1

SHRIMATI INDIRA GANDHI COLLEGE (Nationally Accredited at „A‟ Grade (3rd Cycle) By NAAC)

Tiruchirappalli – 2.

INSTRUCTION MATERIAL

2017-2018

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

2

CONTENT

S.NO SUBJECT PAGE.NO

1 Spectroscopy(For I M.Sc)

4

2 Classical ( For I M.Sc)

9

3 Electronics( For I M.Sc)

12

Statistical Mechanics (For II M.Sc)

28

4 Elective II(Crystal Growth And Thin Film Physics)

(For Ii M.Sc)

32

5 Elective I (EC- V Non Linear Optics)

(For Ii M.Sc)

36

7 Properties Of Matter (For I B.Sc)

51

8 Thermal Physics( For II B.Sc)

58

9 Allied Physics 65

3

I M.Sc

PHYSICS

4

METHODS OF SPECTROSCOPY

PART-A

1 What is L-S coupling?

The combination of several l vectors combined to form, a resultant L and s vector a separate

resultant S. The resultant L & S then combined to form a resultant J.

2 What is J-J coupling?

The total angular momentum of the atom by combining first its individual spin & orbit vectors

by relation j=l+s. Then the vector sum of each j corresponding to each electron gives the total

angular momentum J

(l1+s1)+(l2+s2)+……=(j1+j2+…..)=J

3 Write the selection rules for two valence electron.

Δl1=+_1 and Δl2=0 or +_2

In L-S coupling ΔL=0,+_1

ΔS=0

In J-J coupling Δj1=0

Δj2=0 or +_1

ΔJ=0,+_1

4 State Pauli‟s exclusion principle.

No two electrons in an atom exist in the same quantum state.”No two electrons in an isolated

atom may have the same quantum numbers.

5 What is Zeeman effect?

The effect of magnetic field on the spectrum is called Zeeman effect.

6 What is anomalous Zeeman effect?

The effect of magnetic field on the spectrum results complicated splitting is called anomalous

Zeeman effect.

7 What is Paschen – Back effect?

The effect of huge magnetic field on the spectrum is called Paschen-Back effect.

5

8 Explain Stark effect.

The effect of electric field on the spectrum is called Stark effect.

9 What is microwave spectroscopy?

The interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region of this

spectrum. It studies atomic and molecular resonance in the microwave spectrum.

10 what is the difference between IR and microwave spectroscopy?

The resolution of the lines in the microwave spectrum is very much greater than that obtained by

the infra red method. In microwave spectroscopy the spectra observed are nearly always

absorption spectra. But in the IR spectroscopy the spectra observed may be absorption or

emission spectra

11 Why pure rotational spectra are studied only in the gaseous state of atoms and

molecules?

The rotational energy levels are not quantized in condensed phases i.e in the solid and liquid

states. They are quantized in the gaseous state of chemical system. Thus the microwave spectra

are observed in the gaseous state.

12 What is IR spectroscopy?

It is a characterization tool used to determine the molecular structure, functional groups absorbs

specific frequencies of energy based on their structure.

13 Define absorbance and transmittance

Absorbance is defined as the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the transmittance

A=log10 (1/T)

Transmittance is defined as the ratio of radiant power transmitted by a sample to the radient

power incident on the sample.

14 what is Raman Effect?

When beam of light is passed through the transparent substance, a small amount of the radiation

energy is scattered. The scattered energy will consist almost the incident frequency of radiation

and also certain discrete frequencies of above and below that of the incident beam. This is called

Raman Effect.

15 Write the selection rule for rotational and vibrational spectra.

ΔJ=0,+- 2

ΔV=+-1

6

16 What is NMR?

Nuclear magnetic resonance is a branch of spectroscopy in which radio frequency base induced

transmission between magnetic energy levels of nuclei of a molecule. The magnetic energy

levels are created by keeping the nuclei in a magnetic field.

17. Define spin lattice relaxation?

This mechanism involves the exchange of energy between the spin and the surrounding medium.

This corresponding to applied field larger than the internal magnetic field. This relaxation at

strong field and low frequencies. Spin lattice relaxations are strongly temperature dependent.

18 Define spin spin relaxation?

This involves the interchange of energy with in the spin system. This corresponding to applied

field smaller than the internal magnetic field. This relaxation at weak field and higher

frequencies. Spin lattice relaxations are strongly temperature independent.

19 What is chemical shift?

The shift in the positions of NMR signal resulting from the shielding and deshielding by

electrons are referred to as chemical shift.

20 Define coupling constant?

The distance between the peaks in a given multiplet is a measure of the magnitude of splitting

effect. It is referred to as coupling constant.

21 Write the theory of UV

Ultraviolet absorption spectra arise from transmission of electrons or electrons within the

molecule or an ion from a lower to the higher electronic energy level and the ultraviolet emission

spectra arise from the reverse type of transition.

22 What is ESR?

Electron spin resonance is a branch of spectroscopy in which microwave frequency base induced

transmission between magnetic energy levels of electron of a molecule. The magnetic energy

levels are created by keeping the electron in a magnetic field.

23 Write the characteristics of „g‟ value?

„g‟ is called the lande‟s splitting factor the value of „g‟ is not a constant but it is the tensor

quantity. For a free electron its value is 2.0023 but this value is slightly modified for electrons in

a molecule.

7

Part -B

1 Explain about LS and JJ couple?

2 Write briefly about spinning of electron?

3 Explain about fine and Hyperfine structure?

4 Write briefly about the experimental study of Zeeman Effect?

5 Write about vector atom model and normal Zeeman Effect?

6 Write about vector atom model and anamolous Zeeman Effect?

7.What is Stark Effect? Explain.

8 Discuss the theory of diatomic molecule as a rigid rotator?

9 Describe the instrumentation technique of microwave spectrometer.

10 Obtain the transition frequency in terms of B and J for a symmetric top molecule.

11 Discuss about diatomic molecule as a harmonic oscillator and derive an expression for it.

12 Explain the analysis of IR techniques

13 Give the quantum theory of Raman spectra

14Discuss about vibrational Raman Spectra

15 Explain briefly about surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

16 Discuss about the structure determination of Raman spectra

17 Explain spin lattice relaxation

18 Discuss spin spin relaxation

19 Explain Hydrogen bonding in NMR

20 Discuss structural diagnosis in NMR

21 Explain chemical shift in detail

22 Discuss the types of transition in inorganic molecules

23 Explain the change in position and intensity absorption of Uv

24 How do you determine the molecular weight of UV

25 Discuss charge transfer characteristics

26 Discuss the study of free radical in ESR

Part -C

1 Discuss in detail about the stern and Gerlach experiment with neat diagram

2 Derive an expression for spin orbit interaction

3 Write about Zeeman effect in two electron system and derive the expression for this same

4 Explain briefly about Paschen back effect

5 Discuss about Paschen back effect in two electron system.

6 Explain linear molecules in microwave spectra

7 Explain the theory of IR spectroscopy

8 Discuss the influence of rotation on the spectra of polyatomic molecules

9 Explain the parallel vibration and perpendicular vibration in symmetric top molecules.

8

10What is pure rotational Raman spectra? Explain linear and symmetric top molecules in

rotational Raman spectra.

11 Explain in detail about the instrumentation of Raman spectrometer

12 Derive an express for rotational fine structure of Raman spectra

13 Derive Bloch equation in detail

14 Discuss the instrumentation of NMR

15 Explain the instrumentation of UV

16 Explain the instrumentation of ESR?

9

TITLE-CLASSICAL DYNAMICS AND RELATIVITY-P16PY12

PART-A

1.State Euler‟s theorem.

The general displacement of a rigid body with one poiny fixed is a rotation about some axis

2.What is an Euler angle?

To find three independent parameters which would completely specify the orientation of rigid

body.

3.What is precession?

In which the rotation about space z-axis.such a rotation corresponds to angle ϕ.

4.What is nutation?

In which rotation about intermediate x1 axis or line of nodes.such rotation corresponds to angles

θ.

5.What is spin?

The rotation about z‟ axis.such a rotation corresponds to angle ψ.

6.What is meant by phase velocity?

The phase velocity u of a monochromatic wave is the velocity with which a definite phase of the

wave such as its crest or tough is propagated in a medium.

7.What is meant by group velocity?

The velocity with which the maximum amplitude of the group advances in the medium.

8.What are the postulates of special theory?

The fundamentals laws of physics have the same for all the inertial systems.

The velocity of light in vaccum is independent of the relative motion of the source and the

observer.

9.What is a four vector?

Vector with four components of space-time is known as four dimensional radius vector.

10

10. What is normal modes of oscillation?

The q1 and q2 are normal co-ordinates of the system because equations of motion in them

contain a single frequency.

