shmd 249 7/3/2012
DESCRIPTION
Body Composition. SHMD 249 7/3/2012. Statistics. Statistics. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight. Coronary heart disease Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Diabetes. Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight. There are also health risks associated with being too thin! - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
SHMD 2497/3/2012
Body Compositi
on
Statistics
Statistics
Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight
• Coronary heart disease• Hypertension• Hypercholesterolemia• Diabetes
Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight
There are also health risks associated with being too thin!• The body reacts to the lack of food by becoming extremely thin• developing brittle hair and nails• dry skin• constipation, diarrhea• reduced muscle mass, loss of menstrual cycle• swelling of joints• heart problems • osteoporosis• mental health issues • death
Definitions• Mass: the body’s total weight.
• Body composition: The relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone,
and other tissues that comprise the body.
• Fat mass: is made up of fat (adipose tissue).
• Percentage body fat: % of total body weight that is composed of fat.
• Lean body mass: Lean body mass is the weight of a person's body
minus the fat. This includes muscle, bones, organs, and other
nonfat tissue.
Definitions• Underfat: too little body weight comprised of fat.
• Overfat: too much of the body weight comprised of fat.
• Obese: extreme overfatness.
• Moderately Overweight: 20% over desirable body weight.
• Severely overweight: 40% over desirable body weight.
Proper uses of results:- Serve as baseline data for repeated testing.-Provide motivation for goal setting.-Provide awareness about health risks.-Estimate athlete’s optimal body weight.-Monitor changes in body composition (Athletes, children, overweight persons)
BMI
WHR
Skinfold assessment
Body Composition
Testing
BMI Re-Cap• BMI: A measure of body composition using a height-weight formula
• BMI is used to give us an idea of whether the client is obese, and the extent of their
obesity
• Formula:
– Body mass index (BMI) = weight in kilograms divided by height in meters
squares
– BMI = kg
h2
– BMI unit of measurement: kg/m2
BMI Re-Cap• BMI does not actually measure body composition
• It can be used as a quick measurement to check if an individual is
overweight, but it is inaccurate
• BMI does not distinguish between fat and muscle
• Muscle is denser, thus heavier than fat
• i.e. A person with a lot of muscle may be
inaccurately described as obese
• Hip-to-waist ratio (HWR) is taken as an indicator of the health risks
associated with obesity, and in particular the risk of coronary heart diseaseRegional Fat Deposition
• Abdominal body fat poses greater health risks than fat stored in other areas
• Males store more fat centrally and have increased health risks associated with body fatness
Higher health risk Lower health risk
Hip-To-Waist Ratio Re-Cap
Hip-To-Waist Ratio Re-Cap• Hip-to-waist ratio = waist measurement in centimetres divided
by hip measurement in centimetres • HWR = waist (cm)
hip (cm)
Gender HWR Classification
Males > 1.0 High risk
0.90 – 0.99 Moderate risk
< 0.90 Low risk
Females >0.85 High risk
0.80 – 0.85 Moderate risk
< 0.80 Low risk
Levels of Body Fatness Men Women
Essential fat 5% 10%Borderline 6-9% 11-16%Good fitness - health 10-20% 17-28%Marginal fitness 21-25% 29-35%Overfatness > 25% > 35%
• Essential fat: the minimum amount of fat in the body necessary to maintain healthy living
• Nonessential fat: extra fat, or fat reserves stored in the body.
Body Composition Assessment TechniquesSkinfold Technique
• Layers of subcutaneous fat are measured at different sites of body
to estimate total body fat levels.
• Advantages• Fairly accurate• Easy to perform• Inexpensive
• Disadvantages• Human error
4 SiteTricepsBiceps
SubscapularSuprailiac
Common Skinfold Sites
7 SiteChestAxilla
TricepsSubscapular
AbdomenSupraillium
Thigh
Skinfold TechniqueArea DescriptionTriceps With the clients arm hanging loosely, a vertical fold is
raised at the back of the arm, midway between the shoulder and elbow.
Biceps A vertical fold is raised at the front of the arm, opposite the triceps site. This should be inline with the fold of the elbow.
Subscapular This is taken 2 cm below the lowest point of the shoulder blade (inferior angle), and is taken at a 45° angle.
