte (higher bit error

IPv6 headers (40 bytes) reduce payload

53 byte payload in 127 byte 802.15.4 frame

IPv6 Problems

• Mobility:Node Mobility and Network MobilityNode Mobility and Network Mobility

• Review of Transport Layer Protocols:TCP inefficient for wireless embedded devices (wireless packet lost)

• Handle offline devices:• IP assumes devices are always on, but embedded devices may not

(power and duty cycles)

• Multicast support:IEEE 802.15.4 & other radios do not support Multicast (expensive)

IPv6 Problems

Node Mobility and Network MobilityNode Mobility and Network Mobility

Review of Transport Layer Protocols:TCP inefficient for wireless embedded devices (wireless packet lost)

IP assumes devices are always on, but embedded devices may not

IEEE 802.15.4 & other radios do not support Multicast (expensive)

6LoWPAN: Protocol Stack6LoWPAN: Protocol Stack

6LoWPAN: Architecture6LoWPAN: Architecture

Header compressionHeader compression

ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0

ZigBee SEP 2.0 Overview

• The ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 2.0 protocol is

the result of a joint work of the the result of a joint work of the

and of the HomePlug powerline

is behind the HomePlug/AV (draft IEEE P1901)

CPL standard and working on the “Green

CPL standard.

ZigBee SEP 2.0 Overview

Smart Energy Profile 2.0 protocol is

joint work of the ZigBee alliancejoint work of the ZigBee alliance

powerline Alliance, who

/AV (draft IEEE P1901)

CPL standard and working on the “Green Phy”

Redesign an equivalent of ZigBee SE 1.0

• The idea was to redesign an equivalent of SE 1.0, but in a physical-layerSE 1.0, but in a physical-layerbased on an IP networking layer RESTful design.

• The clusters of ZigBee SE 1.0 are redesigned as“function sets” in SEP 2.0.

• In addition, the working group took into accounta comprehensive requirements list coming fromutility companies as well as the Society ofa comprehensive requirements list coming fromutility companies as well as the Society ofAutomotive Engineers (SAE) for aspects related toelectric vehicles.

Redesign an equivalent of ZigBee SE 1.0

The idea was to redesign an equivalent of ZigBeelayer-independent way,layer-independent way,

based on an IP networking layer and using a

The clusters of ZigBee SE 1.0 are redesigned as

In addition, the working group took into accounta comprehensive requirements list coming fromutility companies as well as the Society ofa comprehensive requirements list coming fromutility companies as well as the Society ofAutomotive Engineers (SAE) for aspects related to

ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1

ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 is an incremental release of theZigBee Smart Energy standard. ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 addstwo categories of features,ZigBee Smart Energy standard. ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 addstwo categories of features,

• The first introduces new optional functionality, including:- Block tariffs (inclining/declining block rates)

– Meter swap outs

- Tunneling of manufacturer specific protocols

- Prepayment

- Over-the-air upgrades

- Backwards compatibility- Backwards compatibility

• The second category includes enhancements to the testspecification to further device interoperability.


ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 is an incremental release of theZigBee Smart Energy standard. ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 addsZigBee Smart Energy standard. ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1 adds

The first introduces new optional functionality, including:Block tariffs (inclining/declining block rates)

Tunneling of manufacturer specific protocols

The second category includes enhancements to the testspecification to further device interoperability.


The SEP 2 standard offers IP- based Home Area Network (HAN)management functionality and was ratified in April 2013.

It addresses the following needs of the market:It addresses the following needs of the market:

• Deployments in multi-dwelling units such as apartment buildings

• Supports multiple Energy Service Interfaces into a single premises

• Control of plug in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging

• Supports any transport based on IETF IP compliant standards,including but not limited to ZigBee IP, other RFLine Carrier (PLC)-based transports

• Supports internationally recognized standards to ensure longinteroperability with multiple technologies

• Supports internationally recognized standards to ensure longinteroperability with multiple technologies


based Home Area Network (HAN) energymanagement functionality and was ratified in April 2013.