11.What is constrained motion?

A constrained motion is a motion which cannot proceed arbitrarily

in any manner.

12.What are generalized co-ordinates?

The smallest possible number of variables is called generalized co-ordinates.

13.What is degrees of freedom?

The number of independent ways in which a mechanical system can move without violating any

constraint which may be imposed,is called numbers of degrees of freedom.

15.What are scleronomic and rheonomic constraint?

If the constraint are independent of time they are termed as scleronomic but if they contain time

explicitly they are called rheonomic.

16.Define central force.

Central force is that force which is always directed away from or towards a fixed centre and

magnitude of which is a function only of the distance from that fixed centre.

17.Write down the physical significance of H.

The system be conservative one that is potential energy is co-ordinate dependent and not velocity

dependent.

Co-ordinate transformation equations be independent of time.

18.What is meant by principle of least action?

At the end points of the path position co-ordinates are held fixed but changes in the time are

permitted.

19.What is canonical transformation?

Canonical transformation are the transformation of phase space

20.Define configuration.

The set of positions of all the particles is known as configuration.

11

5 MARK

1.Write a short note on generalized co-ordinates.

2.Write a short note on constraints.

3.Derive D‟Alembert‟s principle.

4.Explain virial theorem.

5.Write in detail about escpe velocity.

6.Explain about artificial satellites.

7.Derive an expression for moment and product of inertia.

8.Give an account of normal modes of frequencies.

9.Explain in detail about phase and group velocity.

10.Write note on principleof least action.

11.Write a brief note on Hamilton-Jacobi method.

12.Explain linear harmonic oscillator on the basis of Hamilton equation of motion.

13.Discuss about Thomas precession.

14.Write short note on elements of general theory of relativity.

15.Discuss in detail Minkowski‟s space.

10 MARK

1.Explain conservation theorems and symmetry properties.

2.Explain Atwood‟s machine

3.Discuss scattering in a central force field.

4.Explain eccentricity of orbit of satellite.

5.Explain linear triatomic molecule.

6.Derive the angles of rotation in Euler angle.

7.Explain kepler‟s problem in action –angle variable.

8.Discuss Hamilton‟s equation from variational principle.

9.Discuss energy momentum four vector.

10.Explain Lorentz transformation as rotation in Minkowski‟s space.

12

ELECTRONICS

PART-A

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.What are the materials used for making tunnel diode? Which one is the most

commonly application used?

Tunnel diodes are usually made from Germanium, but can also made from gallium

arsenide and silicon

They are most commonly used in relaxation oscillator since it possesses negative

resistance characteristics

2.List the application of photo diode

It is used in medical industry such as detector for computed tomography

It is used in consumer electronic devices such as receivers for infrared control devices,

smoke detectors ,compact disk disc players

It is used in science industry for accurate measurement of light intensity

It is used in barcode scanners and position sensors

3.What is CCD? Give any one application where CCD is used

A charge coupled device (CCD) is a sensor for recording images in digital cameras

The light falling on a pixel is converted into a charge pulse which is then measured by

electronics

CCD‟s are used in digital cameras, optical scanners and video cameras

4..Write the steps involved in impurity diffusion

Silicon dioxide layer due to oxidation of the epitaxial layer

Coating of photoresist that will harden when exposed to ultraviolet

Portion of a mask that selects the areas to be etched

Showing the wafer where the photoresist was removed by washing away the unexposed

areas selected by the masking process

Showing how the silicon dioxide may be etched away through the photoresist channels

Showing the channel after removal of the photoresist

Showing the effect of diffusing P-type impurities through the channel to provide

isolated N type islands

5.What is tunnel diode? Where it is used?

Tunnel diode is a highly doped semiconductor device in which the electric current

decreases as the voltage increases

It is used as logic memory storage device

It is used in relaxation oscillator

It is used as an ultrahigh speed switch

It is used in FM receivers

13

6.Distinguish between an ordinary diode and a laser diode

Light emitting diode

LED produces a divergent and incoherent light beam

Generation of photon is by spontaneous emission

It requires less power

Require drive current is 50 to 100 mA

LASER

Laser produces a monochromatic and coherent light beam

Generation of photon is by stimulated emission

It requires more power

Require drive current is threshold current of 5-40Ma

7.What is epitaxial growth?

Epitaxial growth is the process used to grow a thin crystalline layer on a crystalline

substrate. The substrate acts like a seed crystal. The process of controlled growth of a crystalline

doped layer of silicon on a single crystal substrate. In the process of diffusion & ion

implantation, a dopant is driven into a substrate of doped silicon. In epitaxy a layer of doped

silicon is deposited on the top of the surface of the substrate. This single crystal layer has

different type of doping from that of the substrate.

8.Define duty cycle of a square wave

The duty cycle D of a circuit is defined as the ratio of ON time to the total time period

T=(tON+tOFF ). In square wave it is defined as the percentage of time for which signal is at logic

high level.i.e.

D = TON /TON + TOFF x100

9.What is depletion mode MOSFET?

The depletion mode MOSFET are generally known as “ON SWITCH” devices. It

conducts even if VGS is zero.If VGS is made negative it induces positive charge , free electrons

are repelled away.The channel is depleted of free electronics. This reduces number of free

electrons .ID is reduced to zero in depletion mode

10.A semiconductor has a band gap of 2eV.Calculate the wavelength of light emitted by an

LED made of this semiconductor

Wavelength λ = hc/Eg

Where h = Plank‟s constant = 6.62x10-34

J.s

C = velocity of light = 3x108 m.s

-1

On substituting λ = 1.24/Eg µm = 1.24/2 µm = 0.62µm = 620nm

11.The peak point voltage of a UJT is 6.7V when the Vbb was 10V.Calculate its intrinsic

standoff ratio

Peak point voltage Vp = ɳ Vbb +Vd

Where Vd = barrier potential = 0.7v

On substituting 6.7 = ɳ 10 + 0.7

ɳ = (6.7-0.7)/10 =0.6

14

12.What is the significance of holding current in SCR?

It is the value of anode current below which the SCR switches from its ON position to

OFF position.It is the minimum value of the current required to maintain conduction..

13.What are the primary application areas for schottky diode?

RF mixer and detector diode

Power rectifier

Power supplies

Logic circuits

14.In what type of circuits are tunnel diode commonly used

Due to tunnelling it is used In a ultrahigh speed switches

Due to extremely small capacitance, inductance and negative resistance , it is used as

microwave oscillator at frequency of about 10GHz

Due to its negative resistance , it is used as a relaxation oscillator circuit

Due to triple value feature of its curve from current , it is used as a logic memory

storage devices

15.Define “intrinsic standoff ratio”

Intrinsic standoff ratio (η) : It is the ratio of RB1 to the sum of RB1 and RB2. It can be

expressed as η = RB1/(RB1+RB2) or η = RB1/RBBO. The typical range of intrinsic standoff

ratio is from 0.5 to 0.8.

16.Why astable is called free running multivibrator?

Astable multivibrator is also called as free running multivibrator as it has no stable

states.It is a square wave generator and has two unstable states.It oscillates back and forth

between these two states when the circuit is given power supply.

17.What are the advantages of integrated circuit over discrete components circuit?

It is extremely small size

More reliable because of elimination of soldered joints

Increased operating speed

Lower power consumption

15

18.What is a varactor diode

It is reverse biased pn junction which utilizes the inherent capacitance of ihe depletion

layer

It is also known as varicap,voltage ca or tuning diode

It is used as volage variable capacitor

19.Identify any four advantages of integrated circuits?

It is extremely small size

More reliable because of elimination of soldered joints

Increased operating speed

Lower power consumption

20.Write the uses of monostable multivibrator

Missing pulse detector

Linear ramp generator

Frequency divider

Pulse width modulator

21.What is triac?

A Triac comes under the family of thyristor. It is a three terminal device which can

conduct in either direction when triggered either by a positive pulse or a negative pulse

irrespective of the voltage across its main terminal, In this device two SCR‟s connected in

parallel but in opposite direction with common gate terminal

22.List the steps involved in the fabrication of monolithic IC‟s

Silicon wafer preparation

Epitaxial growth

Oxidation

Photolithography

Diffusion

Ion implantation

Isolation technique

Metallization

Assembly processing and packaging

22.Define sheet resistance

Sheet resistance.is very convenient for specifying thin semiconductor layer used to form

resistor

16

Consider the square LxL of material of resistivity ρ, thickness t , and cross sectional area

A = L x t as shown in above figure. The resistance of this material can be written as Rs = ρL/Lt

= ρ/t(ohms per square).This quantity is independent of size of the square

The resistance of the structure

R = ρ(L/Wt) = L/W(Rs). Sheet resistance of base and emitter region is fixed by

fabricating process. The values of resistance is controlled by L & W

23. Give any two application of LED

In 7 segment ,16 segment and dot matrix to indicate alphanumeric character & symbols

in various system such as digital clock, microwave oven, stereo tuner, calculator etc.

