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The Ming Gap and Shipwreck Ceramics in Southeast Asia. Towards a Chronology of Thai Trade Ware. By Roxanna

Maude Brown. Bangkok: The Siam Society under Royal Patronage, 2009 * Index compiled by Karl E. Weber 1

KEW / 18 June 2009

INDEX structure

page

SHIPWRECKS / SHIPWRECK SITES 001

SHIPWRECK CERAMICS 002

o BURMESE

o CHAMPA

o CHINESE

o SAN KAMPHAENG

o SAWANKHALOKE

o SING BURI

o SUKHOTHAI

o SUPHAN BURI

o VIETNAMESE

o UNIDENTIFIED

LAND-SITE CERAMIC FINDS 003

DESIGN & PRODUCTION 004

ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND ART HISTORY 005

AUTHORS / EXPLORERS / RESEARCHERS / SCHOLARS … 006

CERAMICS SOCIETIES / COLLECTIONS / INSTITUTES /

MUSEUMS / PROJECTS … 007

CARGO OF SHIPWRECKS / FOUND AT SHIPWRECK SITES 008

GEOGRAPHY 009

VARIA 010

^ Page numbers in combination with an upward pointing arrow and a supplementary numeral

refer to an illustration alongside the body of text.

[ Example : 22^2, page 22 with illustration no. 2 – for its full depiction and description see

Plate 33.A.1a,b on page 116. ]

* Page numbers in combination with an asterisk and a supplementary code refer to a picture in

the section titled PLATES.

[ Example : 83*A.1, page 83 with Plate 1. Rang Kwien ceramics, A. Thai Sawankhalok,

1 Jar, baluster shape, with eroded olive brown glaze. ]



KEW / 18 June 2009

SHIPWRECKS / SHIPWRECK SITES

Australia Tide 41, 60, 65, 73

Bakau 41

Bang Kachai II 66

Batu Hitam 33

Belanakan 44, 45, 46, 48, 56, 60, 72, 73, 74

Brunei 18, 19, 21, 41, 46, 47, 62, 71

Bukit Jakas 45, 48

„coin‟ wreck‟ 30, 38

Desaru 124*41.A.2

Diana 34, 35

Don Hai 66

Española 36, 60, 66

Geldermalsen 34

Gujangan 19

Hatcher Ming 34

Hoi An 21, 34, 45, 60, 71, 74

Intan 34

Klang Aow 73

Ko Khram 27, 33, 35, 43, 45, 46, 48, 60, 62, 71, 72

Ko Kradat 27, 66

Ko Samae San 36

Ko Samui 65

Ko Si Chang I 66, 73

Ko Si Chang II 30, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52, 71

Ko Si Chang III 44, 45, 46, 48, 57, 60, 71, 72

Lena Shoal 18, 19, 21, 41, 45, 51, 62, 70, 74

Little-known ship with Thai ceramics excavated in Hong Kong 27

Longquan 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 54, 56, 71, 72, 73

Maranei 39, 40, 41, 42, 52, 57, 70, 71

Nanyang 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 54, 56, 57, 71, 72

Nassau 35

Pandanan 18, 26, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 57, 60, 62, 70, 71, 72, 74

Phu Quoc II / Dam Island 44, 46, 48

Prasae Rayong 43, 46, 48

Quanzhou 29

Rang Kwien 21, 27, 30, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 51, 52, 53, 70, 71, 74,

Risdam 35, 66

Royal Nanhai 18, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 60, 71, 72

San Diego 74

San Isidro 66



KEW / 18 June 2009

Santa Cruz 18, 19, 48, 62, 70

Sattahip 33

Sinan 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 47

Singtai 57, 65, 66, 73

Pontian River 33, 35

Song Doc 21, 27, 38, 39, 40, 51, 52, 70, 71, 74

Tek Sing 34, 35

Turiang 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52, 56, 57, 70, 71

Vung Tau 34

Wreck Site „S‟ 39

Xuande 17, 35, 36, 51, 57, 65, 73

SHIPWRECK CERAMICS

BURMESE CERAMICS 20, 21, 45^9, 62, 65, 69, 72-74, 131*48.F.7a,b; 147*62.B.3;

147*62.B.4

Objects

jar 147*62.B.4

plates 45^9, 65, 72, 131*48.F.7a,b; 147*62.B.3

storage jars 74

Shape

bulbous main body 147*62.B.4

cup-like mouth 147*62.B.4

Materials / Techniques

celadon 21, 45^9, 62, 72, 73

lead-glazed monochrome 65

Finish

glaze 147*62.B.3

Colours / Colour scheme

bluish white 147*62.B.3

white 65

Decorations

pairs of incised striations on the cavetto 45^9, 131*48.F.7a,b

patch of bluish white glaze on the centre medallion 147*62.B.3

vertical bands of design round the walls 147*62.B.4



KEW / 18 June 2009

CHAMPA CERAMICS 20, 33, 43-47, 60, 65, 69, 71, 72, 131*48.E.6a,b

Objects

beaker cups 45, 47, 60

cups 44

saucer bowls 43, 60, 131*48.E.6a,b

Finish

glaze 43, 44, 45, 60, 131*48.E.6a,b


brown 44, 45

green 43, 60,

runny greyish green 131*48.E.6a,b

CHINESE CERAMICS (UNSPECIFIED) 17, 27, 44, 45

Objects

Bowls 27

Cups 44, 45,

Reign marks

Jiajing (1522-67) 27

Xuande 17

CHINESE BLUE AND WHITE CERAMICS (WITHOUT SPECIFICATION) 17-19, 21, 23-26,

33, 41, 43-46, 46^10, 46^11, 47, 47^12, 48, 48^13, 48^14, 49, 49^15, 57, 62,

66, 69, 70-72, 94*12.G.32; 94*12.G.33a,b; 94*12.G.34a,b; 127*44.D.12a,b;

127*44.D.12c,d; 128*45.D.13a,b,c; 128*45.D.14a,b,c,d; 129*46.D.15a,b;

129*46.D.16a,b; 133*50.G.11; 133*50.G.12; 133*50.G.13a,b; 133*50.G.14;

134*51.H.15; 134*51.H.16a,b; 134*51.H.17a,b; 134*51.H.18;

135*52.H.19a,b,c,d; 135*52.H.20a,b; 136*53.H.21a,b,c; 136*53.H.22a,b;

136*53.H.23a,b.c; 137*54.H.24a,b; 137*54.H.25a,b,c,d; 137*54.H.25a,b,c,d;

138*55.H.26a,b,c; 138*55.H.27a,b; 138*55.H.28; 138*55.I.29.a.b;

144*60.D.10; 145*61.C.4; 145*61.C.5; 145*61.C.6; 148*63.C.5;

148*63.C.6(a); 148*63.C.6(b); 148*63.C.7(a); 148*63.C.7(b); 150*65.B.4;

150*65.B.5; 152*67.C.6; 158*72.C.9a,b; 158*72.C.10



KEW / 18 June 2009

Objects

bowls 43, 48^13, 48^14, 49, 127*44.D.12a,b; 128*45.D.13a,b,c;

128*45.D.14a,b,c,d; 129*46.D.15a,b; 129*46.D.16a,b; 133*50.G.13a,b;

134*51.H.17a,b; 134*51.H.18; 135*52.H.19a,b,c,d; 135*52.H.20a,b;

136*53.H.21a,b,c; 136*53.H.22a,b; 136*53.H.23a,b.c; 137*54.H.24a,b;

137*54.H.25a,b,c,d; 137*54.H.25a,b,c,d; 138*55.H.26a,b,c;

138*55.I.29.a.b; 145*61.C.4; 145*61.C.5; 145*61.C.6; 148*63.C.5;

148*63.C.6(a); 148*63.C.6(b); 150*65.B.4

cups 44, 144*60.D.10

dishes 33, 44, 47^12, 48, 49^15, 66, 94*12.G.34a,b; 127*44.D.12c,d;

134*51.H.15; 138*55.H.27a,b; 138*55.H.28; 148*63.C.7(a);

148*63.C.7(b); 150*65.B.5; 158*72.C.9a,b; 158*72.C.10

ewers 26, 133*50.G.11; 133*50.G.12

jars 133*50.G.14; 152*67.C.6

jarlets 46^10, 94*12.G.32

plate 134*51.H.16a,b

stem cup 46^11, 94*12.G.33a,b

Shapes

cup-shaped 138*55.H.26a,b,c

everted rim 48^13, 134*51.H.17a,b

mouth rim caved with a bracket edge 148*63.C.7(b)

recessed „hole-bottom‟ 158*72.C.9a,b

slightly recessed base 47^12, 94*12.G.34a,b

V-shape footring 134*51.H.16a,b

wide mouth 133*50.G.14


lightweight buff clay body 46^7, 94*12.G.32

monochrome celadon on the exterior 48

orangy clay body 152*67.C.6

thinly potted 138*55.H.28

Kilns

Changsha 33,

Jingdezhen 26, 33

minyao („people‟s kilns‟) 18, 19

Finish

celadon glaze on the exterior 138*55.I.29.a.b

thick glaze 47^12, 94*12.G.34a,b

underglaze 94*12.G.33a,b; 94*12.G.34a,b; 138*55.I.29.a.b; 144*60.D.10

unglazed base 134*51.H.16a,b; 152*67.C.6

unglazed mouth rim 138*55.H.28; 148*63.C.7(a)