It addresses the following needs of the market:It addresses the following needs of the market:

dwelling units such as apartment buildings

Supports multiple Energy Service Interfaces into a single premises

Control of plug in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging

Supports any transport based on IETF IP compliant standards,including but not limited to ZigBee IP, other RF-based and Power

based transports

Supports internationally recognized standards to ensure long-terminteroperability with multiple technologies

Supports internationally recognized standards to ensure long-terminteroperability with multiple technologies

Adoption of networking standards

• Accomplishing these goals has led to the adoption ofnetworking standards that ensure interoperabilitynetworking standards that ensure interoperabilitybetween ZigBee and other network technologies.

• The ZigBee Alliance developed an internet protocol (IP)networking specification called ZigBee IP which isbased on existing IETF protocols such as 6LoWPAN,mDNS, ROLL routing etc.

• The application function sets implemented for SEP 2• The application function sets implemented for SEP 2have been mapped to the IEC Common InformationModel. Additional data beyond the IEC CommonInformation Model will be proposed back into IEC

Adoption of networking standards

Accomplishing these goals has led to the adoption ofnetworking standards that ensure interoperabilitynetworking standards that ensure interoperabilitybetween ZigBee and other network technologies.

The ZigBee Alliance developed an internet protocol (IP)networking specification called ZigBee IP which isbased on existing IETF protocols such as 6LoWPAN,

The application function sets implemented for SEP 2The application function sets implemented for SEP 2have been mapped to the IEC Common InformationModel. Additional data beyond the IEC CommonInformation Model will be proposed back into IEC

Assumption

• SEP 2.0 assumes an all IPv6 network.

• The protocol is designed according to the REST

paradigm, and the data model is intended to

map directly to IEC 61968 (the “common

information model”).

• Resources are modeled using XML, and• Resources are modeled using XML, and

resource representations are compressed

using EXI

Assumption

SEP 2.0 assumes an all IPv6 network.

The protocol is designed according to the REST

paradigm, and the data model is intended to

map directly to IEC 61968 (the “common

Resources are modeled using XML, andResources are modeled using XML, and

resource representations are compressed

AMI = Automatic Metering Infrastructure

The ETSI M2M ArchitectureThe ETSI M2M Architecture

The Essence of M2M (1/2)

• The role of M2M is to establish the

conditions that allowconditions that allow

- a device to (bidirectionally) exchange

information

- with a business application

- via a communication network,

- so that the device and/or applicationso that the device and/or application

can act as the basis for this information

exchange.


The role of M2M is to establish the

a device to (bidirectionally) exchange

with a business application

via a communication network,

so that the device and/or applicationso that the device and/or application

can act as the basis for this information


• The basic way to describe M2M isshown in the “essence” of M2M.shown in the “essence” of M2M.

- The role of M2M is to establish theconditions that allow a device to(bidirectionally) exchange informationwith a business application via acommunication network, so that thedevice and/or application can act as thebasis for this information exchange.

- In this definition, the communication- In this definition, the communicationnetwork has a key role:

a collocated application and device can hardlybe considered as having an M2M relationship.


The basic way to describe M2M isshown in the “essence” of M2M.shown in the “essence” of M2M.

The role of M2M is to establish theconditions that allow a device to(bidirectionally) exchange informationwith a business application via acommunication network, so that thedevice and/or application can act as thebasis for this information exchange.

In this definition, the communicationIn this definition, the communication

a collocated application and device can hardlybe considered as having an M2M relationship.

Group of Devices in an M2M Relationship (1/2)

• In many cases,

- M2M involves a group of similar

devices interacting with a single

application.application.


M2M involves a group of similar

with a single


• In many cases, M2M involves a group

of similar devices interacting with aof similar devices interacting with a

single application.

• Fleet management is an example of

such an application, where devices are

for example, trucks, and the

communication network is a mobile

network.network.


In many cases, M2M involves a group

of similar devices interacting with aof similar devices interacting with a

Fleet management is an example of

such an application, where devices are

for example, trucks, and the

communication network is a mobile

The Mediated M2M Relationship (1/2)

• In some cases,

- the devices in the group

directly interact with the

application owing to having only

limited capacities.