For indicating ON/OFF condition in power level indicator or stereo amplifier

For solid state stereo displays which are rapidly replacing cathode ray oscillosco

In burglar alarm system. In such application LED‟s radiating infrared are preferred.

24. How can a SCR be turned off?

Reversing the polarity of anode to cathode voltage

Interrupting anode current by means of momentarily series or parallel switching

arrangement. This method is known as anode current interruption

Reducing the current through SCR below the holding current .This method is known as

forced commutation

25. What are the properties of photodiode?

A photodiode continually operates in reverse bias

The photocurrent is nearly independent of reverse bias voltage applied

For zero illuminance, the photo current is almost zero excluding for small dark current.

It is of the order of nano ampere

26. Give any two application of UJT

Construction of relaxation oscillator

Phase control

Timing circuit

Triggering devices for SCR and triac

27. Mention the types of integrated circuits based on the scale

Small scale integration(SSI),3 to30 gates/chip

Medium scale integration(MSI), 30 to 300 gates/chip

Large scale integration(LSI), 300 to 3000gates/chip

Very large scale integration(VLSI), more than 3000 gates/chip

28. Give the basic construction and symbol of DIAC

The DIAC stands for the DIode AC switch. It is a two terminal bidirectional switching

device. These terminals are not named as anode and cathode in case of normal diode. This

indicates that the diac can be used in either direction. The figure below shows the symbols of the

diac which has two arrows in both directions, which means that it conduct for either polarity of

17

the supply voltage. A diac doesn‟t have a controlling terminal as a gate in case of thyristor

devices.

29.What are the difference between synchronous and asynchronous counter?

Synchronous counter

In a synchronous counter, the input pulses are applied to all clock pulse inputs of all flip-

flop simultaneously(directly).Synchronous counter is also known as parallel sequential circuit.

Example of Synchronous counters are

Ring counter

Johnson counter(Twisted Ring Counter)

Asynchronous counter

In an asynchronous counter, the flip-flop output transition serves as a source for

triggering other flip-flop. In other words, the clock pulse inputs of all flip-flops except the first,

are triggered not by the incoming pulses, but rather by the transition occurs in previous flip-

flop‟s output. Asynchronous counter is also known as serial sequential circuit.

Example of asynchronous counters are

Binary ripple counter

Up Down Counter

30.Give the drawback of monolithic IC‟s

Isolation between components is poorer

Range of values of passive components used in the circuit is comparatively small

Inductors cannot be fabricated

They afford no flexibility in the circuit design because for making any changes in the

circuit , a new set of masks is required.

18

31. Draw the block diagram of D/A converter

32. Draw the block diagram of A/D converter

33. What are the different types of A/D converter

Counter type and successive approximation type

34. What are the different types of D/A converter

R -2R and Weighted resistor method

35. What is PLL, Give its block diagram

Phase locked loop

19

36. What is voltage controlled Oscillator

VCO is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a

voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous oscillation

frequency

37. What is Schmitt trigger?

Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying

positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator

38. What is the use of phase shift and wein bridge oscillator

A phase shift oscillator usually uses an amplifier that has 180° of phase shift. The

reactive components bump a specific frequency by a set amount of degrees, the classic

phase shift oscillator is 3 RC circuits, each handling around 60° (give or take). The total

phase shift for only one frequency is 180° A Wien Bridge uses two RC circuits, one as a

high pass filter, one as a low pass filter. The end result is a band pass filter made up of

RC components.

39. What is a flip flop?

a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store

state information. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator

40 Explain the Toggle and Race condition

In JK flip flop when J=1 and K=1 it results in toggle state

In RS flip flop when R=1 and S=1, it results in Race condition

41, What is multiplexer?

Many inputs and only one output

20

ELECTRONICS (UNIT – I)

PART B

1.Explain the construction and working of Laser diode

2.What is a varactor diode? Explain briefly how it can be used in tuning circuits.

3. Discuss the operation of a Gunn diode.

4. Explain the action of photodiode.Discuss why minority carriers are important in the operation

of a photo diode.

5.What is schootky diode?Discuss the way it is implemented. How does it differ from a pn

diode?

6.Discuss about the theory of tunnelling in tunnel diode

7.Give the construction of a semiconductor photodiode.Draw and discuss its volt

amperecharacteristics

8. Briefly explain the construction and operation of the schottky diode

9. Explain the construction and working of LED diode

10. Discuss the hall effect experiment to determine hall voltage

11. Discuss the construction, working and characteristics of D-MOSFET

12.Explain the construction , working and characteristics of UJT with necessary diagram

13Explain the construction, operation and characteristics of TRIAC

14. Give the physical structure of a DIAC and explain its action as a switch

15. Explain the working of MOSFET. Draw the drain characteristics and transfer curve forn –

channel MOSFET

PART – C

1 Discuss the operation of a varacter diode and explain how itcan be used as a voltage controlled

capacitor

2 Explain the basic operation of :

(a) Schottky diode

21

(b) Photodiode with neat diagram

3. What is a Gunn diode? Describe its operation and characteristics .Explain how a region of

negative resistance arises in Gunn diode characteristics

4.Explain the operation and biasing of LED. List its applications

5. Draw the VI characteristics of Tunnel diode. Give the tunnelling theory in tunnel diode. Write

the application of tunnel diode

6.What is triac ? Give the construction and operation of triac.Draw the VI characteristics and

give the application

7. Explain the construction, characteristics and application of a silicon controlled rectifier

8.Describe Hall effect. Explain why the polarity of hall voltage change depending on the

conductivity type (n type or p type) of the semiconductor

9. Define MOSFET. Explain in detail the enhancement and depletion type of MOSFET

10. Give the construction of a semiconductor photodiode . Draw and discuss the volt ampere

characteristics

11.Describe the hall effect and explain its relation to mechanical force exerted by magnetic field

on a conductor

12.Explain hall effect experiment to determine carrier concentration and mobility

22

UNIT – II

PART B

1.Draw the circuit diagram for Wien bridge oscillator and derive the equation for the frequency

of oscillation

2, Explain the operation of phase shift oscillator using OPAMP with necessary diagram. Derive

an expression for its frequency of oscillation

3.Give the basic principle of a phase locked loo and hence explain how it can be used for

frequency doubling

4.Explain the Schmitt trigger circuit with neat circuit diagram

5.Explain the operation of successive approximation ADC

6. Explain counter type A/D converter with necessary circuit diagram

7.Explain the operation of R – 2R ladder digital to analog converter

8.Explain the operation of binary weighted resistor digital to aalog converter

9.Explain the working of VCO using LM566

PART C

1.Discuss the working of square wave generator and triangular wave generator

2. Explain the working suitable type of A/D converter

3. Explain the operation of triangular waveform generator with neat circuit diagram. Also derive

an expression for frequency of oscillation

4.Describe the suitable method of D/A converter with suitable diagram

5.Set up analog computer circuit to solve the differential equation d2x/dy

2 +2dx/dy +5x =2 for x

as a function of time initial conditions are x(0) = 0;at x = 0

23

UNIT – III

PART B

1.Exlain two bit digital comparator to compare digital signals

2.Explain the principle of 4 bit even parity generator

3.Explain the method of parity check to detect errors during transmission

4. What is data selector ?. Exlain it

5. Discuss the working of BCD to decimal decoder

6. Discuss the working of seven segment decoder

7.Explain Decimal to BCD encoder

8.Draw logic diagram of RSFF and explain its truth table

9. .Draw logic diagram of JKFF and explain its truth table

10. .Draw logic diagram of DFF and explain its truth table

PART C

1.Give a detailed description of parity generator/checker

2. Write short notes on:

(a) BCD to decimal decoder

(b) Decimal to BCD encoder

3. Explain the working of master slave JKFF .Explain how it prevents race around condition

4. Describe the logic diagram and truth tables of RS,D,JK FF

24

UNIT – IV

PART -B

1.Briefly explain the working of a serial-in serial-out shift register

2. .Briefly explain the working of a serial-in parallel-out shift register

3. .Briefly explain the working of a parallel-in serial-out shift register

4. Draw an asynchronous counter & explain its operation with neat waveform

5. Draw a synchronous counter & explain its operation with neat waveform

6. Draw a ring counter & explain its operation with neat waveform

7. Explain the working of an 4 bit Up/Down ripple counter

8. Explain the working of an 4 bit Up/Down parallel counter

9. Explain the working of an 4 bit Mod-10 Up/Down ripple counter

10. Explain the working of an 4 bit Mod -10Up/Down parallel counter

11. Draw and explain 16 to 1 multiplexer

12 .Draw and explain 1 to 16 demultiplexer

PART – C

1.Explain the working of a

(a) serial-in serial-out shift register

(b) serial-in parallel-out shift register

and draw its waveform

2. Explain the working of a

(a) serial-in serial-out shift register

(b) parallel-in serial out shift register

and draw its waveform

3. Explain the working of

25

(a) serial-in parallel-out shift register

(b) parallel-in serial out shift register

and draw its waveform

4. Write a note on :

(a)Synchronous counter

(b) Asynchronous counter

5.Write a note on:

(a) Multiplexer

(b)Demultiplexer

6.Explain the working of Up/Down modulus 10 counter with waveform

7. Explain the working of a shift left and shift right shift register

26

UNIT V

PART – B

1.Describe the fabrication of monolithic resistor and capacitors

2. Describe the process of masking and etching

3.Explain the method of fabricating monolithic diodes with necessary diagram

4. Discuss in detail epitaxial, masking and etching processes of IC‟s with necessary diagram

5. Discuss in detail about the diffusion of impurities in the fabrication of ICs

6. Discuss the preparation of a mask for monolithic IC fabrication

7. Describe the different steps involved in fabricating NPN transistor

8. Discuss the method of fabricating transistors in an integrated circuit

9. Explain the working of a charge couple device for imaging applications

10 Explain the operation of a monostable multivibrator using 555 timer

11. Explain the operation of 555 timer in monostable mode and obtain an expression for its time

period

12. Discuss the general concepts and loss mechanisms in CCD‟s

13 Draw the pin and block diagram of 555 timer explain the action of each block

PART – C

1.Discuss in detail the various steps involved in the fabrication of monolithic IC‟s

2.Discuss the operation of astable multivibrator with neat diagram. Give its applications

3.Explain the working of astable multivibrator with neat circuit diagram. Derive an expression

for its frequency of oscillation and duty cycle

4.Give the block diagram of IC 555 and explain how it can be used to obtain a monostable

multivibrator

5. Draw the circuit of a monostable multivibrator using OPAMP and explain its operation. Also

derive expression for pulsewidth

27

II M.Sc

Physics

28

STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Unit –I

1.State Clausius statement

It is impossiable for self acting machine unaided by any external agency to transfer heat from a

body at alower temperature to abody at a higher temperature.

2.State Kelvin planck statement.

It is impossresible to construct an engine which operating in a complete cycle will absorb heat

from a single body and convert it completely to work without leaving changing in the working

system.

3.What is phase transition?

A slight Variation of external condition results in a certain amount of the substance passing from

one phase to another.

4.What is mean free path?

The distance travelled by the molecule between two successive collision.

5.State third law of thermodynamics.

It is impossible by any procedure no matter upto what extent it is idealized,bring any system to

absolute zero temperature in a finite number of operation.

6.What is principle of increase of entropy?

The entropy of an isolated system increases or remains constant according as the process is

reversible or irreversible.

7.What is Partition Function?

Partition function are function of the thermodynamic state variables such as temperature and

volume.

8.What is Degeneracy?

If several state have same energy.

9.What is Density Matrix?

It is a matrix that describes a quantum system is a mixed state, a statistical ensemble of several

quantum state.

29

10.What is black body cavity?

It is an enclosure with walls having a gas of photons at the same temperature as that of walls due

to emission and absorption of photons in the walls.

11.State Wien‟s Displacement law

The wave length of the most strongly emitted radiation in the continuous spectrum from a full

radiator is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of that body.

12.What is Fermi level?

It is the energy level for which the probability of occupation at T>0.

13.Write any two properties of photon?

1.photons always move with speed of light.

2.photons can be created and destroyed.

14.Define specific heat of solid.

The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of the solid by a unit

amount.

15.What is fountain effect?

The inverse effect that of creation of a pressure differential by heating.

16.What is mechanocaloric effect?

If two tanks are connected through a thin tube the super fluid component is passed through a thin

tube then transfer of mass from one tank to the other increase the entropy in the former tank and

lowers it in the latter,the temperature of former tank will increase and that of latter will decrease.

17.Whatis micro state?

A micro state of an ensemble is defined by specifying the individual position of phase points for

each molecule of the ensemble.

18.What is Macro state?

A macro state is defined by specifying the number of phase points in each cell of the phase

space.

30

19.What is Phase space?

The space in which the stat of particle is represented by a point in terms of six dimensions of

position and momentum.

20.What is ensembles?

It is a collection of large number of a large number of microscopically identical but essentially

independent system.

21.What is microcanonical ensembles?

In which each assembly has the same value of volume,number of system and energy.

22.What is Grand canonical ensemble.?

The assemblies have the same temperature ,volume and chemical potential.

23.What is canonical ensemble?

The assemblies have same temperature,volume and number of system.

Part-B

1.Explain vanderwaal‟s equation of state.

2.Write a note on thermodynamic potentials.

3.State and prove the third law of thermodynamics

4.Explain the consequences of the second law of thermodynamics

5.Explain Boltzmann transport equation.

6.Describe Maxwell Boltzmann distribution.

7.Write a note on conservation laws .

8.Explain the types of ensembles.

9.Explain the macro and microstates with examples.

10.Write a short note on partition functions.

11.Describe FermiDirac statistics.

12.Write a note on Sackur Tetrode equation.

31

13.Give an account on Planck radiation law.

14.Derive an expression for electron gas.

15.Write a short note on Heisenberg model.

16.Explain the properties of Degeneracy.

PART-C

1.Derive Clausius Clayperon equation.

2.Explain Boltzmann H theorem.

3.Explain the phase transformation and equation of state

4.State and prove Liouville‟s theorem

5.Deduce Maxwell distribution law

6.Explain the phenomenon of Bose Einstein condensation

7.Derive Bose Einstein statistics

8.Outline the salient features of liquid Helium

9.Explain the one dimensional Ising model

10.Describe Pauli paramagnetism

32

SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Part-A

1.What is crystal?

It is a solid composed of periodic array of atoms.

2.What is unit cell?

It is the smallest geometric fiqure the repetition of which in three dimension will give the

actual crystal structure.

3.What is reciprocal lattice?

A device for tabulating both the slopes and interplanar spacing of the planes of a crystal lattice.

4.What is Bragg‟s law?

2dsinθ=nλ

5. Define geomertrical structure factor.

The ratio of amplitude scattered by the entire unit cell to that scattered by a point electron at

the origin for the same incident beam.

6. What is phonon momentum ?

It is a crystal momentum.

7. What is electrical conductivity.

It is the quantity of electricity that flows in unit time per unit area of cross section of a the

conductor per unit potential gradient.

8.Write Wiedmann fran‟z ratio

The ratio of thermal conductivity to the electrical conductivity at any temperature is constant for

all metals.

8.What is Density of state?

It is the number of electronic states per unit energy range.

33

9.Define Hall effect.

When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a conductor carrying current a voltage is

developed across the specimen in a direction perpendicular to current and magnetic field.

10.What are cooper pair?

By means of phonon exchange dominate the usual repulsive coulomb interaction two such

electrons which interact attractively in the phonon field.

11.What is antiferromagnet?

Antiparallel alignment of electron spin in the neighbouring atoms.

12.What are superconductivity?

The electrical resistivity of many metals and alloys drops to zero suddenly when put to a low

temperature.

13.What is meissner effect?

If a superconductor is cooled in a magnetic field down to transition temperature the lines of

induction are pushed out.

14.What is DC Josephson effect?

A dc current flows across the junction in the absence of any electric and magnetic field.

15.What is AC Josephson effect?

A dc voltage applied across a junction causes a current oscillation across the junction.

16.What are ferroelectric domains?

In polarized region the direction of polarization are different in different region.

17.What is Hund‟s rule.

Choose the maximum value of S consistent with the Pauli principle

Choose the maximum value of L consistent with the Pauli principle

If the shell is less than half full J=L-S,if it more than half full J=L+S

34

18.What is coherence length.

The paired electrons are not scattered because of their peculiar property of smoothly riding over

the lattice imperfections without changing energy. They can maintain their coupled motion upto

a certain distance.

Part-B

1.what are point groups and space groups.Give their number for two and three dimensional

lattices.

2.How can laue method to employ to determine the symmetry of the crystal.

3.Describe the rotating crystal method.

4.Explain the properties and importance of reciprocal lattice.

5.Explain Bravias lattice.

6.Explain the classical theory of lattice specific heat

7.Write a note on Einstein theory of specific heat.

8.Discuss about Quantization of lattice vibration.

9.Explain about Umklapp process.

10.Derive an expression for heat capacity of metals.

11.Explain Hall effect.

12.Discuss about Semiconductors.

