sibiu, the historic centre

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Nomination for inscription on the World Heritage List

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Nomination of the

SIBIU, THE HISTORIC CENTRE

for Inscription on the World Heritage List

Sibiu, September 2005

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Applicant

The Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs The Municipality of the City of Sibiu

Country, Region Romania, County of Sibiu

Identification of Property Sibiu, the Historic Centre

Geographic Coordinates N 45o 47’ 51”, E 24o 29’ 51”

Verbal Description of the Boundary of the Nominated World Heritage Site V: Soldiş Bastion, the former Arsenal, the limit of the plots situated between Dârstelor and

Pânzarilor Streets, respectively Cibin Market and Croitorilor Street. N–V: Cibin Market, Pulberăriei Street, Zidarilor Street. N: the north end of Ocnei Street, Pielarilor Street and Rotarilor Street. N–E: Hurmuzache Street, passage to Constituţiei Street, the premises of the blocks of flats. E: passage to 9 Mai Street, Blănarilor Street. S–E: Funarilor Street, Manejului Street, Haller Bastion, Corneliu Coposu Bd., Gimnasticii Street,

Berăriei Street. S: Corneliu Coposu Bd., Unirii Square, Gheorghe Bariţiu Street, enclosure wall facing

“Octavian Goga” High School. Plan of the Nominated Heritage Site (Size A4) indicating Its Limits and the Buffer Zone

See plan verso Justification for Inscription/Declaration of Universal Value

The exceptional universal value of the Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu, as evidenced by the outstanding urbanistic and architectural qualities of the Site, residing in a particularly skillful adaptation, over a long – mediaeval and modern – process of evolution to the specific features of the ground, as well as to early settlements and constructions.

Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed (ii) Exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural

area of the world, on developments in architecture […and] town-planning. (iii) Bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization

which is living or which has disappeared. (iv) Be an outstanding example of a type of […] architectural […] ensemble […] which illustrates

a significant stage in human history. (v) Be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement […] which is representative of

a culture […] when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change. Names and Contact Persons

Institution: Address: Tel: Fax: E-mail:

Web Addres

The Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs The Municipality of the City of Sibiu RO–011347, Bucharest, No. 30, Kiseleff Ave. RO–550024, Sibiu, Nos. 1–3,Victoriei Blvd. 0040 21 2242510 0040 269 208800 0040 21 2234951 0040 269 208811 [email protected] [email protected] http\\www.ministerul culturii.ro http\\www.sibiu.ro

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.sibiu.ro

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CONTENTS

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY 9 1.a. Country (and State Party if Different) 11 1.b. State, Province or Region 11 1.c. Name of Property 11 1.d. Geographical Coordinates to the Nearest Second 14 1.e. Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries of the Nominated Property and Buffer Zone 14 1.f. Area of Nominated Property (ha.) and Proposed Buffer Zone (ha.) 16

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY 17 2.a. Description of Property 19

(i) Urbanistic Components of the Historic Centre 19 (ii) Civil Buildings 40 (iii) Dwelling Houses 61 (iv) Defensive Architecture 67 (v) Sculpture and Painting 73 (vi) Archeological Remains 78

2.b. History and Development 79 (i) History of the City 79 (ii) The Development of the Historic Centre, its Component Ensembles and Architectural

Monuments 89

3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION 99 3.a. Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed (and Justification for Inscription under these

Criteria) 101 3.b. Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 101 3.c. Comparative Analysis (Including State of Conservation of Similar Properties) 122 3.d. Integrity and/or Authenticity 127

4. STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY 133 4.a. Present State of Conservation 135 4.b. Factors Affecting the Property 143

(i) Development Pressures (e.g., Encroachment, Adaptation, Agriculture, Mining) 143 (ii) Environmental Pressures (e.g., Pollution, Climate Change, Desertification) 144 (iii) Natural Disasters and Risk Preparedness (Earthquakes, Floods, Fires, etc.) 145 (iv) Visitor/Tourism Pressures 146 (v) Number of Inhabitants within the Property and the Buffer Zone 148 (vi) Miscellanea 148

5. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PROPERTY 151 5.a. Ownership 153 5.b. Protective Designation 153 5.c. Means of Implementing Protective Measures 155 5.d. Existing Plans Related to Municipality and Region in which the Proposed Property is

Located (e.g., Regional or Local Plan, Conservation Plan, Tourism Development Plan) 157

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5.e. Property Management Plan or Other Management System 159 5.f. Sources and Levels of Finance 160 5.g. Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management Techniques 160 5.h. Visitor Facilities and Statistics 164 5.i. Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property 167 5.j. Staffing Levels (Professional, Technical, Maintenance) 178

6. MONITORING 179 6.a. Key Indicators for Measuring State of Conservation 181 6.b. Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property 184 6.c. Results of Previous Reporting Exercises 185

7. DOCUMENTATION 187 7.a. Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Authorization Table and Other Audiovisual

Materials 189 7.b. Texts Relating to Protective Designation, Copies of Property Management Plans or

Documented Management Systems and Other Plans Relevant to the Property 195 7.c. Form and Date of Most Recent Records of Inventory or Property 195 7.d. Address where Inventory, Records and Archives are Held 200 7.e. Bibliography 201 7.f. Glossary of the Romanian and German Names 209

8. CONTACT INFORMATION OF RELEVANT AUTHORITIES 213 8.a. Compilers 215 8.b. Local Institution 217 8.c. Other Local Institutions 217 8.d. Official Web Address 217

9. SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY 219

Signature, Minister of Culture and Religions Affairs 221

Non exclusive concessions 223

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Fig. 1. Sibiu, Grand Square (Aerial Photo)

FOREWORD

On behalf of the people of the City of Sibiu, Romania, it gives me pleasure to present to the UNESCO the documentation for the nomination for inscription of the historic city centre of Sibiu on the World Heritage list.

The enclosed documentation is the result of two years of persistent work that summed up the efforts and perseverance of decades devoted to the protection of the urban heritage of Sibiu.

Eight years ago, our city embarked on an energetic national and international campaign, aimed at the highlighting of the invaluable historic centre and at the setting up of an institutional framework that would allow and encourage measures to protect its valuable public buildings and spaces.

Various instruments have been perfected over the last few years: in 1999 The Charter for the Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre was set up; in 2001 a new set of Regulations for Local Town-planning for the Historic Zone was set up and revised in 2005. Also in the year 2001, following a public debate, The Urban Plan of Action for the Historic Centre 2001-2004 was adopted. A new document of a similar type was drafted in 2004-2005; as Plan of Management it is attached to this documentation. Also, in the year 2005, at the initiative of the Municipality of Sibiu, the Sibiu Local Council adopted a decision, mandating the nomination of the historic centre for inscription on the World Heritage List.

All these efforts are the expression of the desire of the residents of an eight-century-old city to conserve, protect and hand down intact to future generations its cultural heritage, represented by its historic centre.

Our gratitude goes to all the experts, institutions and partners in the work undertaken to compile this documentation, as well as to those willing to join us in our effort to protect, within an international framework, the historic centre of the City of Sibiu.

Klaus Werner Johannis Mayor of Sibiu

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1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY

1.a Country

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1.a Country

Romania

Fig. 2. Romania’s position in Europe

1.b County

Sibiu

Fig. 3. Sibiu’s Position in Romania Fig. 4. Main Historic Cities of Transylvania Black Line = County Boundaries

Grey Lines = Rivers

Dot with red caption = the City of Sibiu

Dots with Black Caption = County Capitals

1.c Name of Property

Sibiu, the Historic Centre

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Fig. 5. Layout of the Nominated World Heritage Site and of the Buffer Zone

Boundary of the Nominated Property

Buffer Zone

1 Identification of the Property

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1.d Geographical Coordinates to the Nearest Second

45˚ 47’ 51”N, 24˚ 29’ 51” E

The city of Sibiu is nestled in the foothills of the southern range of the Carpathians, in the valley of the Cibin River, 300 km north-west of

Bucureşti, the capital of Romania. Its mean altitude is approx. 413 m. It is the capital of Sibiu County.

1.e Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries of the Nominated Property and Buffer Zone

The Boundary of the site proposed

for nomination in the World Heritage List (Fig. 5, 6, 7)

Western limit: Soldiş Bastion (Soldischbastei), Arsenal (Kempelkaserne), the boundary consti-tuted by Dârstelor Street and Pânzarilor Street,

respectively by Cibin Market and Croitorilor Street.

Northwestern limit: Cibin Market (Sagtorbastei), Pulberăriei Street (Pulwergasse), Zidarilor Street (Maurergasse).

Northern limit: The northern end of Ocnei

Fig. 6. Street names

1.e Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries and the Buffer Zone of the Nominated Property

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Street (Burgertorbastei), Pielarilor Street (Lederergasse), Rotarilor Street (Wagnergasse).

Northeastern limit: Hurmuzache Street (Margaretengasse), the passage to Constituţiei Street, the area of the blocks of flats.

Eastern limit: The passage to 9 Mai Street (Elisabethgasse), the former Guşteriţa Gate Tower (Elisabethtor), Blănarilor Street (Kürschnergasse).

Southeastern limit: Funarilor Street, Manejului Street (Reitschulgasse), Haller Bastion (Hallerbastei), Corneliu Coposu Bd,

Gimnasticii Street (Turnschulgasse), Gheorghe Bariţiu Street, Berăriei Street (Brauhausgasse).

Southern limit: Corneliu Coposu Bd, Unirii Square (Hermannsplatz), Cisnădie Gate Bastion (Heltauertorbastei), Gheorghe Bariţiu Street (Soldisch), the enclosure wall of “Octavian Goga” College.

Buffer Zone (Fig. 8)

Northwestern limit: the south bank of the Cibin River (Malului Street, Cibinului Street).

Fig. 7. Boundary of the Nominated World Heritage Site

1 Identification of the Property

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Northeastern limit: The railway tracks, 1 Decembrie 1918 Square, Uzinei Street, Hermann Oberth Street.

Southeastern limit: Constantin Noica Street, Revoluţiei Street.

Southern limit: General Vasile Milea Bd, Someşului Street, the rear alignment of Casa

de Cultură a Sindicatelor, the alley between the Army Club and “Lucian Blaga” University.

Southwestern limit: Banatului Street, Dealului Street, the Petöfi Sandor Stairs, Turismului Street, Ion Neculce Street (up to the south end of the wooden bridge across the Cibin River).

1.f Area of Nominated Property (ha) and Proposed Buffer Zone (ha)

The overall area of the Nominated Site is 86.50 ha. The area of the Buffer Zone: 107.00 ha.

Fig. 8. Boundary of the Buffer Zone

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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY

2.a Description of the Property

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(i) Urbanistic Components of the Historic Centre

Fig. 9. The Fortified Enclosures and the Old City Gates

I – The Initial Fortress; II – The Expanded Initial Fortress; III – The Upper Town; IV – The Lower Town; 1 – The Gate Tower by the Liars’ Bridge; 2 – The Gate Tower above the Tower Stairs (Pfarrerstübel);

3 – The gate Tower of the Priests (Priesterturm); 4 – The Gate Tower on the Liars’ Bridge; 5 – The Town Hall Gate Tower; 6 – The Gate Tower next to the Old Town Hall;

7 – Cisnădia Gate; (Heltauertor) 8 – Salt Gate (Salztor); 9 – Guşteriţa Gate (Elisabethtor); 10 – Ocnei Gate (Burgertor); 11 – Tower Gate (Sagtor)

2 Description of the Property

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Overview of the Historic Centre

The City of Sibiu extends over an area of appr. 2,400 ha; the Historic Centre forms a compact entity within it and is easily identified in the general city plan. The city is laid out on two terraces, partly in the floodplain of the Cibin River (the Lower Town) and partly on an embanked terrace (the Upper Town).

Four fortified areas can be distinguished in the Historic Centre (Fig. 9) whose shape and size is mainly responsible for the overall structure of the city: • Enclosure I - the original fortress; • Enclosure II - the expanded original fortress;

• Enclosure III - the Upper Town; • Enclosure IV - the LowerTown.

For the most part, fortifications were erected with a view of exploiting certain terrain features for defensive purposes. The first three fortification lines encompassed larger and larger areas, the 20 metre slope being employed as a natural element of fortification. With Enclosure IV, this was no longer possible because Enclosure IV reached as far as the river; its course was included in the defensive water system, which was completed by a string of lakes.

Each enclosure had three gates. As the city area grew, certain gates came to serve as linking elements between the various parts of the city. Like

Fig. 10. The Transit Roads and the Street Network (1 – Transit Roads; 2 – Main Streets and Squares; 3 – Streets of Dwelling Houses;

4 – Connecting Streets and Passages)


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other mediaeval cities with a well thought-out city plan, Sibiu had four external gates, placed along already existing transit roads: Ø Tower Gate (Sagtor), in the Lower Town; Ø Ocna Gate (Burgertor), in the Lower Town; Ø Guşteriţa Gate (Elisabethtor), in the Lower Town; Ø Cisnădia Gate (Heltauertor), in the Upper Town. The structure of the Historic Centre is based on the pattern of the above-mentioned transit roads, some predating the city, some appearing during the early stages of the initial settlement (Fig. 10). This is the case of the four roads intersecting at Dragoner Square: Ø The road to Alba Iulia, Turnului Street –

Faurului Street, in the LowerTown; Ø The road to Copşa Mică, along Ocnei Street, in

the LowerTown; Ø The road to Rupea and Braşov, along 9 Mai

Street, in the LowerTown; Ø The road to the Olt Defile, along the route:

Lesser Square – Grand Square –Nicolae Bălcescu Street, in the Upper Town.

The structure of the Sibiu street network gives an impression of clarity, although developed in a number of successive stages. One can find areas,

where town planning is rigorous, next to areas where planning was less organic.

In the LowerTown, pre-existing roads form the basic structure of the street network – a longitudinal road (9 Mai Street, along Faurului Street and then Târgul Vinului Square) is intersected by two main crossroads, situated radially (Turnului Street / Fig. 11, and Ocnei Street). At such intersections of main roads, a small square clearly sets out the general disposition.

In the centre, there are also longitudinal, “parallel” streets (Valea Mare, Plopilor, Nouă / Fig. 12, Vopsitorilor, Pielarilor, and Movilei); they are all connected by perpendicular side streets (Fig. 13). On the eastern side, there are perpendicular streets of dwellings, of which Magheru Street and Constituţiei Street used to connect one of the gates of the Upper Town (Salt Tower) to an outer gate in the LowerTown (Guşteriţa Gate). In the western areas of the Lower Town, on ground resulting from the filling in of a lake basin, streets with dwelling houses are predominant.

A common element for most streets, regardless of their importance, is their variable cross section. Some streets display widened-out portions,

Fig. 11. Turnului Street


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favourable for obtaining a lateral vantage point, i.e. more advanced spots compared to the alignment of the street (Avram Iancu, Ocnei, Vopsitorilor and Faurului Streets). The closed-space aspect of the streets is further brought out by their narrowing down at the end, usually at the intersection with a major street (Vopsitorilor and Pielarilor Streets with Ocnei Street, Rebreanu Street with 9. Mai Street, and Movilei Street with Aurarilor Square). The areas where development was mainly shaped by external factors are those in the sloping sector between the Lower Town and the Upper Town, as well as those in the proximity of the temporary or permanent fortification lines, where the pattern of urban development was partly superimposed upon their pre-existing outlines (Fig. 14).

In addition, the trace of certain streets in the Lower Town reflects the progressive filling in of a water surface (Kempel), as well as the course of certain streams.

In the Upper Town (Fig. 15), there was only one traditional transit route, which determined the course of Nicolae Bălcescu Street. This means that the street network was, for the most part, shaped by urbanistic factors. In principle, the network is made up of two “parallel” streets, formed in one area of the town by Nicolae Bălcescu and Mitropoliei Streets (Fig. 16), and in the other area by Avram Iancu and General Magheru Streets (Fig. 17). All follow a curved route, which emphasizes their front lines. They are connected by means of a transverse square – Grand Square, to which Lesser Square and Huet Square are a complement. The exact route of the main streets, as well as the way they connect to Grand Square, was determined both by the size of the area available on the embanked terrace and by the pre-existing fortress. Consequently, they include curved segments, and two of the four main streets (i.e. Avram Iancu and General Magheru Streets) converge towards one gate –

Fig. 12. Nouă Street


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Fig. 13. Felinarului Street


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Fig. 14. Centumvirilor Street


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Salt Tower, where they form a small square.

In this area of the town, there are a number of longitudinal, “parallel” streets of dwelling houses (Centumvirilor (Fig. 14), Xenopol, Şelarilor, Timotei Popovici, and Tipografilor Streets). In out-lying areas of the Historic Centre, there are also perpendicular streets of dwelling houses (Tribunei, Gheorghe Lazăr and Filarmonicii Streets), as well as perpendicular connecting streets (Fig. 18) and a small square of the same type (Piaţa Schiller).

Quite important are the passageways, some as narrow as 1 metre, that are incorporated within buildings. Such “short cuts” connect Huet Square and Lesser Square, Lesser Square and Avram Iancu Street, Mitropoliei and Xenopol Streets (Fig. 19), and General Magheru and Şelarilor Streets. In general, the allotment pattern (Fig. 20) is dominated by large, elongated plots. Although plot size may be determined from place to place by the local availability of land, there is a decrease of plot size from the centre to the outskirts. There are

also longer, early plots in the old main streets (e.g. 9 Mai Street / Elisabethgasse), and interstitial plots in newer, side streets (Nouă Street / Neugasse and Movilei Street/Neustift).

In the Aurarilor Square area there are also small allotments of a type quite different to any other kinds of allotments, which influenced the shape of the surrounding large allotments.

Links Between the Upper Town and the Lower Town

Both functionally and aesthetically, the connections between the two parts of the town, consisting of both slopes – with or without carriageways (Fig. 21) – and of stairways (Fig. 22, 23) are also quite relevant. Wherever there is a steep slope, stairways or ramps go up and down, winding along or cutting through the hillside. Where the slope is gentle, there are ramps or streets that go straight uphill. Such connections exist both in the central area and in marginal areas of the inner town. A significant feature of the Historic Centre is that, in time,

Fig. 15. The Upper Town


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Fig. 16. Mitropoliei Street


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some passages were either abandoned or replaced by others.