• The relationship is mediated another device (e.g., a gateway)another device (e.g., a gateway)

- that enables some form of

consolidation of the

communication.


the devices in the group may notwith the

application owing to having only

is mediated by

another device (e.g., a gateway)another device (e.g., a gateway)

that enables some form of


• In some cases, the devices in thegroup may not directly interact withgroup may not directly interact withthe application owing to having onlylimited capacities.

• In this scenario, the relationship ismediated by another device (e.g., agateway) that enables some form ofconsolidation of the communication.

• “Smart metering” is an example ofsuch an application where the devices

• “Smart metering” is an example ofsuch an application where the devicesare smart meters and thecommunication network can be amobile network or the public Internet


In some cases, the devices in thegroup may not directly interact withgroup may not directly interact withthe application owing to having only

In this scenario, the relationship ismediated by another device (e.g., agateway) that enables some form ofconsolidation of the communication.

“Smart metering” is an example ofsuch an application where the devices“Smart metering” is an example ofsuch an application where the devices

communication network can be amobile network or the public Internet

M2M area network

• The term “M2M area network” has been introduced

by the European Telecommunication Standardsby the European Telecommunication Standards

Institute (ETSI).

• An M2M area network provides

- physical and

- MAC layer connectivity

between different M2M devices connectedbetween different M2M devices connected

to the same M2M area network,

thus allowing M2M devices to gain access

to a public network via a router or a gateway.

M2M area network

The term “M2M area network” has been introduced

by the European Telecommunication Standardsby the European Telecommunication Standards

An M2M area network provides

between different M2M devices connectedbetween different M2M devices connected

to the same M2M area network,

thus allowing M2M devices to gain access

to a public network via a router or a gateway.

ETSI M2M NetworkETSI M2M Network

ETSI M2M Network ArchitectureETSI M2M Network Architecture

High-level system architectureETSI TS 102 690

level system architectureETSI TS 102 690

M2M High Level System OverviewM2M High Level System Overview

M2M High Level SystemM2M High Level System

M2M - High Level ArchitectureHigh Level Architecture

M2M service capabilities functional architecture frameworkM2M service capabilities functional architecture framework

Glossary of M2M Capabilities

• Application Enablement (xAE),

• Generic Communication (xGC),• Generic Communication (xGC),

• Reachability, Addressing and Repository (xRAR),

• Communication Selection (xCS),

• Remote Entity Management (xREM),

• SECurity (xSEC),

• History and Data Retention (xHDR),

• Transaction Management (xTM),

• Compensation Broker (xCB),

• Telco Operator Exposure (xTOE),

• Interworking Proxy (xIP)• Interworking Proxy (xIP)

• Service Capability Layer (xSCL)

where x is:

• N for Network,

• G for Gateway.

• D for Device

Glossary of M2M Capabilities

Reachability, Addressing and Repository (xRAR),

Main Concept of REST

• The main concept of REST is that a distributed application iscomposed of resources, which are stateful pieces of informationresiding on one or more servers.residing on one or more servers.

• Regardless of their content, in REST it is possible to manipulateresources through a uniform interface that is composed of fourbasic interactions: CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, and READ.

• Each of these operations is composed of request and responsemessages, and, with the exception of CREATE, they are idempotent,meaning that the end result of each operation is unchangedregardless of how many times the operation itself is repeated.

• In other words, these operations do not have side effects, meaning• In other words, these operations do not have side effects, meaningthat it is possible to distribute resources and to use proxy functions.The lack of side effects allows more efficient use of caching andgreater scalability.

Main Concept of REST

The main concept of REST is that a distributed application iscomposed of resources, which are stateful pieces of information

Regardless of their content, in REST it is possible to manipulateresources through a uniform interface that is composed of fourbasic interactions: CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, and READ.

Each of these operations is composed of request and responsemessages, and, with the exception of CREATE, they are idempotent,meaning that the end result of each operation is unchangedregardless of how many times the operation itself is repeated.

In other words, these operations do not have side effects, meaningIn other words, these operations do not have side effects, meaningthat it is possible to distribute resources and to use proxy functions.The lack of side effects allows more efficient use of caching and

REST Basics

• REST is an architectural style that relies heavily

on HTTP, and conceptualizes the idea of webon HTTP, and conceptualizes the idea of web

accessible resources.