13.Explain langvein diamagnetic equation.

14.Discuss about ferromagnetic Domain.

15.Explain meissner effect.

16.Explain DC Josephson effect.

17.Write a note on SQUID.

18.Distinguish between different types of magnetic materials.

35

Part-C

1.Derive the relation between unit cell dimension and interplanar spacing for an orthorhombic

lattice.

2.Explain Ewald‟s construction and Bragg diffraction.

3.Describe the Powder crystal method.

4.Write about Debye model.

5.Discuss about thermal conductivity of solids.

6.Write about density of state in one and three dimension.

7.Discuss about heat capacity of electron gas.

8.Obtain an expression for intrinsic carrier concentration.

9.Derive Weiss molecular field.

10.Discuss about magnons.

11.Derive London equation.

12.Explain in detail about BCS theory.

36

EC- V NON LINEAR OPTICS

Part – A

1. What is the acronym of LASER? Write its characteristics..

The word LASER is Light Activated Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser is a light

source, producing a highly directional and high intensity beam with a narrow frequency

range

2. Define population inversion?

Population inversion, the redistribution of atomic energy levels that takes place in a

system, that laser action can occur. Normally, a system of atoms is in temperature

equilibrium and there are always more atoms in low energy states than in higher ones.

3. What is optical pumping?

Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a

lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser

construction, to pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion.

4. What are active centers?

The active laser medium (also called gain medium or lasing medium) is the source of

optical gain within a laser. The gain results from the stimulated emission of electronic or

molecular transitions to a lower energy state from a higher energy state previously

populated by a pump source.

5. What are gas lasers?

A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce

coherent light. The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first laser to

operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output.

37

6. List the uses of He-Ne laser

A helium–neon laser or HeNe laser, is a type of gas laser whose gain medium consists of

a mixture of 85% helium and 15% neon inside of a small bore capillary tube, usually

excited by a DC electrical discharge.

7. What are solid state lasers?

A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid

such as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. Semiconductor-based lasers are also in the

solid state, but are generally considered as a separate class from solid-state lasers (see

Laser diode).

8. Give the structure of Rhodamine 6G

9. What are the advantages of semiconductor lasers?

Small edge-emitting laser diodes generate a few milliwatts (or up to 0.5 W) of output

power in a beam with high beam quality. They are used e.g. in laser pointers, in CD

players, and for optical fiber communications. External cavity diode lasers contain a laser

diode as the gain medium of a longer laser cavity.

10. What are the properties of diode laser?

A laser diode, similar to a light emitting diode (LED), is comprised of a junction between

two semiconductors (one positive, one negative). This junction is known as a p-n

junction. ...

Absolute Maximum Ratings. Do not exceed, even momentarily, the maximum ratings,

temperature Characteristics

11. Define polarization?

division into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs.

38

the action of restricting the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light, wholly or

partially to one direction.

12. Define second harmonic generation?

Second harmonic generation (also called frequency doubling or abbreviated SHG) is a

nonlinear optical process, in which photons with the same frequency interacting with a

nonlinear material are effectively "combined" to generate new photons with twice the

energy, and therefore twice the frequency and half the wavelength of the initial photons.

Second harmonic generation, as an even-order nonlinear optical effect, is only allowed in

media without inversion symmetry. It is a special case of sum frequency generation and

is the inverse of half-harmonic generation.

13. What is phase matching?

Quasi-phase-matching is a technique in nonlinear optics which allows a positive net

flow of energy from the pump frequency to the signal and idler frequencies by creating a

periodic structure in the nonlinear medium.

14. What is third harmonic generation?

Third-harmonic generation coherent process in the direction of the exciting beam with

one third of its numerical aperture

15. What is multi photon process?

Multiphoton Processes. processes of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter

that are accompanied by the absorption or emission (or both) of several electromagnetic

quanta (photons) in an elementary event.

39

16. Define Kerr effect

The rotation of the plane of polarization of light when reflected from a magnetized

surface.The production of double refraction in a substance by an electric field.

17. Explain raman scattering?

Raman Scattering. ... It is also possible for the incident photons to interact with the

molecules in such a way that energy is either gained or lost so that the scattered photons

are shifted in frequency. Such inelastic scattering is called Raman scattering.

18. Explain photo refractive effect

The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optical effect seen in certain crystals and other

materials that respond to light by altering their refractive index. The effect can be used to

store temporary, erasable holograms and is useful for holographic data storage.

19. Define non-centrosymmetry

Point groups lacking an inversion center (non-centrosymmetric) are further divided into

polar and chiral types. A chiral point group is one without any rotoinversion symmetry

elements

20. Give the structure of urea

21. What do you mean by x-ray diffraction?

Fundamental Principles of X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) ... X-ray diffraction is based

on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-

rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation,

collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample.

40

22. State Bragg‟s law

Bragg's law. n. (General Physics) the principle that when a beam of X-rays of wavelength

λ enters a crystal, the maximum intensity of the reflected ray occurs when sin θ = nλ/2d,

where θ is the complement of the angle of incidence, n is a whole number, and d is the

distance between layers of atoms.

23. Give the applications of FTIR

Widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for

measurement, quality control and dynamic measurement. FTIR has been highly

successful for applications in both organic and inorganic chemistry.

24. What is the basic principle of NMR?

The principle behind NMR is that many nuclei have spin and all nuclei are electrically

charged. If an external magnetic field is applied, an energy transfer is possible between

the base energy to a higher energy level (generally a single energy gap).

25. Give the applications of FTNMR

Widely used in medicine. Employed to make structural studies. Tool used in non

destructive testing. In a data acquisition in the petroleum industry.

41

26. Draw the structure of Fiber

27. Define acceptance angle

Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture. The Numerical Aperture (NA) is a measure

of how much light can be collected by an optical system such as an optical fibre or a

microscope lens. The NA is related to the acceptance angle a, which indicates the size of

a cone of light that can be accepted by the fibre.

28. Define numerical aperture

The numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that

characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.

29. List the disadvantages of mono mode fiber

Very thin cores creates mechanical difficulties in the manufacture, handling and splicing

the fibres. Very expensive, Used as under-sea cables where the expense is justified by

the high return of earned income.

42

30. Define dispersion

The separation of white light into colours or of any radiation according to wavelength.

31. What do you mean by attenuation?

Attenuation is the loss of transmission signal strength measured in decibels (dB)

32. List the application of fibers?

Under sea cable system

In intra city trunk between telephone central office

Data link

Section – B

1. Write a note on

a.gas lasers b. Dye lasers c. Diode Lasers

2. Write short notes on dye lasers

3. What is polirizability? Explain the polarization response of materials to light

4. How a second harmonic wave propagating though the material of length L

through phase matching

5. Discuss the sum and difference of frequency generation

6. What is self focusing? Derive the formula for the distance over the beam

7. Explain two photon process with two and three level absorption and emission

8. Explain three photon process

9. Write a note on parametric generation of light

10. What is frequency up conversion?

11. Write a note on Organic material – Borate

Inorganic Material – Urea, Nitro aniline

Semi organic material –Thio urea

12. Write a note on laser induced surface damage threshold

13. Discuss the wave propagation in optical fibre

14. Write a note on modal dispersion

15. Explain the losses in optical fibers

43

16. Write a note on intrinsic and extrinsic absorption

Section – C

1. With neat sketch explain the working of He-Ne laser

2. Describe the structure and working of Argon Ion laser

3. With neat diagram and energy level of atoms explain ruby laser

4. Explain the structure of Nd-Yag laser

5. Discuss the optical bi stability with the characteristics curves

6. Explain the theory of two photon process

7. Explain the experimental arrangement for detection of stimulated raman scattering

effect

8. Derive the expression for refractive index through Optical Kerr effect

9. Discuss the theory of FTIR and FTNMR

10. Classify fiber modes in detail with neat sketch

44

CRYSTAL GROWTH AND THIN FILM PHYSICS

Part-A

1. What is nucleation?

Nucleation is an important phenomenon in crystal growth and is the precursor of crystal growth

and of the overall crystallization process

2. What are the types of nucleation?

Two types of Nucleation

Homogeneous Nucleation

Heterogeneous Nucleation.

3.Define Homogenous nucleation

The Spontaneous of crystalline nuclei in the interior of the parent phase is called homogeneous

nucleation.

4.Define Heterogenous nucleation

The nuclei from heterogeneously around ions on impurity molecules or on dust particles,

on surfaces or at strucrural singularities such as dislocations or imperfections is called

heterogeneous nucleation

5.Give Examples for Homogeneous formation of 3D nuclei.

Examples for Homogeneous 3D nuclei .

Spherical, and cylindrical shaped nucleus

6.Give Examples for Heterogeneous formation of 3D nuclei

Examples for Heterogeneous 3D nuclei.