Here is what things look like today, west to east (Fig. 24):

Location Category Position Use / Status Notes

Western Marginal Area 1. Tribunei Street – Konrad Haas Street

Street

Direct

In use

2. Poştei Street – A. D. Xenopol Street Stairway Direct In use Central Area 3. A. Odobescu Street

Street

Transverse

In use

4. Odobescu Str. – Moş Ion Roată Street Stairway Direct Out of use Remnants 5. The Stairway Passage Street; now

passage and stairway

Transverse

Altered

High aesthetic effect

6. Tower Stairs Stairway Direct In use 7. Turnului Street – Huet Square Street Winding Out of use High aesthetic effect 8. The Penance Corner – the Tower

Stairs Passageway Transverse Blocked

9. Penance Corner – Liars’ Bridge Passageway Blocked Blocked Easy to clear 10. Liars` Bridge Street; two

stairways Direct Only one

flight in use; Out of use

Preserved for most part; Local specific; flights formerly roofed

Fig. 17. General Magheru Street


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Location Category Position Use / Status

Notes

11. Aurarilor Square – Lesser Square Street Winding Out of use 12. Aurarilor Square – Lesser Square Stairway Direct Out of use Easy to clear 13. the Aurarilor Stairway 14. Aurarilor Square – Grand Square Eastern Marginal Area 15. Movilei Street – A. Iancu Street

Street

Direct

In use

16. Sării Street – A. Iancu Street – General Magheru Street

Street

Direct

In use

Although altered, high aesthetic effect

Some of these passages are quite spectacular, e.g. the two links in the central zone.

At one end of Turnului Street, the slope is negotiated by means of a stairway that reaches Huet Square by crossing under the gate tower of Enclosure I (Fig. 25, 26).

At the same end of Turnului Street lies the Stairway Passage (Pempflingergasse), heading uphill towards the Old Town Hall. To the east, its front lines are sided by the tall walls of the first defensive line, reinforced over time, and to the west by a row of humble houses; arches connect both lines. During the first half of the

20th century, the upper half of the passageway was rebuilt as a stairway that ends in front of a gate tower of Enclosure III, beneath which and by which, one enters the Upper Town.

The connection between Ocnei Street (Burgergasse) and Lesser Square (Kleiner Ring) was changed several times and it reached its current form in the mid-nineteenth century: an incline flanked by high restraining walls, connected by means of a cast-iron bridge – the Liars’ Bridge – one of the symbols of contemporary Sibiu. On one side of the carriageway, there is a stairway that leads up to

Fig. 18. Poştei Street


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Fig. 19. Passageway from Xenopol Street to Mitropoliei Street


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the bridge, the whole dominated by the impressive bulk of the Town Hall Tower.

The Central Squares

The centre of the early settlement was situated in the Lower Town and it was made up of a number of specific areas. An early burial site was found in a large open area between Faurului Street and the Church of the Hospice, probably paired with an early religious building and a market zone situated in the area of a small

square called Dragoner, close to Târgului Street.

These open areas were turned into allotments as far back as the Middle Ages. These functions, religious and commercial and with them, implicitely the city centre were moved to the Upper Town; step by step, a complex of squares (Fig. 27) took shape, which, to this day, constitutes the city centre. The several large spaces of these squares are linked by multiple passageways and come together in a contiguous space, unique of its kind.

Fig. 20. A 19th Century Plan of the Pattern of Allotments

(1 – Main fronts of allotments; 2 – Limits of Streets, Allotments; 3 – Main buildings)


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Fig. 21. The Penance Corner


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Fig. 22. Aurarilor Stairway


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A first step towards their creation was the building of a spacious church, surrounded by a churchyard, on the margin of the upper edge of the Upper Town, in Huet Square (Huet Platz), on the present site of the Lutheran Parish Church. On the premises of this core structure of the settlement, were gradually erected: buildings serving the spiritual and intellectual needs of the population, the capitulum, the vicarage, chapels, and the school building (today’s Brukenthal High School).

In spite of the complexity of the square, evidenced by the placement of a major building in the centre of its pentagonal area, it never really became a unified square proper, being rather a succession of smaller spaces (Fig. 28).

A secondary enclosure enlarged the surface of the square, whose aim was to preserve the general, unitary outline of the fortress; this resulted in the new enclosure assuming the shape of a crescent, which powerfully determined the final outlook not only of the square, but of the city-centre itself. The square assumed the function of the town’s main marketplace, where expensive, guild-made merchandise was traded.

Lesser Square (Kleiner Ring / Fig. 29) was the result of building perimetral edifices (mainly, warehouses) with two fronts, one concave and the other convex. The enclosure is accessed through an incline; starting in the Lower Town, at the end of Ocnei Street, it divides the square into two sectors, joined by the Liars’ Bridge (Fig. 81).

The fairly serene atmosphere of the front lines that also incorporate the outlets to the square is enlivened by two buildings jutting out into the square – The House of Arts (the former warehouse of the butchers’ guild), and the house at No. 31 (the First Town Hall), next to which is situated the highlight of the square, the Town Hall Tower (Fig. 29). Another vertical element is the steeple of the Lutheran Church, clearly visible over the row of houses on the opposite side (Fig. 30).

Most of the buildings in the square have open archways on the ground storey. Apart from serving as shops and restaurants, another main use of the buildings is to accommodate local museums – such as the Town Hall Tower and the houses at Nos. 11, 12, 21, 26. As the development of the

Fig. 23. Aurarilor Stairway

Fig. 24. Linking Streets between the Upper Town and the Lower Town

(1 – Street connecting Armelor Square; 2 – Stairs connecting Poştei Street;

3 – Al. Odobescu Street; 4 – Linking Stairs between Al. Odobescu and Moş Ion Roată Streets; 5 – Stairway Passage; 6 – Tower Stairs; 7 – Street connecting Tower

Stairs; 8 – Linking Passage between Tower Stairs and Penance Corner; 9 – Linking Passage between the

Penance Corner and the Liars’ Bridge; 10 – Street and stairway passage to the Liars’ Bridge; 11 – Linking Street

between Aurarilor Square and Lesser Square; 12 – Linking Stairs between Aurarilor Square and Lesser

Square; 13 – Aurarilor Stairway; 14 – Linking Passage between Aurarilor Square and Grand Square; 15 – Şcolii Street; 16 – Gen. Magheru Street)


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Upper Town and of its fortifications progressed, Grand Square became the city centre. The square took over the function of a cultural-political centre, at the same time serving commercial purposes: there are dwelling houses with shops on the ground storey, alongside public buildings (the Catholic Church and its Presbytery, the Seat of the Lutheran Bishopric in Romania, the building of the headquarters of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania, the Brukenthal Museum, and its annex building, the Blue House, the former head office of Banca de Credit Funciar, currently under reconstruction and scheduled to house the future Town Hall).

As new front lines appeared following the construction of more buildings, the square took on a more coherent shape. The general outline of the square fits a rectangle of 100 x 140 m; as in the case of the other two squares, there are no right angles. The front lines assumed a gently curved shape, resulting from houses set back, jutty elements, as well as directional changes of the front lines.

Two of the four streets opening onto the square

– Nicolae Bălcescu (Heltauergasse) and General Magheru (Sporergasse) – are narrowed at their ends, because of uneven front lines (Fig. 31). Conversely, the other two take us towards adjacent spaces. Where Samuel von Brukenthal Street is located, the defensive wall of Enclosure II created highly convex front lines, giving them a “funnel” shape. Even more spectacular is the connection with Avram Iancu Street – that is, the connection to the convex front line of Enclosure II. Right in front of the main gate tower of the square, along its eastern front, there is a concave protrusion creating a small square that underscores the directioning towards the gate. As a result, the city centre is made up of the three dominant squares with different configurations, yet clearly part of the overall compositional pattern of the city.

This central character of the ensemble is also emphasized by the string of squarelets surrounding the large squares at distances of 50 – 200 m. They create a connection between the three squares and the network of streets. The shape of most of these squarelets came about naturally, in a haphazard way; no fixed geometrical patterns can be detected, and in some cases, development side-stepped the main-street traffic. Clockwise, we have the following squarelets:

Ø The small square at the crossing of Turnului – Vasile Tordoşan– Faurului – Târgul Vinului Streets; its outline is that of a trapeze. Visually, it is influenced by the connection with Huet Square and its dominant Lutheran Parish Church.

Ø Dragoner Square, at the intersection of Ocnei, 9 Mai, and Faurului Streets is an irregular triangle. The Public Community Scales were placed in its middle and, later, the Dragoons Watch were built here; then a row of houses were built; these were pulled down at the middle of the 20th century. The square is closely connected to the Liars’ Bridge and Lesser Square, and dominated by the Lutheran Parish Church.

Ø Aurarilor Square, at the intersection of Argintarilor, Târgului, Movilei Streets and Aurarilor Stairway, has the form of a triangle Fig. 25. Tower Stairs


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Fig. 26. Tower Stairs


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that narrows down towards the Upper Town, forming a funnel and connecting with 9 Mai Street through two narrow side streets.

Ø Dominated by the houses built on the hillside below Lesser Square, Aurarilor Square is connected with the latter by means of Aurarilor Stairway. It offers a spectacular, up-hill view and its proportions favour foot-walking.

Ø The squarelet in front of the Convent of the Ursuline Sisters (Fig. 32) at the confluence of General Magheru and Avram Iancu Streets; in fact, this square results from the rectangular widening of these two streets, both leading to Grand Square. Because of the sloping ground, the pavements were placed higher than the carriageway; formerly, they were linked by a bridge. The square is dominated by the Church of the Ursuline Sisters, flanked by the building of the convent.

Ø The site of a little park, Schiller Square (Schiller Platz) is a rectangular, transversal squarelet placed between Timotei Popovici and Tipografilor Streets. These two streets and

the small square linking them, used to form a distinct little corner of the city, off the neighbouring Grand Square. 18th and 19th-century buildings form serene front lines.

The ensemble of these small squares, together with enlargements in Konrad Haas, General Magheru (Fig. 33) and Xenopol Streets emphasize the unity of the complex of central squares.

The Suburbs

From the second half of the 18th century, suburbs become a more significant part of the urban pattern of the city, reflecting at the same time its multiethnic and pluridenominational character. Thus, the district called Terezian, in the northern area of the city across the Cibin River, was inhabited by Austrian settlers but also by Romanians and members of a Roma (Gypsy) community. Of the places of worship built here mention should be made of: the St. Elizabeth Roman Catholic Church (1767-1771), the Greek Catholic St. Peter and Paul Church (1783) and the St. Elijah Romanian Orthodox Church (1787).

Fig. 27. The Main Squares of the City


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Some of these districts are part of the Buffer Zone of the Nominated World Heritage Site; they comprise residential areas, such as the district of Hallerwiese in the southeastern part of the Historic Centre that has straight, equidistant streets and intersections involving three or more streets. Of the historic monuments in the area, we mention the CFR Hospital built by Otto Wagner and the Brukenthal summer residence.

Cityscape and General Outlook

The placement of the city upon two terraces and the subsequent advantage of having the bulky mass of large buildings on high ground, at the edge of the upper plateau of the Upper Town, are factors that contribute to the impressive cityscape of Sibiu (Fig. 92). The cityscape is dominated by the vertical lines of the steeples of the Lutheran Parish Church, of the Roman Catholic Church and the Town Hall Tower. On the western crest of the hill, these are completed by the steeple of the Hungarian Reformed Church, the twin towers of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral and the steeple of the St. John Lutheran Church,

while to the east the cityscape is enriched with the outline of the Church of the Ursuline Sisters.

Today, there are lines of sight and spots where the cityscape is clearly visible (Fig. 34): ► from the west, viewed from Şoseaua Alba

Iulia, as you pass the Turnişor district; ► from the northwest, viewed from Calea Şurii

Mici, between the border of the city limits and the railway lines (Fig. 99);

► from the north, viewed from Calea Şurii Mari; ► from the east, viewed from Calea

Nocrichului to the city limits. The best panoramic view of the historic city (Fig. 35) against the backdrop of the Cibin Mountains is available from Dealul Guşteriţei (Hammersdorfer Berg).

There are spots even within the city, where you can admire the cityscape of the Historic Centre: ► from the square in front of the Sibiu Railway

Station (Fig. 113); ► from the northeast, where Podului Street

intersects Vasile Pârvan Street; ► along the banks of the Cibin River and from

Fig. 28. The Tower of the Tower Stairs

Fig. 29. The Town Hall Tower


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its bridges; ► from Gladiolelor Street. Moreover, many streets used to have, and some still have, a defensive tower as their vantage point. This can be a gate tower or an ordinary tower (e.g. the Curriers Tower at the end of Rimski-Korsakov Street). Sometimes, such “points of interest” are situated on the very axis

of the street and can take the form of a segment of an inner fortification or a section of a retaining wall, uniting two street ends at uneven heights (in Movilei Street and between Centumvirilor and Alexandru Odobescu Streets).

Here are some of the vantage points dominating certain streets in Sibiu:

Place Visible Architectural

Highlights Observations

Lesser Square steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church

Visible above the roofs

Grand Square the Town Hall Tower, the Roman Catholic Church

Part of front line of the square

General Magheru Street Church of the Ursuline Sisters

Choir visual dominant

Constituţiei Street Church of the Ursuline Sisters

Choir visual dominant

Avram Iancu Street steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church, the Town Hall Tower

Visible above the rooftops

Nicolae Teclu Street steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church, the Town Hall Tower

Ocnei Street steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church, the Town Hall Tower

Excellent view of the church

Rimski- Korsakov Street Lutheran Parish Church Victor Tordoşanu Street Lutheran Parish Church, the

Town Hall Tower Church absolute visual dominant

Tudor Vladimirescu Street The Tower of the Old Town Hall, steeple of the Hungarian Reformed Church

Turnului Street Lutheran Parish Church, the Town Hall Tower


Târgul Peştelui twin towers of the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral

Alexandru Odobescu Street Lutheran Parish Church, the Old Town Hall


Centumvirilor Street Lutheran Parish Church, the Old Town Hall


Mitropoliei Street Hungarian Reformed Church, Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, “Johanniskirche” Lutheran Church

Lungă Street Romanian Orthodox Cathedral


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Fig. 30. Lesser Square


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The picturesque cityscape is rounded off by the mountainscape of the Southern Carpathians – the jagged Făgăraş Mountains –, visible from various spots in the city. The whole remarkable chain of the Făgăraş Mountains is visible in the Buffer Zone from the upper side of Unirii Square.

Distribution of Historic Monuments

Of the edifices listed as historic monuments (Fig. 36), mention should be made of public buildings, especially churches and monasteries in the Historic Centre. Apart from these, the majority of the listed monuments are situated within the central perimeter of the three squares, where practically all buildings are listed; to

these should be added the four main streets of the Upper Town (Nicolae Bălcescu, Mitropoliei, Avram Iancu and General Magheru). These monuments belong to the category of public buildings, of dwelling houses (most of them former Patrician houses), as well as remnants of the nos. I-III fortified lines.

A smaller number of buildings, mostly dwellings of great antiquity, are also listed in the LowerTown.

Also within the historic city, there are additional remnants of the external fortifications, i.e. in isolated places in the Lower Town and in contiguous areas in the Upper Town (walls, curtain walls, towers, rondels and bastions).

(ii) Civil Buildings

General Characteristics

The cityscape of the Historic Centre of Sibiu is completed by a large number of valuable historic monuments – churches and monasteries, communal buildings, dwelling houses and fortifications. Their size varies considerably, in the case of dwelling houses, for example, running from the small cottages of craftsmen to the imposing palaces of Patricians. We find the same diversity in their period of erection, as well as their style; the oldest extant structures date from the 13th century, while the majority of buildings were erected between the 15th and the 20th century.

Diversity of size and style characterizes almost all architectural segments in the city. In the case of religious buildings, this diversity is also reflected in the multitude of denominations, to which these edifices belong: a Gothic Lutheran church includes certain Romanesque elements; there are Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Reformed churches built in baroque style; the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral is neo-Byzantine and the synagogue is neo-Oriental; there is even a Lutheran church built in Secession style.

The architectural value of these monuments is reflected by their inclusion in a long list of

protected monuments of national importance; but they also give the architectural heritage of Sibiu an added measure of authenticity. There are also residential areas with buildings of exceptional architectural value, as well as other districts that are characterized by a predominantly vernacular architecture. As an overall characteristic, the architecture of the city is typical for the southeastern part of Central Europe, an area where Western culture meets and mingles with Southeast European, i.e. Byzantine and Ottoman culture.

Religious Architecture

The remarkable diversity of houses of worship in the Historic Centre of Sibiu is due mainly to the multi-confessional character of its inhabitans. The majority of these churches, with the exception of the Lutheran Parish Church, are hall-type buildings; their styles range from Gothic, baroque, neoclassical and neo-Byzantine, to eclectic or modern. While the first religious edifices of the settlement were built in the Lower Town, on the site of today’s Hospice and at the level of 9 Mai Street, later churches were built on the upper terrace of the Upper Town. They are different, both in terms of their architectural value and of their impact on the


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Fig. 31. The Seat of the High Consistory of the Lutheran Church


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cityscape of the Historic Centre. The Lutheran Parish Church (situated in Huet

Square / Fig. 37, 38) is the dominant architectural landmark of the Historic Centre – due to its monumental size, its spire being the key architectural feature of the cityscape. In addition to this functional role, the church is an outstanding architectural monument, being the only edifice in southeastern Central Europe that exhibits elements from all phases of the Gothic style.