• A resource, in REST terms, could be any entity

that can be addressed using a HTTP URI

REST Basics

REST is an architectural style that relies heavily

on HTTP, and conceptualizes the idea of web-on HTTP, and conceptualizes the idea of web-

A resource, in REST terms, could be any entity

that can be addressed using a HTTP URI

Addressing a REST resourceAddressing a REST resource

Proxy caching the temperature valueProxy caching the temperature value

Sensor updating its samples using HTTP PUTSensor updating its samples using HTTP PUT

ETSI TC M2M Resource

Communication and Procedures

• In ETSI TC M2M, it is assumed that all threenormative reference points defined in thenormative reference points defined in theM2M architecture, namely mIa, mId, and dIa,will use REST, although there may be someexceptions.

• For instance, on the mId reference point,device management is performed usingdevice management is performed usingexisting protocols such as BBF TR069 and OMADM that are RPC-based.

ETSI TC M2M Resource-Based M2M

Communication and Procedures

In ETSI TC M2M, it is assumed that all threenormative reference points defined in thenormative reference points defined in theM2M architecture, namely mIa, mId, and dIa,will use REST, although there may be some

For instance, on the mId reference point,device management is performed usingdevice management is performed usingexisting protocols such as BBF TR069 and OMA

based.

Primitives

• ETSI TC M2M did not assume that the HTTPprotocol would be the protocol to be used forprotocol would be the protocol to be used forimplementation, although HTTP is the naturalchoice until CoAP (more adapted for constraineddevices) becomes widely deployed.

• To avoid the use of specific HTTP primitives, thissection will mostly use the four primitives:

- Create: create a resource.

Retrieve: read the content of the resource.- Retrieve: read the content of the resource.

- Update: write the content of the resource.

- Delete: delete the resource.

Primitives

ETSI TC M2M did not assume that the HTTPprotocol would be the protocol to be used forprotocol would be the protocol to be used forimplementation, although HTTP is the naturalchoice until CoAP (more adapted for constraineddevices) becomes widely deployed.

To avoid the use of specific HTTP primitives, thissection will mostly use the four primitives:

Create: create a resource.

Retrieve: read the content of the resource.Retrieve: read the content of the resource.

Update: write the content of the resource.

Delete: delete the resource.

CRUD Methods

• Those methods are referred to as the CRUDmethods below.methods below.

• In addition to these basic methods, it is often alsouseful to define methods for subscribing to achange of a resource (S) and a notification abouta change of a resource (N) included in a moregeneral RESTful architecture.

• It is assumed in what follows that CRUD and SN• It is assumed in what follows that CRUD and SNare applicable to the resources used in the SCL(service capability layer).

CRUD Methods

Those methods are referred to as the CRUD

In addition to these basic methods, it is often alsouseful to define methods for subscribing to achange of a resource (S) and a notification abouta change of a resource (N) included in a moregeneral RESTful architecture.

It is assumed in what follows that CRUD and SNIt is assumed in what follows that CRUD and SNare applicable to the resources used in the SCL


• The BACnet™ Protocol• The BACnet™ Protocol

• The LonWorks® Control Networking

Platform

• ModBus

• KNX

• ZigBee

• Z-Wave


• M-Bus and Wireless M-Bus

• The ANSI C12 Suite

• DLMS/COSEM


The Next Generation : IP-Based Protocols

• 6LoWPAN and RPL


• 6LoWPAN and RPL

• ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0• The ETSI M2M Architecture

Key Applications of theInternet of ThingsInternet of Things• The Smart Grid• Electric Vehicle Charging

Internet of ThingsShort Course

Key Applications

Internet of ThingsShort Course

Key Applications

ApplicationsApplications

Key Applications

• The Smart Grid

• Electric Vehicle Charging

The Internet of Things: Key Applications and Protoc olsThe Internet of Things: Key Applications and Protoc olsBy Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi

John Wiley and Sons Ltd, January 2012

Key Applications

Electric Vehicle Charging

The Internet of Things: Key Applications and Protoc olsThe Internet of Things: Key Applications and Protoc olsBy Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi

John Wiley and Sons Ltd, January 2012

Smart Grid

Electrical grid that uses information and

communications technology to gather and actcommunications technology to gather and act

on information in an automated fashion to

improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,

and sustainability of the production and

distribution of electricity.