Cap shaped and Disc shaped nucleus

7.What is Epitaxy?

Epi means on,upon or attached to and tai means arrangement of order.Thus Epitay refers

to orienting of crystallizing atoms of one species by single crystalline substrate of another

species

8. Give the classes of crystals in 2D

Bravais lattices such as triclinic monoclinic orthorhombic tetragonal etc.

45

9. What are parameters of orthorhombic system.

Orthorhombic a≠b≠c an =90 (angle)

9.What is supersaturation?

Supersaturation

The solution must be supersaturated when the concentration of the solution is more than

the equilibrium concentration in the crystal growth

10.What are the factors to choose a Solvent.

The facors to choose the solvent less viscosity ,less volatility , less corrosion

and small vapour pressure.

11.What is Gel?

Gel

A Gel is a two component system , highly viscous semisolid nature and having fine

pores through which diffusion takes place.

12.Give the types of Gel

Two types of Gel:

Physical gel

Chemical gel

13.Write the importance of Gel?

It forms 3D structure entrapping water.

The gelation structure provides ideal medium for the diffusion of reacting ions

14.What is physical gel?

Gel which is obtained by physical process such as cooling is called physical gel

15.What is chemical Gel?

Gel which is obtained by chemical reactions such as hydrolysis or

polymerization are called chemical gel

16. What is synersis?

Synerisis

46

As polymerization proceeds water accumulates continuously on top of the gel

structure known as synerisis

17.How pH influence the formation of silica Gel?

pH place an important role in the process of gelling which depends uponthe

mechanical properties and measurement of ion rate between ions.

18.Give the advantages of Melt technique?

Volatility or dissoaciability

Chemical reactivity and melting point

19.What is the crucible needed for the growth of semiconducting crystals?

The crucible needed for growth of semiconducting crystals Quartz silica.

1. What is the crucible needed for the growth of the Aluminiumoxide crystals

The crucible needed for growth of aluminium oxide crystals Graphite.

20.What is stiochemetric ?

The standard value of growing crystals.

21.What is Flux growth?

Flux growth is widely used for high temperature solution growth technique . In this

technique the solvent is a molten salt or oxide.

22.What is Hydrothermal growth?

Hydrothermal growth means hot water and also implies conditions of high

pressure and high termperature

23.What is thin film?

Thin film is a layer of material under consideration ranging from nanometer to

several nanometer

24.What is nature of thin film?

The thin films are deposited on to the bulk material to achieve properties.they are

fabricated by deposition individual atoms on a substrate

25.Define sputtering

Sputtering:

47

When the target is bombared with energy particles such as accelerate ions the target are

scattered backwards due to collision between surface atoms and particles

26. What is meant by pyrolysis?

The decomposition of atoms on a substrate when many halides or organometallic

compounds heated to high temperature.

27.What is meant by Plasma?

Plasma is a fourth state of matter. The target is a metal maintained between the

metallic electrodes

28.What is SolGel technique?

SolGel is a wet techinique widely used in the field of material science and

ceramic engineering. It is primarily used for the fabrication of material such as colloidal

solution.

29.Expand FTIR ,UV,EDAX,PL

FTIR –Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy

UV –VIS Ultraviolet visible spectrometer

EDAX- Elemental Dispersive X ray Analysis.

PL-Photoluminescence

30.Write the principle of SEM ,TEM

Structures of matter as extended from microscopic to submicroscopic molecular

and even to atomic levels The resolution electron microscope is about 2 to 5 amstrong

unit

TEM:

Transmission Electron microscope.The deposition over the specimen surface by the

spark technique thereafter stripping it from then specimen and examined by thin coating

of heavy metals chromium palladium

31.What is chemical etching?

Chemical Etching:

The deposition of material over the substrate by means of Epitaial growth

2. Write the Basic principle of AFM,STM

AFM, STM:

48

AFM scans the sample in 3D,which allows tha variety of surfaces to be imagined and

characterize at the atomic level. It requires no sample preparation and can be used in

ambient or liquid envir onment

STM scans the surfaces both in absorption and transmission spectroscopy

32.What is photoluminescence?

PL

Luminescence refers to the Emission of light by material from variety of

stimulations it measures the physical and chemical properties of the material using

photons induced in an optical emission.

5Marks

1.Derive Gibbs Thomson Equation

2.Derive Modified Gibbs Thomson Equation

3. Explain the Kinetics of Epitaxial growth

4. Explain Miers TC diagram

5. Derive an Expression for supersaturation

6. Explain slowcooling and solvent Evaporation method

7. Write a note on Constant CTB.

8.Give the methods of Gel growth

9.Explain Bridgemann method with suitable diagram

10.Explain Czechralski method with suitable diagram

11.Explain Physical Vapour Deposition

12. Explain Vacuum Deposition in detail

13. Write short note on thermal Evaporation and flash Evaporation.

14. Write short notes on Spray pyrolysis

15. Derive an Expression for Hertz Knudsen equation of reactive sputtering.

16.Explain SolGel technique.

17.Explain FTIR Analysis

49

18. Explain SEM and EDAX

19.Write Short notes on AFM, STM

20.Explain Vickers microhardness test

10 Marks

1.Derive an expression for change in free energy associated with critical spherical nucleus

2.Derive an expression for Capshaped nucleus

3. Derive an expression for Disc shaped nucleus

4. Derive an Expression for Cylindrical shaped nucleus.

5.Explain the Classes of crystal system

6.Explain Low and high solution temperature growth.

7.Explain the structure and importance of Gel

8.Explain Chemical Vapour Deposition in detail

9.Explain Method of growing crystals from melt.

10. Explain Evaporation from a source and film thickness uniformity

11. Describe sputtering for glow discharge mechanisms and Plasmas

12.Describe the XRD using powdered and single crystal method.

13 Explain SEM in detail

14.Explain TEM in detail

15.Explain UV spectrometer and PL .

.

50

I B.Sc

PHYSICS

51

TITLE-PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Unit-1

Part –A

1.What is stress? And write its unit?

Stress is defined as the restoring force per unit area.

Stress=F/A

Unit:MN-1

T2

2.What is elasticity?

This property of a body to regain its original state or condition on removal of the applied

force is called elasticity.

3.State Hooke‟s law?

Within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain.

Stress α strain (or) stress/strain =E

Dimensional formula: ML-1

T-2

Unit : Nm-2

4.DefinePoisson‟s ratio.

The ratio of lateral contraction to the longitudinal elongation is called poisson‟s ratio.

V=μ/λ

5.Define torsion.

When a body is fixed at one end and twisted about its axis by means of a torque at the

other end, the body is said to be under torsion. Torsion involves shearing strain and so the

modulus involved is the rigidity modulus.

6.Define young‟s modulus.

It is defined as the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain within elastic limits.

Longitudinal stress = F/A

Longitudinal strain = l/L

52

E=(F/A)/l/L =FL/Al.

7.Define rigidity modulus.

Rigidity modulus= Shearing stress / Shearing Strain

n =(F/A)/θ

n=F/Aθ

8.Define Bulk modulus.

Define as the ratio of volume stress to the volume strain.

K=bulk stress/volume strain =(F/A)/-v/V

K=P/-v/V

9.Define Beam.

A beam is defined as a rod or bar of uniform cross-section (circular or rectangular) whose

length is very much greater than its thickness.

10.Define Cantilever.

A cantilever is a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other end.

11.Define surface tension.

It may be define as the force per unit length of a line drawn in the liquid surface acting

perpendicular to it at every point and tending to pull the surface apart along the line.

Unit:Nm-1

Dimension: MT-2

12.What are types of molecular forces?

There are two types of molecular forces

(i) Adhesive forces

(ii) Cohesive forces.

13.What is surface energy?

The potential energy per unit area of the surface flim is called its surface energy.

53

14.What is an angle of contact?

The angle of contact θ is define as the angle made by the tangent at the point of contact of

the liquid surface with the glass surface inside the liquid.

15.What is molecular attraction?

The maximum distance upto which a molecule exert a force of attraction on another is

called the range of molecular attraction and is generally of the order of 10-9

m.

16.Define Viscosity.

When two parallel layers of a liquid are moving with different velocities, they experience

tangential forces which tend to retard the faster layer and accelerate the slower layer. These

forces are called forces of viscosity.

F α Adv/dz (or) F=ȠA sv/dz

17.Define Co-efficient of viscosity.

The co-efficient of viscosity is define as the tangential force per unit area required to

maintain a unit velocity gradient.

Unit: Ƞ is Nsm-2

Its called the pascal second.

Dimension of (Ƞ) = MLT-2

/ L2(LT

-1/L) =ML

-1T

-1

18.State Streamline flow?

