shu-ping, weng, and jau-ming, chen research and development center central weather bureau
DESCRIPTION
Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau Bin, Wang School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology International Pacific Research Center University of Hawaii - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
112003/10/262003/10/26
The Development of Statistic Projection Model for the The Development of Statistic Projection Model for the Prediction of Global Sea Surface Temperature Prediction of Global Sea Surface Temperature
Anomalies (GSSTA) at Central Weather BureauAnomalies (GSSTA) at Central Weather Bureau
Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, ChenShu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, ChenResearch and Development CenterResearch and Development Center
Central Weather BureauCentral Weather Bureau
Bin, WangBin, WangSchool of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologySchool of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
International Pacific Research CenterInternational Pacific Research CenterUniversity of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii
International Workshop on Monthly-to-Seasonal ClimatInternational Workshop on Monthly-to-Seasonal Climate Prediction, National Taiwan Normal Universitye Prediction, National Taiwan Normal University
Taipei, Taiwan 25-26 October 2003 Taipei, Taiwan 25-26 October 2003
![Page 2: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
222003/10/262003/10/26
OutlinesOutlines
1.1. Methodology of a SVD-based statistic projection modelMethodology of a SVD-based statistic projection model
2.2. The prediction of global SSTA with a leading time up to six months The prediction of global SSTA with a leading time up to six months -- A twA tw
o-tier procedure using Nino3.4 SSTA as the primary predictoro-tier procedure using Nino3.4 SSTA as the primary predictor
a. sensitivity test on the progressive method of setting for predicted time wia. sensitivity test on the progressive method of setting for predicted time wi
ndowndow
b. sensitivity test on the method of global domain aggregationb. sensitivity test on the method of global domain aggregation
c. issue of season-dependent forecast skillc. issue of season-dependent forecast skill
3.3. The potential in using SLP anomalies over Southern Indian Ocean (The potential in using SLP anomalies over Southern Indian Ocean (SIO, SIO, Bin Bin
Wang et al. 2003) and Philippine Sea (Wang et al. 2003) and Philippine Sea (PSPS, Bin Wang et al. 2000, 2003) as the , Bin Wang et al. 2000, 2003) as the
secondary predictor to the seasonal prediction of local SSTA over tropical Insecondary predictor to the seasonal prediction of local SSTA over tropical In
do-Pacificdo-Pacific
4.4. Summary Summary
![Page 3: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
332003/10/262003/10/26
Methodology of SVD-based Projection Model for Methodology of SVD-based Projection Model for Statistic GSSTA ForecastStatistic GSSTA Forecast
SVD analysisSVD analysis
The arrays The arrays AA and and BB, which store the temporal evolution of predictors (e.g., p, which store the temporal evolution of predictors (e.g., preceding Nino3.4 domain SST) and predictand (e.g., predicted global SST fireceding Nino3.4 domain SST) and predictand (e.g., predicted global SST field) respectively, can be used to construct a covariance matrix eld) respectively, can be used to construct a covariance matrix CC representi representing the relatedness between these two fields:ng the relatedness between these two fields: C = A BC = A BTT (1)(1)
The matrix The matrix CC is then subjected to SVD analysis to produce a pair of orthogo is then subjected to SVD analysis to produce a pair of orthogonal bases of fields nal bases of fields A A and and BB, namely , namely UU and and VV::
C = U W VC = U W VTT (2)(2)
The degree of coupling between The degree of coupling between AA and and BB is quantified in the column vector is quantified in the column vector WW which stores the singular values of matrix which stores the singular values of matrix CC..
![Page 4: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
442003/10/262003/10/26
Methodology of SVD-based Projection Model for Methodology of SVD-based Projection Model for Statistic GSSTA ForecastStatistic GSSTA Forecast
The corresponding time series expansion coefficients of The corresponding time series expansion coefficients of AA and and BB, , EE and and FF, , are obtained by projecting them onto the orthogonal basesare obtained by projecting them onto the orthogonal bases U U and and V V (i.e., left (i.e., left and right singular vectors):and right singular vectors):
E = UE = UTT A A, , F = VF = VTT B B (3)(3)
SVD Projection ModelSVD Projection Model
The prediction scheme is constructed by first building the connection betweThe prediction scheme is constructed by first building the connection between the matrices en the matrices EE and and F F::
F = X EF = X E, which means , which means X = F EX = F E++ (4)(4)
![Page 5: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
552003/10/262003/10/26
Methodology of SVD-based Projection Model for Methodology of SVD-based Projection Model for Statistic GSSTA ForecastStatistic GSSTA Forecast
Since the aim is to build up the transfer function Since the aim is to build up the transfer function RR connecting predictor connecting predictor AA an an
d predictand d predictand BB, , B = R AB = R A. Inserting Eq.(3) and utilizing Eq.(4), the transfer fu. Inserting Eq.(3) and utilizing Eq.(4), the transfer functionnction R R is given by is given by
R = V X UR = V X UTT.. (5)(5)
Making the Hindcast ExperimentMaking the Hindcast Experiment
Once the transfer function Once the transfer function RR is determined from the historic data, for any cur is determined from the historic data, for any cur
rent predictor column vector rent predictor column vector aa, the predictand column vector , the predictand column vector bb is given as is given as
bb = R = R aa. . The calculation of The calculation of R R is based on ‘take-one-out’ cross-validation in is based on ‘take-one-out’ cross-validation in the following hindcast experiments. the following hindcast experiments.