Originally named St. Mary’s Church, it was initially Roman Catholic; after the Reformation came to Sibiu, it was turned into a Lutheran church and from 1867 it became the Cathedral of the Lutheran Church in Romania. The monument is an imposing Gothic edifice; its ground plan is a polygonal choir with a nave (the remnants of the foundation of a hall-type choir are also preserved). To the north, the choir is flanked by a vestry, to the west, by a transept, while to the south we have a number of auxiliary rooms. Next is the nave flanked by two aisles in a basilica-type disposition, the south

aisle being overlooked by a gallery. The tower initially jutted out against the west façade; later it was incorporated within a three-aisled mortuary chapel, called ferula (galilee) that had a similar structure.

The building was erected over a number of successive periods and the final result was a conglomerate of many different Gothic features. The oldest part of the church is the lower structure of the tower, in Romanesque style. Its west portal, today mounted in a different spot, is topped by semicircular arches, whose cornice bears the marks of Gothic transformations.

The east wall of the transept shows the remains of a bricked-up round window, with an early Gothic tracery; a round pillar of the quadrangle belongs to an initial phase of High Gothic. The pillar with an octagonal cross-section in the southwest quadrangle was probably built at a later date. The transept is a powerfully articulated structure with arched straps and ribbed vaults, indicative of the High Gothic style. The tracery of the south window of the transept is also

Fig. 32. Square in front of the Convent of the Ursuline Sisters, view from Avram Iancu Street


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preserved, along with a round window in a less central spot. The first octagonal pillars separating the aisles bear the hallmarks of a similar style, as well as other decorative elements, such as three-leaved and four-leaved tracery. These were re-processed and used when the nave was raised in a period when, clusters of engaged colonnettes were built around the octagonal pillars of the nave and the aisles were also widened. The bays of the aisles had been constructed during earlier periods; thus the system of cross vaults with ogee arches was preserved.

The gallery overlooking the south aisle was built later with a star-vault, typical for Late Gothic. The gallery was lengthened to cover the south aisle of the ferula. At the same date, the vestry was enlarged and the church steeple was raised by two storeys. There were also more minor works: the north wing of the transept was lengthened and two porches were also built. A chapel was built over the south portal, bearing the hallmarks of Late Gothic style, i.e. a star-vault with curved ribs, floriated pillars with

leafless vines; the apse vault is even decorated with a large sea-shell, typical for the Renaissance. At approximately the same time, a turret with winding stairs and a Renaissance doorframe was built on the south façade. Later, a door was built in the north-east side of the building, in Gothic style, with fillets crossing the fragment of a Renaissance lintel.

Also present is sculpted and painted artwork. On the south façade of the choir, above a Gothic door, we find a bas-relief of “The Prayer on the Mount of Olives.” The bas-relief was attributed to a local workshop, inspired from the Central European Gothic sculpture of the last quarter of the 15th century. Inside, in the north aisle, the ogee arches rest on pillars with floral decorations, one of these bearing a human mask. Similarly, the keystones are decorated with figurative Biblical representations.

Noteworthy is the fresco of “The Crucifixion,” on the north choir wall, painted in 1445, by Johannes de Rozenaw, of Austrian origin, as well as one of the most beautiful bronze fonts in Romania, the work of

Fig. 33. General Magheru Street


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Leonhardus, dating from 1438. The church also has a number of winged

altars, including the former high altar of the church, the work of a painter of the Danubian School, which can be dated between 1480 and 1545, partially repainted in 1701, being a

remarkable illustration of Reformation. The church served for the burial of the

mayors, of comites saxones, or of other notabilities of the city. Over 60 gravestones were relocated in 1853 and mounted on the walls of the ferula; the result is one of the most

Fig. 34. Dominant Lines of Sight (1 – Architectonic Dominants; 2 – Line of sight to dominant architectonic features; 3 – Lines of sight to the

hills and mountains surrounding the city; 4 – Zones where the cityscape is visible)


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remarkable sculptural collections in a Central European building. One of the tombstones is an example of an attempt to follow the religious canons of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The organ is of late Romantic conception and it is one of the best preserved instruments of its kind in Europe. The organ has retained its prospect from the 17th century, but the instrument proper dates from the early 20th century; it was built by Sauer’s of Frankfurt and it is a very large, electro-pneumatic instrument, which has recently been restored and thus is in excellent repair.

The Roman Catholic Parish Church (Grand

Square, Fig. 39, 40) is the second monument in terms of its impact on the cityscape of the Historic Centre. Even though its spire is also part of the key elements of the cityscape, its major impact is reflected in Grand Square, the main

public space of the city. The church presents its long side to the square and its forms have a remarkable congruence: in spite of the natural assymetry resulting from the very ground plan of the building, its façade has a symmetric design that also incorporates a bay of the neighbouring building within its concept; for reasons of urbanistic compositional harmony, a skylight tower was erected on the end opposite to the main spire, thus establishing a rapport between the church spire and an older tower (the Town Hall Tower) that is part of the same front line of the square, resulting in an architectural solution of great elegance.

The church was built between 1726 and 1733 in baroque style. The building is a rectangular hall church with lateral niches; the rectangular choir is incorporated between auxiliary structures. Unlike other Jesuit churches elsewhere in the Habsburg Empire, this church

Fig. 35. The City of Sibiu, view from Guşteriţa Hill


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does not follow the usual Jesuit model of two towers on the west façade: the church has a single tower, out of alignment with the hall.

From the outside, the monument has an austere look: there are two rectangular doors in the flank facing Grand Square, providing access into the church and into the vicarage. The façades are divided into bays by columns, with Tuscan capitals; the seven windows of varied dimensions on the ground storey have other smaller windows superimposed. Inside, three lateral altars are placed in niches overlooked by

galleries. The inner space is structured by massive Tuscan double columns, surmounted by a richly profiled entablature, decorated with bell motifs, triglyphs, sea shells and volutes. The vaults are barrel vaults, with penetrations, resting on transverse ribs in the nave and cross vaults in the choir.

Of the art work of great value that can be admired in the interior, we mention: a fresco decorating the main altar, representing the Virgin with the Infant, the work of the painter Anton Steinwald (1774); the funerary monument of

Fig. 36. Locations of Historic Monuments


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General Count Otto Ferdinand Traunn de Abensberg (1677-1747) executed by Anton Schuchbauer of Cluj (1719-1789); and the stained glass windows made in Budapest in 1901.

The third edifice in terms of its importance for the architectural heritage of the city is the Romanian Orthodox Church of the “Holy Trinity” (No. 33, Mitropoliei Street, Fig. 41, 42). Its main importance resides in the very existence of such a large Romanian Orthodox church in Central Europe, reiterating architectural forms from Constantinople.

Of course, the first Romanian Orthodox churches were erected in the suburbs of the city. These were “The Curch-in-the-Hollow” and another church situated across the Cibin River. Their external architectural form is closely related to Transylvanian architectural tradition, even if features common to all Eastern Orthodox churches are clearly visible inside. In addition,

there was an Eastern Orthodox church within city walls. It was pulled down in the early 20th century, to make room for the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built on the site between 1902 and 1906.

The building is of the Greek cross type, patterned on the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople; nevertheless, its longitudinal axis is somewhat elongated. The large dome of the nave is raised on pendentives and it is supported in the longitudinal plane by a group of hemicycles; to the east we have the apse of the altar and to the west a hemicycle over the gallery and the narthex. Two towers with a double, bulb-like roof and a skylight in the middle flank the entrance and two more octagonal, somewhat squatter towers are placed beside the lateral apses. Access is through a portico, with the piles surmounted by crockets and three semicircular openings. Behind the portico and between the towers, there is an ample, semicircular

Fig. 37. The Lutheran Parish Church, the Choir


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Fig. 38. The Lutheran Parish Church, Interior


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Fig. 39. The Roman Catholic Parish Church


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pediment, with a gallery skylight of the same shape, decorated with circular medallions in mosaic, representing Jesus and the Four Evangelists. The final impression of the building is to a large extent given by its external trimmings, which are in two-tone ashlar brick and copper sheeting.

The architects of the church were Virgil Nagy and Joseph Kamner, of Budapest. The interior observes the Byzantine tradition and it is dominated by the impressive size of the nave. The pendentives, with the Four Evangelists and the dome’s intrados, with Christ Pantocrator, surrounded by angels, as well as part of the altar screen sculpted in gilded wood, are the work of the celebrated artists Octavian Smighelschi and his assistant, Arthur Coulin. The other paintings in the interior are signed by I. Kober.

Two other places of worship of somewhat

lesser importance for the city’s architecture were also erected in Mitropoliei Street: first, we have the Hungarian Reformed Church (1786) in baroque style and, then we have the St. John Lutheran Church built in 1912 in Secession style.

The Hungarian Reformed Church (No. 9, Mitropoliei Street, Fig. 43) was built by Samuel Krempels and Johannes Schneider in 1786; it is a hall church with a semicircular apse and a tower in alignment with its street front. The church building has a narrow front with a simple portal and windows with stone framework. The façade is divided in four bays by four columns with Tuscan capitels and entablature. The sparse interior has walls with double columns bearing entablatures similar to those outside. The vault is a barrel vault supported by transverse ribs. A canopied pulpit is placed on the axis of the choir, decorated with golden drapes and rose wreaths. The organ is

Fig. 40. The Roman Catholic Parish Church, Interior


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Fig. 41. The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, Exterior


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placed in the west side of the church, mounted on a gallery supported by two massive pillars.

The Synagogue completes the range of communal religious buildings. It is situated at No. 19, Constituţiei Street (Fig. 44), built by architect Ferencz Szalay in 1898. The synagogue is a single rectangular building. The façade exhibits neo-Gothic forms and it is surmounted by a neo-Romanesque frieze with triforia. The interior gives the impression of decorative abundance; it has the aspect of a hall church, with nave and two aisles, surmounted by galleries with triforium-shaped arches, and a coffered ceiling, in a vaguely neo-Renaissance style. Placed on the east side of the building, the Ark of the Covenant is in the shape of a semicircular apse, flanked by a column and overlooked by a circular window. The dais is placed centrally, surrounded by a railing whose corners are decorated with columns surmounted by composite capitels.

Another Orthodox Jewish synagogue is to be found in Blănarilor Street, at a relatively short distance from the earlier mentioned monument. It is an extremely simple building, which was sold and rebuilt after the emigration of the Jews, under the Communist regime.

Among the architectural highlights of the city, two other monuments are extremely interesting examples of superimposed architectural styles; in this case, initial Gothic structures were later rebuilt in baroque style. The Church of the Ursuline Sisters is today a Greek Catholic church (Magheru Street, Fig. 45); it is the second oldest church in Sibiu and, with its imposing size, it is one of the hallmarks of the Historic Centre. Initially it was the church of the Dominican Monastery, erected around the year 1475 and reconstructed for the Ursuline Sisters, beginning with the year 1728. The whole church has a polygonal choir that is barrel vaulted and the nave is ceilinged. The

Fig. 42. The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, Interior


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church has massive buttresses, a Late Gothic doorway on its west façade and remains of windows in pointed arch. On the north side, there is a chapel with Gothic starred vaults and windows. The nave today has semi-engaged columns and the choir has double pilasters, surmounted by a Tuscan entablature. Mention should be made of the elegant wooden balcony with wrought-iron railing on the south wall of the choir, overlooking the doorway of the passage to the sacristy and from here to the former convent.

Many similarities with the above described monument can be noticed in the Franciscan Church (Şelarilor Street, Fig. 46), much smaller and still used by Catholic worshipers. This was also initially a Gothic building of the hall type with a polygonal choir; it has preserved its massive buttresses, but after 1716 it was rebuilt in baroque style. The west façade is dominated by a tower with a baroque helmet; inside the church has a barrel vaulted nave with triangular penetrations, resting on transverse ribs. In the church we also notice a Gothic sculpture of the Virgin with the Infant, as well as a number of funerary monuments.

Monasteries, Episcopal Residences, and Vicarages

Monuments of this kind also have a certain influence upon the general aspect of the Historic Centre, especially through their size. Owing to its great antiquity, the Mediaeval Hospice (currently a home for the elderly, No. 4, Azilului Street, Fig. 47) should be first mentioned. Initially it was an establishment of the Brethren of the Order of the Holy Spirit and was obtained by donation in 1292 and was expanded and rebuilt over the centuries. The core is a hall for the inmates, supplemented by side cells, possibly for luminaries. It ended in a chapel, wide open to the hall, in turn flanked by two side chapels. Over time, other structures were added, some of them back-to-back and others as isolated units; one unit has a loggia, open at the level of the ground storey and first storey. Worth mentioning are a series of architectural features,

such as: Gothic frameworks, buttresses and pilasters, cross vaults, etc.

Two of the mediaeval monasteries have been preserved over time. The first is the Convent of the Ursuline Sisters, initially a Dominican Monastery from the 16th century. At the time, it was erected to replace a similar monastery outside the city walls that had been abandoned. The structure became dilapidated after the Reformation and it was turned over to the Order of the Ursuline Sisters (first mentioned in Sibiu in 1718) who rebuilted the monastery starting with the year 1734 and expandit after 1769. The building is situated at Nos. 34-36, General Magheru Street and is made up of three wings: a rectangular edifice with closed precincts, a right wing (the current entrance is through this wing) and a rectangular building reaching to the back boundary of the lot. The façade overlooks General Magheru Street, and it resulted from the incorporation of two wings; it is three-storeyed and belongs to the eclectic style of the late 19th

Fig. 43. The Hungarian Reformed Church


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Fig. 44. The Synagogue


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century. Inside, worth mentioning are the barrel vaults with penetrations.

The second monastery, situated at No. 14, Şelarilor Street is known as the Franciscan Monastery and used to be a convent in the Middle Ages. Flanking the church, the building has a rectangular two-storey structure and a closed precinct. It has largely retained its mediaeval character with a running gallery open on two levels surrounding the inner courtyard; the rooms are cross-vaulted and there is a high roof.

The Roman Catholic Presbytery (No. 2, Grand Square, Fig. 104), was originally built as a Jesuit Seminary. The three storey building is composed of four distinct wings, disposed in a closed rectangle and incorporates a courtyard, originally surrounded by open arcades. The building has plain façades, with windows mounted with stone frameworks. There are original elements highlighting the building. It had open arcades facing Lesser Square that are scheduled to be re-opened and, facing Grand Square, a main jutty with the doorway integrated in the front line of the neighbouring Roman Catholic Church, so that the two buildings are organically linked. The building is spare on the outside and it has baroque decorative elements in the interior. All the rooms are cross-vaulted and several walls are decorated with religious stuccowork, for example, in a spacious room on the ground storey, as well as in the stairwell. More sophisticated decorations include a mural painting of the Holy Virgin with the Infant in the entrance hall or the statue of St. Nepomuk (1736) in the inner courtyard.

Since 1872, The Seat of the High Consistory of the Lutheran Church A.C. in Romania (Landeskonsistorium der Evangelischen Kirche A.B. in Rumänien, at No. 4, General Magheru Street, Fig. 31) has occupied the building of a former private residence, completed in 1802. The very heterogeneous ensemble surrounds an inner courtyard and is mainly three-storeyed. The narrow, main façade overlooking Magheru

Street is richly decorated with horizontal string-course. The central bays form a protruding jutty; at ground level, there is a portal, fronted by two pillars on high pedestals, supporting a balcony; the rest is also decorated with baroque, ornamental motifs. There is a high, three-stepped attic roof. The inner façade, overlooking the courtyard, has a symmetrical pattern: on the ground storey of the side wing there is a portico with large semicircular arches, which support the corridors, providing access to the rooms on the first and second storeys, delimited by slim Tuscan columns. Only the ground storey rooms are vaulted.

The See of the Metropolitan of Transylvania, Crişana and Maramureş (No. 24, Mitropoliei Street) is a 19th century building, purchased by Metropolitan Andrei Şaguna, who made it the See of the Metropolitan of Transylvania in 1858. The exterior of the building exhibits no outstanding architectural characteristics, but inside, both the entrance and the stairwell were decorated with Romanian Orthodox mural paintings, depicting biblical and historical scenes.

Fig. 45. The Greek-Catholic Church of the Former Convent of the Ursuline Sisters


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The Lutheran Vicarage (No. 1, Huet Square, Fig. 48) is a four-wing edifice, surrounding a narrow inner courtyard, the long side of the lot facing the square. The main wing, of approximately square shape (basement + ground storey + upper storey) still has in its main front the Late Gothic portal, with crossed fillets on the access door, with a flight of stairs leading up to it. Attributed to the famous architect and stone mason Andreas Lapicida, the portal was built in 1502; on its upper part, it bears a rectangular tablet, displaying a coat of arms and in its four corners, the portraits of the patron who commissioned the building, his patron saint (St. John the Baptist), of Emperor Frederic and of Pope Alexander VI, Borgia (Fig. 73). The inscription on the upper part is framed by a Renaissance cornice, decorated with a denticuled frieze. The two façades, overlooking the garden, situated in what was formerly a second precinct, have massive buttresses and incorporate an old defensive tower. On the ground storey, all the wings have cross vaults, with stuccoed ceilings and baroque woodwork. The cellars are generally barrel-vaulted, with

transverse ribs, penetrations and mediaeval niches. The cellar retains the initial structure of the first house built on the site, with two rooms and an open hearth.

Communal Civil Buildings

The most important communal civil building in the city is the school in Huet Square, today housing “Samuel von Brukenthal” National College. The earliest record of the school dates from 1380; the school was repeatedly enlarged and eventually a completely new building with a compact ground plan and three storeys was raised on the site by Franz Burger. The general plan of the building offers the image of a classical building with its bays separated by giant pilasters and its ground storey decorated with horizontal string-course. The central door has a stone framing topped with garlands. In the interior, mention should be made of the monumental staircase in two flights of the hall and the ceremonial balcony at the level of the

Fig. 46. The Church of the Order of the Franciscan Brothers

Fig. 47. The Hospice


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second storey (Fig. 49). From the central hall one enters the Auditorium that has a large, central rostrum with two staggered pulpits and two side balconies. These remarkable inner spaces give the building a special significance as a representative example of the architecture of the southeast area of Central Europe.