In a steady flow, each particle follows exactly the same path and has exactly same

velocity as its predecessor. In such a case, the liquid is said to have an orderly or streamline flow.

19.State Turbulent flow?

When the external pressure causing the flow of the liquid is excessive, the motion of the

liquid takes place with a velocity greater than the critical velocity and the motion becomes

unsteady or turbulent.

20.Define critical velocity?

Critical velocity of a liquid is the velocity below which the motion of the liquid is orderly

and above which the motion of the liquid becomes turbulent.

21.what are ultrasonic waves?

Sound waves of frequency more than 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonics.

54

22.What are the usual methods employed to detect ultrasonics?

i.Quartz crystal method

ii)Thermal detectors

iii) Kundt‟s tube method

23.Give important applications of ultrasonics?

i)Science

ii)industrial

iii)medical

24.what is meant by reverberation?

Reverberation is the persistence of sound in an enclosure due to multiple reflection at wallsafter

the source has ceased to emit sound.

25. what is meant by reverberation time?

The interval of time taken by sustained or continous sound to fall in intensity to one millionth of

its original value is called reverberation time

Part-B

1.Give explanation of surface tension on kinetic energy.

2.What are the variations of surface tension with temperature?

3.Determine the surface tension of the liquid by drop weight method.

4.Determine the co-efficient of viscosity of a liquid (variable pressure head)

5.Describe Ostwald‟s viscometer.

6.Describe the piezoelectric method of producing ultrasonic waves.

7.Derive an expression for the bending moment.

8. What is a cantilever? Obtain an expression for the depression at the free end of the thin light

beam clamped horizontally at one end and loaded at the other?

9. Describe with necessary theory, the oscillation method to determine E for the material of a

cantilever.

10.Describe with theory, Stokes method of determining the viscosity of a highly viscous fluid.

55

11.What are the variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure?

12.What are the properties of a good lubricant and write about friction?

13.Find the formula for the work done in stretching a wire. Hence deduce an expression for the

energy per unit volume of the wire?

14.Calculate the work done in twisting wire.

15.Derive an expression for the period of oscillation of a torsion pendulum.

Part – C

1.Explain the excess pressure inside a curved liquid surface?

2.Describe Rankine‟s experiment for the measurement of the viscosity of a gas.

3.Derive poiseuille‟s formula for the flow of a liquid through a capillary tube with corrections

method.

4.Define the reverberation time. Drive Sabine‟s formula for reverberation time. Explain its

significance.

5.Describe Konig‟s method for the determination of young‟s modulus of a beam.

6.Define E,G,K and v. Obtain the relations connecting these quantities.

7.Derive an expressions for the moment of the couple required to twist one end of a cylinder

when the other is fixed.

8.Describe, with necessary theory ,how the rigidity modulus of the material of a rod is

determined by the static torsion method.

9 Describe, with necessary theory ,how the rigidity modulus of the material of a wire

experimently by using the static torsion method.

10.Show that (i)E=2G(1+v)

(ii)E=9GK/3K+G

56

II B.Sc

PHYSICS

57

THERMAL PHYSICS

UNIT I

TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1.What is degrees of freedom?

The total number of indeendent variables required to describe completely the state of motion

of a body are called its degrees of freedom.

2.What are the postulates of Debye‟s theory of specific heat?

(i) At high temperature Cv=3R.

(ii)The atomic heat of substances decreases with decrease of temperature.

3.Define Cp and Cv.

Cp is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a gas

through 1◦c ,when its pressure is kept constant.

Cv is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a gas

through 1◦c ,when its volume is kept constant.

4.Define specific heat capacity and give its unit?

Heat capacity per unit mass is known as specific heat capacity,( joule per Kelvin).

5.Write the Mayer‟s relation.

Cp-Cv=R

6.State Debye‟s T3 law.

At low temperature the atomic heat of solid is directly proportional to the cube of absolute

temperature,this is called Debyes T3 law.

7.State Dulong and petits law.

The product of the specific heat and the atomic weight i.e. the atomic heat of all the elements

in the solid state is a constant.

58

8. What is conduction?

Conduction is the process in which heat is transmitted from one point to the other through the

substance without the actual motion of the particles. When one end of a metal bar is heated, the

molecules at the hot end vibrate with higher amplitude and transmit the heat energy from one

particle to the next and so on.

9. Define thermal diffusivity?

Thermal diffusivity is defined as the ratio of thermal conductivity to thermal capacity per unit

volume. Let the density of the substance be ρ and its specific heat S.

h=K\ρS

h is also called thermometric conductivity.

10. Define coefficient of thermal conductivity?

The coefficient of thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat flowing in one second

across the opposite faces of a cube of side one cm maintained at a difference of temperature of 1

ʋC.

Q=K

Q – Quantity of heat conducted across the two opposite faces.

K is a constant called the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material of the cube.

11. State Wiedemann-Franz Law.

The ratio of the thermal and electrical conductivities is the same for all metals at the same

temperature. Moreover the ratio is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the metal.

12. Write any two application of conduction of heat?

i) Sauce pans, hot water buckets, kettles and other utensils are made of metal. They are provided

with wooden or ebonite handless so that heat from the utensil is not conducted to the hand.

ii) Thick brick walls are used in the construction of a cold storage. Brick is a bad conductor of

heat and does not allow outside heat to flow inside the cold storage.

13.State Wien‟s displacement law.

The product of wavelength corresponding to maximum energy and

absolute temperature is constant.

59

14.Define Stefans law.

The rate of emission of radiant energy by unit area of a perfectly black body is directly

proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

15.Define radiation.

Radiation is the process in which heat is transmitted from one place to the other directly

without the necessity of the intervening medium.

16.What is called Black body?

A perfectly black body which absorbs all the heat radiations incident on it and emit all the

wavelength.

17.Define solar constant.

It is the amount of heat energy absorbed perminute by one sq cm of a perfectly black body

surface placed at a mean distance of the earth from the sun, in the absence of the atmosphere, the

surface being held perpendicular to the suns rays.

18.Define green house effect.

It is used to maintain the temperature of the particular space.

19.State Joule Thomson Effect.

A change in temperature due to expansion of a gas through porous plug into a region of lower

pressure .It may either result in heating and cooling effect.

20.What is regenerative cooling?

If the gas is at a temperature lower than the temperature of inversion , cooling will take

placewhen it is passed through the porous plug.

21.Differentiate Helium I and Helium II.

Viscosity of helium I decrease with decrease in temperature for heliumII it is practically zero.

22.Write the principle of air conditioning mechanism?

Air condition is the method of controlling temperature , humidity and weather conditions within

the limited space of a hall to provide maximum physical comfort.

60

23.State zeroth law of thermodynamics.

Whenever two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium with another body C then bodies A and

B will also be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

24.State first law of thermodynamics.

It states that the amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the

internal energy of the system and the external workdone.

25.What is irreversible process.

The process is said to be if irreversiable if it cannot be retraced back exactly in the opposite

direction.

26.Define entropy.

It is the thermodynamical property dS=dH/T.

27.State carnots theorem.

All the reversiable engine working between the same temperature limits have the same efficiency

. No engine can be more efficient than a carnot‟s reversible engine working between the same

two temperatures.

FIVE MARK QUESTION

1.Explain Newtons law of cooling.

2.Derive Mayer‟s relation.

3.State and explain Dulong and petit‟s law.

4. Discribe lee‟s disc method to find the coefficient of thermal conductivity of metals.

5. Lee‟s disc method to find the thermal conductivity of bad conductors?

6.Heat flow through a compound wall.

7.Write the practical application of conduction of heat.

8.Explain Wein‟s black body.

9.Explain Angstrom pyrheliomater.

10.How to calculate the surface temperature of the sun?

61

11.Explain Joule Thomson effect.

12.Explain Linde‟s method for liquefaction of Hydrogen

13.Explain about liquefaction of Helium.

14.State and prove Carnot‟s theorem.

15.Explain principle of increase of entropy.

16.Explain thermodynamic scale of temperature.

TEN MARKS

1.Explain Einstein‟s theory of specific heat.

2.Explain Debye‟s theory of specific heat.

3.Explain the specific heat of diatomic gases and derive an expression for quantization of energy.

4.Discuss the rectilinear flow of heat along a bar of uniform area of cross section.

5.Discuss in detail Forbes method for finding the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of a metal

bar.

6.Explain Planck‟s radiation law.

7.Give some everyday applications of solar energy.

8.Determine the Stefan‟s constant by labouratory method.

9.Discuss porous plug experiment.

10.Explain adiabatic demagnetization.

11.Explain air conditioning mechanism and refrigerating mechanism.

12.State and prove Carnot‟s theorem.

13.Explain clausiu‟s claypeyron‟s latent heat equation.