![Page 6: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
662003/10/262003/10/26
GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as PredictorsPredictors
A two-tier Procedure is adoptedA two-tier Procedure is adopted
Step 1 Step 1 - - use historic Nino3.4 SSTA (previous 6-use historic Nino3.4 SSTA (previous 6-month period) as its own predictor in the future (nmonth period) as its own predictor in the future (next 6-month period)ext 6-month period)
Step 2 Step 2 - - aggregate the predicted Nino 3.4 SSTA aggregate the predicted Nino 3.4 SSTA to the global SSTA utilizing the transfer function bto the global SSTA utilizing the transfer function built from the concurrent relationship between theuilt from the concurrent relationship between the
mm
![Page 7: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
772003/10/262003/10/26
mXk(t1) nYk(t2)lZk(t2)
mCn nCl
SiSj
mUi nVi nPj lQj
iEk=iUm mXk,iFk =iVn nYkT T
jek=jPn nYk, jfk =jQl lZkT T
iFk =iLi iEk, iLi = iFk kEi+
jfk =jLj jek, jLj = jfk kej+
nYk =nrm mXk
nrm =nVi iLi iUmT
lZk =lRn nYk
lRn =lQj jLj jPn
T
nYk
Use current Nino SSTA to forecast future Nino SSTA
Aggregates the forecasted Nino SSTA to global SSTA
North’s thumb of ruleNorth’s thumb of rule
Pseudo inverse
Predictor Predictand
SVDSVD
pro
ject
ion
pro
ject
ion
pro
ject
ion
Spatial mapping
lsv rsv rsvlsv
Predictand
![Page 8: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
882003/10/262003/10/26
GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as PredictorsSSTA as Predictors
An operation scenario of seasonal forecast An operation scenario of seasonal forecast at CWBat CWB
Suppose CWB needs to make seasonal Suppose CWB needs to make seasonal prediction twice a year in both late May and late prediction twice a year in both late May and late November. The AGCM then needs global SST November. The AGCM then needs global SST field as boundary condition by 15 May or 15 field as boundary condition by 15 May or 15 November to perform ensemble runs. The SST November to perform ensemble runs. The SST data available will be the 6-month period of data available will be the 6-month period of NDJFMA (or MJJASO) to predict SSTA in the NDJFMA (or MJJASO) to predict SSTA in the following MJJASO (or NDJFMA).following MJJASO (or NDJFMA).
![Page 9: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
992003/10/262003/10/26
GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as PredictorsPredictors
Approaches to make prediction up to 6-month leadApproaches to make prediction up to 6-month lead
Express Express :: NDJFMANDJFMA -> -> MM, , JJ, , JJ, , AA, , SS,,OO
UpdateUpdate :: NDJFMANDJFMA -> -> MMDJFMADJFMAM M -> -> JJJFMAJFMAMJ MJ -> -> JJFMAFMAMJJ MJJ -> -> AAMAMAMJJA MJJA -> -> SSAAMJJAS MJJAS -> -> OO
Reserved UpdateReserved Update : : NDJFMANDJFMA -> -> MMNDJFMANDJFMAM M -> -> JJNDJFMANDJFMAMJ MJ -> -> JJNDJFMANDJFMAMJJ MJJ -> -> AANDJFMANDJFMAMJJA MJJA -> -> SSNDJFMANDJFMAMJJAS MJJAS -> -> OO
BlockBlock :: NDJFMANDJFMA -> -> MJJASOMJJASO
![Page 10: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10102003/10/262003/10/26
GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as PredictorsPredictors
DataData
11. . A blended SST dataset (1950 – 2002) is usedA blended SST dataset (1950 – 2002) is used
Reynolds EOF-reconstructed : 30Reynolds EOF-reconstructed : 30 。。 S - 30S - 30 。。 NN << == ERSSERSSTT
GISST2.3b : elsewhereGISST2.3b : elsewhere << == HADIHADISSTSST
2. GMSLP 2.1f (U.K. Met. Office, 1950 – 2002)2. GMSLP 2.1f (U.K. Met. Office, 1950 – 2002)
![Page 11: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11112003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.1a: The RMSE (root-mean-square-error) of 6 months forecast starting from November (lead 1 month) to April (lead 6 months). Block approach is used. Contour interval = 0.1C. Shading area starting from 0.4C.
