sht medical terminology (190908)
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Medical terminology(Peristilahan Dalam Bidang Kedokteran)
Siti Hildani Thaib
Dept. of Medical Biology and Andrology
Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES(Tujuan Pembelajaran)
To understand (Untuk memahami) :
Definition of Medical Terminology (MT)(Definisi MT)
The basic concept of MT (Konsep dasar MT)
The systematical rules of MT (Aturan sistimatikal MT)
How spell and write the words of MT (Caramengeja dan menulis kata-kata MT)
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LEARNING CONTENTS(Materi Pembelajaran)
Definition of Medical Terminology
(MT) (Definisi MT)
The basIc concept of words used inMT (Konsep dasar kata-kata yang digunakan dalamMT)
The rules of build a word in MT(Aturan dalam membuat sebuah kata dalam MT)
Spell and write words of MT(Mengeja dan menulis kata-kata MT)
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DEFINITION(Definisi)
Medical terminology is a vocabulary for
accurately describing the human body and
associated components, conditions,
processes and procedures in a science-
based manner.(Peristilahan dalam bidang kedokteran adalah perbendaharaan kata-kata
untuk menjelaskan secara tepat tubuh manusia dan bagian-bagiannya,kondisi, prosesdan prosedur yang berbasis sains.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body -
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Concepts of Medical Terminology
Special vocabulary used by health care
professionals for effective and accurate
communication
Consistent and uniform throughout the world
Most medical terms are based on Latin and
Greek words A few are adapted from modern languages
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Four Parts
Word Root the word part that is the core of the word
Suffix
a word part attached to the end of the word root tomodify its meaning
Prefix a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to
modify its meaning Combining Vowel
a word part, usually an O
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Word Root
The word root is the word part that is the
core of the word
Fundamental unit of each medical word
Establishes basic meaning of word
It cannot stand alone a suffix must be
added. Part to which prefixes and suffixes are
added
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Word Root(contd)
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Word Root(contd)
Begin with learn
Learn + -er= one who learns
Re + learn = to learn again Greek word for heart is kardia
Forms word root cardi
Latin word for lung ispulmo Forms word rootpulm
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Word Root(contd)
Word Roots Indicating Color
Cyanosis
Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by lack of O2 ) + osis
(condition) Erythrocytes
erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells)
Poliomyelitis
Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis (inflammation)
Melanocytes
Melano/o (black) + cytes (cells)
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Suffixes
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Suffixes
Suffix = word ending that modifies a root
Modifies the meaning of the root
May indicate a noun or adjective Usually indicates
procedure,
condition, disorder, or
disease.
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Suffixes(contd)
Tonsill/o means tonsils.
A suffix completes the word and tells what is
happening to the tonsils.
Tonsillitis.
tonsill (tonsil) + itis (inflammation). Tonsillectomy
tonsill (tonsil) + ectomy (surgical removal).
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Suffixes(contd)
Some suffixes change the word root into an
adjective.
Cardiac
cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to).
Some suffixes change the word root into a
noun.
Cranium
crani (skull) + um (noun ending).
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Suffixes(contd)
Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition
osis means an abnormal condition or disease
Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach
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Suffixes(contd)
Suffixes Related to Pathology
algia means pain
Gastralgia
dynia means pain
Gastrodynia
itis means inflammation
Gastritis
malacia means abnormal softening
Arteriomalacia
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Suffixes(contd)
Suffixes Related to Pathology
Megaly means enlargement
Hepatomegaly
Necrosis means tissue death
Arterionecrosis
Sclerosis means abnormal hardening
Arteriosclerosis
Stenosis means abnormal narrowing
Arteriostenosis
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Suffixes(contd)
Suffixes Related to Procedures
centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid
Abdominocentesis
ectomy surgical removal
Appendectomy
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Suffixes(contd)
Suffixes Related to Procedures
graphy means the process of recording a
picture or record
Arteriography
gram - a record or picture
Arteriogram
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Suffixes(contd)
The Double RRs
rrhage andrrhagia mean abnormal excessivefluid discharge or bleeding
Hemorrhage rrhaphy to stitch
Aneurysmorraphy
rrhea abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea
rrhexis rupture myorrexis
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Words Ending inx
Changexto corgwhen adding a suffix
Pharynx(throat) becomespharyngeal(fa-RIN-
je-al) (pertaining to the throat)
Thorax(chest) becomes thoracotomy(thor-a-
KOT-o-me) (an incision into the chest)
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Suffixes(contd)
Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word
Parts
Arteri/o = artery
Ather/o = plaque or fatty substance
Arthr/o = joint
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Suffixes(contd)
Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word
Parts
Ileum = part of small intestine
Ilium = part of the hip bone
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Suffixes(contd)
Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word
Parts
Mucous adjective that describes specialized
mucous membranes that line the body cavities.