Smart Grid

Electrical grid that uses information and

communications technology to gather and actcommunications technology to gather and act

on information in an automated fashion to

improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,

and sustainability of the production and

distribution of electricity.

Historical Smart Grid Developments:

• EU initiated the smart grid project in 2003

• Electric Power Research Institute, USA, around

2003

• US DOE had a Grid 2030 project, around 2003

• NIST (National Institute of Standards and

Technology) is responsible as of 2007Technology) is responsible as of 2007

• Obama’s “National Broadband Plan” [March2010]

Historical Smart Grid Developments:

EU initiated the smart grid project in 2003

Electric Power Research Institute, USA, around

US DOE had a Grid 2030 project, around 2003

NIST (National Institute of Standards and

Technology) is responsible as of 2007Technology) is responsible as of 2007

Obama’s “National Broadband Plan” [March

Reduce Waste + DependencyReduce Waste + Dependency

... with Smart Grids... with Smart Grids

Jawa Bali GridJawa Bali Grid

Mission of ICT in Smart Grids

• enable energy efficiency

• keep bills at both ends low• keep bills at both ends low

• minimize greenhouse gas emissions

• automatically detect problems and route poweraround localized outages

• accommodate all types and volumes of energy,including alternativeincluding alternative

• make the energy system more resilient to alltypes of failures

Mission of ICT in Smart Grids

keep bills at both ends lowkeep bills at both ends low

minimize greenhouse gas emissions

automatically detect problems and route power

accommodate all types and volumes of energy,

make the energy system more resilient to all

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Smart Grid Comms Standards

Most relevant standard:• IEEE P2030 Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and

Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS),• IEEE P2030 Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and

Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS),End-Use Applications, and Loads

Power System Control and Monitoring:• IEEE C37.238™-2011 - IEEE Standard Profile for Use of IEEE 1588 Precision

Time Protocol in Power System Applications

• IEEE C37.239™-2010 - IEEE Standard for Common Format for Event DataExchange (COMFEDE) for Power Systems

• IEEE 1031™-2011 - IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification ofTransmission Static Var CompensatorsTransmission Static Var Compensators

• IEEE 1250™-2011 - IEEE Guide for Identifying and Improving VoltageQuality in Power Systems

• IEEE 1808™-2011 - IEEE Guide for Collecting and Managing TransmissionLine Inspection and Maintenance Data

Smart Grid Comms Standards

IEEE P2030 Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology andInformation Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS),

IEEE P2030 Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology andInformation Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS),

Power System Control and Monitoring:IEEE Standard Profile for Use of IEEE 1588 Precision

Time Protocol in Power System Applications

IEEE Standard for Common Format for Event DataExchange (COMFEDE) for Power Systems

IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification ofTransmission Static Var CompensatorsTransmission Static Var Compensators

IEEE Guide for Identifying and Improving Voltage

IEEE Guide for Collecting and Managing TransmissionLine Inspection and Maintenance Data

IEEE P2030 Smart Grid InteroperabilityIEEE P2030 Smart Grid Interoperability

ETSI M2M Smart Grid ConceptETSI M2M Smart Grid Concept

Features of the Smart Grid

1. Reliability : fault detectionhealing of the network without thehealing of the network without the

intervention of technicians

2. Flexibility in network topology : energy flows, allowing for distributedenergy flows, allowing for distributed

generation


fault detection and allow self-of the network without theof the network without the

intervention of technicians

2. Flexibility in network topology : bidirection

energy flows, allowing for distributedenergy flows, allowing for distributed


3. Efficiency :• including demand -side managementexample turning off air conditioners during

short-term spikes in electricity price.

• The overall effect is less redundancy in

transmission and distribution lines, andtransmission and distribution lines, and

greater utilisation of generators, leading to

lower power prices


side management , for

example turning off air conditioners during

term spikes in electricity price.