![Page 12: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12122003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.1b: The ACSS (anomaly-correlation-skill-score) of 6 months forecast starting from November (lead 1 month) to April (lead 6 months). Block approach is used. Contour interval = 0.1. Shading area starting from 0.5.
![Page 13: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13132003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.2a: The RMSE of 6 months forecast starting from May (lead 1 month) to October (lead 6 months). Block approach is used. Contour interval = 0.1C. Shading area starting from 0.4C.
![Page 14: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14142003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.2b: The ACSS of 6 months forecast starting from May (lead 1 month) to October (lead 6 months). Block approach is used. Contour interval = 0.1. Shading area starting from 0.5.
![Page 15: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15152003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.3a Comparisons of RMSE among different approaches over the mid-latitude of NH (30N-60N, upper panels), the tropical band (30S-30N,middle panels), and mid-latitude of SH (30S-60S, lower panels). November and May denote the 1-month lead, and so on.
![Page 16: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16162003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.3b Comparisons of ACSS among different approaches over the mid-latitude of NH (30N-60N, upper panels), the tropical band (30S-30N,middle panels), and mid-latitude of SH (30S-60S, lower panels).
![Page 17: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17172003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.4a: Time series of lag 1-season (NDJ) over 4 Nino domains. Observed SSTA is shown as dashed lines.
![Page 18: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18182003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.4b: Time series of lag 2-season (FMA) over 4 Nino domains. Observed SSTA is shown as dashed lines.
![Page 19: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19192003/10/262003/10/26
GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as PredictorsPredictors
Sensitivity tests on the way of domain separationSensitivity tests on the way of domain separation
1. individual ocean basin1. individual ocean basin
2. 102. 10 。。 by 10by 10 。。 Gridded cells around the globeGridded cells around the globe
3. SVD varimax rotation3. SVD varimax rotation
4. 4. global ocean as a wholeglobal ocean as a whole
![Page 20: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20202003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.5a: The ACSS of 6 months forecast starting from November (lead 1 month) to April (lead 6 months). Block-Cell approach is used. Contour interval = 0.1. Shading area starting from 0.5.
![Page 21: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21212003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.5b: The ACSS of 6 months forecast starting from November (lead 1 month) to April (lead 6 months). Block-SVD rotation approach is used. Contour interval = 0.1. Shading area starting from 0.5.
![Page 22: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22222003/10/262003/10/26
GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as GSSTA Prediction Using Nino3.4 SSTA as PredictorsPredictors
Season-dependent forecast skillSeason-dependent forecast skill
![Page 23: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23232003/10/262003/10/26
11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4
12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
8, 9,10, 11,12, 1
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3
9, 10,11, 12, 1, 2
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10
6, 7, 8, 9,10,11
7, 8, 9, 10,11,12
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11
7, 8, 9, 10,11,12
8, 9, 10,11,12, 1
9, 10,11,12, 1, 2
10,11,12, 1, 2, 3
11,12, 1, 2, 3, 4
12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
![Page 24: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24242003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.6 The ACSS of forecasted monthly-mean SSTA at lead 6-month for 12 calendar month. Contour interval = 0.1, shading areas start from 0.5.
![Page 25: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25252003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.6 (continued)
![Page 26: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26262003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.7a: Seasonal dependence of the RMSE over Indo-Pacific tropical bands (10S-10N) for lead 1, 2, and 3 months. Contour interval = 0.1C, shading areas start from 0.5C.
![Page 27: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27272003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.7b: Seasonal dependence of the RMSE over Indo-Pacific tropical bands (10S-10N) for lead 4,5, and 6 months. Contour interval = 0.1C, shading areas start from 0.5C.
![Page 28: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28282003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.8a: Seasonal dependence of the ACSS over Indo-Pacific tropical bands (10S-10N) for lead 1, 2, and 3 months. Contour interval = 0.1, shading areas start from 0.7.
![Page 29: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29292003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.8b: Seasonal dependence of the ACSS over Indo-Pacific tropical bands (10S-10N) for lead 4, 5, and 6 months. Contour interval = 0.1, shading areas start from 0.7.