Another architecturally remarkable monument is the Art Lyceum (No. 2, Odobescu Street), built in neoclassical style in 1897 by architect Carl Heinrich Eder. It features a monumental central hall built in the form of an inner courtyard, covered by a skylight; it is flanked by arcades on the ground storey and Tuscan columns (Fig. 50) on the upper storey, with running corridors on both storeys. “Gheorghe Lazăr” National College (1899) in Georghe Lazăr Street is a vast, three storey building with a monumental entrance hall.

A more significant building from an architectural point of view is the edifice accommodating the Romanian Orthodox Divinity School (Nos. 20-22, Mitropoliei Street, Fig. 51). The U-shaped building was erected between 1913 and 1914. The ample façade is decorated in neo-Romanian style, with the ground-storey windows topped by semicircular arches. On the upper storey, floral panels round off the trilobed framings. In the interior, there is a chapel reaching the height of two storeys, built in 1934, with a beautiful 18th century Brâncoveanu-style altar screen. In the rear of the courtyard, there is a large 18th century building, whose two-stepped mansard roof has dormer

windows, typical of late 18th century buildings. Of the public buildings with cultural

destination mention should be made of the Old Theatre of the city (Fig. 119) set up by Martin Hochmeister, a printer, on the premises of a disaffected rondel – the Thick Tower – and opened in 1788. Burned down twice, the building was rebuilt each time. It has an auditorium typical of the 19th century, supplemented by ancillary spaces showcasing parts of the old fortifications. Currently, it accommodates the Philharmonic Orchestra of Sibiu, which formerly used an eclectic building, erected by order of the Musical Society of Sibiu, in Filarmonicii Street in 1878.

Among other buildings with a cultural destination worth mentioning is the Museum of Natural History (Fig. 132), built in 1895 (architect Friedrich Maetz), at the corner of Cetăţii Street and Gheorghe Lazăr Street, with a well-defined ground plan whose central element is the two-flight stairwell. The headquarters of the Fig. 48. The Lutheran Vicarage

Fig. 49. The Samuel von Brukenthal National College (High School)


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Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian Folk Culture, ASTRA, was built in 1905 near Astra Park (Soldiş), after a project selected in an open architectural competition. Currently, it accommodates the County Library. Finally, we mention the building of the State Archives of Sibiu County, the former repository of the Archives of the Universitas Saxonum, built by architect Josef Bedeus von Scharberg in Arhivelor Street in 1914.

Buildings of outstanding importance for the city are its administrative edifices. The city’s First purpose-built Town Hall (Fig. 52) – prior to 1326 – was located in close proximity to the Town Hall Tower (No. 31, Lesser Square), which stood off from the defensive wall of the fortress, thereby protruding into the free area of the enclosure, a position that it still occupies in the square. The arches of the portico overlooking Lesser Square are now visible to the naked eye, after the recent removal of the 19th century masonry covering it. New structures were later added back-to-back to

the original building. Other administrative buildings were initially

dwellings that were only later turned over to public use. A prime example is the building called the Old Town Hall that housed the city administration between 1545 and 1945 and that currently houses the History Museum (No. 2, Mitropoliei Street/Fig. 53). The building represents the most important Gothic civil building complex in Transylvania, erected on two adjoining lots and purchased by the municipality in 1545, following the death of a noted Patrician. It is made up of ten distinct units, disposed around a large, rectangular courtyard; access to the complex is through a gate in one of these units. The most important part of the complex is a four storey, rectangular dwelling tower (Fig. 54); the two lower storeys are vaulted and surround a central stone pillar. The building has many noteworthy decorative details, such as: flower-shaped ornaments, a bow-window, door framings, etc. The most important decorations are to be found in the loggia of the second courtyard, situated on the ground storey. These are represented by two arcades, marked off by Gothic arches with vaults, supported by three consoles, two shaped like human busts and the third, in the form of a human mask. The coats of arms of the founders

Fig. 50. The Hall of the Art Lyceum

Fig. 51. The Romanian Orthodox Divinity School


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of the edifice reappear as keystones on the star-shaped vault. The construction of the loggia is attributed to the well-known Sibiu stonemason, Andreas Lapicida, flourished cca. 1500. Another large structure (basement + ground storey + upper storey), dated between 1510 and 1520, also preserves a number of Gothic elements: cross and barrel vaults, an elegant bow-window on the northwest facade, in alignment with the defensive wall and rising from the ground storey to the first upper storey, doors with crossed fillets or bevelled-edged framings, and two- or three-part mullioned windows. In this wing, Gothic and Renaissance elements occasionally co-exist; an example is the framing of the front gate, bearing the coat of arms of a Patrician family. A large council-hall also dates from the time when the building was taken over by the city; its area was enlarged beyond the limits of the surrounding wall, so that the portion of building jutting out on the north side had to be propped up by a massive pile. The Old Town Hall was turned into an approximately rectangular edifice when two more constructions were added in more recent times.

Another Patrician residence, the so-called Hecht House at No. 8, Grand Square (Fig. 55), was the headquarters of the most important political institution of the German community, the Universitas Saxonum (Sächsische Nationsuniversität) – the seat of the Saxon comes and of the representatives of the Saxon administrative regions and districts in Transylvania. The building is U-shaped, its main wing, overlooking the main square of the city, has a ground storey and two upper floors. The Gothic character of the building is plainly shown by the presence of star vaults, cross vaults, etc. A Gothic door with crossed fillets on the first storey is proof of the buildings antiquity, even if the vaulted passageway on the ground storey retains a Renaissance door frame. On the other hand, the present-day façade, decorated with neoclassical elements, is the result of successive transformations, undertaken after 1821. However, initially it was in Gothic style,

as illustrated by fragments of late Gothic square windows with crossed fillets. The side wings are more recent, partially rebuilt in the 20th century.

Worth mentioning is another building with a different destination, the Arsenal, today used as a barracks. The large mediaeval building that served this purpose is situated at No. 10, Armelor Square and it has three wings built around a courtyard. Its oldest section is the north wing, where the remains of a 15th century, rectangular defensive tower are still preserved; in this period, the building situated west of the tower belonged to the family of a local count. After 1784, most of the building, i.e. the main wing overlooking the square, was rebuilt. The result was a massive construction with barrel vaults with penetrations.

A totally different function was that of the numerous guildhalls and trading houses in the city, of various shapes and sizes. One such building, mentioned in the parish records of Sibiu in 1370, is the Butchers’ Warehouse,

Fig. 52. The First Town Hall


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Fig. 53. The Old Town Hall


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today known under the name of the House of Arts (Fig. 56). This building was erected at some distance from the wall of the second enclosure and juts out into Lesser Square, where it is No. 21. With its large size and its long side, overlooking the square, it dominates the north side of the square. The building is a compact, two storey construction. The external, probably wooden stairs are no longer extant. On the ground storey it has a portico supported by massive columns; its upper storey façade has relatively small windows and bears the coat of arms of Sibiu in the middle, which was probably put up during repair work in 1787. The building has a steep, two-sloped tile roof. Several rooms with barrel vaults, with or without penetrations, have been preserved on the ground storey, while the large hall upstairs served for different purposes over the centuries. Between 2004 and 2005, the edifice underwent major restoration work.

A much more recent edifice is the Hall of the Craftsmen’s Association at No. 11, Lesser Square, at present housing the ASTRA Museum (Fig. 132). It was built in neo-Gothic style, on the site of a former Patrician house, in 1867. The building is structured on a closely designed ground plan. The two façades, overlooking Lesser Square and Huet Square, are dominated by a central jutty, each surmounted by a stepped gable.

Of various buildings housing banks and insurance companies, Banca de Credit Funciar (the Real Estate Mortgage Bank) has architectural merit. It was built in Grand Square, in 1906, placed midway between the Roman Catholic Church and the Brukenthal Museum. It is a richly decorated, eclectic building that dominates this part of the square.

Of widely different shapes and sizes, communal buildings are an essential part of the cityscape of the Historic Centre.

(iii) Dwelling Houses

Rural Type Dwellings

It is known that many brickwork houses initially had wooden structures and subsequently underwent a number of construction phases (No. 11, Lesser Square, No. 11, Avram Iancu Street, No. 2, Mitropoliei Street, and No. 9, Felinarului Street). The oldest type of dwelling house, current up to the early 19th century, is a rectangular building erected on one side of a long plot, its narrow end fronting the street. The annex buildings of the household were situated in the backyard and in some cases these were replaced with newer dwellings. The traditional house has two, at most three rooms placed in succession. Access is from the courtyard through a door in the long side of the building. The number of windows overlooking the courtyard may differ, but the main façade overlooking the street has two windows as a rule. The roof is in two slopes, with the ridge of the roof perpendicular to the street; in the 14th-15th centuries the gable was stepped, in the 15th-18th centuries the gable was an acute triangle, while in the 17th-19th centuries it was

truncated (Fig. 57).

One such dwelling house is Böbel House at No. 16, Avram Iancu Street, (Fig. 58), one of the oldest buildings in the city of Sibiu. Initially, its ground storey had two rooms (living room and kitchen); there is also a partial basement. The ground storey façade has three bays; there are now two rectangular windows to the left of the gate, each surmounted by a tile-covered fragment of cornice. It has a high roof in two slopes, with the ridge of the roof perpendicular to the street. Following restoration work in 1981 and in 2004, the triangular Gothic gable regained its original stepped shape; also noticeable are narrow openings imitating battlements and niches with pointed and semicircular arches. The entrance is barrel-vaulted and this part of the building, under a common roof with the house, is of a later date, probably the 17th century. The partial basement is tunnel-vaulted, retaining a Gothic niche in pointed arch. The ground storey rooms have ceilings, those on the street side decorated with


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Fig. 54. The Courtyard of the Old Town Hall, with the Dwelling Tower


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18th century stuccowork. Another room was added to the courtyard side, at an unknown date, possibly during the 18th century; a bakery functioned in this room in the 19th century.

Another type of building is also present in the Historic Centre. It has its long side fronting the street, the ridge of the roof running parallel to the front line and the stepped gables flanking the building (for example, No. 6, Grand Square; Nos. 6, 7 and 14, Turnului Street; Nos. 12, 22, Ocnei Street; Nos. 4, 7, Mitropoliei Street; No. 9, Avram Iancu Street). They are associated with wider building plots.

Of this latter type, the house at No. 22, Ocnei Street (Fig. 59) has the long façade of its main wing fronting Ocnei Street. There are two superimposed stepped gables on the blank wall to the right side of the attic, dating from two different stages of construction in the Gothic period. A third construction phase occurred, when the building was enlarged in the direction of a neighbouring street and was provided with triangular gables. At the same time, the slope of the roof was also changed. Some of the ground storey rooms facing the street have rafter ceilings, and both storeys of the more recent wing in the inner courtyard have rooms with cross vaults or barrel vaults with penetrations (16th and 17th centuries).

The Guildsmen’s House

In the 15th century, there is evidence of the appearance of a new type of house in the Upper Town (Lesser Square); its ground plan was either rectangular or L-shaped, the roof ridge running parallel to the front line. Initially, these houses only had a ground storey (Fig. 60); in order to provide added commercial space, in the late 15th century, a portico was added to the side overlooking the square (the houses at Nos. 14, 16, 24, 25, 28, Lesser Square) (Fig. 61).

From the 15th century, guild members also built their houses in Lesser Square, on the foundations of Enclosure II. A remarkable example is the house at No. 24, Lesser Square (next to Aurarilor Stairway). It has a portico with

Gothic arches on the ground storey, covered by a star vault and it was built around 1500. The stone Renaissance window frames on the upper storey date from around 1570. In the 18th century, similar, slightly simplified window frames were made out of mortar on the second storey and in the attic; the roof also dates from this period.

In the house next to it, No. 25, Lesser Square, i.e. in the direction of the Town Hall Tower, the open portico on the ground storey has also been preserved. Its semicircular arcades are unequal in width and height and are supported by brick and stone pillars. The construction is believed to have been the property of a master goldsmith and had been used as the guildhall of the goldsmiths. In one of the two large cross-vaulted rooms on the upper storey, there is a shield moulded in polychrome stucco, which bears the coat of arms of the guild of the goldsmiths on its upper part. On its lower part, supported by two putti, we find the coat of arms of a master goldsmith, the date 1745 and the monogram GK.

The Patrician House

To meet the growing needs of the Patrician class and its propensity for luxurious living, a new

Fig. 55. The House of the “Universitas Saxonum”


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type of dwelling, the so-called Patrician house, appeared around the middle of the 15th century. This new type of house must be seen in connection with the ethnic origin of the Saxon Patriciate, many of the major families of Sibiu originating in other parts of Europe. Buildings in this category were erected on plots located in Grand Square but also in other streets that start here (especially Avram Iancu, General Magheru and N. Bălcescu Streets). They have a characteristic L- or U-shaped ground plan, an increased number of rooms, the main façade in 5-6 bays and the roof ridge running parallel to it. In certain cases, Patrician houses incorporate a dwelling tower (extant at Haller House at No. 10, Grand Square, and the Old Town Hall at No. 2, Mitropoliei Street and no longer extant in the case of Lutsch House at No. 13, Grand Square). Such houses have often preserved various stone elements, such as framings of gates, doors and windows; in other cases stone elements are imitated in wood.

Haller House (No. 10, Grand Square, Fig. 62, Fig. 105) is one of the most important

buildings of this type. It is the result of radical transformations suffered by the original house that occupied the site, in the second half of the 15th century. The main building has an L-shaped plan, with the shorter arm turned towards the square (basement + ground storey + first storey). The left wing of the house is older; its much broader part overlooking the square and the dwelling tower situated in the courtyard have retained Gothic elements. The right wing of the building overlooking the square and the construction that connects it with the tower, have preserved Renaissance elements. The façade of the building, overlooking the square, is structured in 5 bays; its central portal on the ground storey has a semicircular framing. The gate-posts are pilasters with Corinthic capitels and the tympani of the arch are decorated with trophies in relief and a coat of arms. Above it, there is a pediment, with a circular medallion representing the profile of a warrior, in its centre. The first storey has preserved its rectangular Renaissance windows with broken pediment and the steep roof is in two slopes,

Fig. 56. The Butchers Warehouse


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with its ridge running parallel to the façade. The ground storey door frame has a rich and variegated ornamentation, its posts decorated with Renaissance motifs in relief. In the wing overlooking the square, mention should be made of the barrel-vaulted and the cross-vaulted rooms on the ground storey, as well as the cross vaults and baroque stuccoed ceilings on the first storey. The most important part of the building is the dwelling tower that is not part of the right wing. It has a rectangular ground plan with three storeys, topped by a triangular tympanon, with a very steep roof in two slopes. Like other wings of the house, the tower still preserves Gothic decorative elements.

Haller House is today the most important Patrician house in Sibiu that is used as a dwelling; this type of large edifice is also illustrated by buildings that had over the time changed their destination: Hecht House, the Old Town Hall, etc.

The Palace

In the 18th century, the urban palace appears which is different from the grand palaces built in the great outdoors, being limited by the size of the initial plots.

The patron of this kind of constructions was Samuel von Brukenthal, Governor of Transylvania, who possessed a considerable fortune and who built his main residence, Brukenthal Palace at No. 4, Grand Square, between 1778-1786; the palace is the most important baroque civil building in the City of Sibiu (Fig. 63).

The main structure of the palace proper has a rectangular ground plan with four wings enclosing an inner courtyard. A second unit – the former stables – erected on the rear area of the plot, lies behind the main structure. At an unknown date, the left side of the stables was connected to the back wing of the palace. The wings surrounding the first courtyard have a

Fig. 57. House in Vasile Tordosan Street


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basement, ground storey and two upper storeys; the side wings flanking the second courtyard have ground storey and two upper storeys while the former stables has ground storey and only one upper storey.

The main façade of the palace was built in the late baroque style, more restrained than high baroque. The ground storey is decorated with striking ornamental string-course, its ends treated with rustication. The central element of the ground storey is the stone framing of the gate, supported by Ionic columns and a projecting entablature. It is decorated with carved elements, such as the gilded coat of arms of Samuel von Brukenthal, as well as other baroque features: urns, rosettes, festoons. The oaken gate frames, are decorated with bas-reliefs illustrating symbols from the arts and music, as well as symbols of plenty. The sections of the first and second storey of the façade are vertically structured by pilaster-strips, with Ionic caps, balanced by the marked horizontal patterning. The central and lateral parts of the façade, as well as the third storey windows, are more lightly modulated. The hip roof with an attic in three steps has richly decorated dormer windows and is surmounted by pediments, volutes, pilaster strips, decorative urns, etc.

The main portal leads to an entrance hall, with three cross-vaulted aisles. The hall narrows into a passageway that leads to the courtyard and that gives access to the main stairwell. A second portal with three gateways is located at the far end of the first courtyard; the portal is supported by atlantes, rather than columns (Fig. 74). Access to the household courtyard is by means of a hall, divided by columns into three aisles of three bays. The former stables, which initially had only a ground storey, is in the form of a large hall, divided lengthways by two rows of exquisite Tuscan columns that delineate several cross-vaulted bays.

The disposition of the rooms on all three storeys is linear, with one room opening onto the other. This disposition, typical for baroque architecture, serves the function of the palace,

i.e. to house art collections. Following the custom of the time, the first storey was reserved for ceremonial use; of the remarkable rooms on this storey, mention should be made of the two apartments flanking the salon (music room) situated centrally and overlooking the square. The north and the south lateral wings contain the guest rooms, while the large hall in the transversal wing was initially destined to serve as a “terrena room” typical for the palace architecture of the time. The walls of the music chamber are covered in fine oriental linen tapestry, with floral motifs (Fig. 64), while the walls of the flanking rooms are covered in red silk tapestry. The walls of the side cabinets are covered in Chinese paper tapestry, decorated with oriental motifs: exotic birds, trees and flower bushes in bloom. The walls of the next room to the left are decorated with camaieu-monochrome painting, representing 12 scenes from “The Labours of Hercules”, partly inspired by the engravings of Bernard Picart, illustrating Ovid’s work. While the ground storey is vaulted, the upper storeys

Fig. 58. Böbel House in Avram Iancu Street


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have stuccoed ceilings; some of these have artistic merit. The framings and the leaves of the doors, as well as the window sills and the shutters were decorated with borders, medallions, filets with pearls and rosettes, done in exquisite style. The most valuable pieces are the 12 decorative art works above the doors, executed in gilded lime wood, carved in relief. The source of inspiration for eight of these was also the work of Ovid. Other features, preserved unaltered on the first storey, are three stoves and a faience fireplace. The walls behind the stoves are covered in decorative mural painting. Furthermore, numerous windows in the palace have preserved their original division by lead sticks and their handmade window panes; most of the ironwork – door handles, locks and fittings – is also original.