The overall effect is less redundancy in

transmission and distribution lines, andtransmission and distribution lines, and

greater utilisation of generators, leading to


4. Load adjustmentUsing mathematical prediction algorithms it is• Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is

possible to predict how many standby generators

need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate.

• In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be

reduced at the cost of more standby generators.

• In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a• In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a

small portion of the clients may eliminate the

problem.


Using mathematical prediction algorithms it isUsing mathematical prediction algorithms it is

possible to predict how many standby generators

need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate.

In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be

reduced at the cost of more standby generators.

In a smart grid, the load reduction by even aIn a smart grid, the load reduction by even a

small portion of the clients may eliminate the


5. Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricin g• To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage• To reduce demand during the high cost peak usageperiods, communications and metering technologiesinform smart devices in the home and business whenenergy demand is high and track how much electricityis used and when it is used.

• It also gives utility companies the ability to reduceconsumption by communicating to devices directly inconsumption by communicating to devices directly inorder to prevent system overloads.


5. Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricin gTo reduce demand during the high cost peak usageTo reduce demand during the high cost peak usage

periods, communications and metering technologiesinform smart devices in the home and business whenenergy demand is high and track how much electricity

It also gives utility companies the ability to reduceconsumption by communicating to devices directly inconsumption by communicating to devices directly inorder to prevent system overloads.


6. Demand response support : generators and loads to interact in angenerators and loads to interact in anautomated fashion in real time, coordinatingdemand to flatten spikes.

7. Platform for advanced services : monitoring and alarms that can shut offmonitoring and alarms that can shut offpower, make phone calls to emergencyservices, etc.


6. Demand response support : allowsgenerators and loads to interact in angenerators and loads to interact in anautomated fashion in real time, coordinatingdemand to flatten spikes.

7. Platform for advanced services : such as firemonitoring and alarms that can shut offmonitoring and alarms that can shut offpower, make phone calls to emergency


WHY ???


WHY ???

Top selling highway-capable electric cars and light

utility vehicles produced since 2008 through April 2013

ModelMarket

launch

Nissan Leaf Dec 2010

Mitsubishi i MiEV Jul 2009Mitsubishi i MiEV Jul 2009

Tesla Model S Jun 2012

Renault Kangoo Z.E. Oct 2011

Chery QQ3 EV Mar 2010

JAC J3 EV 2010

Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV Dec 2011

Renault Fluence Z.E. 2011Renault Fluence Z.E. 2011

Renault Zoe Dec 2012

Tesla Roadster Mar 2008

Smart electric drive 2009

Bolloré Bluecar Dec 2011

BYD e6 May 2010

capable electric cars and light

utility vehicles produced since 2008 through April 2013Global Sales

sales through

> 62,000 Apr 2013

~ 25,500 Mar 2013~ 25,500 Mar 2013

~ 9,650 Apr 2013

8,760 Apr 2013

5,758 Jan 2013

4,068 Dec 2012

3,953 Mar 2013

3,487 Apr 20133,487 Apr 2013

2,530 Apr 2013

~ 2,500 Dec 2012

> 2,200 Dec 2012

2,151 Apr 2013

2,124 Dec 2012

By Country

• Japan : 28,000, (July 2009

• United States : 27,000 (2008

By Country

Japan : 28,000, (July 2009 -Dec2012)

Nissan Leaf

operating as a

taxi in Japan

United States : 27,000 (2008 -Dec 2012)

The Tesla Model S in the second

best selling all-electric car in the

U.S.

By Country

• China : 27,800

QQ3 EV city car, with 5,305 units sold, followed

by the JAC J3 EV

• France : 14,600 (Jan 2010

Toyota Prius PHV with 413 registrations and

the Opel Ampera with 190the Opel Ampera with 190

By Country

, with 5,305 units sold, followed

14,600 (Jan 2010 - Dec 2013)

with 413 registrations and

the Opel Ampera with 190the Opel Ampera with 190

By Country

• Noway : 10,005

Norway has the largest electric car ownership per

capita in the world. Shown a

a REVAi and aTh!nk City at a free parking and

charging station in Oslo.