KEW / 18 June 2009


blackish underglaze blue 144*60.D.10

brown mouth rim 148*63.C.7(a)

dark blue underglaze 46^11, 94*12.G.33a,b

grayish underglaze blue 47^12, 94*12.G.34a,b

Decorations

beaded designs on interior walls 49^16, 148*63.C.5

blossoms (five of three different types) in scroll on exterior

137*54.H.25a,b,c,d

blossoms (three) in scroll on exterior 136*53.H.21a,b,c

blossoms (two different types) in a scroll on exterior 136*53.H.22a,b

Buddhist emblems 49^15

Buddhist symbols in a lotus scroll on the exterior 129*46.D.16a,b

Chinese character fu („good fortune‟) at the centre 48^13, 134*51.H.17a,b;

135*52.H.19a,b,c,d; 135*52.H.20a,b; 136*53.H.21a,b,c;

136*53.H.22a,b; 136*53.H.23a,b.c

chrysanthemum scroll 133*50.G.13a,b

classic scroll 133*50.G.13a,b

cloud collar points on cavetto 150*65.B.4

cloud collar points on interior walls 49, 148*63.C.6(a)

clouds on exterior 128*45.D.13a,b,c

cursory Chinese characters for fu at centre 144*60.D.10

cursory prunus and half-moon design at centre 127*44.D.12a,b

diaper border at mouth rim 129*46.D.15a,b

dots on exterior 136*53.H.23a,b.c

double vajra (thunderbolt) at centre 49, 148*63.C.5; 148*63.C.6(a);

148*63.C.6(b); 150*65.B.4

fish in a lotus pond at centre 134*51.H.16a,b

floral design 46^10, 47^12, 94*12.G.32; 94*12.G.33a,b; 94*12.G.34a,b

fungus spray at centre 129*46.D.15a,b

half moon in underglaze blue at centre 138*55.I.29.a.b

inky lotus scroll on exterior 128*45.D.14a,b,c,d; 134*51.H.16a,b

keyfret at mouth rim 127*44.D.12a,b; 128*45.D.13a,b,c; 128*45.D.14a,b,c,d;

138*55.H.26a,b,c

leaf spray at centre 137*54.H.24a,b

lion dancing with ribbons 158*72.C.10

lotus panels on exterior 133*50.G.13a,b

lotus pond scene on exterior 129*46.D.15a,b

owl-like motifs 48^14, 134*51.H.18

ox gazing at the moon 138*55.H.28; 148*63.C.7(a); 148*63.C.7(b)

peonies and ornamental rock design 150*65.B.5

phoenix and qilin among lotus at centre 133*50.G.13a,b



KEW / 18 June 2009

prunus spray 138*55.I.29.a.b

prunus spray on centre medallion 48, 128*45.D.13a,b,c; 128*45.D.14a,b,c,d

qilin 47, 48, 49^15, 134*51.H.15

qilin at centre 127*44.D.12c,d

qilin flying amongst Buddhist emblems 138*55.H.27a,b

Sanskrit characters at mouth rim 49, 148*63.C.6(b); 150*65.B.4

Sanskrit characters in flame enclosures 48^14, 134*51.H.18

scene of an immortal in clouds on exterior 127*44.D.12a,b

scenes of the “three friends” (pine, prunus and bamboo) on exterior

138*55.H.26a,b,c

scroll with mantra motifs 48

scroll with four blossoms (three different types) on exterior

135*52.H.19a,b,c,d

sketchy lotus sprays on the interior walls 129*46.D.16a,b

spiky lotus scroll on the exterior 127*44.D.12c,d; 135*52.H.20a,b

stylized banked clouds 48

stylized clouds on the exterior 137*54.H.24a,b

stylized landscape with clouds on the exterior 136*53.H.23a,b.c

stylized mandala scroll on the exterior 48^13, 134*51.H.17a,b

”three friends” (pine, bamboo and prunus) round the exterior 144*60.D.10

twirling rosette at interior centre 48, 137*54.H.25a,b,c,d; 138*55.H.26a,b,c

Reign mark

Jiajing (1522-67) 66

CHINESE BROWN GLAZED CERAMICS (WITHOUT FURTHER SPECIFICATION) 18, 19,

26, 40, 42-45, 54, 55^28, 62, 93*11.F.30; 93*11.F.31; 98*16.E.11;

105*22.H.17; 105*22.H.18; 105*22.H.19; 105*22.H.20; 115*32.D.10;

119*36.D.13; 123*40.C.12; 123*40.C.13; 132*49.H.10

Objects

bottles 18

bowls 105*22.H.19

covered boxes 18, 44, 105*22.H.18; 132*49.H.10

dishes 44

jarlets 54, 55^28, 98*16.E.11; 105*22.H.17; 119*36.D.13

jars 42, 93*11.F.30; 93*11.F.31; 105*22.H.20; 115*32.D.10; 123*40.C.12;

123*40.C.13

small bowls 18

small jars 18, 19

Shapes

beaker shape 105*22.H.19



KEW / 18 June 2009

bulbous body 105*22.H.20; 115*32.D.10

flat foot 55^28, 98*16.E.11; 115*32.D.10

handles (four) 123*40.C.12

lug handles at shoulder 105*22.H.20

narrow neck 105*22.H.20; 123*40.C.12

ring handles 54, 55^28, 98*16.E.11

ring handles (two) at neck 119*36.D.13

short 119*36.D.13

short cup-like mouth 123*40.C.13

short wide cup-shaped mouth 115*32.D.10

vertical ring handles 115*32.D.10

wide 119*36.D.13


grayish buff stoneware 18

Kilns

Jingdezhen 26

Finish

brown glaze 98*16.E.11; 115*32.D.10; 123*40.C.13

brown slip 93*11.F.31

brown slip on the upper portion and white slip below 93*11.F.30

some air blisters under the glaze 123*40.C.12


blackish brown 18

brown 123*40.C.12

brown slip on upper portion 19, 55^27

brown spotted 26

thick light brown 18

thin brown slip 19

white slip on lower walls 19, 55^27

Decorations

unglazed medallion the cover 44

CHINESE CELADON WARE (WITHOUT FURTHER SPECIFICATION) 19, 39, 40, 40^7,

42-45, 48, 54, 55^30, 62, 64^48, 64^49, 69, 73, 92*10.E.27; 92*10.E.28;

92*10.E.29; 98*16.D.9a,b; 98*16.D.10a,b; 104*21.G.14; 104*21.G.15;

104*21.G.16a,b; 115*32.C.9; 119*36.C.12a,b; 126*43.C.11a,b; 132*49.G.8;

132*49.G.9; 138*55.I.29a,b; 145*61.B.3; 159*73.2



KEW / 18 June 2009

Objects

bowls 48, 92*10.E.27; 119*36.C.12a,b; 138*55.I.29a,b

covered jars 40^7, 104*21.G.14

dishes 92*10.E.28; 92*10.E.29; 126*43.C.11a,b; 132*49.G.8; 132*49.G.9;

145*61.B.3; 159*73.2

ewers 42, 115*32.C.9

jarlet 92*10.E.25; 92*10.E.26

plates 43, 44, 55^30, 62, 64^48, 64^49, 98*16.D.9a,b; 98*16.D.10a,b;

104*21.G.15; 104*21.G.16a,b; 159*73.2

Shapes

carved bracket edge mouth rim 64^48, 64^49, 104*21.G.15; 132*49.G.9;

145*61.B.3

curved spout 115*32.C.9

dishes 43, 44, 55^30, 62, 64^48, 64^49

flared shape 62, 64^48, 64^49, 145*61.B.3

guan shape 40^7, 104*21.G.14

strap handle 115*32.C.9

vertical mouth lip 98*16.D.9a,b

wide mouth 40^7, 104*21.G.14


traces of tubular support on base 98*16.D.9a,b; 98*16.D.10a,b

Finish

celadon glaze on exterior 138*55.I.29.a.b;

dull olive green glaze 126*43.C.11a,b;

glaze 64^48, 92*10.E.25; 92*10.E.26; 115*32.C.9; 119*36.C.12a,b;

132*49.G.9;

monochrome celadon on exterior 48, 138*55.I.29a,b;

stacking support scar on the base 92*10.E.27;

thick celadon glaze 40^7, 92*10.E.27; 92*10.E.29; 104*21.G.14;

thick glaze 92*10.E.28;

unglazed base 92*10.E.28;

