shstuart 11/10/20041 inference inferring is arriving at a decision or an opinion by reasoning facts...
TRANSCRIPT
1shstuart 11/10/2004
INFERENCE
Inferring is arriving at a decision or an opinion by reasoning facts from known facts or evidence…
-Fountas and Pinnell
2shstuart 11/10/2004
INFERENCE
Making an inference in reading is the process of combining the current text information with one’s own experience in order to create meaning that is not directly stated in the text…
-Dole, Duffy, Roehler, & Pearson, 1991
3shstuart 11/10/2004
INFERENCE
It means creating connections and making educated guesses that go beyond the author’s exact words or images…
4shstuart 11/10/2004
INFERENCE
An inference about future information is a prediction.–We use text clues and our
background knowledge to predict what will happen next in a story or what we will learn later in a text…
5shstuart 11/10/2004
INFERENCE
We then go through the text to–confirm–discard–change, or–make new predictions depending on new evidence…
6shstuart 11/10/2004
Ten Major Inference Types
LocationAgentTimeActionInstrument
Cause-EffectObjectCategoryProblem-SolutionFeeling-Attitude – Johnson and Johnson, 1986
7shstuart 11/10/2004
Location
“While we roared down the tracks, we could feel the bounce and sway.”
Where are we?
8shstuart 11/10/2004
Agent(occupation or pastime)
“With clippers in one hand and scissors in the other, Chris was ready to begin the task.”
Who are we? What do we do?
9shstuart 11/10/2004
Time
“When the porch light burned out, the darkness was total.”
When does this take place?
10shstuart 11/10/2004
Action
“Carol dribbled the ball down the court and passed the ball to Ann.”
What’s going on?
How might this change if I say field instead of court?
11shstuart 11/10/2004
Instrument
(tool or device)
“With a steady hand, she put the buzzing device on the tooth.”
What is she using?
12shstuart 11/10/2004
Cause-Effect-1
“In the morning, we noticed that the trees were uprooted and homes were missing their rooftops.”
What caused this?
13shstuart 11/10/2004
Cause-Effect-2
“The rain continued to fall, as it had for the past seven hours. Townspeople looked anxiously at the dam that held the river from their town.”
What might be possible effects of continued rain?
14shstuart 11/10/2004
Object
“The broad wings were swept back in a ‘V’, and each held two powerful engines.”
What is it? How many engines?
15shstuart 11/10/2004
Category
“The Saab and Volvo were in the garage, and the Audi was out front.”
What is the category? Which is easiest to take to work? Why?
16shstuart 11/10/2004
Problem-Solution-1
“The side of his face was swollen and his tooth ached.”
What is the problem? What might be a possible solution?
17shstuart 11/10/2004
Problem-Solution-2
“The chef looked down at the bandage covering his new stitches as he left the doctor’s office.”
What problem might have caused the chef’s solution?
18shstuart 11/10/2004
Feeling-Attitude
“While I marched past in the high school band, my dad cheered and his eyes filled with tears.”
How might Dad be feeling? Why might he be feeling this way?
19shstuart 11/10/2004
Teachers help readers learn to:
Construct theories that explain how characters behave or how the plot unfolds;Have empathy for fictional or historical characters;Use background knowledge and information from the text to form tentative theories as to the significance of events.
20shstuart 11/10/2004
Teachers help readers learn to:
Create sensory images related to character, plot, setting, theme, or topic; andUnderstand what is not stated, but implied in the text.
21shstuart 11/10/2004
Some more thoughts to consider…
Why did the character do that?How sad….or wonderful…I think s/he’ll turn out to be…S/he must feel…I’d feel….I’ve felt…. just like that…I can just picture (hear, feel, smell) that…
-Fountas and Pinnell