By Country

Norway has the largest electric car ownership per

capita in the world. Shown a Tesla Roadster,

at a free parking and

By Country

• Germany : 7,497 (Jan 2010

• Netherlands : 6,275

By Country

7,497 (Jan 2010 - Dec 2012)

The Opel Ampera extended-

range electric car was the top

selling electric-drive car in

Germany in 2012.

Two Car2Go Smart electric

drives charging at the

Herengrachtin Amsterdam.

Needs :

Charging station

Needs :

Charging station

Electric Vehicle Charging Station• Dec 2012 : 50,000 non-residential slow charging points and

2,000 fast charges in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China.2,000 fast charges in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China.

• United States = 5,678 public charging stations across thecountry with 16,256 public charging points (March 2013)

• Europe: 15,000 charging stations (Nov 2012)

• Norway = 4,029 charging points and 127 quick chargingstations (March 2013)

• Japan = 1,381 public quick-charge stations and only around300 slow chargers (Dec 2012)

• Japan = 1,381 public quick-charge stations and only around300 slow chargers (Dec 2012)

• China = 800 public slow charging points, and no fastcharging station (Dec 2012)

Electric Vehicle Charging Stationresidential slow charging points and

2,000 fast charges in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China.2,000 fast charges in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China.

United States = 5,678 public charging stations across thecountry with 16,256 public charging points (March 2013)

Europe: 15,000 charging stations (Nov 2012)

Norway = 4,029 charging points and 127 quick charging

charge stations and only around300 slow chargers (Dec 2012)

charge stations and only around300 slow chargers (Dec 2012)

China = 800 public slow charging points, and no fast

Charging

Charging time Power supply

6-8 hours Single phase - 3,3 kW

2-3 hours Three phase - 10 kW

3-4 hours Single phase - 7 kW

1-2 hours Three phase - 24 kW

20-30 minutes Three phase - 43 kW

20-30 minutes Direct current - 50 kW

Charging

Power supply VoltageMax

current

3,3 kW 230 VAC 16 A

10 kW 400 VAC 16 A

7 kW 230 VAC 32 A

24 kW 400 VAC 32 A

43 kW 400 VAC 63 A

50 kW 400 - 500 VDC 100-125 A

International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC)

• Mode 1 - slow charging from a regular electricalsocket (1- or 3-phase)socket (1- or 3-phase)

• Mode 2 - slow charging from a regular socket butwhich equipped with some EV specific protectionarrangement (e.g., the Park & ChargePARVE systems)

• Mode 3 - slow or fast charging using a specific EVmulti-pin socket with control and protectionfunctions (e.g., SAE J1772multi-pin socket with control and protectionfunctions (e.g., SAE J1772

• Mode 4 - fast charging using some special chargertechnology such as CHAdeMO

International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC) modesslow charging from a regular electrical

slow charging from a regular socket butwhich equipped with some EV specific protection

Park & Charge or the

slow or fast charging using a specific EVpin socket with control and protection

and IEC 62196)pin socket with control and protection

and IEC 62196)

using some special chargerCHAdeMO.

Mode 1

• Household socket and extension cord

• No dedicated circuit

• 10 A will take nearly 10 hours to fully charge• 10 A will take nearly 10 hours to fully charge

• Overcurrent Protective CB

• Temperature Cable

Mode 1

Household socket and extension cord

10 A will take nearly 10 hours to fully charge10 A will take nearly 10 hours to fully charge

Overcurrent Protective CB

Mode 2

• Domestic socket and cable with a protection

devicedevice

• A protection device is built into the cable.• A protection device is built into the cable.

• This solution is particularly expensive due to

the specificity of the cable.

Mode 2

Domestic socket and cable with a protection

A protection device is built into the cable.A protection device is built into the cable.

This solution is particularly expensive due to

the specificity of the cable.

Mode 3

• Specific socket on a dedicated circuit

• A control and protection function is also

installed permanently in the installationinstalled permanently in the installation

• meets the applicable standards

Mode 3

Specific socket on a dedicated circuit

A control and protection function is also

installed permanently in the installationinstalled permanently in the installation

meets the applicable standards

Mode 4

• Direct current (DC) connection for fast recharging

• connected to the main power grid through anexternal charger.