Colour / Colour scheme

blue & white 48

bluish green 64^48, 92*10.E.28; 132*49.G.9

green celadon 92*10.E.26

greyish green 119*36.C.12a,b

medium green 92*10.E.25; 115*32.C.9

olive green 64^48, 126*43.C.11a,b; 132*49.G.9



KEW / 18 June 2009

Decorations

anhua 44

carved floral design 40^7, 104*21.G.14

carved wide striations on cavetto 104*21.G.15

floral motif at centre medallion 98*16.D.9a,b; 98*16.D.10a,b

flower petals in relief on exterior 92*10.E.28

impressed floral design at centre 104*21.G.16a,b

moulded decoration 92*10.E.26

panels (eight) of impressed flower blossoms on interior walls

119*36.C.12a,b

ring of relief moulded dots at shoulder 92*10.E.25;

thin striations on cavetto 98*16.D.9a,b; 98*16.D.10a,b

CHINESE MONOCHROME CERAMICS 23, 25, 26, 33, 69

monochrome 23, 33, 69

Jingdezhen monochrome white ware 26

Jingdezhen monochrome 25

CHINESE STORAGE JARS 38

CHINESE WHITE GLAZED 119*36.E.14

Object

bowl 119*36.E.14

Material / Technique

greyish white clay body 119*36.E.14

Finish

thin whitish glaze 119*36.E.14

EARLY MING CERAMICS 24,46

Early Ming non-imperial ware 24

Early Ming pre-Hongzhi reign 46

GUNYAO („official kiln‟ for imperial ware) 29, 30



KEW / 18 June 2009

HONGZHI CERAMICS 20, 45, 48, 49^16, 49^17, 57, 62, 65, 73

Objects

bowls 48, 49^16, 49^17


celadon 73


monochrome cobalt blue on the exterior 48

Decorations

beaded designs on interior walls 49^16

cloud collar points on interior walls 48, 49^17

double vajra at centre 49^17

half-rosettes 48

Sanskrit characters at mouth rim 48, 49^17

vajra (thunderbolt) on centre medallion 49^16, 49^17

MING CERAMICS 18, 30, 38

Ming ceramics 18, 38

Ming imperial kilns 18

Ming minyao ware 30

MINYAO 19, 29, 30

minyao 29

minyao, literally „people‟s kiln‟ ware 30

Ming dynasty minyao ware 30

Ming blue and white non-imperial ware 19

SOUTHERN CHINESE TRADE CERAMICS 33

XUANDE CERAMICS 17

YUAN CERAMICS 18, 19, 25, 26^3, 33, 46, 47, 70, 133*50.G.11; 133*50.G.12;

133*50.G.13a,b; 133*50.G.14



KEW / 18 June 2009

Yuan (1279-1368) blue and white 18, 25, 33, 46, 70, 133*50.G.13a,b;

133*50.G.14

Yuan blue and white ewers 26^3, 133*50.G.11; 133*50.G.12

Yuan blue and white non-imperial ware 19

Chinese ceramic dish sawn in half to show the clay body and shape

celadon plate (Nanyang) 55^30, 159*73.2.

Earthenware kendi possibly Chinese 40

European orders of Chinese porcelain 30, 34,

SAN KAMPHAENG ceramics 38, 53, 54^25, 55^25, 86*4.B.8a,b; 96*14.B.4a,b

Object

plate 38, 53, 54^25, 55^25, 86*4.B.8a,b; 96*14.B.4a,b

Shape

dish 38, 54^25, 55^25

foot ring (wide short) 96*14.B.4a,b

foot ring (short) 53

slight scoop-mouth 96*14.B.4a,b

Finish

glaze 54^25, 86*4.B.8a,b; 96*14.B.4a,b

glazed on the interior 53, 96*14.B.4a,b

unglazed on the exterior 53


green 53, 54^25, 55^25, 86*4.B.8a,b

pale green on the interior 96*14.B.4a,b

Decoration

carved wide striations on interior walls 54^25, 55^25, 86*4.B.8a,b



KEW / 18 June 2009

SAWANKHALOK ceramics

SAWANKHALOK BLACK-GLAZED WARE 60, 108*25.C.7

Objects

jar 108*25.C.7

storage jars 60

Shapes

”grenade” shape 108*25.C.7

ring handle 108*25.C.7

SAWANKHALOK BROWN-AND-WHITE-GLAZED WARE 65, 65^52, 73, 151*66.B.3;

152*67.B.4; 152*67.B.5

Objects

covered boxes 73

covered jar 65

jars 151*66.B.3; 152*67.B.4

jarlets 65, 73,

potiche 65, 65^52, 152*67.B.5;

Shapes

bulbous 65

“coconut” 151*66.B.3

ring handles at shoulder 65, 151*66.B.3

Finish

glaze 65, 65^52, 151*66.B.3; 152*67.B.4

white or brown glaze completely eroded 152*67.B.5

monochrome white glaze 65, 73

unglazed body 65


brown 65, 152*67.B.4

brown & opaque white 65

brown & white 65^52

dark brown 151*66.B.3

white or brown completely eroded 152*67.B.5

Decorations

brown spots on an otherwise unglazed body 65

elephant figures 73



KEW / 18 June 2009

horse figures 73

spots of brown glaze 73

SAWANKHALOK BROWN-GLAZED WARE 52, 53, 53^23, 54^24, 66, 99*17.B.3;

108*25.C.6; 109*26.C.8; 153*68.B.4

Objects

bottles 53

covered jars 53

jars 53, 53^23, 54^24, 66, 99*17.B.3; 153*68.B.4

storage jars 53, 108*25.C.6; 109*26.C.8

Shapes

„low-belly‟ jar 53, 54^24, 108*25.C.6

pear-shaped 53

ring handles 53^23, 66, 99*17.B.3; 108*25.C.6; 153*68.B.4

ring handles curled at tip 54^24

small ring-handle 53

upright shapes 53

wide lower portion 53

wide-mouth 53

Finish

glaze 53, 54^24, 66, 99*17.B.3; 109*26.C.8


brown 53, 54^24, 66, 99*17.B.3

brownish 109*26.C.8

Decorations

carved rings at both the upper and lower walls 153*68.B.4

SAWANKHALOK CELADON 22^2, 41-45, 50, 50^18, 54, 56, 56^31, 57, 57^32,

58^33, 58^34, 58^35, 59^36, 59^37, 60, 65, 66, 71-73, 75^55,

116*33.A.1a,b; 116*33.A.3; 117*34.A.4; 117*34.A.4; 117*34.A.5;

117*34.A.6; 117*34.A.7; 120*37.A.1a,b; 120*37.A.2; 120*37.A.3;

121*38.A.4; 121*38.A.5a,b; 122*39.A.7; 122*39.A.8; 124*41.A.1a,b;

124*41.A.2; 124*41.A.3; 125*42.A.4; 125*42.A.5; 125*42.A.6; 125*42.A.7;

130*47.A.1a,b; 139*56.(A.)1; 139*56.(A.)2; 139*56.(A.)3; 139*56.(A.)4;

140*57.A.1a,b; 140*57.A.2a,b; 141*57.A.3; 141*57.A.4; 146*62.A.1;

146*62.A.2(a); 149*64.A.1a,b; 146*62.A.2(b,c,d); 149*64.A.2a,b;

149*64.A.3;



KEW / 18 June 2009

Objects

bottle 50^18, 60, 117*34.A.4; 117*34.A.6

bowls 65, 116*33.A.2a,b; 130*47.A.1a,b; 139*56.(A.)1; 139*56.(A.)2;

146*62.A.2(a); 149*64.A.1a,b; 149*64.A.2a,b

covered jars 60, 124*41.A.3

dish 124*41.A.3

figure of a horse with a mounted rider and a warrior at each leg 141*57.A.4

jars 57, 65, 66, 116*33.A.3; 117*34.A.5; 117*34.A.7; 122*39.A.7;

122*39.A.8; 125*42.A.5; 141*57.A.3; 146*62.A.1; 46*62.A.2(b,c,d);

149*64.A.3

jarlets (called „grenades‟) 57, 75^55, 125*42.A.6; 125*42.A.7;

139*56.(A.)4

plates 22^2, 42, 54, 56, 56^31, 57, 57^32, 58^33, 58^34, 58^35, 59^36,

59^37, 71, 72, 116*33.A.1a,b; 120*37.A.1a,b; 120*37.A.2; 120*37.A.3;

121*38.A.4; 121*38.A.5a,b; 124*41.A.1a,b; 124*41.A.2; 139*56.(A.)3;

140*57.A.1a,b; 140*57.A.2a,b

storage jar 122*39.A.8

Shapes

bracket edge mouth rim 59^37

carved bracket edge mouth rim 56, 58^34, 120*37.A.3; 140*57.A.2a,b

„coconut‟ shape 57, 66, 116*33.A.3; 122*39.A.7; 146*62.A.1; 149*64.A.3

cylindrical body 117*34.A.7

deep 146*62.A.2(a); 149*64.A.1a,b; 149*64.A.2a,b

”grenade” shape 141*57.A.3

low belly 117*34.A.5

lug handles (four) 122*39.A.8

mouth lip carved with a raised edge 56

pear shape 50^18, 60, 117*34.A.4; 117*34.A.6

plain flattened mouth rim 56

puffy balloon-like profile 125*42.A.5

ring handle 65, 66, 117*34.A.5; 117*34.A.7; 122*39.A.7

ring handles (two) 125*42.A.4; 125*42.A.5; 139*56.(A.)4; 141*57.A.3;

146*62.A.1; 146*62.A.2(b,c,d); 149*64.A.3

ring handles (four) 116*33.A.3;

short wide profile 125*42.A.6

spherical or bulbous 57

straight mouth rim 121*38.A.6; 149*64.A.1a,b

upright 60

wide-mouth 60


first technological innovation 54



KEW / 18 June 2009

higher firing temperatures 54

improved clay quality 54

second technological innovation 54, 71

stacking support scar at the base 22^2, 116*33.A.1a,b

Finish

black glaze 122*39.A.8

clay body of plates nearly white 54

body free of gritty impurities 54

exceptionally thick glaze 57

glaze 22^2, 42, 50, 54, 59^37, 65, 71, 116*33.A.2a,b; 117*34.A.4;

125*42.A.6; 130*47.A.1a,b

glaze with whitish underfired patches of colour 146*62.A.1;