Among the many remarkable masters whose work went into this magnificent building, we mention Simon Hoffmeyer, sculptor, Johann Bauernfeind, cabinet-maker, Ludwig Christian Hezel, carpenter, Anton Hertzum, stone-mason and Franz Burger, master-mason and carpenter.

Samuel von Brukenthal was not the only patron to build such palaces in Sibiu. Other members of his family, as well as Hungarian aristocrats, allowed to settle in the town after 1781, also commissioned buildings of which we mention: the Michael and Carl von Brukenthal House (No. 8, Avram Iancu Street) and the Michael von Brukenthal House (No. 12, Nicolae Bălcescu Street), the House with Caryatids, built by the widow of Count Gregorius Bethlen (No. 13, Mitropoliei Street) or

the Tholdalaghy Palace (built on the plot that later became the site of the Romanian Orthodox Divinity School, at No. 20, Mitropoliei Street). The style of these buildings is a more restrained baroque, with many classical elements that will become dominant in the next century.

The Michael and Carl von Brukenthal House (No. 8, Avram Iancu Street) has a basement, ground storey and upper storey, erected around an inner courtyard. Access to the building is through a passageway with a stuccoed ceiling and the inner courtyard communicates through two symmetrical passageways with a second, very small household courtyard. The inner courtyard is surrounded by a loggia with Tuscan columns (Fig. 65) and the stone colonnade supports a running gallery that still preserves its original wrought-iron railing, executed in a style resembling Empire. The rooms and the staircase are richly decorated with baroque stuccowork. The main façade suffered partial rebuilding (late 19th century and early 20th century); the first storey has six bays (windows with 2+2 window panes) arranged somewhat asymmetrically. The ground storey is decorated with horizontal string-course and its main portal is placed in a slightly off position; its tympani are decorated with floral motifs. The portal is surmounted by a sturdy cornice that supports a balcony. The Empire ironwork of the balcony is of remarkably high quality, bearing the monogram of the owners. The roof is in two slopes and the ridge running parallel to the street has three, eyebrow-shaped dormer windows.

(iv) Defensive Architecture

General Features

Sibiu was situated in a highly dangerous area of Europe, of contact between the sphere of influence of West European culture and that of Southeastern Europe, between the Catholic world and the Eastern Orthodox, respectively the Muslim world; consequently, it had a permanent need for very strong fortifications.

Over many centuries, these fortifications were extended, amplified, reinforced and brought up-to-date. The result was the successive realization of four large enclosures:

Ø The first enclosure, with a surface of 1 ha was made up of a fortress situated in the centre of the settlement.

Ø The second enclosure, with an


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approximately similar surface was, in fact, the expanded original fort, with the fort retaining its characteristics.

Ø The third enclosure, with an area of appr. 35 ha is fundamentally the Upper Town, from the moment it was surrounded by defensive walls; we are dealing here with a fortified settlement.

Ø The fourth enclosure, with an area of 32 ha is made up of the Lower Town, from the moment that it was also provided with defensive structures; in this case we also have a fortified settlement.

All these enclosures were completed by secondary enclosures, long and narrow structures meant to reinforce the defence of the whole, comprising 8 km of defensive walls, 70 towers, several rondels and bastions. Of these, 20 towers (some turned into dwellings), 2 rondels and 2 bastions (of which one partially preserved) are still extant. Also preserved are appr. 2 km of walls, of which only half retain their original height. All these still mark on the ground the defensive structures of the four

successive enclosures.

Enclosure I

The initial fort in Sibiu was built at the end of the 12th century, around the parish church that existed on the site of the current church (Huet Square). The fort was built of wood and earthwork, in two concentric lines; a coin dated 1235-1270 was found in the external ditch.

The Stairway Tower (No. 3, Huet Square, Fig. 100), part of these fortifications, is an important element in the defensive enclosure. Its current height is the result of numerous modifications; the tower was initially topped by crenels. The tower is a massive, one storey brick construction, with a vaulted passageway at ground storey level. Passing under the tower, you reach both the Tower Stairs and the Penance Corner (Fig. 21), which connect the Upper Town to the LowerTown.

Initially a part of the fortifications adjoining enclosures I, II and III, the restraining wall running along the Stairway Passage (Pempflingerstiege) and reaching the Liars’ Bridge (Lügenbrücke), is also part of the first enclosure. The wall is partly reinforced by a second wall built contiguous to it and partly paralled by the wall of a secondary enclosure.

Enclosure II

In 1224, King Andrew II of Hungary confirmed the privileges of the Saxons in his Golden Bull. Afterwards, the city fortifications were extended and amplified in a northeastern direction, incorporating Lesser Square. A 13th century coin found in the ditch of the enclosure is evidence of this stage.

This enclosure was fortified with more massive defensive structures and that is probably why parts of it have been preserved in better condition. The wall was built of river stone and the rebuilt portions were brick. To this phase belong the two extant defensive towers, the Tower of the Aurarilor Stairway (No. 24, Lesser Square) and the Town Hall Tower (No. 1, Lesser Square). Fig. 59. House at No. 22, Ocnei Street


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The Town Hall Tower (No. 1, Lesser Square, Fig. 29, Fig. 66) has become a symbol of Sibiu, the subject of countless picture postcards. It was initially a gate tower and it also housed certain offices of the Town Hall next door. The tower underwent subsequent stages of transformations, during which it was raised and incorporated in a group of buildings. In its present form, the tower is an eight storey edifice. The façades of the first two upper storeys, overlooking the vast vaulted passageway linking Lesser Square and Grand Square, have small windows and are flanked by buttresses. Each buttress on the side overlooking Grand Square – i.e., those facing the exterior wall of the fort – is decorated with a bas-relief, representing a lion. The baroque pointed roof of the tower, covered with copper sheets, dates from the early 19th century. Access into the tower is from Lesser Square, by a narrow door and up winding stairs. The stairs lead to a loggia on the first storey. From this level up, there is a turret with winding stairs, which ends in a small, pointed roof covered with glazed tiles. Upwards from this turret, only wooden stairs are available.

Another interesting edifice in Enclosure II is the Tower of the Aurarilor Stairway (No. 24, Lesser Square, Fig. 83) that is part of the building at the same address. It is a three storey, rectangular construction, with a two-stepped attic roof. The tower has a passageway on the ground storey, with a round-headed arch at one end and a gothic arch at the other. The passageway is cross-vaulted and connects the tower with the stairs descending to Aurarilor Square. On each storey there is a dwelling room with large windows. The year carved on the front of the tower overlooking Aurarilor Square, 1567, most probably refers to the date when the tower was incorporated in the adjoining building.

Extensive fragments of the defensive wall that formerly was part of the second enclosure have been preserved as portions of the houses at Nos. 24-31, Lesser Square.

Enclosure III

The initial defensive wall surrounding the Upper Town contains older, stone portions, erected

from about 1325, as well as more recent brickwork portions. The walls generally followed the slope of the terrain, with the exception of a southwestern portion at the juncture of Ioan Lupaş and Cetăţii Streets, where there is no such declivity. In the second half of the 15th century, the walls of Enclosure III were doubled and supplemented by the erection of approximately 25 flanking towers. In certain areas, artillery rondels and spade-shaped bastions, connected to a brickwork curtain wall by earthwork, were also erected. The last bastion dates from 1627.

Of these defensive structures, numerous segments of the enclosure wall of stone, mixed masonry or even brickwork have been preserved; their foundations were reinforced with wooden piles from spot to spot. They were usually doubled by a specially built defensive ditch, with river-stone bed and banks reinforced with wattle or wooden piles. • In addition to the walls of Enclosure I and

II, incorporated in the fortifications of the Upper Town, we also have a segment of wall extending over hundreds of metres in the area of A. Odobescu and Centumvirilor Streets (Fig. 14, 53) constituting a restraining wall on the declivity between the Lower Town and the Upper Town. It is built in brick and has a height of 10 metres, topped by crenels, and it doubles an older

Fig. 60. House in Vopsitorilor Street


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river-stone wall. • The best preserved portion is the wall in

Cetăţii Street, between the Carpenters Tower and the Potters Tower, provided with large arches on the inside, meant to support the hoardings giving access to the ramparts, adapted to the use of harquebus. The defensive wall in Manejului Street was built in two stages. During the first stage, in the second half of the 14th century, a wall made of river-stone was erected; this was later raised and consolidated with brick relieving arches, similar to those on the wall in Cetăţii Street.

• The portion of wall that is extant in Funarilor Street is entirely made of brickwork and it is visible that is was doubled by a similar, more recent wall.

• A portion of the old wall is preserved in the backyards in Avram Iancu Street, where houses were built over the wall.

Portions of a second outer wall have been preserved in the area of Manejului and Movilei Streets (Fig. 67), as well as in the area of

Aurarilor Square (Fingerlingsplatz).

A remarkable section of an old curtain wall in river-stone was preserved on Soldiş, running parallel to Ioan Lupas Street, less the earthwork rampart, which was removed in the 19th century. However, a high curtain wall with the rampart behind it was preserved in the southeast part of the city, alongside Corneliu Coposu Boulevard. In fact, the entire system of fortifications is on display here: the inner wall and the outworks, the ditch in front of the inner wall and the rampart (Fig. 68). There is another, lower, early 18th century earthwork rampart, with an external ditch behind it that lines the Promenade, bulging out in certain areas to accommodate gun emplacements.

In several areas of the Upper Town, defensive towers or their remnants have been preserved.

The Gate Tower, close to the Old Town Hall in Alexandru Odobescu Street has been relatively well preserved. The two-storey, austere building has the shape of a rectangular prism. The barrel-vaulted, transversal ground storey provided access inside the fortification.

Fig. 61. Houses in Lesser Square


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The west façade of the tower still shows the guiding grooves of the portcullis.

The Towers in Cetăţii Street (Carpenters Tower, Potters Tower, Felters Tower / Fig. 69) were built in the late 15th century, complementing the defensive wall in the area. They have different ground plans, with the lower levels usually larger and the upper level jutting out and supported by consoles. The walls of this level are supported by consoles with embrasures. Highly decorative elements, in the form of a frieze of stepped gables hugging the wall, turn the towers into some of the most expressive features of the Historic Centre of Sibiu.

The substruction of a fourth, neighbouring tower (the Tinkers Tower) was discovered during recent restoration work.

Three defensive towers were built on top of the walls, now incorporated in the buildings at Nos. 9, 19, 31, Avram Iancu Street (Fig. 70). Two of the towers, with a polygonal foundation are now dwellings and they are also visible from

Movilei Street. Another defensive tower is located at the

back end of the plot at No. 23, Lesser Square on a slope, near the building at No. 5, Aurarilor Square. It protected a flight of stairs and most likely, a winding footpath that connected the Lower Town and the Upper Town. The tower has a square foundation and three storeys.

Mention should also be made of more recent fortifications adapted to the use of fire arms, respectively artillery pieces.

The Thick Tower (Fig. 71), which was built starting with the year 1540, accommodates the Philharmonic Society and Thalia Hall (in Cetăţii Street). It is a massive edifice, with a semicircular upper structure, built in brick and a lower structure in stone, with blockhouses imbedded in the wall, and casemates for guns, at three different levels. During the recent restoration, many original casemates and blockhouses were re-opened. Current diggings also uncovered two transversal, semi-cylindrical brick gutters, which probably served as a passage between the defenders on either side of the tower.

The Haller Bastion can be reached from Maternităţii Street; it was erected starting with the year 1551, based on the plans of the Italian architect, Alessandro Clippa. Especially remarkable are the shield-like projections,

Fig. 62. Haller House in Grand Square

Fig. 63. Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square


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named “orecchione” (ears) in Italian, hiding the blockhouses, built with very large battlements, which enabled the directing of flanking fire from the sides of the bastion. The bastion is built of brick and filled with earth, its nine-metre-high walls running to a total length of 223 metres. To ensure better defence, the walls were provided with stone projections at approximately one metre from the top, to prevent the use of siege ladders.

The Soldiş Bastion. In the area called Soldiş (in the area of today’s Ioan Lupaş Street), two different defensive structures, or rather, their remains have been preserved. Of the old rondel, the part facing the Lower Town was preserved; there is also an old artillery embrasure, with its oak wood shutting device. The wall of the rondel was included in the Soldiş Bastion (“of the Mercenaries”), erected off Alba Iulia Rd., between 1622 and 1629. Together with Cisnădia Gate Bastion, this edifice served the defence of the southeast flank of Sibiu, which was highly exposed to attack, because the terrace of the Upper Town had the same level further out. As far as its trace is concerned, it is only half-

spade-shaped, with its shield-like projection (“orecchione”) overlooking the exposed terrace. The walls of both the older rondel and of the newer bastion are made of brick.

The largest bastion in Sibiu was the Cisnădia Gate Bastion. From this bastion, only the substructure, with its shield-like projection, adjoining Coposu Bd. was preserved.

Enclosure IV

The fortifications in the Lower Town were erected starting in the late 14th century, following the route of these streets: Funarilor, Blănarilor, Rotarilor, Pielarilor, Zidului, Pulberăriei, Croitorilor and Pânzarilor, joining the fortifications of the third enclosure at Bastionului Street. They were less impressive than the fortifications of The Upper Town and, at the same time, they were preserved to a lesser extent.

The Curriers Tower (Fig. 72), in Zidului Street, is the most imposing of the existing towers, dating from the 16th century and located in an area where the walls formed an outwardly directed angle; it was essentially a flanking tower. It is an octagonal, four storey building; the uppermost storey juts out in a console, with pitch holes on each side, above which there are square-shaped embrasures, meant for light artillery pieces.

The only surviving part of the later fortifications around Ocna Gate (Burgertor) and the adjoining bastion is the Gunpowder Tower, located at No. 34, Ocnei Street. It is a massive, circular tower, built to withstand the fire of siege guns. As its name shows, it was used for the storing of gunpowder.

Finally, the lower part of another tower, flanking the former Arsenal, has also been preserved.

Later defensive structures. The plan of the Habsburg administration to build a citadel on the west side of the city was never brought to completion; nevertheless, certain remnants of this fortification have been preserved. Mention has already been made of an 18th century earthwork rampart along C. Coposu Boulevard.

Fig. 64. Concert in the Music Chamber of Brukenthal Palace


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(v) Scuplture and Painting

Sculpture

Many buildings in the Historic Centre have preserved ornamental details, as well as heraldic elements in the decoration of gate and door framings, consoles or keystones of Gothic and Renaissance edifices. Thus, in the Lutheran Parish Church we have keystones from the workshop of two stone masons, at the Lutheran Vicarage there is a tablet above the 1502 portal, decorated with a coat of arms and four small portraits in relief (Fig. 73). More important are the decorative consoles of the loggia in the Old Town Hall, which can be considered the first attempts at portraiture in Transylvanian Late Gothic sculpture; two are in the shape of human busts and the third in that of a human mask. It is likely that the characters were modelled after the craftsmen who took part in the building of the edifice, all the more so since one of them is

carrying a builder’s tool. Also in this building we find exquisitely carved coats of arms. Similar elements are found in the houses at Nos. 5, 8, 10, Grand Square.

Of great importance is a bas-relief of The Prayer on the Mount of Olives, mounted above a Gothic door in the Lutheran Parish Church, attributed to a local workshop, inspired from the Central European Gothic sculpture around the year 1500. The diagonally structured composition is placed in a schematic mountain landscape; there is a noteworthy attempt to individualize the figures of Christ and his apostles.

Decorative artwork is also present in the baroque monuments of Sibiu. We mention coats of arms, decorating certain door framings, as well as the stucco reliefs of a number of vaults. The framing of the main portal of the house at No. 16, Grand Square bears the coat of arms of

Fig. 65. Brukenthal House in Avram Iancu Street, Courtyard


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Mayor Johann Reussner Jr, dated 1652. Mention should also be made of the stuccowork with biblical subjects in the Roman Catholic Presbytery and the house at No. 14, Turnului Street, as well as a coat of arms dated 1704 at No. 6, Turnului Street.

Of remarkable artistic merit are the sculptures that decorate two late 18th century portals that are certainly the work of the same artist. These are the atlantes flanking the portal in the courtyard of Brukenthal Palace (Fig. 74), the work of Simon Hoffmaier, as well as the caryatids of the house at No. 13, Mitropoliei Street (the House with Caryatids).

A special category is funeral sculpture. Most remarkable are the large epitaphs covering the entire north wall of the Lutheran Parish Church; they contribute substantially to the specific character of this monument of major importance for the City of Sibiu.

Similarly, the Ferula houses the most

remarkable collection of funeral sculpture in Romania. Over 60 cenotaphs and epitaphs of priests, comites and mayors of Sibiu are preserved here. Of these, the 16th century gravestones clearly illustrate the introduction of the new Renaissance style in architecture. Most of them are carved in red or grey marble, occasionally in stone, with the text on the borders and the centre embellished with coats of arms. Eight such funeral stones are the work of Elias Nicolai, the most important sculptor of the Transylvanian Renaissance, realized over two decades. Worth mentioning is the monument of comes Valentin Franck († 1648), a frontal representation of the comes from the knees up. Another significant artist in this part of Europe is Sigismund Möss, who is the author of two of the most beautiful epitaphs in the ferula. The full representations of the two Saxon comites Mathias Semriger († 1680) and Andreas Fleischer († 1676) are masterpieces of the genre. Several

Fig. 66. The Town Hall Tower, Lower Section


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18th century funeral stones are either in the ferula or in the nave of the church; we mention the cenotaph of the merchant Samuel von Dobosi († 1759), bearing his portrait in its centre, or the polychrome epitaph of comes Simon von Baussnern († 1742), a full-size representation of the departed in ceremonial garb.