• Control and protection functions and the vehicle• Control and protection functions and the vehiclecharging cable are installed permanently in theinstallation.

Mode 4

Direct current (DC) connection for fast recharging

connected to the main power grid through an

Control and protection functions and the vehicleControl and protection functions and the vehiclecharging cable are installed permanently in the

CONNECTION

• Case A is any charger connected to the mains (themains supply cable is usually attached to themains supply cable is usually attached to thecharger) usually associated with modes 1 or 2

• Case B is an on-board vehicle charger with amains supply cable which can be detached fromboth the supply and the vehicle

• Case C is a dedicated charging station with DCsupply to the vehicle. The mains supply cable maysupply to the vehicle. The mains supply cable maybe permanently attached to the chargesuch as in mode 4.

CONNECTION CASES

is any charger connected to the mains (themains supply cable is usually attached to themains supply cable is usually attached to thecharger) usually associated with modes 1 or 2

board vehicle charger with amains supply cable which can be detached fromboth the supply and the vehicle - usually mode 3

is a dedicated charging station with DCsupply to the vehicle. The mains supply cable maysupply to the vehicle. The mains supply cable maybe permanently attached to the charge-station

PLUG TYPES

• Type 1 - single phase vehicle coupler the SAE J1772/2009 automotive plugthe SAE J1772/2009 automotive plug

specifications

• Type 2 - single and three phase vehicle coupler reflecting the VDE-AR-E 2623specifications

• Type 3 - single and three phase vehicle couplerequipped with safety shutters Plug Alliance proposalequipped with safety shutters Plug Alliance proposal

• Type 4 - fast charge coupler such as CHAdeMO

PLUG TYPES

single phase vehicle coupler - reflecting/2009 automotive plug/2009 automotive plug

single and three phase vehicle coupler -E 2623-2-2 plug

single and three phase vehicle couplerequipped with safety shutters - reflecting the EVequipped with safety shutters - reflecting the EV

fast charge coupler - for special systems

SMART GRID COMMUNICATION

• Recharging a large battery pack presents ahigh load on the electrical gridhigh load on the electrical grid

• can be scheduled for periods of reduced loador reduced electricity costs

• Vehicle battery can supply energy to the gridat periods of peak demand

• requires additional communication between• requires additional communication betweenthe grid, charging station, and vehicleelectronics


Recharging a large battery pack presents ahigh load on the electrical gridhigh load on the electrical grid

can be scheduled for periods of reduced loador reduced electricity costs

Vehicle battery can supply energy to the gridat periods of peak demand

requires additional communication betweenrequires additional communication betweenthe grid, charging station, and vehicle


• SAE J2847/1 "Communication between Plug

in Vehicles and the Utility Grid". (by Society ofin Vehicles and the Utility Grid". (by Society of

Automobile Engineers )

• ISO and IEC are also developing a similar series

of standards known as ISO/IEC 15118


SAE J2847/1 "Communication between Plug-

in Vehicles and the Utility Grid". (by Society ofin Vehicles and the Utility Grid". (by Society of

ISO and IEC are also developing a similar series

of standards known as ISO/IEC 15118

J2847: The New “Recommended Practice”

for High-Level Communication

ZigBee Smart Energy

J2847: The New “Recommended Practice”

Level Communication

ZigBee Smart Energy

Smart ChargerSmart Charger

Electric Vehicle Charging Station LocationsElectric Vehicle Charging Station Locations


Habit

• Route

• Drive

• Time

Vahicle info

• Type

• SoD/C• SoD/C

• Location

• Driver : ID, CC

Electric Vehicle Charging - IoT

ChargingScheduledScheduled

Time

LocationLocation

PowerDemand


Charging ScheduledCharging Scheduled

Time

Location

Power Demand

Electric Vehicle Charging - IoT

Charging ScheduledCharging Scheduled

Power Demand

M2M CommunicationM2M Communication

Thank youThank you

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