146*62.A.2(b,c,d)

lustrous glaze 54

plain exterior walls 56, 59^36, 121*38.A.5a,b

thick glaze 54, 57^32, 124*41.A.1a,b

thin glaze 149*64.A.1a,b; 149*64.A.2a,b

very thick glaze 141*57.A.3


black 54, 122*39.A.8

bluish green 50^18, 59^37, 117*34.A.4; 125*42.A.6; 130*47.A.1a,b

celadon or brown glaze eroded 149*64.A.3

medium green 57^32, 124*41.A.1a,b; 149*64.A.1a,b; 149*64.A.2a,b

pale bluish grey 146*62.A.1

pale greyish blue-green 146*62.A.2(b,c,d)

pale green 22^2, 116*33.A.1a,b

transparent bluish green 116*33.A.2a,b

Decorations

carved striations around / on exterior walls 56, 57^32, 124*41.A.1a,b

139*56.(A.)1; 139*56.(A.)2; 140*57.A.1a,b; 140*57.A.2a,b; 141*57.A.3

carved striations on lower walls 116*33.A.3; 125*42.A.4

carved stylized „onion skin‟ medallions on interior cavetto 56

combed incised crosshatching 146*62.A.2(a)

cross-hatching on the cavetto 149*64.A.1a,b

elaborately incised lotus scroll on the interior 59^36, 121*38.A.5a,b

finely carved peony blossoms 22^2, 50^18, 117*34.A.4;

139*56.(A.)1

floral rosette at centre 121*38.A.6

flower petals around the exterior 56

incised and carved decoration 139*56.(A.)3

incised and combed overlapping petals on shoulder 116*33.A.3



KEW / 18 June 2009

incised floral designs on interior 125*42.A.4; 139*56.(A.)1; 139*56.(A.)2

incised rings (two) at centre 130*47.A.1a,b

incised striations on cavetto 149*64.A.2a,b

incised undulating vine design above a shallow tier at outer shoulder

122*39.A.8;

incised undulating vine design on shoulder 124*41.A.3; 139*56.(A.)1

long wide carved striations 117*34.A.6

lotus blossoms in a scroll 56

lotus blossoms framed in peony medallions 56

natural depictions of floral motifs 56

„onion-skin‟ medallions (two) on interior walls 116*33.A.2a,b

„onion-skin‟ medallions (three) on cavetto 56^31, 116*33.A.1a,b

„onion skin‟ medallions (four) on cavetto 120*37.A.1a,b

overlapping petals on cavetto 56, 58^35, 121*38.A.4

painted decoration 54

peony medallions on cavetto 57^32

peony medallions (three) on cavetto 124*41.A.1a,b

plain mouth rim 140*57.A.1a,b

plain „onion skin‟ medallions 56

spur marks at centre medallion 59^37

striations on exterior 56^31, 120*37.A.1a,b

stylized fish carved on cavetto 59^37

undulating vine at upper cavetto 56, 58^33, 58^34, 120*37.A.2; 120*37.A.3

vine scroll on upper cavetto 140*57.A.1a,b

zig-zag at upper cavetto 140*57.A.2a,b

SAWANKHALOK CERAMICS (UNSPECIFIED) 23, 25, 27, 37-40, 43, 44, 52, 60^38,

60^39, 61^40, 61^41, 62, 64^50, 64^51, 66, 72, 73, 83*1.A.1; 83*1.A.2a,b;

84*1.A.3; 84*1.A.4; 85*1.A.5; 85*1.A.6; 95*13.A.1a,b; 95*13.A.2;

95*13.A.3a,b; 113*30.A.1a,b; 113*30.A.2; 113*30.A.3a,b;

114*31.A.4a,b; 114*31.A.5; 114*31.A.6; 114*31.A.7

Objects

bottle 61^40

bowls 62, 64^50, 114*31.A.4a,b

box 73

covered box 66

dish 95*13.A.3a,b

jars 52, 60^38, 60^39, 62, 64^50, 73, 83*1.A.1; 83*1.A.2a,b; 84*1.A.3;

84*1.A.4; 85*1.A.5; 114*31.A.5

jarlets 64^51, 85*1.A.6; 114*31.A.6

plates 52, 72, 95*13.A.1a,b; 95*13.A.2; 113*30.A.1a,b; 113*30.A.2;

113*30.A.3a,b



KEW / 18 June 2009

storage jars 40, 61^41, 114*31.A.7

vessels 38

Shapes

baluster shape 83*1.A.1, 83*1.A.2a,b

bracket edge mouth rim 113*30.A.2

carved brackets mouth rim 113*30.A.1a,b

„coconut‟ shape 60^38, 62, 64^50, 73, 114*31.A.5

deep and bulbous 64^50

flat base 85*1.A.5; 85*1.A.6; 95*13.A.2

four handles with curled ends at upper shoulder 61^41, 114*31.A.7

„grenade‟ 60^39, 62, 73

medium-size 73

large size 73

low belly 84*1.A.3, 84*1.A.4

pear shape 61^40

ring handles 60^38, 60^39, 64^50, 73, 85*1.A.5, 85*1.A.6

ring handles (two) curled at their tips 84*1.A.3, 84*1.A.4; 114*31.A.5

scoop-mouth 52, 95*13.A.2

short everted, notched mouth rim 62

tall 84*1.A.3, 84*1.A.4

warped 113*30.A.3a,b

wide flat base 52


clay purplish black in color 52

dark gray gritty clay with black speckling 52, 61^41, 114*31.A.7

purplish black clay body 85*1.A.5

Finish

blackish brown glaze 114*31.A.7

glaze 60^38, 61^41, 64^50, 73, 83*1.A.1, 83*1.A.2a,b; 84*1.A.3, 85*1.A.5,

113*30.A.2; 113*30.A.3a,b; 114*31.A.5

glaze on interior 95*13.A.1a,b; 95*13.A.2

plain exterior walls 113*30.A.1a,b; 114*31.A.4a,b

thin watery glaze ending well above the foot 62

thick glaze 84*1.A.4

underglaze 64^51, 72, 73

unglazed exterior 52, 95*13.A.1a,b; 95*13.A.1a,b; 95*13.A.3a,b

very thick glaze 60^39


bluish green 60^38, 113*30.A.2; 114*31.A.5

blackish brown 61^41



KEW / 18 June 2009

brown 83*1.A.2a,b; 84*1.A.4

dark brown 84*1.A.3

green 85*1.A.5; 95*13.A.3a,b

green glazed on the interior 52

greyish green 95*13.A.1a,b; 95*13.A.2

medium green to bluish green 113*30.A.3a,b

olive brown 83*1.A.1

pale bluish gray with whitish underfired patches of colour 64^50

slightly yellowish green 62

watery pale green 73

Decorations

carved horizontal rings 60^38, 114*31.A.5

carved rings at shoulder 62

carved rings encircling shoulder 73

carved striations 60^39, 114*31.A.6

carved and combed overlapping petals on interior 114*31.A.4a,b

combed incised crosshatching 64^50

crosshatch on cavetto 113*30.A.1a,b

crosshatching on interior walls 62

lines drawn into white slip under green glaze 95*13.A.3a,b

long wide carved striations 61^40

“onion-skin” medallions (four) on cavetto 113*30.A.3a,b

short vertical striations 60^38, 114*31.A.5

spur marks (three) at centre medallion 113*30.A.1a,b; 113*30.A.2;

113*30.A.3a,b;

stylized fish (four) carved on cavetto 113*30.A.2

underglaze decorated 72

SAWANKHALOK GREEN-GLAZED WARE

(INCL. EARLY GREEN AND EARLY CELADON) 40, 52, 53, 53^22, 99*17.A.1;

99*17.A.2; 107*24.B.2; 107*24.B.3; 108*25.B.4; 108*25.B.5

Objects

bottles 52, 53, 53^22, 99*17.A.1; 107*24.B.2; 107*24.B.3

covered jars 52, 53, 108*25.B.5

jars 52^20, 53^21, 99*17.A.2

jarlet 108*25.B.4

plates 52

vessels 40

Shapes

Chinese style pear-shaped 52, 53



KEW / 18 June 2009

„coconut‟ shape 53^21, 99*17.A.2

pear shape 53^22, 99*17.A.1; 107*24.B.2

ring handles (two) at neck 52, 53^21, 99*17.A.2; 107*24.B.3; 108*25.B.4

scoop-mouth 52

spherical or bulbous 52

three general sizes 52

upright shapes 53

wide flat base 52^20

wide-mouth 52, 53, 108*25.B.5


dark gray gritty clay with black speckling 52

purplish black clay body 52^20

Finish

glazed 40, 52^20, 53, 53^21, 53^22, 99*17.A.1; 99*17.A.2; 107*24.B.2;

107*24.B.3; 108*25.B.4;

plain 52

underglaze 52

unglazed on exterior 52


green 40, 52^20, 53, 53^21, 53^22, 99*17.A.1; 99*17.A.2; 107*24.B.2;

107*24.B.3; 108*25.B.4

green glazed on interior 52

Decorations

underglaze decorated 52

wide vertical carved striations 52

SAWANKHALOK ‘MON’ WARE 38, 52, 52^19, 54, 72, 85*1.A.7a,b

Objects

plates 52^19, 54, 72, 85*1.A.7a,b

Shape

scoop mouth 52^19, 85*1.A.7a,b

Finish

glaze 54

glaze on interior 52^19, 72, 85*1.A.7a,b

unglazed base and exterior walls 52^19, 85*1.A.7a,b

unglazed on the exterior 72



KEW / 18 June 2009

underglazed 54


black 54

green 54

green glaze on interior 72

monochrome 52

olive green glaze on interior 52^19, 85*1.A.7a,b

SAWANKHALOK MONOCHROME 40, 52, 65, 70, 71, 73

Objects

covered boxes 73

covered jar 65

potiche 65

Shapes

bulbous 65

handles at shoulder 65

Finish

glazed 52, 73


monochrome brown 52

monochrome green 52

monochrome white 73

monochrome white 65

SAWANKHALOK UNDERGLAZE BLACK 40, 44, 52, 65, 66, 71, 73, 75^56,

100*18.C.4; 100*18.C.5; 106*23.A.1a,b; 106*23.A.2a,b; 107*24.A.1;