There are baroque funeral monuments that have been preserved in two Roman Catholic churches. In the Franciscan Church we have the funeral monument of General Count Damian Hugo von Virmond (1666-1722), imperial commander of Transylvania. It is an altar-type composition, dated immediately after 1722, commemorating the general’s feats of arms in the Turkish wars. The church also houses a cenotaph, dedicated to Baroness Maria Anna Andlern, née Engelshoffer († 1700), and there are numerous gravestones in the crypt. In the Roman Catholic Parish Church there is the funerary monument of General Count Otto

Ferdinand Traunn de Abensberg (1677-1747), military commander of Transylvania between 1744-1747, the work of Anton Schuchbauer of Cluj (1719-1789).

Over the years, the City of Sibiu was also endowed with a number of public monuments. In this category may be included the Crucifixion preserved in the Holy Cross Chapel. Initially it had been in the open air next to the Dominican Monastery (Fig. 75). The valuable Gothic sculpture represents the image of Jesus on the Cross, attended by Mary and John, and it is signed and dated by Master Petrus Lantregen of Austria (1417).

At the middle of the 16th century there was a pillory in Grand Square, placed in the east side of the square; it was a large Gothic pinnacle, crowned by a statue, representing the legendary hero Roland, brandishing a sword with both hands (Fig. 76); the 105 centimetre tall statue was executed between 1550-1551 by a certain

Fig. 67. Movilei Street


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Onoforus. The statue is part of the collections of the Sibiu History Museum.

The statue of St. Nepomouk (Fig. 77, 78) was erected in the same square, in 1736. The 3 m tall statue was placed on a baroque socle, surrounded by a wrought-iron railing. After the installment of the communist regime in 1948, the statue was removed and subsequently mounted in the courtyard of the Roman Catholic Presbytery.

Of the more recent monuments we mention the bronze statue of the Lutheran Bishop Georg Daniel Teutsch (1817-1893), in front of the Lutheran Parish Church (the work of sculptor Adolf von Dondorf of Stuttgart, 1899) and a bust of the poet Friedrich Schiller, in the eponymous square, erected in 1905 by the sculptor Th. Khuen. Archbishop Nicolaus Olahus, an outstanding representative of Humanism is commemorated by a statue in front of the Church of the Ursuline Sisters (sculptor Imre Gyenge, 1982).

The statue of an important figure of Romanian culture, Gheorghe Lazăr, was executed by the sculptor Radu Aftenie and displayed centrally in Grand Square; it will soon be replaced by a

smaller statue, mounted on a lower pedestal, positioned slightly off-centre, close to one of the corners of the square.

Painting

Compared to polychrome ornaments, altars and paintings, the fresco work that has been preserved is less extensive.

Mention should be made, first of all, of The Crucifixion in the Lutheran Parish Church. It is a work of art of large dimensions that covers a whole bay of the choir, from the height of three metres up to the vault, the creation of the artist Johannes von Rosenau, 1445.

The large central field depicts the main event of The Crucifixion. The large cross is flanked by the crosses of the robbers and under these crosses are placed to the left the saints and to the right the soldiers. The central scene is surrounded by an ample frame in which are inscribed, among others, two kings, the mayor, the parish priest and several coats of arms. Above it, we find three smaller compositions, representing The Nativity, The Lord’s Baptism and in the centre,

Fig.68. The Inner Fortification Wall, Moat and Outer Earthwork Rampart


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Fig. 69. Cetatii Street


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The Resurrection. Noteworthy is the general structuring of the composition, in the form of a cross, with The Crucifixion in the centre, flanked by two images of Jesus Humiliated and Jesus Glorified. Below, there is the image of The Saviour Entombed, after death, and above it all, The Resurrection of the Lord Jesus. Topping the whole composition, initially there was a Madonna, as prior to the Reformation, the church was dedicated to the Virgin.

It is interesting to survey the changes that this large mural underwent after the Reformation and the adoption of the Lutheran faith. Thus, the Madonna in the upper part was covered and a solar disk, bearing the Name of the Lord was painted over it. At the same time, two angels, who had originally flanked the Cross of the Lord, were also painted over. These signs of the Reformation were completed by other changes that took place in the 16th century. Not only were the other murals and altars removed, but major changes were operated on the early 16th century High Altar itself; in 1545, all the images of saints were erased and replaced with artistically inscribed biblical versets. A century later, these versets were overlaid with scenes from the life of Jesus, painted in a naïve manner. These are only a few significant artistic vestiges of the Reformation in the Sibiu Lutheran Parish Church.

Remnants of mural paintings were preserved

inside houses and on the façades of buildings. There is only one well-preserved example, in the house at No. 22, Lesser Square. On three walls of a room, there are mural paintings, disposed on two horizontal bands (1631). The upper band represents a vast hunting scene, as well as biblical and allegorical scenes. If the painting can be described as Late Renaissance, the vault is decorated with a large, baroque, stuccowork coat of arms, dated 1694.

There is also another polychrome, stucco escutcheon, bearing the coat of arms of the guild of the Goldsmiths on its upper part. On its lower part, the escutcheon displays the monogram GK and the coat of arms of a Master Goldsmith, supported by two putti, dated 1745.

(vi) Archaeological Remains

A perusal of the list of archaeological sites and finds of Sibiu County will immediately reveal the importance of the zone of the Cibin River terrace throughout the centuries; there is material evidence preserved as exceptional proof of the intense human habitation of the area.

The oldest artifact, found within the confines of the city, is represented by the fragments of a stone axe, dating from the Neolithic.

A much larger number of discoveries are recorded to have belonged to the Bronze Age, when in the area of the Old Town Hall, of Lesser Square and of Huet Square, a well

structured human settlement emerged; it was characterized by half-burried dwellings, discovered in the course of construction work, as well as the result of systematic archaeological diggings. This settlement supplied rich archaeological finds: pottery and weights for a loom, as well as bronze pieces, based on which, the site was classified as belonging to the Coţofeni Culture. Occasionally, such artefacts were discovered in other areas of the city as well; next to the old Military Cemetery (Christian Street) two bronze axes with winglets were found in 1878 and two Late Bronze Age

Fig. 70. No. 9, Avram Iancu Street, Courtyard of the House, with Tower Incorporated

2.b History and Development

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pots, attributed to the Noua Culture, were found in the area of Henri Coandă Street.

In 1834 and in 1870, large discoveries of bronze artefacts, dating from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age, were found in the Sibiu area, in what is today the Guşteriţa district. Macedonian coins were discovered in the same area, together with Roman republican and imperial coins. Along with other artefacts from the period of the Roman rule of Dacia, these discoveries could prove the existence of the ancient town of Cedonia in the district of Guşteriţa.

In addition to the already mentioned Coţofeni-type settlement, the most important archaeological remains, found within the area of the historic city, undoubtedly belong to the mediaeval period. Many traces of the old mediaeval city, lost over the centuries, have been investigated, on the occasion of the archaeological monitoring or emergency interventions, during various construction works, as well as systematic diggings (Fig. 79). Two chapels, part of the Huet Square complex, which did not survive into later periods, were investigated in this way, as well as a chapel, whose foundation was preserved in the area of Grand Square. The walls of the old priests’ tower, the trace of the enclosure walls in several points

and the fortifications of the Ocna Gate were also explored. Important evidence was also discovered by the archaeological diggings in the courtyards of the History Museum and of Brukenthal Palace, where remains of wood constructions were investigated; these constructions were probably the early homes of the first German settlers in the area. Recently, several provision pits have been discovered in Grand Square. The oldest burial grounds of the colonists were unearthed at the Hospice Church and at the Lutheran Parish Church, throwing light on the chronology of the construction of these important cultic places. A 12th century “rotunda” chapel, probably the oldest ecclesiastical monument in Sibiu, was discovered and systematically explored in Huet Square.

The ample construction works recently undertaken in the historic city have uncovered numerous aspects of mediaeval and pre-modern daily life and long forgotten elements of town infrastructure, i.e. aqueducts and the wooden sewer pipes, the old fountain in Grand Square or traces of old urban furnishings (the plinths of the statues of Roland or St. Nepomouk).

Important archaeological vestiges still lie buried under the ground in Sibiu, especially the early fortress area (Huet Square).


(i) History of the City

Early mediaeval settlements on this strategically important site. By around 1100, a borderer colonist settlement was probably in place in the Lower Town, and gave its name to the future city. The Slavic name of the Cibin River was probably at the origin of the Romanian and the Hungarian name of the city (Rom. Sibiu, Hung. Szeben).

Around the year 1150, with the settling of western “hospites” (guests), a new stage began in the evolution of the city, that is reflected in its German name, Hermannstadt (the City of Hermann, the legendary founder of the settlement, said to have come here from Nürnberg). These “hospites” founded two, initially independent,

settlements in the area of the Lower Town, and later, ca.1200, a third settlement, in the area of the future Upper Town.

The “central place” emerges. The earliest settlers of the area were mainly craftsmen; they settled here, at the intersection of two important roads, close to the Turnu Roşu Pass, a strategic mountain pass across the Carpathians, and this proximity brought about a far-reaching change in the character of the city. For a long time, Sibiu had been no larger than important neighbouring villages; nevertheless, its strategically important location would eventually turn it into the focal point of the region.


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That the settlement was very important was already evident in 1191, when the Pope confirmed the establishment by the German colonists in Sibiu of the free provostry of St. Ladislas, “ecclesia Theutonicorum Vltrasiluanorum”.

Moreover, in 1224, the county of Sibiu, “comitatus Chybiniensis,” was founded by Royal Charter of King Andrew II. Thereby, Sibiu also became the political centre of the initial settlement area of the German colonists in Southern Transylvania. From 1324, after the region was divided into “chairs” (county-like political and administrative units of the strategic border regions of Transylvania), Sibiu became the seat of the “Main Chair,” one of the “Seven Chairs” of the Germans (Sieben Stühle).

By 1241, at the time of the first Mongol invasion, Sibiu was already a target of strategic importance and as such, it was taken by storm and destroyed by the invaders. When this event was described in the “Cibinium” Chronicles, the place was called “civitas dictur villa Hermani”; it was for the first time that Sibiu was documented, as yet unofficially, as a town, while this status of “civitas” was attributed officially in 1326.

The urban character became more pregnant after the successive establishment of several monasteries, which were initially erected in the Lower Town. Based on the available records, these were: in 1235, a convent of the Order of the Premonstrant nuns (later disappeared, its

location unknown), a monastery of the Dominican Order, attested in 1241 (on the site of the Chapel of the Cross, in the square of the present day railway station, later relocated to a spot inside the 3rd enclosure, in the Upper Town), a hospice (documented in 1292, the future Hospice), a monastery of the Minorite Order (located on the corner of present day 9 Mai Street and Constituţiei Street), a convent of nuns of the Order of Poor Clares (across the street from the above-mentioned monastery) and a convent of the Dominican nuns (in Oraşul de Sus, on the site of the future monastery of the Franciscan Brethren).

The political importance of Sibiu increased so much that in the 15th century, the delegations of all the “Saxons,” one of the three accepted estates or “Nationes” in Transylvania, established their permanent seats here. By 1486 the “Universitas of the Saxon Nation” (Sächsische Nationsuniversität) was established, as supreme representative and administrative organism of the German community, with its seat in Sibiu, which became the court of appeal for Saxons outside the province of Sibiu (for example, Bistriţa/Bistritz and Cluj/Klausenburg). The Mayor (occasionally, the royal judge) of Sibiu, was simultaneously the Chief Magistrate of the Saxon Universitas. Between general meetings, this dignitary also presided over the delegations of the Saxon estate. Thus, Sibiu was acknowledged and accepted as the Saxon “capital city” (Haupt-Hermannstadt) for a long period of time.

Although Sibiu was becoming a centrally important city, in the 13th century it still disputed its status in rivalry with the neighbouring settlement of Cisnădie (Heltau) that was slightly larger at the time.

As early as the year 1224, however, Sibiu was using its own local unit of weight, and this was proof of its ever increasing economic importance. Later, the numerous privileges (almost as many as for all the other Transylvanian towns taken together) were evidence that by the 14th century, Sibiu had acquired a paramount position in the transit trade with Wallachia and the Levant, but Fig. 71. The Thick Tower


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Fig. 72. The Curriers Tower


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Fig. 73. The Portal of the Lutheran Vicarage


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especially in the trade with regions and towns to the West: Dalmatia, Bohemia, Buda, and Vienna. By ca. 1400, the economic progress in Wallachia and Moldavia brought about an increased importance of the city of Braşov (Kronstadt). Thus a rivalry appeared between the two cities, which was to last for several centuries. From the second half of the 14th century to the 16th century, the two cities were the only Transylvanian localities to hold warehousing rights. Only later were the towns of Bistriţa, Cluj and Caransebeş (Karansebesch) gradually granted the same right.

In terms of the importance of its crafts, Sibiu maintained a preeminent position. In 1376, an important regulation for guilds (that speaks of 25 crafts, respectively 19 guilds) lists Sibiu among the four handicraft towns of the province of Sibiu. The economic progress of Transylvania, but especially of Wallachia and Moldavia, reflected favourably on the crafts in the area, so that the number of 50 crafts on record in Sibiu by the end of the 16th century was much larger than the crafts in other centres in the area (41 in Braşov, 38 in Cluj, 36 in Bistriţa etc.). Even if guilds also appear in other towns (for example, in the Szeklerlands), their manufacturing output never reached comparable figures, until the 19th century.

After King Charles Robert I granted minting rights to the city, the Chamber for Mining and Minting of the Western Carpathians was gradually established in Sibiu, ca. 1400. A quarter of the gold coins in Europe were minted here, especially in the 15th century―this being one of the sources of the wealth of the Sibiu Patriciate.

This great wealth created the possibility, and at the same time, stimulated the municipality to carry out fortification works, which played an important part in the anti-Ottoman defensive wars. Thanks to its magnificent fortifications, Sibiu was the most important fortified city between Constantinople/Istanbul and Vienna.

The first half of the 16th century brought about a significant reduction in the income of the craftsmen. Traditional trade routes changed, as a consequence of the great geographical

discoveries. Ottoman rule spread to southeastern Europe and Braşov acquired a dominant position in the trade with the Romanian principalities. Later on, strong competition by foreign merchants appeared (especially Armenians and the “Greek Trading Companies”). In the 16th and 17th centuries, the price of gold took a significant fall on world markets. Throughout, Sibiu was affected by many armed conflicts and sieges. All these events and factors had an adverse effect on the city and eventually, caused the loss of its economic and even cultural importance.

The considerable estates, whose benefit the city enjoyed from the early 15th century: i. e. the provost estates (abolished in 1424, by King Sigismund), the estates of the Abbey of Cârţa/Kerzer Abtei (abolished in 1474) and the estates of the branch chairs of Tălmaciu/Talmesch (1453), Sălişte (1472) and, between 1469-1528 and 1765-1871, also the estates of the district of Făgăraş/Fogarasch could

Fig. 74. Atlantes in the First Courtyard of Brukenthal Palace


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not reestablish a positive trend for Sibiu. By the way, the situation was similar for other cities with important estates: Braşov and Bistriţa.

In the region, the Reformation and Humanism spread mostly from Braşov, a city that by this time had become as powerful as Sibiu. In 1572, the see of the new Lutheran Bishop was established in Biertan/Birthälm, a relatively isolated place, halfway between Sibiu and Braşov.

Throughout the modern period, Sibiu nevertheless remained a centre for education and science: its first school was documented in 1380 and was transformed into a lyceum in the 16th century (today it is the Samuel von Brukenthal National College/Brukenthalschule); also the city had always had numerous public and private book collections (Biblioteca Capelei / Kapellenbibliothek).

During the Habsburg-Ottoman wars, Sibiu often found itself in an isolated position, because of its traditional pro-German and pro-Imperial orientation. Temporarily, especially

after 1526 (the battle of Mohács and the separate Principality of Transylvania), it placed itself in opposition to the Prince and, sometimes, even to the other Saxon towns. This opposition was further reinforced when, in 1611, Prince Gabriel Báthory occupied the city and temporarily drove away part of its citizens.

Nevertheless, being the capital city of Saxons, it represented the interests of the Saxon Nation versus the other two estates. Thus, Sibiu was able to maintain its position as the most important city of Transylvania, a position that it shared with Alba Iulia, a city that had become the seat of the Prince of the separate Principality of Transylvania and implicitly, a sort of capital of the country.

After Transylvania was incorporated in the Habsburg monarchy (in 1688 the Transylvanian estates swore loyalty to Emperor Leopold I), because of its proximity to the border, Sibiu became not only a garrison town, seat of the Commanding General of Transylvania, but also the headquarters of the Principality’s Governor

Fig. 75. Crucifix (by Petrus Lantregen)


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(1703-1790) and the seat of the Treasury. Frequently, Sessions of the Transylvanian Diet also took place here.

Sibiu lived its heydays towards the end of the 18th century, under Governor Baron Samuel von Brukenthal (1774-1787) when it was a political centre that also enjoyed a cultural revival. Brukenthal’s art collections, antiquities as well as his library (opened to the public in 1817) enriched the city considerably.

After the defeat of the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution and until 1860, the civil and military government (the Imperial and Royal Lieutenancy) was moved from Cluj, a Hungarian national centre, back to Sibiu again, a city that from the viewpoint of Vienna was considered more reliable. In 1863-1864, as the venue of the last session of the Transylvanian Diet, before the union with Hungary, Sibiu once again became a political stage, where Romanians participated for the first time and were recognized as the fourth estate in Transylvania.

Gradually, especially after the Edict of Emperor Joseph II (“De Concivilitate”), Saxons lost their exclusive civil rights on Terra Regius (land granted exclusively to German settlers by the King) and thus the legal framework was established to allow the settling of an ever more numerous non-German population in the city.

Hungarians were only a small part of this population.

