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Shortcourse on symmetry and crystallography Introduc5on Michael Engel Ann Arbor, June 2011

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Page 1: Shortcourse+on+symmetry+and+ crystallography+ Introduc5on+engelmm/lectures/ShortCourseSymmetryIntro.pdfShortcourse+on+symmetry+and+ crystallography+ + Introduc5on+ + + Michael+Engel+

Short-­‐course  on  symmetry  and  crystallography  

 Introduc5on  

   

Michael  Engel  Ann  Arbor,  June  2011  

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Books  

•  Sands:  Introduc5on  to  crystallography  (Dover  Classics)  Very  good  summary,  short,  cheap.  

•  Weyl:  Symmetry  (Princeton)  Classic,  wri7en  for  non-­‐scien;sts,  bed-­‐;me  read.  

•  Massa:  Crystal  structure  determina5on  (Springer)  For  crystallographers  working  with  atomic  crystals,  if  you  are  interested  in  details.  

•  Hahn:  Interna5onal  tables  for  crystallography,  Volume  A  (space  group  symmetry)  For  reference.  

No  (modern)  textbook  covering  all  the  topics.  

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Symmetry  (from  the  Greek:  "συμμετρεῖν"  =  to  measure  together),  generally  conveys  two  primary  meanings.  1.  Symmetry  is  an  imprecise  sense  of  harmonious  or  

aesthe5cally  pleasing  propor5onality  and  balance;  such  that  it  reflects  beauty  or  perfec5on.  

2.  Symmetry  is  a  precise  and  well-­‐defined  concept  of  balance  or  "pa]erned  self-­‐similarity”  that  can  be  demonstrated  or  proved  according  to  the  rules  of  a  formal  system:  by  geometry,  through  physics  or  otherwise.  

   

Wikipedia  entry  on  “Symmetry”  

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Beauty:  Architecture  (Taj  Mahal)   Design/Photography  (golden  mean)  

Small:  Elementary  par5cles  (spin  1/2)  

Big:  Galaxies  (Whirlpool  and  Sombrero)  

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Importance  of  symmetry  

•  Symmetry  “pleases  the  eye”.    

•  Symmetry  counters  disorder/chaos.    

•  Symmetric  solu5ons  are  (oden)  the  correct  ones.    

•  “Symmetric  objects”  and  “symmetric  materials”  are  more  a]rac5ve  for  applica5ons.  (?)    

•  Too  much  symmetry  can  be  boring  (ar5ficial?).  

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Uniformity:  Gypsum  (Chihuahua,  Mexico  )  

Nature:  Sunflower  (fractals  and  spirals)  Art:  Islamic  5lings  for  decora5on  

Ar=ficial:  Silicon  single  crystal    (>  99.99999%  Si)  

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Quasicrystal:  icoshaedral-­‐YbCd  Self-­‐assembly:  hard  tetrahedra  

Atomic  crystal:  Clathrate  hydrates  

Morphology:  Water  ice  

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In  a  tale  that  has  risen  to  legend  in  the  field,  Seeman  was  drinking  a  beer  in  a  bar  in  Albany  when  an  image  of  the  M.  C.  Escher  woodcut  Depth  popped  into  his  head.  The  woodcut  depicts  dozens  of  flying  fish  soaring  in  forma5on  […].  Seeman  realized  that  ar5ficial  DNAs  with  […]  could  be  tailored  to  link  up  into  a  regular  3D  cubic  laoce  […].  And  as  a  crystallographer,  Seeman  immediately  envisioned  that  such  an  array  could  be  used  to  trap  copies  of  a  single  protein  in  the  voids  and  get  them  to  line  up  with  the  same  orienta5on.  In  other  words,  he  imagined  a  tool  for  determining  the  structure  of  virtually  any  protein  at  will.    

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Outline  

•  Point  symmetry  Groups,  point  groups,  Hermann-­‐Mauguin  and  Schoenflies  nota5on,  permuta5on  group  (?),  group  representa5on  (?).  

•  (Periodic)  LaHces  Unit  cell,  crystal  systems,  Bravais  laoces,  5lings,  quasicrystals.  

•  Crystals  Space  groups,  Interna5onal  Tables  for  Crystallography,  online  resources  and  space  group  iden5fica5on.  

•  Diffrac=on  paKerns  Fourier  transforma5on,  structure  factor,  X-­‐ray,  neutron  and  electron  diffrac5on,  crystal  defects  

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What  should  you  (hopefully)  be  able  to  do  ader  four  weeks?  

•  Determine  a  point  group  of  an  object  by  hand  •  Determine  a  space  group  using  internet  resources  •  Understand  symmetry  nota5ons  in  papers  •  Read  Wikipedia  ar5cles  like  

“Group_(mathema5cs)”,  “Space_group”,  …  •  Extract  the  informa5on  contained  in  diffrac5on  pa]erns  

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Not  covered  

•  Con5nuous  symmetries,  lie  groups  •  Spherical  harmonic  (hydrogen  problem)  •  Crystal  structure  refinement  •  Symmetry  and  conserva5on  laws  (Noether’s  theorem)  •  Symmetry  breaking  •  …