151*66.A.1; 151*66.2; 153*68.A.1; 153*68.A.2; 153*68.A.3; 155*70.A.1;

155*70.A.2; 155*70.3; 155*70.A.4; 156*71.A.5; 156*71.A.6; 159*73.2;

Objects

bottle 155*70.A.1; 155*70.A.2

bowl 156*71.A.5

boxes 65

covered boxes 65, 73, 151*66.A.1; 153*68.A.2; 153*68.A.3; 155*70.3;

155*70.A.4

covered jars 44, 73

dishes 73, 159*73.2



KEW / 18 June 2009

ewer 75^56, 153*68.A.1

jars 66, 151*66.2

jarlets 156*71.A.6

plates 40, 52, 55^30, 100*18.C.4; 100*18.C.5; 106*23.A.1a,b;

106*23.A.2a,b; 107*24.A.1

Shapes

“coconut” 66

cup-shaped mouth 155*70.A.1; 155*70.A.2

elephant shape 75^56, 153*68.A.1

flattened mouth rim 106*23.A.2a,b

foot ring splayed tall 155*70.A.1; 155*70.A.4

large 44

pear shape 155*70.A.1

ring handles 66

squash gourd shape 155*70.A.2

upright 44

wide lower body 155*70.A.1


clay body dark and gritty 52

modeled with flat facets 151*66.2

Finish

brown glaze at centre cover 153*68.A.1

glaze 55^30, 75^56

slightly greenish glaze 153*68.A.3

underglazed 100*18.C.4; 100*18.C.5; 106*23.A.1a,b; 106*23.A.2a,b

white slip applied to clay surface 52


black 55^30, 75^56, 100*18.C.4; 100*18.C.5; 106*23.A.1a,b;

106*23.A.2a,b

brown glaze at centre cover 153*68.A.1

slightly greenish glaze 153*68.A.3

Decorations

crosshatch leaf scroll 155*70.3

fish motifs 52

fish painting on centre medallion 100*18.C.5

fish spewing a spray of lotus that curls below fish 106*23.A.1a,b

floral design on centre medallion 106*23.A.2a,b; 107*24.A.1

floral motifs 52

flower motif 100*18.C.4



KEW / 18 June 2009

elephant painting 75^56, 153*68.A.1

short strokes on flattened mouth rim 106*23.A.2a,b

Sawankhalok kiln stacking support decives

disc-shaped supports to separate pieces 55^29; 159*73.1

tubular stacking supports to lift dishes 55^29; 159*73.1

Sawankhalok dish sawn in half to show the clay body and shape

underglaze black plate (Turiang) 55^30; 159*73.2

SING BURI ceramics 40, 44, 47, 51, 60, 61^42, 61^43, 65, 66, 73, 111*28.D.17;

154*69D.7

Objects

basins 60

jars 60

lids 60

pots 60

storage jars 40, 44, 47, 51, 61^42, 61^43, 65, 66, 73, 111*28.D.17;

154*69D.7

stoves 60

Shape

deep bulbous 60

lug handles (four) 61^42, 111*28.D.17; 154*69D.7

lug handles (thick) 61^43, 154*69D.7

narrow neck 61^42, 111*28.D.17

rounded mouth rim 61^43, 154*69D.7

sack-shape 60

wide mouth 60


paddle-made 60

stoneware 60

Finish

glaze 61^42, 61^43, 111*28.D.17; 154*69D.7

unglazed 60


brown 61^43, 154*69D.7



KEW / 18 June 2009

brownish black 61^42, 111*28.D.17

SUKHOTHAI ceramics

SUKHOTHAI CERAMICS (UNSPECIFIED) 25, 32, 39-41, 44, 45, 51, 57, 60, 65, 72, 73

Objects

bowls 39, 44, 51, 60, 65, 73

dish 44

plates 25, 41, 45, 72

Shapes

Large 39

upright 60, 73

Decorations

cakra motif at centre 51, 73

cavetto 57

fish 25, 45, 72

medallion 32

„sunbursts‟ (small) 73

picul flowers 73

SUKHOTHAI UNDERGLAZE 44, 72, 73, 130*47.B.2; 156*71.B.7a,b; 157*72.B.8a,b

Objects

bowls 156*71.B.7a,b; 157*72.B.8a,b

jarlet 73

plates 44, 72, 73, 130*47.B.2

Shapes

deep plates 44, 130*47.B.2

Finish

underglaze 72, 73, 130*47.B.2

Decorations

cursory cakra motif at centre 156*71.B.7a,b

elaborate cakra motif at centre 157*72.B.8a,b

fish motif at centre 44, 130*47.B.2

rings at mouth rim 44, 130*47.B.2



KEW / 18 June 2009

rings on exterior 44, 130*47.B.2

SUKHOTHAI UNDERGLAZE BLACK 32, 43, 51, 53, 55^30, 60, 71, 72, 101*19.D.6;

101*19.D.7; 101*19.D.8; 101*19.D.9; 102*20.D.10; 102*20.D.11;

109*26.D.9; 109*26.D.10; 110*27.D.11a,b; 110*27.D.12a,b; 110*27.D13;

110*27.D.14; 115*32.B.8a,b; 118*35.B.8; 118*35.B.9; 118*35.B.10;

118*35.B.11; 122*39.B.9; 122*39.B.19; 123*49.B.11; 154*69.C.5a,b;

154*69.C.6a,b; 159*73.2

Objects

bottles 53, 102*20.D.10; 102*20.D.11; 110*27.D13; 118*35.B.11

bowls 60, 110*27.D.11a,b; 110*27.D.12a,b; 118*35.B.10; 123*49.B.11;

154*69.C.5a,b; 154*69.C.6a,b

covered jars 53

jars 53, 101*19.D.8; 101*19.D.9; 110*27.D.14

jarlet 51

plates 32, 43, 51, 53, 55^30, 60, 72, 101*19.D.6; 101*19.D.7; 109*26.D.9;

109*26.D.10; 115*32.B.8a,b; 118*35.B.8; 118*35.B.9; 122*39.B.9;

122*39.B.19; 159*73.2

Shapes

„coconut‟ shape 101*19.D.8; 110*27.D.14

dish 32, 43, 51, 53, 55^30, 60, 72, 101*19.d.6

pear shape 53, 102*20.D.10; 110*27.D13; 118*35.B.11

ring handles 53, 101*19.D.8

upright 60

wide mouth 53, 101*19.D.9


clay body 55^30

Finish

underglaze 101*19.d.6; 101*19.D.7; 101*19.D.8; 101*19.D.9;

102*20.D.10; 102*20.D.11; 115*32.B.8a,b; 118*35.B.8; 118*35.B.9;

118*35.B.11

unglazed base with smudges of white slip 115*32.B.8a,b

Decorations

centre medallion 32

designs on cavetto 60

fish motif 32, 51, 60, 118*35.B.9; 122*39.B.19

fish at the centre 115*32.B.8a,b; 122*39.B.9

fish on centre medallion 101*19.d.6; 109*26.D.9; 109*26.D.10



KEW / 18 June 2009

floral designs 102*20.D.10

floral designs in panels 101*19.D.9

floral designs in three panels 118*35.B.11

floral motifs 51, 60, 118*35.B.8

flower motif on centre medallion 101*19.D.7; 110*27.D.11a,b

floral scroll on cavetto 122*39.B.9

floral spray at centre medallion 123*49.B.11

“melon blossom” design 102*20.D.11

melon-flower sprays on cavetto 115*32.B.8a,b

picul blossom or sunburst motifs 154*69.C.5a,b

plain cavetto 109*26.D.9; 109*26.D.10; 122*39.B.19

rings 53

rings at the upper and lower interior walls 110*27.D.12a,b

spur marks 32

spur marks (five) on centre medallion 101*19.d.6; 101*19.D.7

stylized cakra (discus) at the centre 154*69.C.6a,b

stylized floral spray at the centre 118*35.B.10

sunburst or picul blossom motifs 154*69.C.5a,b

Sukhothai dish sawn in half to show the clay body and shape

underglaze black plate (Turiang) 55^30, 159*73.2

SUPHAN BURI ceramics 38-40, 42, 43, 51, 53, 54, 55^26, 60, 103*20.E.12;

111*28.C.15; 111*28.C.16

Object

jar 111*28.C.15

storage jars 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 53, 54, 55^26, 103*20.E.12; 111*28.C.16

Shape

many very large 53, 55^26

tiny token handles at upper shoulder 111*28.C.15; 111*28.C.16


stoneware 60, 111*28.C.15

Finish

thickly potted and heavy 51

unglazed 53, 55^26, 111*28.C.15; 111*28.C.16

Decoration



KEW / 18 June 2009

impressed decoration in bands at shoulder 51, 53

impressed designs at lower shoulder 111*28.C.16

bands of stamped decoration 111*28.C.15

VIETNAMESE ceramics

VIETNAMESE CERAMICS (UNSPECIFIED) 20, 25, 31, 39, 40, 43, 44, 65, 69,

88*6.D.15; 89*7.D.17; 89*7.D.18; 89*7.D.20; 91*9.D.24a,b; 112*29.E.20;