Mucus a noun and the name of the substance
secreted by the mucous membranes.
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Adjective Suffixes
Adjective endings meaning pertaining to or
resembling include:
-ac as in cardiac
-form as in muciform
-oryas in respiratory
No rules for which ending to use with a
given noun
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Forming Plurals
Special plural forms
Words ending in a carry plural endingae:
Gingiva vs. gingivae
Words ending inis carry plural endinges:
Diagnosis vs. diagnoses
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Some Exceptions to the Rules
Plural ofvirus is viruses
Plural ofserums is sera
Plural ofcarcinoma is carcinomata
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Prefixes
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Prefixes
Prefix = short word part added before a
word root to modify the meaning
Uni- (one) + lateral= unilateral(affecting or
involving one side)
Contra- (against) + lateral= contralateral
(opposite side)
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Prefixes (contd)
Prefixes usually indicate location, time or
number.
Natal means pertaining to(al) + birth (nat).
Prenatal means time & events before birth.
Perinatal means time and events just before,
during, & after birth.
Postnatal means time & event after birth.
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Prefixes for Numbers
Mono = 1; Uni = 1
Bi = 2 Di = 2
Tri = 3
Quad = 4
Nulli = none
Hemi = half
Multi = many
Poly = many Semi = partial or half
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Prefixes for Numbers
Prim/i- = first
primitive (occurring first in time)
Bi-= two, twice bicuspid (a tooth with two points)
Tetra- = four
tetrahedron (a figure with four surfaces)
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Prefixes for Colors
Cyan/o- = blue
cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to
lack of oxygen)
Leuk/o-= white, colorless
leukoplakia (white patches in the mouth)
Xanth/o- = yellow
xanthodermia (yellow discoloration of the skin)
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Negative Prefixes
A-, an- = not; without
aseptic (free of infectious organisms)
Dis-= absence, removal, separation dissect (to separate tissues for anatomical
study)
Non- = not
noninfectious (not able to spread disease)
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Prefixes for Direction
Ad- = toward; near
adhere (to attach or stick together)
Per-= through percutaneous (through the skin)
Trans-= through
transfusion (introduction of blood or bloodcomponents into the blood stream)
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Prefixes for Degree
Hyper- = over, excess, abnormally high
hyperventilation (excess breathing)
Hypo-= under; below hypoxia (decreased oxygen in the tissues)
Super- = above, excess
supernumerary (in excess number)
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Prefixes for Size and Comparison
Iso- = equal, same
isograft (graft between two genetically identical
individuals)
Micro-= small
microscopic (extremely small; visible only
through a microscope)
Re- = again; back
regurgitation (backward or return flow)
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Prefixes for Time and/or Position
Ante- = before
antenatal (before birth)
Pro-= before, in front of prodrome (symptom that precedes a disease)
Post- = after, behind
postmenopausal (after menopause)
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Combining Form
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Combining Form
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Combining Form (contd)
Combining Vowel It is usually an o
It is between two root words
It can be between a root word and a suffix It eases pronunciation
When combining a word root and a suffix, if suffixbegins with vowel a combining vowel is not necessary.For example gastr/ectomy.
When connecting two root words the o is used even ifthe second root begins with a vowel, example:gastroenteritis.
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Combining Form (contd)
Insert an o before a suffix beginning with a
consonant when added to a root
-logy= study of
Neur= nerve or nervous system
Neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the
nervous system)
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Combining Form (contd)
Roots shown with a combining vowel are
called combining forms
Vowels added after a slash
Called roots
Neur/o
Combining vowel omitted if suffix begins
with a vowel Neur + it is = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve)
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Combining Form (contd)
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Word Derivations
Most word parts derived from Greek (G) and
Latin (L)
Muscle is Latin for mouse
Coccyx named for the cuckoos bill
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Pronunciation
Use phonetic pronunciations provided
Repeat words aloud
Pronunciations may change when parts arecombined
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Pronunciation (cont)
Vowels with no pronunciation marks getshort pronunciation
a as in hat
Short line over vowel gives it longpronunciation
a as in say
Accented syllable indicated with capitalletters
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Soft and Hard cand g
Soft c, as in racer = (RA-ser)
Hard c, as in candy = (KAN-de)
Soft g, as inpage, written asj = (paj)
Hard g, as in grow= (gro)
Sil t L tt d U l
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Silent Letters and Unusual
Pronunciations
Gnathic = (NATH-ic)
Pertaining to the jaw
Apnea = (AP-ne-a)
Cessation of breath
Nephroptosis = (nef-rop-TO-sis)
Dropping of the kidney
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Symbols
Used as shorthand in case histories
= right
= increase
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Abbreviations
Can save time
May cause confusion
Acronym = abbreviation formed from firstletter of each word in a phrase
ASAP = as soon as possible
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