![Page 30: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30302003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.9a: Area-averaged ACSS of forecasted monthly-mean SSTA for lead 1-to-6 month at 12 calendar month
![Page 31: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31312003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.9b: Area-averaged RMSE of forecasted monthly-mean SSTA for lead 1-to-6 month at 12 calendar month
![Page 32: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32322003/10/262003/10/26
SSTA Predictability Using SIO and PS SLPA SSTA Predictability Using SIO and PS SLPA as Secondary Predictorsas Secondary Predictors
In addition to the influences of remote ENSO telecoIn addition to the influences of remote ENSO teleconnection,nnection, SSTA in a given location can also be affecSSTA in a given location can also be affected by local air-sea interactionted by local air-sea interaction
Positive feedback between the anomalous anticycloPositive feedback between the anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) and the east-west SST gradient intensifine (cyclone) and the east-west SST gradient intensifies air-sea coupling over SIO during growing El Nino es air-sea coupling over SIO during growing El Nino (La Nina) episodes and maintains this coupled mode (La Nina) episodes and maintains this coupled mode in the WNP during decaying El Nino (La Nina) (Wang in the WNP during decaying El Nino (La Nina) (Wang
et al., 2003et al., 2003) )
![Page 33: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33332003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.10a: The composites of SLPA during the developing El Nino (left panels), and La Nina (right panels) events. Shading areas denote local significance greater than 5% confidence level based on normal-Z test.
Cluster 2 Cluster 7
![Page 34: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34342003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.10b: The composites of SLPA during the decaying El Nino (left panels), and La Nina (right panels) events. Shading areas denote local significance greater than 5% confidence level based on normal-Z test.
Cluster 4 Cluster 1
![Page 35: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35352003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.11a: Seasonal dependence of the RMSE over tropical Pacific (10S-10N) for lead 1,2, and 3 months. The predictor is PSLPA (120E-150E, Eq-20N). Contour interval = 0.1C, shading areas start from 0.6C.
![Page 36: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36362003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.11b: Seasonal dependence of the ACSS over tropical Pacific (10S-10N) for lead 1,2, and 3 months. The predictor is PSLPA (120E-150E, Eq-20N). Contour interval = 0.1, shading areas start from 0.5.
![Page 37: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37372003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.12a: ACSS of SSTA prediction at lead 3-month using SIO (75E-120E,Eq-20S) plus PS (120E-150E, Eq-20N) SLPA as predictor. Contour interval = 0.1, shading areas start from 0.5.
![Page 38: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38382003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.12b: RMSE of SSTA prediction at lead 3-month using SIO (75E-120E,Eq-20S) plus PS (120E-150E, Eq-20N) SLPA as predictor. Contour interval = 0.1C, shading areas start from 0.4C.
![Page 39: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39392003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.13: RMSE of SSTA prediction at lead 3-month using ENSO-related SIO (75E-120E,Eq-20S) plus PS (120E-150E, Eq-20N) SLPA as predictor. Contour interval = 0.1C, shading areas start from 0.4C.
![Page 40: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40402003/10/262003/10/26
SummarySummary
1. Reasonable skills with ACSS > 0.6 and RMSE < 0.5C at lag 6 mo1. Reasonable skills with ACSS > 0.6 and RMSE < 0.5C at lag 6 months are found over central tropical Indo-Pacific and Caribbean nths are found over central tropical Indo-Pacific and Caribbean Sea.Sea.
2. Skills are highly seasonal dependent.2. Skills are highly seasonal dependent.
3. Forecast barriers are located in Nino1+2 domain during boreal 3. Forecast barriers are located in Nino1+2 domain during boreal spring (spring (ocean dynamicsocean dynamics) and mid-latitude storm tracks during l) and mid-latitude storm tracks during l
ate summers (ate summers (internal atmospheric forcinginternal atmospheric forcing).). 4. Using SLPA over PS domain as predictor alone does 4. Using SLPA over PS domain as predictor alone does NOTNOT impro impro
ve SSTA prediction over Nino domain ve SSTA prediction over Nino domain - - skill still cannot peneskill still cannot penetrate spring barriertrate spring barrier..
5. However, local SSTA prediction up to lag 3-month over eastern 5. However, local SSTA prediction up to lag 3-month over eastern coast of Africa (SONDJ) and Kuroshio Extension (SONDJ and Acoast of Africa (SONDJ) and Kuroshio Extension (SONDJ and AM) (M) (northwestern quarternorthwestern quarter of SLPA predictors) is improved when of SLPA predictors) is improved when SLPA over PS and SIO domains are used as predictor.SLPA over PS and SIO domains are used as predictor.
![Page 41: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41412003/10/262003/10/26
Fig.2: The 6-month SSTA forecast starting from 2003/10 to 2004/03. Contour interval = 0.25C.
![Page 42: Shu-Ping, Weng, and Jau-Ming, Chen Research and Development Center Central Weather Bureau](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56815018550346895dbdfe15/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The EndThe End