131*48.D.5

Objects

beaker 89*7.D.19; 112*29.E.20

bowl 88*6.D.15; 91*9.D.24a,b; 131*48.D.5

dish 89*7.D.20

jarlet 89*7.D.17; 89*7.D.18

Shape

flat base 88*6.D.15; 89*7.D.17; 89*7.D.18

inverted mouth rim 88*6.D.15

unusually tall footring 131*48.D.5


unglazed stacking ring at the centre 131*48.D.5

Finish

base covered in chocolate brown slip 91*9.D.24a,b

enamels red and green 131*48.D.5

glaze 88*6.D.15; 89*7.D.17; 89*7.D.18; 89*7.D.19; 89*7.D.20;

112*29.E.20


green 89*7.D.18; 112*29.E.20

green celadon 89*7.D.20

pale green 88*6.D.15; 89*7.D.17; 89*7.D.19

red and green 131*48.D.5

Decorations

classic scroll at the mouth rim 91*9.D.24a,b

lotus scroll above lotus panels on the exterior 91*9.D.24a,b

lotus spray at the centre 91*9.D.24a,b

shallow ribs on the exterior 89*7.D.20



KEW / 18 June 2009

VIETNAMESE BLUE AND WHITE WARE 21, 31^5, 43-45, 47, 62^44, 63^45, 63^47,

71, 126*43.B.8; 126*43.B.9; 126*43.B.10; 142*58.C.6; 143*59.C.7;

143*59.C.8; 143*59.C.9; 145*61.A.1; 145*61.A.2

Objects

bottle 143*59.C.7

box (cover missing) 126*43.B.9

bowl 31^5

covered boxes 47, 62^44, 63^45, 126*43.B.8; 143*59.C.9

dish 47

jarlets 47, 63^45, 63^47, 71, 126*43.B.10; 145*61.A.1; 145*61.A.2

kendi 143*59.C.8

plate 142*58.C.6

Shape

handles (small) 145*61.A.1

lobes (shallow) 143*59.C.7

squat shape 145*61.A.2

Finish

underglaze 143*59.C.8


blue & white 21, 43, 44, 45, 47, 71

blackish underglaze blue 143*59.C.8

Decorations

lotus spray at the centre medallion 31^5, 142*58.C.6

classic scroll at the mouth rim 31^5

lotus scroll on the exterior 31^5

lotus panels on the exterior 31^5, 142*58.C.6

VIETNAMESE ENAMEL DECORATED BOWLS 60, 63^46

VIETNAMESE EXPORT TRADE CERAMICS 20, 27, 31, 69, 74

VIETNAMESE MONOCHROME WARE 53, 112*29.E.19; 142*58.B.5

Objects

bowl 142*58.B.5

jarlet 112*29.E.19



KEW / 18 June 2009


unglazed stacking ring at interior centre 131*48.D.5; 142*58.B.5

Finish

clear glaze 142*58.B.5

glaze 112*29.E.19


pale green 112*29.E.19; 142*58.B.5

VIETNAMESE (NORTHERN) TRADE CERAMICS 33

VIETNAMESE TRANSITIONAL CERAMICS 38, 39, 53, 70

VIETNAMESE UNDERGLAZE PAINTED WARE 27, 28^4, 40, 70, 88*6.D.14;

88*6.D.16a,b; 90*8.D.21.a,b; 90*8.D.22a,b; 91*9.D.23; 96*14.C.5a,b;

97*15.C.6a,b; 97*15C.7a,b; 97*15.C.8; 130*47.C.3; 130*47.C.4

Objects

bowls 27, 28^4, 40, 88*6.D.14; 88*6.D.16a,b; 90*8.D.22a,b; 97*15.C.6a,b;

103*20.F.13; 112*29.E.18a,b

dishes 90*8.D.21.a,b; 91*9.D.23; 97*15C.7a,b

jar 130*47.C.4

jarlets 97*15.C.8

plates 96*14.C.5a,b; 130*47.C.3

Shape

„chocolate‟ base 130*47.C.4

everted mouth rim 103*20.F.13

flat “chocolate”base 88*6.D.16a,b

fluted walls 97*15C.7a,b

shallow “chocolate” base 90*8.D.22a,b

straigh mouth rim 88*6.D.16a,b

Finish

underglaze 88*6.D.14; 88*6.D.16a,b; 90*8.D.21.a,b; 90*8.D.22a,b;

91*9.D.23; 96*14.C.5a,b; 97*15.C.6a,b; 97*15C.7a,b; 97*15.C.8;

112*29.E.18a,b;


black 28^4, 40, 53, 88*6.D.14; 97*15.C.6a,b; 97*15.C.8

blue 40, 53, 71, 97*15C.7a,b; 112*29.E.18a,b



KEW / 18 June 2009

black & blue 53, 88*6.D.16a,b; 90*8.D.21.a,b; 90*8.D.22a,b; 91*9.D.23

celadon 97*15.C.8

chocolate base 97*15C.7a,b

pale blue 96*14.C.5a,b

Decorations

blue floral motif encircled in black rings 90*8.D.22a,b; 91*9.D.23

brown slip “chocolate” base 96*14.C.5a,b

chrysanthemum motif at centre 27

cursory classic scroll 103*20.F.13

floral motif 112*29.E.18a,b

flower motif at centre interior 103*20.F.13

lotus spray at centre 130*47.C.3

phoenix (three figures) 130*47.C.4

spur marks (five) at centre interior 103*20.F.13

Ceramics of unidentified origin, probably Thai 38, 86*4.C.9; 87*5.C.10;