Suprailiac This is taken just above the iliac crest (hip bone), directly below the front of the shoulder.
Pg 158
Skinfold TechniquePg 158
• The skinfold assessment test is carried out using a skinfold
caliper.
• Pre-measurement Instructions:
• Measurements should not be taken after training or
competition, sauna, swimming or showering.
• Exercise, warm water and heat can produce dehydration or
increased blood flow = inaccurate results.
Skinfold TechniquePg 158
1. Take the measurements on the left hand side of the body.2. Mark up the client accurately.3. Using your forefinger and thumb, pinch the skin 1 cm on either
side of the mark.4. Pull the fat away from the muscle.5. Place the caliper halfway between the top and bottom of the
skinfold.6. Allow the caliper to settle for one or two seconds.7. Take the reading and wait 15 seconds before repeating for
accuracy.8. Add up the total of the four measurements.9. Calculate body fat % using the table.
MalesSum of SF
Body Fat %
FemalesSum of SF
Body Fat %
14 9.416 11.218 12.7
20 7.1 20 14.122 9.2 22 15.424 10.2 24 18.526 11.2 26 17.628 12.1 28 17.630 12.9 30 19.535 14.7 35 21.640 18.3 40 23.445 17.7 45 2550 19.0 50 28.555 20.2 55 27.560 21.2 60 29.165 22.2 65 30.2
MalesSum of SF
Body Fat %
FemalesSum of SF
Body Fat %
70 23.2 70 31.275 24.0 75 32.280 24.8 80 33.185 25.6 85 34.090 28.3 90 34.895 27.0 95 35.6
100 27.6 100 38.3110 27.8 110 37.7120 29.9 120 39.0130 31.0 130 40.2140 31.9 140 41.3150 32.8 150 42.3160 33.6 160 43.2170 34.4 170 44.6180 35.2 180 45
Pg 159
Body Fat & Sports Performance
Jockey:
Average weight: 50.44kg
Average height: 1.57m
BMI: 20.46
Sumo Wrestler:
Average weight: 219kg
Average height: 1.91m
BMI: 60.03
Body Fat & Sports Performance• Excess body fat can negatively influence many types of sport
performance requiring jumping and running.
• High ratios of fat free mass to fat mass are generally positively related
to sport.
• Athletes are leaner than sedentary individuals – regardless of gender.
• Extremely low fat mass in women can result in health problems
(Refer: “too thin”).
Body Fat & Sports PerformanceSwimmer
Balletdancer
Rugby player
Volleyballplayer
Body builder
Sumo Wrestler
Questions1. Define:
a. Body composition. 3b. Lean body mass. 3
2. What do the following abbreviations stand for:a. BMI 2b. WHR 2
3. What is the unit of measurement for BMI? 14. What are the risks associated with being overweight? 45. List 8 risks associated with being underweight. 86. What is BMI; and what is it used for? 47. What is the calculation used for BMI? 28. A man weighs 76kg and is 1.71m tall. Calculate his BMI. 29. In tabular form, write down the categories and range of BMI. 1210. What are the limitations of BMI? 3
11. Differentiate between ‘overfat’ and ‘obese’. 212. What is the WHR used for? 213. Differentiate between the ‘apple’ and ‘pear’ body shape, also explain which one
is of greater risk and why. 614. Which shape is generally associated with males, and which shape is generally
associated with females? 215. What is the formula for measuring WHR? 216. If a woman has a waist measurement of 72cm, and a hip measurement of
110cm, calculate her WHR. 217. How would BMI differ between a race horse jockey and a sumo wrestler, and
why? 618. How does the body composition of a ballet dancer differ from that of a body
builder? 419. What are the results of body composition tests used for? 5
Questions
20. Differentiate between ‘essential fat’ and ‘non-essential fat’. 421. What percentage of body fat is ‘essential’ for women, and what percentage is
essential for men? Why do they differ? 422. Briefly explain how the skinfold technique is used to measure body fat. 323. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the skinfold technique? 424. List the skinfold sites used for the 4 site technique, also describe how you would
measure at each site. 425. List the skinfold sites used for the 7 site technique. 726. When should skinfold measurements not be taken and why? 527. What is the general procedure for measuring skinfolds? 9
Questions