shubham trm ppr

Upload: adi-kalsotra

Post on 08-Apr-2018

242 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    1/31

    THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE

    SYSTEM

    SHUBHAM YADAV

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    2/31

    The Human Reproductive

    System The gonads-testes and ovaries-are

    endocrine glands that secrete sexhormones. However, the primaryfunction of the gonads is not to producehormones but to produce and store

    gametes-sperm and eggs.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    3/31

    Objectives:

    1. Identify the major structures of themale and female reproductive system.2. Describe the function of eachstructure of the male and female

    reproductive system.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    4/31

    Reproductive System The Reproductive System, unlike other

    systems we have studied, IS NOT ESSENTIAL

    to the survival of an INDIVIDUAL. What the Reproductive System is important

    to is the Survival of theSPECIES. Reproduction is absolutelyessential to the continuation of theSPECIESSOME OF US MUST REPRODUCE!

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    5/31

    Review The ways in which the Gametes are

    released make possible the fusion ofSperm (Male Gametes) and Egg(Female Gametes) in the process ofFERTILIZATION. From a Fertilized

    Egg, or ZYGOTE, come all the cells in ahuman body.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    6/31

    SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT For the First SIX Weeks after

    fertilization, human male and femaleEmbryos are Identical in appearance.

    During the SEVENTH Week ofdevelopment, major changes occur:

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    7/31

    7th week changes: A. The TESTES, which are the PRIMARY Reproductive Organs

    of a MALE, begin to produce Steroid Hormones (Sex) known asANDROGENS. The tissue of the Embryo responds to thesehormones by developing into the MALE REPRODUCTIVEORGANS.

    B. The OVARIES, or the PRIMARY Reproductive Organs ofa FEMALE Embryo, produce Steroid Hormones (Sex) known asESTROGENS. The tissue of the Embryo responds to thesehormones by developing into the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVEORGANS.

    . Neither Testes or Ovaries are capable of producing ActiveReproductive Cells (GAMETES) until PUBERTY.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    8/31

    Male Reproductive System

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    9/31

    THE MALEREPRODUCTIVE

    SYSTEM 1. Males begin to produce Sperm during Puberty, the

    adolescent stage of development when changes inthe body make reproduction possible.

    2. At this time, the concentration of the hormoneTestosterone is high enough to stimulate spermproduction. Testosterone is the Main Androgen (MaleSex Hormone) produced by the Testes.

    3. TheTE

    STE

    S develop within the AbdominalCavity, just before birth the Testes descend througha canal into an EXTERNAL SAC called theSCROTUM.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    10/31

    Male Reproductive System 4. The Testes (two egg-shaped

    structures) remain in the Scrotum,outside the body, where thetemperature is about 3 degrees CCooler than the body internal

    temperature (27 degrees C). 5. Sperm development in the Testes

    Requires the Lower Temperature.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    11/31

    Male Reproductive System

    6. The Testes are clusters of hundreds of Tiny Tubules calledSEMINIFEROUS (sehm-uh-NIHF-er-uhs)TUBULES, whichmeans "SEED BEARING". Sperm Form through Meiosis in thespecialized lining of this extensive network of tubules.

    7. As the Pituitary Gland begins to release FSH and LH, theseHormones stimulate the Testes to make the PRINCIPAL MALESEX HORMONE TESTOSTERONE.

    8. Cells that respond to Testosterone are found all over thebody.

    9. Testosterone produces a number of SECONDARY SEX

    CHARACTERISTICS that appear in Males at Puberty VoiceDeepens, Beard Grows, and Body Hair.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    12/31

    Male Reproductive System 10. FSH and Testosterone stimulate the

    development of Sperm. When largenumbers of sperm have been producedin the Testes, the development processof Puberty is completed - THE

    REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS NOWFUNCTIONAL.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    13/31

    Sperm Development

    1. Sperm are derived from Special Cells within the Testes thatgo through the process of MEIOSIS to form HAPLOID NUCLEIfound in Mature Sperm. The Chromosome number drops from46 to 23, Four sperm cells result from each cell that beginsmeiosis.

    2. A Mature Sperm consists ofTHREERegions: A. HEAD - which contains the Nucleus (The 23

    Chromosomes) and enzymes that help the sperm penetrate theprotective layers that surround and Egg Cell.

    B. MID PIECE - packed with energy releasing Mitochondria(Energy Source). The Mitochondria supply the energy that isrequired for sperm to reach an Egg.

    C. TAIL Consists of a Single, Powerful FLAGELLUM thatpropels the Sperm.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    14/31

    Male Reproductive System 4. Although most Sperm remain stored in each

    Epididymis, some leave the Epididymis and pass intothrough the VAS DEFERENS, a duct that extends

    from the Epididymis. 5. Each Vas Deferens enters the Abdominal Cavity,

    where it loops around the Urinary Bladder andmerges with the Urethra. In a Male, both Urine andSperm exit the body through the Urethra.

    6. In the Urethra, Sperm Mix with Fluids that aresecreted by Three Exocrine Glands- the SeminalVesicles, Bulbourethral Glands, and the ProstateGland- to produce SEMINAL FLUID -which Protectsand Nourishes the Sperm.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    15/31

    Male Reproductive System THE COMBINATION OF SPERM AND SEMINAL

    FLUID IS KNOWN AS SEMEN

    BETWEEN 100 AND 200 MILLION SPERM AREPRESENT IN 1 milliliter OF SEMEN OR ABOUT5 MILLION SPERM PER DROP!