87*5.C.11; 87*5.C.12; 87*5.C.13

Objects

cover 87*5.C.11; 87*5.C.13

kendi 38, 86*4.C.9 mortar bowl 87*5.C.10 pot 87*5.C.12

Shapes

cylindrical knob handle 87*5.C.11

dome shape 87*5.C.11 lotus bud shaped handle 87*5.C.13


clay body 87*5.C.10

paddle-made 87*5.C.12

thick walls 86*4.C.9

Finish

unglazed 86*4.C.9; 87*5.C.10; 87*5.C.11; 87*5.C.12; 87*5.C.13


dark brownish grey 87*5.C.10



KEW / 18 June 2009

Decorations

decorative band incised at the shoulder 86*4.C.9

Sarawak ceramics Sarawak River Delta ceramics assigned to the 7

th to 13

th centuries 23

LAND-SITE CERAMIC FINDS

Allaipiddy, Sri Lanka 36

Bukit Jakas ship excavated on land, Southern Sumatra 45

Calatagan burial sites, Batangas, Philippines 24, 25, 26, 27

Champa complex, Central Vietnam 20

Drake‟s Bay, California, USA 36

Land-sites with ceramic finds (unspecified) 69, 70

Omkoi sites, Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand 18, 19

Santa Ana Cemetery, Manila 24, 25, 26, 33

Tak sites, Tak Province, Thailand 18, 19

Tak – Omkoi burial sites, Thailand 18, 19, 20, 65

DESIGN & PRODUCTION

Colours / colour schemes

cobalt for underglaze blue 38

celadon 73

brown and white ware 67

thick green to bluish green glaze 73

watery pale green glaze 73

Decoration

cakra (a discus, or whorl motif) 57

carved rings on shoulder 73

carved striations around exterior 56

carved stylized „onion-skin‟ medallions on cavetto (interior walls) 56

centre medallion 32

crosshatch decoration 73

decorated cavetto 57

designs 38

fish motif at centre 67

fish on centre medallion 32

five spur marks on centre medallion 32



KEW / 18 June 2009

floral designs on cavetto 57

floral motif at centre 67

flower petals around exterior 56

incised decoration 67

lotus blossoms framed in peony medallions 56

lotus blossoms in a scroll 56

naturalistic depictions of floral motifs 56

plain onion-skin medallions 56

overlapping petals on cavetto 56

painted decoration in underglaze black 73

spur marks on centre medallion 32

stylized floral motifs 57

„sunbursts‟ 57

underglaze decorated plates 72

underglaze painted decoration 21, 74

undulating vine at upper cavetto 56

Diagnostic artifact

carved stylized medallions on cavetto 56

classic celadon 67

decoration of cavetto 57

incised decoration 67

„Mon‟ Sawankhalok ware 38, 72

naturalistic design versions 21, 56

plain exterior walls on plates 56

plain undecorated cavetto 57

stylized versions of a design 21

transitional vessel shapes in underglaze blue and underglaze black 38

unglazed exterior & greenglazed interior 67

underglaze black decoration showing either a fish or floral motif at centre 67

thick green to bluish green celadon glaze 73

transitional ware 38

unglazed on exterior & green glaze on interior 72

underglaze black ware 73

underglaze decorated plates 72

use of cobalt for blue 74

Finish

celadon glazed 67

cobalt for underglaze blue 38

monochrome ceramics 21

overglaze enamels 21

painted decoration in underglaze black 73

thick green to bluish green glaze 73



KEW / 18 June 2009

underglaze black 32, 38, 67, 71, 73

underglaze blue 38

underglaze decorated plates 72, 73

underglaze painted decoration 21, 74

unglazed exterior & greenglazed interior 67, 72

Kilns

Ban Ko Noi, Sawankhalok 62

Binh Dinh, Vietnam 60, 71

Burmese celadon kilns 72

Champa complex, Vietnam 20

Changsha, China 33

gunyao („official kiln‟ for imperial ware) 29, 30

Hai Duong, Vietnam 53, 60

Jingdezhen, China 18, 19, 30, 70

minyao („people‟s kilns‟) 18, 19, 29, 30

„Mon‟ Sawankhalok 38, 52

Pa Yang, Sawankhalok 62, 65

San Kamphaeng, Thailand 20, 21, 38

Sawankhalok, Thailand 20, 27, 33, 37, 51, 66, 71

Sing Buri, Thailand 20, 53, 61, 65, 66

Sukhothai, Thailand 20, 27, 33, 51, 56, 57, 71, 73

Suphan Buri, Thailand kilns 20

Twante, Burma 65

Vietnamese kilns 66

Materials

ash-glazed stoneware 65

lead-glazed high-fired earthenware 65

improved quality clays 73

Objects

bottles 72

bowls 57, 72, 73

covered boxes 67, 72, 73

cups 72

disc-shaped supports 54, 55^29, 56

jarlet 73

jars 67, 73

plates 32, 54, 56, 67, 71, 72, 73

saucers 72

support discs 54, 55^29, 56

tubular stacking supports 54, 55^29, 56



KEW / 18 June 2009

Shapes

bracket edge 56

carved mouth lip / rim 56

“coconut” shape. 73

dish shapes 38, 72, 73

flattened plain mouth rim 56

“grenade” shape 73

notched mouth rim 73

raised edge 56

ring handles 67, 73

spurred discs 54, 56

upright shapes 72

vessel shapes 38

Techniques

ash-glazed stoneware production in Thailand 65

clay quality improvement 73

firing earthenware in stacks 54, 55^29, 56

increase in firing temperature 73

introduction of better quality clays and higher firing temperatures the second

important technological leap at Sawankhalok 73

kiln stacking with spurred disc supports set between plates 54, 55^29, 56

kiln stacking with tubular supports 55^29, 56

lead-glazed high-fired earthenware production in Burma 65

painted decoration in underglaze black the first important technological leap at

Sawankhalok 73

progression from underglaze black only production to introduction of cobalt

for underglaze blue 38, 74

technique of underglaze painted decoration 74

technological advances in producing Sawankhalok celadon glazed plates 71

transformation of green glaze into thick green to bluish green glaze on

celadon plates that replace underglaze black versions 73

ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND ART HISTORY

‘bridges’ 36-48, 62, 72

overlapping features identified as „bridges‟ 36, 62, 72

shipwrecks / wreck sites with ceramics similar to earlier and/or later groups

38, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 72

cargo analysis 70,

comparison of shipwreck / wreck site cargoes 69



KEW / 18 June 2009

focus on ceramic cargoes with similar types of ware manufactured over a

contiguous span of time 38, 70

proposed chronology for Thai cargoes 62, 69

centuries

13th C. 18

pre-14th

C. 25

14th C. 24-27, 30, 31, 33, 36-38, 40, 41, 54, 69, 71

late 14th C. 69, 71

15th C. 17-19, 23-27, 30, 31, 33, 36-38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 52-54, 56, 57, 60, 62,

66, 69, 71-74

early 15th C. 52, 74

middle 15th C. / mid-15

th C. 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 62,

67, 71, 72

end 15th

C. / late 15th C. 42, 46, 66, 74

16th C. 18, 19, 20, 65-67, 69, 73, 74

early 16th C. 57, 60, 65, 67, 73, 74

middle 16th C. 65, 66

later than 16th C. 37, 66

ceramic shortages (see also Ming ban and Ming gap)

shortage / moderate s. / severe s. of Chinese ceramics 27, 29, 48, 69, 74

shortage of northern Vietnamese blue and white ceramics 71

Champa

capital at Vijaya 47

complex in central Vietnam 20, 33

downfall of Vijaya 72

Chinese dynasty ceramics / group of shipwrecks

early Ming dynasty 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31, 38, 62, 74

Ming dynasty (1368-1644) 19, 27

Ming dynasty 1368-1464 period 19

Song dynasty (960-1279) 31, 33

Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279) 25

Tang dynasty 31

Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) 24, 27, 31

Chinese reign ceramics / group of shipwrecks

Chenghua reign (1465-87) 19

Hongwu reign (1368-98) 17, 18, 27, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40, 41, 70

Hongzhi reign (1488-1505) 19-21, 29, 31, 41, 45-48, 57, 62, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73

interregnum (1436-64) ceramics 41, 43, 72

Jiajing reign (1522-67) 19, 20, 73



KEW / 18 June 2009

Wanli reign (1573-1620) 36, 37, 66, 73

Xuande reign (1426-35) 17, 29

Yongle reign (1403-24) 30, 40, 41

Zhengde reign (1506-21) 18, 20, 45, 57, 62, 73

Zhengtong reign (1436-1449) 48

chronology (see also bridges / Ming gap / Sawankhalok ceramics chronology /

Thai ceramics / Thai trade ware )

basic three-part division of wreck sites 36, 37

chronology 17, 20, 21, 35, 37, 40, 45, 48

continuum over time 70

overlapping features of series of shipwrecks 37, 70

patterns 37, 69

data

database 33, 37

documentation on maritime sites 34

key shipwrecks 70

scope 27

sequential data 69

exploration

Thai – Australian Underwater Archaeological Research Project 39, 44

Thai – Danish team 43

methodology (see also „bridges‟ / cargo analysis)

basic three-part division of shipwrecks / wreck sites 36, 37

focus on shipwreck cargoes with similar types of ware manufactured over a

contiguous span of time 70

grouping of ceramics by overlapping features in series of shipwrecks / wreck

sites 37, 38, 52, 54, 74

identifying bridges based on overlapping ceramic cargo provenance 70

scanning for patterns 37, 69

Ming

Ming ban 17-19, 27, 29, 48, 66

Ming ceramics 38

Ming chronicles 41

Ming gap 17, 19, 20, 23-25, 27, 48, 69, 72

Ming gap of blue and white ware 29

Ming three-part gap 69-70

Ming group 41

Manila 1968 Trade Pottery Seminar 24, 26



KEW / 18 June 2009

Radiocarbon testing 70

Sawankhalok celadon interlude 56, 73

Sawankhalok ceramics chronology

1st period / early Ming phase 67, 72

2nd

period / middle 15th

C. classic celadon phase 67, 72

3rd

period / Hongzhi period phase 67, 72

4th

period / beginning 16th C. phase 67, 73

5th

period / main 16th C. phase 67, 73

6th

possible period / early 16th

C. 60, 65, 73

Sea trade

private overseas trade 17, 27

imperial Hongwu and Yongle reigns 41

Zheng He voyages (1403-24 and 1432-33) 19, 41

shortages of ceramics (see ceramic shortages)

Thai celadon classic period 48

Thai ceramics

chronology 27

early Ming period Thai ceramics (circa 1368-1424/30) 52

middle 15th C. Thai ceramics (circa 1424/30-1487) 54

16th C. Thai ceramics 65

Thai trade ware

chronology of Thai Trade Ware 51, 62, 69, 74

five (possibly six) chronological periods of Thai trade ceramics documented

in shipwrecks / at wreck sites 51, 74

1st period / early Ming phase 67, 72

2nd

period / middle 15th

C. classic celadon phase 67, 72

3rd

period / Hongzhi period phase 67, 72

4th

period / beginning 16th C. phase 67, 73

5th

period / main 16th C. phase 67, 73

6th

possible period / early 16th

C. 60, 65, 73



KEW / 18 June 2009

AUTHORS / EXPLORERS / RESEARCHERS / SCHOLARS …

Note : Persons with Thai first and family names are listed under both names, for

the simple reason that all directories compiled and published in Thailand

list all individuals by their first name, supplemented by their family name.

A

Abaya, Consuelo 25

Addis, John 25

Amess, J. 30

Atkinson, Karen 39, 188

Atmajuana, Willy 44

B

Bai, Kun 30

Bandodker, S. N. 36

Barbetti, Mike 40, 52, 70

Baylosis, Terry 25

Beyer, H. Otley 24, 25

Bi, Kegan 30

Blake, Warren 18

Brown, Roxanna M. 14, 18, 19, 21, 24, 27, 35, 39, 40, 41, 43, 56, 60, 70

Burns, Peter 197

Butterfields Auctioneers Corp. 21

C

Charnvit Kasetsiri 30, 72

Charoenwongsa, Pisit 30, 35, 51

Cheng, Te-K‟un 23

Chin, Lucas 23

Coèdes, George 45

Crick, Monique 21, 51

D

Diem, Allison I. 18, 24, 33

Dizon, Eusebio 16, 35

Duncan, A. 188

E

Edwards-McKinnon, E.P. 35

Erbprem Wacharangkul 16, 35, 40

Evangelista, Alfredo E. 24

F



KEW / 18 June 2009

Flecker, Michael 16, 39, 41, 194

Fox, Robert B. 25

G

Gaur, A.S. 36

Gerigk, Christopher 195

Gibson-Hill, C.A. 205

Goddio, Franck 21, 51, 62, 195

Gotuaco, Larry 18, 24, 29, 33

Green, Jeremy 18, 27, 30, 35. 38, 39, 43, 44, 47, 188

Gutman, Pamela 74

Guy, John 21

H

Ha, Thuc Can 21

Harper, Rosemary 27, 30, 35, 38, 39, 43, 44, 47

Harrisson, Barbara 30, 65

Harrisson, Tom 23, 25

Hein, Don 40, 52, 62, 70, 197

Ho, Chuimei 30

Hughes, Clive 18

I

Iltis, Gabrielle 195

Intakosai, Vidya 30, 35, 39, 44, 47

J

Janse, Olov 25

Jay, Evelyn 195

Jeffery, W. 30

Joseph, Adrian 24, 26

K

Kamei, Maitoku 27

Kasetsiri, Charnvit 30, 72

Kassela, Walter 39

Kobata, Atsushi 30

Koksanthiya, Mali 66

Kraft, Migual Mall 195

L

Lam, Peter Y. K. 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 33, 51, 70