Romanians especially generated a new dimension for Sibiu, bringing their own culture. Around the year 1700, a Greek trading company was established here. At the end of the 18th century, this company built Romanian churches in the suburbs, and also an Orthodox church in the heart of the inner city, on Mitropoliei Street.

Together with the military staff and the Habsburg authorities, many newcomers also arrived in the city, mostly Catholic Germans from the Empire. As a result of Austria’s policy of (re)conversion to Catholicism, many Catholics reappeared, implicitly reenforcing the multi-confessional character of the city. Thus, Sibiu became less homogenous, facilitating the

acceptance of Romanians, who belonged partly to the Eastern-Orthodox faith and partly to the Greek-Catholic (Uniate) faith.

Sibiu was a city of great overall importance that also happened to have a relatively high number of ethnic Romanians living next to Germans. It was also situated not far from very important Romanian inhabited areas (especially the region around Sibiu, called Mặrginimea Sibiului). Due to all these circumstances, by the second half of the 19th century, Sibiu was well established as the most important spiritual centre of Transylvanian Romanians (even though

Fig. 76. The Statue of Roland


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Germans remained the majority group until after W.W.II). Sibiu was the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Theological Seminary (established in 1850), the headquarters of ASTRA, the most important Romanian cultural association (established in 1861) and the see of the Romanian Orthodox Bishop, who was raised to the rank of Metropolitan of Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş in 1864. The most important Romanian periodicals and books were also published in Sibiu.

By the early 19th century, Sibiu once again had a Jewish population that increased until the mid-20th century, forming two communities. Nevertheless, the Germans maintained an important position in the life of Sibiu, through their numbers and their long tradition. The see of the Lutheran Bishop was moved from Biertan to Sibiu, and even though, after the Austro-Hungarian dualist monarchy was established in

1867, the Saxon Universitas was dismantled as a territorial unit, the foundation that was set up in its place administered its considerable properties, whose income was directed towards German cultural, especially educational purposes, up to 1923 (the Land Reform Act of the same year). Sibiu also maintained its position as the most important German cultural centre of Transylvania, through the various cultural associations: The Association for Transylvanian Ethnography (Verein für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde) and The Association for Natural Science (Siebenbürgischer Verein für Naturwissenschaften) that had their headquarters here, as well as through the many periodicals and publications that were published in the city. Between 1844 and 1887, there was even a Law School in Sibiu, training lawyers in German for the community.

After the Administrative Reform of 1876, Sibiu retained only part of its central functions,

Fig. 77. The Statue of St. Nepomuk in Grand Square


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Fig. 78. The Statue of St. Nepomuk, the Roman Catholik Presbytery


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as seat of the newly created County of Sibiu. Although the economy of Sibiu flourished to

some extent, during the Austro-Hungarian dualism the development of the city fell behind that of Cluj, the main Hungarian city. After the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918, Sibiu still trailed Cluj and Braşov, even though between 1918 and 1919, Sibiu was the seat of Consiliul Dirigent, the provisional government of the territories detached from Hungary.

Later on, between 1940 and 1944, the city accommodated the Romanian University of Cluj that had been evacuated here. All the same, Sibiu remained a genuine provincial city, still the capital of Transylvanian Germans and the centre of all Germans in the new state, as well as a Romanian spiritual centre.

After World War II, the economic development of the city was eclipsed by that of Braşov (renamed Stalin City), to which it was subordinated administratively until 1968, being a mere district capital, within the Region of Stalin (respectively Braşov Region).

Similarly to all the other localities in the area, the ethnic and demographic structure of Sibiu underwent long-term changes, brought about by forced industrialisation. Furthermore, following World War II and the opening of borders in 1989, a large number of Transylvanian Germans left their city. The Romany population is increasing and Sibiu has become their centre in Romania, especially after the election of a “King” and of an “Emperor,” who both have their residences here. If in the year 1910, out of 38,061 inhabitants 20,015 were Germans, 10,125 Romanians, 7,297 Hungarians and 1,307 Jews, in the year 1992, out of 169,610 inhabitants 158,863 were Romanians, 5,605 Germans, 4,167 Hungarians, 688 Romany and 49 Jews.

In 1968, Sibiu was granted the status of municipality and its neighbouring villages, Turnişor and Guşteriţa, were incorporated within the city limits. Progress was achieved primarily in education and culture. After the Lutheran Seminary of the Protestant Divinity School in Cluj moved here in the 1950s, a Sibiu campus of

“Babes-Bolyai” University of Cluj was established in 1969. In 1976, it became the Sibiu Institute of Higher Education and in 1990 it was granted university status and was renamed “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu in 1995. The network of museums was expanded and a theatre and a philharmonic orchestra were established, building on the city’s earlier cultural traditions.

The election in 2004, of an ethnic German mayor and of a City Council with an ethnic German majority in the first round, by a majority of 89% of votes (the German population representing about 1%) and the reintroduction in usage of the German name of the town (Hermannstadt) are all echoes of the German history of the city.

A certain economic stagnation that partially also continued under the communist regime, meant that the historic city and its remains did not suffer major changes. Marked changes appeared only at the turn of the new millennium, when major restoration projects of the historic city of Sibiu were developed.

Of the many famous personalities that have their origins in Sibiu, mention should be made of the rocket scientist Hermann Oberth and the ethnologist Emil Sigerus. The following luminaries also lived and worked in Sibiu: the scholar Israel Hübner, Conrad Haas―one of the first European builders of rockets, Samuel Hahnemann―the founder of homoeopathy, the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Andrei Şaguna, the historians and

Fig. 79. Mediaeval Jars


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Lutheran Bishops Georg Daniel Teutsch and Friedrich Teutsch, the politician Hans Otto

Roth and the writers and philosophers Emil Cioran and Constantin Noica.

(ii) The Development of the Historic Centre, its Component Ensembles

and Architectural Monuments

Stages in the Expansion of the City

In terms of the allotment pattern of the city (Fig. 20), the earliest signs of habitation were found within the confines of the Lower Town, in the area of Aurarilor Square (Fig. 80), consisting of a number of isolated small allotments that were later linked by narrow streets.

Around the mid-12th century, two more inhabited areas appeared that developed in an organized way, also in the Lower Town; initially these were independent settlements – one located close to Faurului Street and the other to 9 Mai Street. Unlike the earlier group of allotments, these were formed of much longer allotments, arranged in single file, with free space in front of them – a kind of village green (Anger).

During the 12th century, these three settlements expanded further, along the same organizing principles. The one situated opposite Aurarilor Square was in the form of a cluster-settlement, while the other two were in the shape of extended rows, following the outline of Ocnei Street and 9 Mai Street. The earliest graveyard and possibly, a small chapel were built in front of one of them.

Shortly after the year 1200, a pentagonal fortress and a new graveyard were built on the upper terrace of the city; across from the graveyard, the core of a new settlement, the Upper Town, was taking shape. The Lower Town developed by applying the old pattern of lengthening the existing rows of allotments. For the first time, however, new town-planning trends appeared in the first half of the 13th century. In the Lower Town, a new pattern is introduced, i.e. the creation of a straight row of new allotments, facing the earlier row and thereby forming a small, two-

fronted street (Ocnei Street). On the other hand, there was a new development in the Upper Town, involving the fortress that had been enlarged by a second enclosure, covering what is now Lesser Square. A second front appeared here, placed at a fair distance, facing the old one, stretching out so that it led to the creation of a village green (Anger), between the two rows of allotments. At about the same time, the first major public buildings were raised in their initial form: a church within the confines of the fortress, another church that later became the Parish-church and a church, built downhill from the fortress, which may have been used as a convent for the Premonstratensien Nuns.

Before the first Mongol invasion in 1241 and 1242, population growth and the considerable expansion of the Upper Town called for a morecompact development, without large free spaces between quarters of allotments. This was the way things evolved in the Upper Town, when the village green was divided into allotments: two “parallel streets” appeared, connected by a “cross square.” The Lower Town was not yet subjected to such tightly organized development, but the lengthening of the row of allotments was curtailed, by raising a Dominican Monastery at its end.

After the Mongol invasion, the lower district was restructured and the excessive lengthening of the early row was abandoned, as a defensive liability. Instead, a second front of 9 Mai Street was built. As a result, the fortified Dominican monastery was left in an isolated position. The Upper Town suffered only a minor, lateral extension that was kept compact.

Such compact extension also characterises the subsequent period. As a result, by the end of the 13th century, the upper district had covered the whole east area, up to the limit of the later


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Historic Centre. By the mid-14th century, the whole area was built up in other directions as well. Ca. 1300, the open land in the Lower Town was built up in the direction of the Upper Town and until well into the first half of the 14th century, extension was undertaken on favourable terrain, more closely connected to the upper district. By the second half of the 14th century, a lake that was situated between Alexandru Odobescu Street and Turnului Street, close to the centre of the city, had been gradually drained and filled in.

In the same period, monastic settlements were built, first on the lower terrace of the river and then on the upper terrace; the defensive works of the fortress were also reinforced. In the 14th century, the whole city was fortified, first the upper city area, followed by the lower city area.

In the following period up to the 16th century, intermittent construction of defensive lines was pursued and, among other things, a belt of lakes and bogs was created around the whole city. The built-up area was not extended beyond city limits, as suburbs were practically

nonexistent in that period. However, the land within the confines of the defensive walls was further sub-divided into plots.

Outlying districts appeared only in the 17th and 18th centuries. The lakes and bogs surrounding the inner city were gradually drained and filled in during the same period. Nevertheless, construction of defensive works did not cease; last to be undertaken was the construction of earthen ramparts in front of the defensive and curtain walls and around an outlying district. The building of a citadel, begun at the same time, was later abandoned.

The construction of dwellings as well as of public buildings continued within the historic centre. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the most important architectural undertakings in the city centre were the building and furnishing of several Catholic churches, a Jesuit seminary, a Greek church and a Hungarian Reformed church. Two Romanian Orthodox churches and a Greek-Catholic church were also built in the suburbs.

Closer to our times, while more and more residential districts were built outside the limits of

Fig. 80A. Stages in the Evolution of the historic centre


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the inner city, the construction of large-scale public buildings was also continued in the centre. The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral and the Orthodox Divinity School, situated across the street from the cathedral, are of great importance.

The extension of the city brought about the following changes in the 19th century: • A number of mediaeval fortifications, such

as bastions, gates, towers and walls were pulled down.

• In isolated places new, larger buildings replaced older ones.

• Breakthroughs were made in certain critical sectors of the street network, such as General Magheru Street, Papiu Ilarian Street and Mitropoliei Street, which were thereby extended.

• A notable change was the walling up of the arcades surrounding the city market (situated in Lesser Square); however, some of these arcades were re-opened at later dates.

• A row of buildings, standing in the middle of Lesser Square, was pulled down in the

mid-19th century. Drastic changes over larger areas were only undertaken in the 20th century, especially under the communist regime: • During the 1930s, a front of Alexandru

Odobescu Street in the historic city was demolished, to allow the widening of a street, linking the Upper Town and the LowerTown.

• Under the communist regime, when most Romanian historic centres were pulled down, part of Constituţiei Street, in an outlying area of the historic centre, was rebuilt, while another section of the street, in the same area, was left unchanged.

• A factory was extended in the suburbs of the Lower Town.

Fortunately, these changes have not damaged the cityscape of the historic centre. On the other hand, the general outlook of the town is spoiled by tall buildings that were put up beyond the limits of the historic centre.

Fig. 80B. Stages in the Evolution of the historic centre

Fig. 80D. Stages in the Evolution of the historic centre


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Evolution of the Main Components of the City Architecture

Of major importance for the general layout of the city is the group of central squares which were shaped as compact architectural spaces during the first half of the 13th century, reaching their current configuration at a much later date.

The oldest of these spaces is Huet Square, which lies on the grounds of the pentagon-shaped enclosure I of the fortress, now occupied by the present-day Lutheran Parish Church. During the first half of the 13th century, inadequate wooden and earthen fortifications were built around it; much stronger materials were used for its rebuilding, after the Mongol invasion in 1241 and 1242. Apart from the central church, built and enlarged in successive stages, there were several chapels in the square, among them a Romanesque rotunda (pulled down in the 17th century) and two

or three Gothic chapels (remnants of one of these chapels are still extant today). To this group also belong: the building that houses “Samuel von Brukenthal” National College (built in the second half of the 18th century) fitted with an interior staircase and an impressive auditorium, the Lutheran Vicarage (whose main wing was constructed in the late 14th century and finished in 1502) as well as other, less important buildings. All these edifices were built on the perimeter of Huet Square. A late-19th-century statue, representing the bishop and historian Georg Daniel Teutsch, is placed in the approximate middle of the courtyard, between the school and the church, facing the church main portal. A cast iron fence surrounding the church, built shortly afterwards, now encircles the courtyard, separating it from the rest of the square.

Shortly after the initial church grounds had taken shape, they were enlarged by the addition of

Fig. 81. Stages in the Evolution of Lesser Square

Fig. 82A. The Evolution of the Lutheran Parish Church


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a second precinct―the present-day Lesser Square (Fig. 81). The purpose was the enlargement of the built-up space, while keeping a coherent pattern with defensive function; as a result, the precinct ended up in the form of a crescent. In the 12th century, defensive walls and towers were built round this precinct. In the early 13th century, a second line of walls was raised, to reinforce the initial defensive walls, thereby creating “Zwingers.” In the same period, the first public building―the First Town Hall―was erected within the initial precinct. In the 14th century, more buildings, especially guildhalls, were raised in the precinct. Since the precinct served as the city’s main marketplace and architectural space, there arose the problem of structuring this architectural space. To suit this purpose, a main wing was built in the 15th century, dividing the square into two distinct spaces. A fountain further divided one of these spaces into two parts. Eventually, these two parts were re-united in the 19th century, by demolishing both the main wing and the fountain.

Grand Square is the third monumental public space in the Historic Centre of Sibiu. It emerged as a “transversal square,” after a portion of the village green (Anger), adjacent to the defensive works of the fortress (Enclosure II), was divided up to form allotments. For a long time, these fortifications made up one side of the square, to a large extent determining its very outline. Initially, in the first half of the 13th century, only the opposite front line was made up of houses; however, lateral front lines

were also built in the following 100 years. A major change in the square’s disposition took place in the 15th century, when new, mostly public buildings were raised, in line with the fortifications facing them. On the former site of some of these public buildings, the construction of a Catholic church, with a Jesuit Seminary adjoining it, began in 1727. This changed the balance between the various front lines of the square. The whole square acquired baroque overtones as a result of the demolition of several temporary buildings, the removal of a mediaeval statue representing Roland, the erection of the baroque statue of St. Nepomouk, the construction of a baroque metal railing around a relocated older fountain and the building of the rococo Brukenthal Palace.

Squarelets. Apart from the large squares, a number of smaller ones also took shape at street intersections, one of the most remarkable such squares being Aurarilor Square (Fingerlingplatz). Formed at nodal points of the urban structure, these small squares underwent changes during the process of gradual building up of the area inside the city. Such changes occurred in the space across from the old hospital, where the square at the intersection of Turnului Street (Weinanger) and Dragoons Watch (Dragonerwacht) took shape, but also occasioned by the building, respectively the demolishing of the defensive fortifications between the upper city and the lower city. This was the way that Aurarilor Square and the square in front of the Convent of the Ursuline Sisters (Salztor) gradually

Fig. 82B. The Evolution of the Lutheran Parish Church


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came into being. Ramps and Stairs. To improve traffic flow and

meet defensive needs, the links between the Upper Town and the Lower Town underwent a number of changes, new ramps and stairs being

built and others demolished over the years. However, the various changes did not diminish their aesthetic value. Here is the list of ramps and stairs and their current state:

No. Site Initial state Current state

1 Armelor Square Condition unknown Linking street 2 Poştei Street (Baiergasse) Stairs Stairs 3 Centumvirilor Street Initial link no longer

extant Linking street

4 Al. Odobescu Street Street passes under a tower

Street leading to a tower

5 Stairway Passage Ramp under a tower Ramp and stairway leading to a tower

6 The Tower Stairs Stairs and ramp leading to a tower

Stairs leading to a tower

7 Penance Corner in the direction of the Tower Stairs

Ramp leading to a tower

Blocked ramp leading to a tower

8 Penance Corner in the direction of the Liars’ Bridge

Ramp leading to a tower

Ramp, blocked

9 Ocna Stairs, left side Covered stairs leading to a tower

Stairs no longer extant

10 Ocnei Street Street under a tower Street under the Liars’ Bridge

11 Ocna Stairs, right side Covered stairs leading to a tower

Open stairs

12 Ramp Aurarilor Square – Lesser Square

Condition uncertain Ramp, blocked

13 Ramp shortened by stairs Stairs, covered Stairs, blocked 14 Aurarilor Stairway Stairs leading to a

tower Stairs leading to a tower

15 Ramp Aurarilor Square – Grand Square

Passageway with a culvert

Passageway no longer extant

16 Şcolii Passageway Side street leading to a passageway

Side street leading to a passageway

17 Street leading to the Salt Tower Street leading to a tower Linking street

Evolution of Architectural Monuments Surveys of the architecture of the historic city have revealed that most buildings have undergone several stages of construction, this being the case of public but also of private buildings. The most important edifices presented below can also be viewed as paradigmatic cases:

The Lutheran Parish Church (Fig. 82). Its construction began shortly after the year 1200. As 14th-century documents attest, the building was the result of the joint work of the Provostry and the

local parish of Sibiu. The edifice was a Romanesque basilica, whose nave had five bays and an almost square transept. At the west end of the nave there was a massive tower, while the east end had a square choir with apse. All that remains today of this original building is the nether part of the tower―currently inaccessible―and the connection between the walls of the tower and those of the Romanesque nave.

However, the building soon proved insufficiently roomy. For this reason, in the late


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13th century, the addition of a transept began at the east end of the aisles. Construction started on the North side, in early Gothic style and, towards the mid-14th century, was continued on the south side, in a style that marked the transition from High to Late Gothic.