    The Penis is the Male Reproductive Organthat makes it possible for Sperm to bedelivered to the body of the Female.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    16/31

    Male Reproductive System 300 - 400 million Sperm are released in the

    Reproductive Tract of a Female during a

    single Ejaculation; the chances of a SingleSperm Fertilizing and Ovum (Egg OR FemaleGamete), if one is available, are quit GOOD

    Most sperm are Killed by the Acidic

    Environment of the Female ReproductiveTrack. Only a few Sperm reach the site ofFertilization.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    17/31

    Female Reproductive System The Ovaries are located in the Lower

    Abdominal Cavity; the Ovaries USUALLY

    produce only ONE EGG or OVUM per month. In addition to producing eggs, the female

    reproductive system has another importantjob to perform - EACH TIME AN EGG IS

    RELEASED, THE BODY MUST BE PREPAREDTO NOURISH A DEVELOPING EMBRYO.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    18/31

    Female Reproductive System Puberty in females starts with changes in the

    Hypothalamus that causes the release of FSH and LHfrom the Pituitary Gland.

    FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates cellswithin the Ovaries to produce the HormoneESTROGEN.

    Estrogen causes the reproductive system to complete

    its development, and also produce SECONDARY SEXCHARACTERISTICS - Enlargement of Breast andReproductive Organs, Widening of the Hips, andgrowth of Body Hair.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    19/31

    Female Reproductive System Each Ovary contains about 400,000

    PRIMARY FOLLICLES, which are clusters of

    cells surrounding a single ovum (egg). 2. During her lifetime fewer than 500 Ova

    (Eggs) will actually be released, averagingone egg about every 28 days.

    When a Follicle has completely matured, theOvum (Egg) is released. THIS PROCESS ISCALLED OVULATION

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    20/31

    Female Reproductive System If TWO Eggs mature, Fraternal, or Non

    Identical Twins may result.

    Ovulation begins at Puberty and USUALLYcontinues until a female is in her late forties,when MENOPAUSE occurs.

    During Ovulation the Follicle literally ruptures,

    and the Ovum is swept from the Ovary intoone of the TWO FALLOPIAN TUBES. TheFallopian Tubes provide a way for an egg totravel from the Ovary to the Uterus.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    21/31

    Female Reproductive System

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    22/31

    Female Reproductive System IT IS DURING ITS JOURNEY THROUGH THE

    FALLOPIAN TUBE THAT AN EGG CAN BE

    FERTILIZED. An Egg must be fertilized within48 hours of its release - after that, the eggbegins to break down. Unfertilized eggsdissolve in the Uterus.

    After a FEW DAYS, the Ovum passes from theFallopian Tube into the UTERUS

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    23/31

    Female Reproductive System Leading from the Uterus (CERVIX) to

    the outside of the body is a musculartube called the VAGINA or Birth Canal.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    24/31

    Menstrual Cycle THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS THE SERIES OF

    CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE UTERUS

    EACH MONTH. The Menstrual Cycle has FOURStages: THEFOLLICULAR PHASE, OVULATION,THELUTEAL PHASE AND MENSTRUATION

    These Stages are Regulated by the Hormonesof the Endocrine System

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    25/31

    Menstrual Cycle During the 1st Stage-THEFOLLICULAR

    PHASE, the Egg Matures, and the Lining of

    the Uterus GROWS THICKER, many tinyBlood Vessels grow into the thickened lining,in preparation for receiving a Fertilized Egg.

    The development of an Egg in this stage of

    the Cycle takes about 14 DAYS

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    26/31

    Menstrual Cycle The 2nd Stage, OVULATION, the

    shortest phase in the Cycle (3-4 DAYS),

    is the release of an egg from a rupturedfollicle. Following Ovulation, an egg isswept into a fallopian tube, where ittravels toward the uterus awaiting

    fertilization. The Egg has enoughstored nutrients to survive about 48hours.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    27/31

    Menstrual Cycle The 3rd Stage, LUTEAL PHASE, lasts

    about 14 Days, the Cells of the

    Ruptured Follicle grow larger and fill thecavity, forming a New Structure called aCORPUS LUTEUM. The Corpus Luteumbegins to secrete large amounts of

    PROGESTERONE and ESTROGEN. TheIncrease levels cause the PituitaryGland to stop Secreting LH and FSH.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    28/31

    Menstrual Cycle Progesterone causes the lining of the Uterus to

    become even thicker

    The Lining is prepared to receive the Embryo four orfive days after the Egg is released from the Ovary.

    An Embryo that settles into the lining of the uterus,the Corpus Luteum continues to release Hormonesthat causes the Uterus to maintain its thickened

    lining. Most of the time, no embryo arrives, and the Corpus

    Luteum begins to produce Less and Less Estrogenand Progesterone

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    29/31

    Menstrual Cycle The Decrease in Levels of Estrogen and

    Progesterone causes the Blood Vessels in the

    uterine lining to begin closing and then Break. The Cells of the Uterine lining DO NOT

    receive adequate blood supply and comeloose from the inside of the uterus

    The mixture of Blood and the Cells that madeup the lining of the uterus is calledMENSTRUAL FLUID.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    30/31

    Menstrual Cycle The passage of this Fluid through the Vagina

    and out of the body is called

    MENSTRUATION ORTHE MENSTRUALPERIOD THE LAST STAGE. IT USUALLYLASTS FROM THREE TO SEVEN DAYS. At theend of the Period, a NEW Cycle Begins- THE

    FOLLICULAR PHASE. The AVERAGE Menstrual Cycle is 28 DAYS

    LONG.

  • 8/7/2019 SHUBHAM TRM PPR

    31/31

    Menstrual PeriodAlmost ALL Women START their

    Menstrual Period 14 DAYS AFTER

    Ovulation occurs.

    The length of the First stage of thecycle, the period when the Follicle is

    growing, DIFFERS from women towomen.