Levathes, Louise 19

L‟Hour, Michel 18, 21, 35, 41, 47, 62



KEW / 18 June 2009

Liu, Ben An 34

Liu, Xinyuan 18, 26, 29, 30, 33

Locsin, Cecilia 25

Locsin, Leandro 25

Loviny, Christophe 41

M

Mali Koksanthiya 66

Manguin, Pierre-Yves 41, 45

Martin, Jean 24

Matsuda, Mitsugu 30

Miksic, John N. 194

Morimoto, Asako 27

Myo, Thant Tyn 21, 36

N

Nguyen, Bich 21

O

Osathanugrah, Surat 18, 19

P

Pariwat Thammapreechakorn 19, 24

Peng, Minghan 29, 30, 33

Peng, Shifan 29, 30, 33

Pierson, Stacey 21, 51

Pisit Charoenwongsa 30, 35

Pitiphat, Sumitr 18, 19

Praicharnjit, Sayan 30, 35, 62

R

Rau, Jon 18

Richards, Brian 204

Richards, Dick 197

Richards, R. J. 62

Robb, Walter 25

Rong Syamananda 66

Rooney, Dawn 21, 36

S

Sandrim, Patrice 62

Sayan Praicharnjit 30, 51, 62

Scott, Rosemary 21, 51

Shaw, John J. C. 18



KEW / 18 June 2009

Sieveking, G.G. 33, 205

Sjostrand, Sten 16, 17, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 53, 54, 70

Solheim II, Wilhelm G. 24

Spinks, Charles Nelson 27, 54

Stevenson, John 21

Sumitr Pitiphat 18, 19

Sundarest 36

Surat Osathanugrah 18, 19

Syamananda, Rong 66

T

Tan, Rita C. 18, 24, 29, 33, 47, 48, 70

Tenazas, Rosa 26

Thammapreechakorn, Pariwat 19, 24

Tregear, Mary 25, 26

Trinh Cao Tuong 39, 44

Tripati, Sila 36

V

Vidya Intakosai 30, 35, 39, 44, 47

W

Wacharangkul, Erbprem 16, 35, 40

Wade, Geoffrey Philip 17, 19, 20, 41

Wheatley, Paul 205

Willetts, William 27, 33, 56

Y

Yeo, S. T. 24

Z

Zheng, He 19

CERAMICS SOCIETIES / COLLECTIONS / INSTITUTES / MUSEUMS /

PROJECTS …

Brunei National Museum 35

Bureau of Cultural Properties, Ministry of Culture and Information, Seoul, Korea

26

Department of Anthropology at the University of the Philippines 24

Freer Gallery, Washington, D.C. 25

Institute of Archæology, Hanoi 39



KEW / 18 June 2009

Kien Giang Provincial Museum, Vietnam 44

Maritime Museum, Chanthaburi, Southeast Thailand 38, 39, 43

Museum of History, Ho Chi Minh City 44

National Museum, Kuala Lumpur 35, 39, 41, 62, 63

National Museum, Manila 44, 45, 47, 48, 49

National Museum of History, Ho Chi Minh City 46

Research Laboratory of Underwater Archæology at the Beijing History Museum

34

Seabed Explorations Gmbh & Co. 39, 70

SEAMEO Regional Centre for Prehistory, Archæology and Fine Arts (SPAFA)

27, 38

Seattle Art Gallery 25

Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum, Bangkok University 19

SPAFA - SEAMEO Regional Centre for Prehistory, Archæology and Fine Arts

27, 38

Thai Fine Arts Department 30, 46, 47

Thai – Australian Underwater Archæological Research Project 39, 44

The Oriental Ceramics Society of Hong Kong 24

The Oriental Ceramics Society of Indonesia 35

The Oriental Ceramic Society of the Philippines, Manila 24

The Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena 39

The Siam Society under Royal Patronage, Bangkok 13, 18, 27, 40, 52, 54, 77

The Southeast Asian Ceramics Society, Singapore 24, 33

UNESCO 25

CARGO OF SHIPWRECKS / FOUND AT SHIPWRECK SITES

Asia-related cargoes 35

coins 33, 38, 40, 41, 70

Chinese (unspecified) coins 30, 31, 38

Hongwu coins 70

Islamic coins (“locally minted”) 31

Ming coins 30

Yongle reign coins 31, 40

Chinese metal trade commodities 29

Chinese textile trade commodities 29

copper shipments 31, 34

firearms 39, 41, 44

golden objects / things 34

gold bars (shoe-shaped) 34

gold cup (solid) 34

gold dishes (solid) 34

gold jewelry (Javanese style) 34



KEW / 18 June 2009

inscriptions 33

iron shipments 34

jettisoned cargo thrown overboard in distress 36

lacquer box cover (cylindrical shape) 43

lead shipments 34

metal shipments 34

seal (bronze) in the shape of an elephant (small size) 43

Southeast Asian exports 29

sword guard (Japanese) 31

sword handle (ivory), its iron blade eroded away 43

Thai trade commodities 20, 27

tin shipments 34

Xuande cargo 18

GEOGRAPHY

Africa 35

Allaipiddy, Sri Lanka 36

Ayutthaya, Thailand 20, 27, 31

Belitung, Indonesia 52

Binh Din Province, Vietnam 71, 72

Brunei 18, 19, 21, 23, 30, 31, 65

Burma 20, 35

Central Asia 19

Champa 44, 47, 72

Chiang Mai, Thailand 27

China 18-21, 23, 29, 30, 33-35, 37, 41, 57

Dazaifu Castle, Japan 27

Doc River, Vietnam 38

Drake‟s Bay, California, USA 36

East Asia 35

East Malaysia 23

Gulf of Thailand 27, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 52, 65, 66, 71

Ho Chi Minh City 39

India 19, 35

Indian Ocean 35

Indonesia 20, 35, 39, 44, 52

Jakarta 46

Japan 27, 30, 71

Java Sea 52

Johore Lama, Malaysia 33

Kien Giang Province, Vietnam 44

Korea 26, 33, 35, 36



KEW / 18 June 2009

Kota Batu, Brunei 23

Luzon Island, Philippines 25

Mae Sot District, Northwestern Thailand 18

Malaysia 17, 20, 35, 39, 41, 43

Manila 24-26

Martaban, Burma 74

Middle East 19

Nakijin Castle, Okinawa 27

Novaliches Dam, Philippines 24

Omkoi District, Northwestern Thailand 18, 19

Peninsular Malaysia 35, 39, 52

Philippines 18-20, 24-27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 44, 48

Pila-Laguna, Philippines 26

Quanzhou, China 29

Ryukyu, Japan 30, 31

San Kamphaeng, Thailand 20, 21

Sarawak 23

Sarawak River Delta 23

Sawankhalok, Thailand 20, 27

Seychelles 35

Siam 30

Sinan, Korea 26

Sing Buri, Thailand 20

South / Southern China 35, 44

South China Sea 21, 41-45, 52

Southeast Asia 34, 35, 69

Sri Lanka 36

Sukhothai, Thailand 20, 27

Suphan Buri, Thailand 20

Tak, Northwestern Thailand 18, 19

Umphang, Western Thailand 18

Twante, Burma 36

Thailand 18-20, 27, 30, 31, 33-36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 48, 51, 52, 65, 66

Vietnam 19, 20, 35, 38, 44, 52, 71, 72

Vijaya, Cham capital 47, 72

Western Australia 35

VARIA

auction of six shipwreck cargoes from Southeast Asia 34

auction catalogues 34

breech-loading cannon 19



KEW / 18 June 2009

Chinese ship made from temperate climate wood with bulkheads, fastened with

iron nails without the use of wooden dowels, probably about 26 metres in

length and 7-8 metres in width 39

commodities from China: ceramics, metals and textiles 29

dyes (tropical) trade 74

fish trawling nets 39, 47

fishermen‟s finds known only once sold at a profit 29, 33, 34

fishermen‟s finds of old ceramics entangled in their nets 29, 33, 34

fishing nets 17, 34

foodstuff trade 74

hidden compartment beneath floorboards next to keel 43, 71

hybrid South China Sea ship / vessel 42, 43, 45, 54, 71

incense materials trade 74

ivory trade 74

looters 17, 44, 47

metals trade 74

organics trade 74

private entrepreneurs 34

ships

Asian vessels 35

Chinese ships 29, 41, 71

Chinese vessels 35

early Hongzhi ships 73

“Treasure ship” < MING chronicle 19

early Ming ships 19, 41

foreign ships calling on Chinese ports 20

European vessels 35

South China Sea ships 44, 71

Spanish galleons 34

Zhengde reign ships 73

sports divers 17, 34, 40, 46

trawling nets 42

shipwrecks shipwreck sites - siam society · the ming gap and shipwreck ceramics in southeast asia....

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