14.Derive Maxwell‟s thermodynamical relations.

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:

1.Discuss variation of specific heat of solids with temperature.

62

Mono atomic gas:

Γ=Cp/Cv=1.67 (70 K)

Diatomic gas:

Γ=Cp/Cv=1.40 (250 K)

Γ=Cp/Cv=1.29 (750 K)

2.Obtain Mayers relation equation.

U=f(V,T)

According to first law ,

δQ=dU+δW

Cv=(δQ/dT)v

Cp=(δQ/dT)p

Cp-Cv=R

This relation is known as Mayers relation.

3.Discuss briefly about quantum theory on specific heat of diatomic gases.

Mono atomic molecule has 3 degrees of freedom,Diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of

freedom,it has 7 degrees of freedom at high temperature,Triatomic molecule has 6 degrees of

freedom.

Mona atomic gas: Cv=3R/2 ,Cp=5R/2

Diatomic gas:Cv=5R/2,Cp=7R/2

Triatomic gas:Cv=3R,Cp=4R

4.Describe the Einstein theory of specific heat.

Each atom of solid has three degrees of freedom like a monoatomic gas molecule.

A solid is constituted of atoms.

5.Discuss briefly about Debye theory of atomic heat.

The number of modes of vibration of solids is limited.

63

Any solid is capable of vibrating elastically in many different modes.

6.Deduce the relation between Cp and Cv.

U=f(V,T)

According to first law ,

δQ=dU+δW

Cv=(δQ/dT)v

Cp=(δQ/dT)p

Cp-Cv=R

TEN MARK QUESTIONS:

1.Explain Einsteins theory.

Each atom of solid has three degrees of freedom like a monoatomic gas molecule.

A solid is constituted of atoms.

At high temperature the atomic heat approaches the constant value 3R

The atomic heat decreases with decreases of temperature and tends to zero at absolute zero of

temperature.

2.Explain about Debye theory of atomic heat.

The number of modes of vibration of solids is limited.

Any solid is capable of vibrating elastically in many different modes

At high temperature Cv=3R.

The atomic heat of substances decreases with decrease of temperature.

64

UNIT V

TWO MARK QUESTION:

1.Define phase space

A combination of position space and momentum space is known as phase space.

2.Define microstate.

If the particles are distinguishable the number of different possible arrangement is known as

microstate.

3.Define macrostate

Each compartmentwise distribution of system of particles is known as macrostate.

4.Define fermions

The particles are identical and distinguishable.The particles which obey F.D statistics is called

fermions.

5.Define bosons

The particles are identical and indistinguishable.The particles which obey B.E statistics is called

bosons.

65

Allied Physics I

66

1. What is the Elastic limit?

If an elastic material is stretched are compressed beyond a certain limit it will not regain

it‟s original state and will remain deformation. The limit beyond which permanent

deformation occurs is called the elastic limit.

2. Define Hooke‟s law.

Within the elastic limit strain produced in a body is directly proportional to the stress.

Stress α strain.

Stress/strain=a constant.

3.what are the three type of elastic modulus?

young‟s modulus

bulk modulus

rigidity modulus.

4.what is viscosity?

Pour equal amount of water and castor oil in two funnel .The water flow of the funnel

very quickly the flow of castor oil is very slow .this is because of the frictional force

acting within the liquid .this force offered by the adjacent layer is known as viscous force

and the phenomenon is called viscosity.

5. what is streamline flow?

The flow of liquid is said to be steady , streamline or laminar if every particle of the

liquid follows exactly the path of its preceding and has the same velocity of its preceding

particle at every point.

6. state Reynold number.

Reynold‟s number is a pure number which determines the type of flow of a liquid

through a pipe.it is denoted by NR.

NR = VC ρD / η.

7. what is known as center of gravity?

The center of gravity of a body is defined as that point through which the resultant of the

weight of all the particles of the body act whatever may be the position of the body.

8. what are the types of equilibrium?

Stable Equilibrium

Unstable Equilibrium

67

Neutral equilibrium.

9. State the laws of floatation.

When a body floats freely in a liquid ,the weight of the displaced liquid is equal to the

weight of the floating body.

The center of gravity of the floating body and the center of gravity of a displaced liquid

act in the same vertical line.

10. what is reversible process?

The working substance in the reverse process passes through all the stages as in the

direct process in such a way that all changes occurring in the direct process are

exactly repeated in the opposite order is known as reversible process. There is no

wastage of loss of energy.

11. what is irreversible process?

All natural process are irreversible process.

Examples-transfer of heat by radiation from a hotter to a colder body transfer of

electricity.

12.define the efficiency of heat engine.

The ratio of the mechanical workdone by the engine in one cycle to the heat absorbed

from the high temperature source.

The formula

η= Q1-Q2/Q1.

13.what is known as solar constant?

The amount of solar radiation received per minute by unit area of a black body held

at right angle to the sun‟s ray just beyond the atmosphere at the mean distance of the

earth from the sun at noon at the mean solar day, is known as the solar constant.

14.Define newton‟s law of cooling .

The rate of cooling is directly proportional to the mean excess of temperature over

the surrounding

Q/t=K.(θ-θ0)

15.state Rayleigh-Jean‟s law

The Rayleigh-Jean‟s law holds good in the region of longer wavelength at higher

temperature but fails for shorter wavelengths

68

Eλdλ = 8ΠkT/λ4 dλ.

16.What is called conduction?

The transfer of heat from the hotter region of a body to its colder region without actual

movement of particle is called heat conduction.

17.what are the types of conductors?

Good conductor

bad conductor

18.Define coma?

Coma can be defined as the variation of magnification with aperture.

19.when produced astigmatism?

Astigmatism occurs when the tangential and sagittal images do not coincide.

20. what is diffraction grating?

An arrangement consisting of a large number of equidistant parallel narrow slits of

equal width separated by equal opaque portions is known as a diffraction grating.

21. whar are the types semiconductor?

intrinsic or pure semiconductor

extrinsic or impure semiconductor.

22. whar are the types of extrinsic semiconductor?

N-type semiconductor (if the electrons are excess)

P-type semiconductor (if the holes are excess)

23.what is P-N junction diode?

When a excess of holes in P-type semiconductor is in intimate contact with excess of

electrons in N-type semiconductor, a P-N junction diode is formed.

24. what is zener breakdown?

When a reverse bias is given to a junction diode ,a very small current flows through

the diode .when the reverse bias voltage is increased, the current increases slowly. at

a particular reverse voltage, the diode current begins to increase sharply. This

particular voltage is called the breakdown voltage.

69

25. what are the types of transistor?

N-P-N transistor

P-N-P transistor

26. what are the uses of zener diode?

As voltage regulator.

As peak clippers.

For meter production against damage from accidental application of excessive voltage.

27. what are forward and reverse bias?

The positive terminal of the battery is connected to the P region and the negative terminal

is connected to the N region. This type of connection is called forward bias.

The positive terminal of the battery is connected to the N region and the negative

terminal is connected to the P region. This type of connection is called reverse bias.

28. Types of transistor circuit configuration?

Common base Configuration

Common emitter Configuration

Common collector configuration.

29. Define rectifier.

The process in which alternating voltage or alternating current is converted into

direct volage or direct current is known as rectification. The device used for this

process is called as rectifier.

30. Define amplifier.

An amplifier is a circuit capable of magnifying the amplitude of electrical signal. In

the input a small voltage is given and in the output we will get amplified output.

PART - B

1. Verify Hooke‟s law with experiment.

2. Express the bending moment.

3. Derive Poisulle‟s equation.

70

4. When finding the weight of the ship by which the angle of tilt is measured.

5. At equilibrium what are the forces acting on floating body .

6. What are the conditions of irreversibility at how to verify Newton‟s law of cooling? Explain.

7. Derive Newton‟s law from Stefan‟s law.

8. Determine the thickness of a thin wire by the Air-wedge method .

9. Express the radius of the „n‟ th

dark ring.

10. How to reduce the spherical aberration.

11. How to transistor act as amplifier.

12. Explain the working of bridge rectifier.

13. Explain the working of half wave rectifier.

PART-C

1. Explain the working of Searle‟s experiment.

2. Explain the experiment of determine interfacial tension.

3. What is the distance of the center of gravity of hollow hemisphere on the symmetric axis.

4. Explain center of gravity of cone.

5. Explain center of gravity of solid tetrahedron.

6. Explain the carnot‟s theorem with proof.

7. Determine the stefan‟s constant by laboratory method.

8. Determine the thermal conductivity of bad conductor using Lee‟s disc method.

9. Explain the interference in thin films.

10. Explain the diffraction grating using theory.

11. Explain the Air-wedge in detail.

12. Explain the characteristics of zener diode.

13. Explain the characteristics of transistor .