The next stage of construction, in the late 14th century, included the rebuilding of the choir and the adjoining sacristy, followed by the addition of a new, initially unvaulted nave. The division into bays, that is the old arrangement of pillars, was not modified during this phase. There is also evidence that the tower was also raised.

The following stage of construction, in the early 15th century, replaced the Romanesque aisles with Gothic ones and these aisles were widened on this occasion. Two entrance halls and a turret, with winding stairs were also added to the aisles. The building of wider, vaulted aisles also allowed the heightening of the nave, which was covered by cross vaults. At the same time, the old tracery

was dismantled and installed higher up. The building of a small mortuary chapel (ferula), erected west of the steeple, also dates from this period. Shortly after the mid-15th century, the chapel was extended with a basilica-like structure, similar to the main wing and the sacristy was also enlarged.

The building of a gallery, overlooking the south aisle, began in the second half of the 15th century, covering two bays at a time. The gallery was covered with a fan vault. In about the same period, the entrance halls were rebuilt and a chapel with ribbed vault (Schlingengewölbe) was raised on top of the south hall. Further adjustments were made to the north wing of the transept, as well as to the sacristy, the steeple and the turret of the staircase.

At a still unknown date, there was a plan to replace the 14th-century choir with a hall choir, but the plan was never realized. Considerable sums were contributed in the 17th century for the purpose of a gallery over the north aisle; this construction was also never executed.

The ultimate outcome of all this construction effort devoted to a major edifice of the historic city was an architectural complex, whose parts, though erected over various periods, make up a coherent structure.

Dwelling houses also underwent changes, especially in terms of building materials and techniques.

Wooden houses were the rule until the mid-15th century. Even brick houses had inner walls made of beams with only the outer walls made of bricks. Nevertheless, by the late 16th century, half of the city’s buildings were made of brick. Early gables were stepped and buildings were usually covered with thatched roofs. In the 15th century, steeply pitched gables and shingle or tile roofs prevailed. Towards the end of the 18th century, mansard roofs appeared, while roofs covered with plain tiles and sporting wide, low, “eye-brow”-dormer windows (Fledermausaugen) were not widely used before the 19th century.

At the same time, the types of ground-plan used in construction went through successive

Fig. 83. House at No. 25, Lesser Square


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changes. Initially, houses were disposed, as a rule, with their ridge at right angles to the street. Only in a few selected areas, where allotments were exceptionally wide, were certain houses erected with the roof-ridge disposed parallel with the street. As buildings became larger and L and U-shaped ground-plans became the rule, thereby changing the open type building system to a closed type, perpendicular ridges, ending in gables, were gradually abandoned, to a larger extent in the central area of the inner city, and we have documentary evidence that this process, of redirecting the ridges, continued until the second half of the 19th century.

The height of the buildings of the city also changed frequently. Two or three-storey houses were built and old ones were heightened. A typical example is the house at No 25, Lesser

Square, close to Aurarilor Stairway (Fig. 83). The house has a Gothic portico on the ground storey that can be dated ca. 1500; the first storey has Renaissance window framings, built ca. 1570, and the second storey and mansard roof gable have similar window framings done in mortar. Judging by the roof, the upper part of the building was probably erected after 1700.

The record of the modifications and reconstructions of houses on the southeast side of Grand Square (Fig. 84) is significant in terms of the general picture of the changes suffered by buildings in the historic city over time.

Another characteristic example is that offered by the evolution of the construction of the largest house in the city, built on two joined, but previously distinct plots, taken into custody by the city at the middle of the 16th century and

Fig. 84A. The southeast side of Lesser Square

Fig. 84B. The southeast side of Lesser Square


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known today as the Old Town Hall (Fig. 85). In all probability, wooden structures were

initially erected on the two plots, but there is late 15th century evidence of a 14th century stone structure erected on one of the plots. As for the second plot, documents record the existence here of a 15th century Gothic structure, with a triangular gable crowned by a fleuron. Behind this structure, there was a large dwelling tower with ground storey and three upper storeys, and another stone structure, placed perpendicularly, with two loggias facing the garden.

After the two plots were joined at the beginning of the 16th century, a single, large courtyard resulted. Two new buildings were erected on the site of the courtyard at different dates, and one of them (built on top of the wall of the Upper Town, in the corner opposite the

dwelling tower) was quite impressive in size. The buildings became city property in the

mid-16th century and underwent only minor changes after that. The larger wing of the earlier structure was further extended and a monumental outer staircase was added to it, leading to the Council Hall upstairs.

The last phase of the enlargement only took place in the late 19th century, when the courtyard was closed off completely.

Fortifications. The fortifications of the city also underwent significant changes over the years; not only was the enclosure wall fortified, heightened, doubled and later tripled in width, but additional towers, rondels and bastions were also added. Thus, the various constitutive elements of the fortification system also underwent changes.

Fig. 85. The Evolution of the Old Town Hall

Fig. 86. The Evolution of the Town Hall Tower


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The Town Hall Tower, located in Lesser Square (Fig. 86), is an extreme example in this respect. Most probably, only the lower part of the original tower has been preserved to this day. The tower probably dates from the period between 1224 and 1241, when the second fortified enclosure was built (an archaeological probe of the moat unearthed a coin, dating from the reign of King Andrew II, and the tower was erected shortly after the moat was built).

At an early stage, before the 14th century, the gate tower probably accomodated the Town Hall. At some point, a turret, meant to provide access to the upper storeys of the Town Hall, was built on the wall overlooking the enclosure. The turret was outfitted with winding stairs, which started in a loggia on the first storey. Buttresses supported the main body of the tower, both on the side overlooking the enclosure and on the front side.

Most probably in the 15th century, the tower

was heightened by several storeys and outfitted with four decorative turrets; the main roof was later provided with a skylight turret.

Between 1586 and 1588, ample reconstruction work was done on the tower, most probably after the tunnel vault had collapsed. Later, two side wings were added, to provide an architecturally pleasing, organic connection between the tower and the adjacent buildings. A temporary shortening of the roof became necessary in the 18th century, so a mansard roof was built and the four flanking turrets were maintained.

In 1824, a final heightening of the tower was undertaken, and the present baroque bell roof was added to it.

Every building in Sibiu has its own history, and future investigations will undoubtedly reveal valuable details, hidden underneath layers of plaster for so many centuries.

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3 JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

3.a Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed

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3.a Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed

(and Justification for Inscription under these Criteria) The Historic Centre of Sibiu satisfies directly criteria (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) for inscription on the World Heritage List.

Criterion (ii) according to which, “the site should exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design,” is satisfied by the role of Sibiu as a major centre on the southeastern boundary of Central Europe. Given its position on the border between an area of Central, and West-European culture, and one influenced by Byzantium and later, partially, by the Ottomans, the town had an essential contri-bution in the spreading of urbanistic and architectural principles, from Western Europe to areas to the south and east of Transylvania (i.e. beyond the Carpathians) and, later on, by assimilating Neo-Byzantine features in Transylvania, features that originated in Southeastern Europe).

Criterion (iii) according to which, “the site should bear a unique, or at least exceptional, testimony to a cultural tradition or civilisation, which is living or which has disappeared,” is satisfied completely by the role that Sibiu played in the lives of West-European settlers in the eastern and southeastern areas of Central Europe: the city was the main German centre in Transylvania, and one of the most important centres of settlers in the area between Eastern and Western Europe. Post-war migration following WW II led to the alteration of cultural characteristics in most of these towns;

Sibiu is now the most important such centre. Criterion (iv) according to which, “the site

should be an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape, which illustrates a significant stage in human history,” provides a very good argument for the case of Sibiu, as it satisfies one of the two basic criteria of application for inscription on the World Heritage List: the harmonious forms of the central squares – a direct result of the planimetry of the fortress –, as well as the links between these squares that, despite the sharp declivities of the terrain, make up an exceptionally coherent site and offer a paradigm of the evolution of mediaeval urban development in this southeastern corner of Central Europe.

Criterion (v) best meets the spirit of the city: Sibiu “is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement or land-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures) especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change.” Sibiu, with its low density of buildings, provides an outstanding example of a traditional city in the southeast of Central Europe. It is representative of the regional culture, which has grown extremely vulnerable as a result of the massive immigration of its original German settlers.

In view of the fact that the above-mentioned criteria are met and a connection with Criteria (i) and (vi) being also possible, it is our belief that the nomination for the inscription of the city of Sibiu on the World Heritage List is fully justified.

3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

Exceptional World Value

The Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu is excep-tionally valuable for many reasons. Of major

importance are the outstanding architectural and urbanistic qualities of a heritage area that has resulted from the very successful adaptation,

3 Justification for Inscription

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over a long evolutionary period, of a large and reasonably wealthy city, responding to the challenges of a particular terrain. The city endured because it relied on its earlier architectural and town-planning abilities and this resulted in organic growth and original features. These features have been preserved virtually unspoiled over time (Fig. 87).

General Features

Sibiu’s geographic position was essential in moulding its character. Situated half-way between Vienna and Byzantium (today’s Istanbul), the city was from its earliest days placed at a major crossroads of Europe and this was a crucial factor in generating its remarkable prosperity. (Fig. 88)

The city developed excellent commercial ties prior to the year 1400. At that time, Sibiu by itself enjoyed trade privileges that amounted to all the privileges granted to the rest of Transylvanian cities. These concerned especially the trade routes. Sibiu Patricians invested in mines in Transylvania and Oltenia (southwestern

Romania). Subsequently, the Chamber for Mining and Minting that had been established in the walled city of Sibiu produced a quarter of all the gold coins circulating in Europe. The privilege had to be leased by the Royal Treasury to local Patricians, as the king had no possessions within the walls of this secure city. Occasionally, the Patricians could also lease the toll house of the Turnu Roşu Pass.

But the city’s geographic position was also a

Fig. 87. The Historic Centre

Fig. 88. Southeastern Europe in the 15th Century


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source of perils, as it was constantly threatened by foreign foes, the expanding Ottoman Empire chief among them. Such a threat is explicit, for instance, in a letter dated 1453, signed by Bishop Samile of Constantinople, immediately after the city was conquered by the Turks: “Whereas your city of Sibiu or Hermannstadt is renowned among them [the Turks] everywhere and they keep saying that Sibiu is a stumbling block and an obstacle in their way, they are eager to take up arms and conquer your city. This is why we advise you to fortify your city, to guard it, that you might not lose it.” A year later, in 1454, it is said: “The Turk hopes that if he conquers this city, he can harm and wreak havoc so much easier not only on this kingdom to which Sibiu is a shield and a defence, but on the entire Christendom.”

An important city, lying in a conflict area, Sibiu – unlike Belgrade – benefited from the protection of the strategic natural position represented by the mountain range of the Carpathians. The city had to build an extended defensive system (consisting of over 8.5 km of walls, 70 towers, 5 rondels and 5 spade-shaped bastions), which was further reinforced with a broad band of moats, lakes and marshes. No other Transylvanian city was as heavily fortified: Braşov, for instance, had almost 5 km of defensive walls and 41 towers, Bistriţa had 5.8 km of walls and 24 towers, while Cluj was surrounded by 4.1 km of such walls and 29 towers. Defended by such a complex and impressive system of fortifications, the city was never conquered by the Turks.

Consequently, one should view Sibiu’s political role in close connection with its strategic importance. As early as the year 1224, Sibiu became the centre of a county (an administrative-political unit of considerable size) called “Provincia Cibiniensis.” Over the 14th and 15th centuries, all Transylvanian lands inhabited by German colonists were brought together in an administrative unit, the so-called “Universitas Saxonum”; Sibiu soon became its centre. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Sibiu was also, for shorter or longer periods, the seat of the Gubernium of

the Principality of Transylvania. All these developments left their mark on the city (Fig. 89).

While obviously part of the Central-European economic and cultural sphere, Sibiu was also connected to the world of the Balkans. Its position in a contact zone between cultures left its imprint on the city itself: the centre has a multiethnic, multicultural and multi-confessional character. To a large extent, this has influenced Sibiu’s history and specificity. (Fig. 90)

Nevertheless, it was the Transylvanian Germans (calling themselves Saxons), i.e. the Flemish, Walloon and German immigrants that settled here in the 12th and 13th centuries and represented for a long time the majority population, who had a major influence on the city’s ethnic and confessional character. Only in the aftermath of World War II and the massive emigration of the German population after the fall of the Iron Curtain, did their number decrease to approximately one percent; they have remained, however, an active presence in the life of the city. The Romanian population, documented in this area in the year 1210, represented from the 18th

Fig. 89. Open-air Market in Front of the Town Hall Tower


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century, an ever-increasing percentage of the city’s inhabitants. Sibiu’s population also comprised Hungarians, Jews, etc., giving it a multiethnic character specific to this transitional zone between Central Europe and the Balkans.

Remarkably, this multi-ethnic character never resulted in major conflicts among the different ethnic groups (a reality which is reinforced nowadays by voting patterns that are not ethnically biased).

Catholicism was dominant until the Reformation in the 16th century. By the end of the 12th century, the city was the ecclesiastical centre of a privileged area in southern Transylvania – the residence of a Provost and home to an unusually great number of monasteries, belonging to various monastic orders. More recently, in the 19th century, Sibiu became the see of the Lutheran Bishop (Evangelical Diocese of Augustan

Confession) transferred here from Biertan. Eastern Orthodox Christianity also played an important role in the city: after a period during which several churches functioned in this area (worth mentioning is the “Church-in-the-Hollow”) the Orthodox Metropolitan See of Ardeal, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş was founded in Sibiu, underlining the religious importance of the city. As far as other religions are concerned, research has proved the existence of a synagogue in the 15th century and of a Hungarian Reformed community starting with the 18th century.

This multi-confessional character is fundamentally based upon the tradition of Transylvanian tolerance and is manifest in the Historic Centre in the multitude of churches belonging to different confessions (Fig. 91). Similar to a string of pearls, they form a chain in the inner city: starting from west to east, we have first a

Fig. 90. An Open-air Market in Sibiu


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small Lutheran Church, then the great Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, the Hungarian Reformed Church, the imposing Lutheran Parish Church, then the Roman Catholic Church, followed by the Church of the Ursuline Sisters, currently serving as a Greek-Catholic Church; next comes another Catholic Church and a synagogue; then a second synagogue of the Orthodox Jewish community that has been used for other purposes following the emigration of the overwhelming majority of the community.

The features of these houses of worship are widely different: one can notice the Gothic profile of the Lutheran Church, the Byzantine elements of the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, the baroque lines of the Catholic churches, as well as the Oriental features of the synagogue. The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, in particular, gave Transylvania a prototype for the spread of Neo-Byzantine architectural style in this area.

With such treasures, the cultural importance and the multi-cultural character of the city are self-evident. A first Latin school is documented in the 14th century and a college is founded in the 16th century. Sibiu was the city in which the first books were printed in Transylvania and it also had an exceptionally fine library, as befitted a centre of Humanism and later, of the Enlightenment in this part of Europe.

The high cultural refinement of the city, also noticeable in architecture, resulted in the opening of schools and museums in the 18th and 19th century (special mention should be made of the Brukenthal Museum, which opened to the public in 1817, being the first public museum in Europe). Theatres in Romanian and in German, as well as other cultural and scientific bodies also flourished (“Verein für Siebenbürgische Landes-kunde”, “ASTRA”, “Siebenbürgischer Verein für Naturwissenschaften”); newspapers and journals were published in various languages.

Fig. 92. The City of Sibiu in the 17th Century


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Defining Features of the Old City

The remarkable historic importance of the city itself, as well as its regional import, is fully borne out by the exceptional diversity of its architecture. Beautiful in itself, this architecture is also paramount in defining Sibiu’s personality.

Following the disposition of districts and settlements, defensive systems and major groups of buildings, it is clear that Sibiu is made up of two distinct parts: the older Lower Town (Unterstadt) situated on the floodplain of the Cibin River and the more recent Upper Town (Oberstadt) lying on the embanked terrace above the flood plain (Fig. 92). Initially, the Lowern Town was constituted of three distinct settlements. Land tenure maps show that at first, there was a small, probably strategically determined, settlement. Not much later, colonists formed two further settlements. A fourth, distinct, settlement was then established in the Upper Town (Fig. 93).

On the terrace of the Upper Town, on what is today Huet Square (Huet Platz), a fortress was erected, overlooking the Lower Town and probably linked to the establishment of the Provost’s Office.

Shortly afterwards, the Province of Sibiu was set up as an administrative and political unit and

the fortress could no longer accommodate its increased needs. Consequently, it was expanded by the addition of Lesser Square (Kleiner Ring): we have here, in fact, two overlapping fortifications. These were not meant primarily to protect the city; this function had been taken over by the defensive system built, first, around the Upper Town and, later, extended also around the Lower Town.

Finally, mention should be made of religious buildings such as the Church of the Provost and of the Parish, as well as other monastic buildings that added character to the cityscape of the Historic Centre.

Urbanistic Values of the Nominated World Heritage Site

Given its complex structure, the general layout of the city is marked by several elements; the first of these is an Easteuropean, and thus a Transylvanian feature, i.e. low population density.

This led to the considerable size of household plots within the city, a fact which can be noticed quite often in colonial settlements –especially in southeastern Central Europe. Although population density increased over time, the city preserved its open spaces for a long time. This also meant a certain

Fig. 91A. Multiconfessionalism in Sibiu 1. The Orthodox Cathedral; 2. The Reformed Church; 3. The Lutheran Parish Church


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arrangement of buildings and the distance between them, as well as a policy of open development in certain areas in the Lower Town (Fig. 94).

Typical of descriptions of 16th and 17th century Sibiu is a text by Johannes Tröster: “In size, greatness and beauty, the city can be compared to Vienna in Austria; its population is nevertheless, smaller, for very often, a princely house that could accommodate up to six households, is inhabited but by one.”

This feature has been preserved to our days: witness the relatively large size of the historic centre, the predominance of single-storied houses or houses with ground storey only, as well as the many gardens that still grace the historic city. It also determines the defining characteristics of the site: the ratio between street-width and façade height and the resulting sunny and luminous character of public spaces, as well as the ranking of streets in order of their distance from the centre. Certain quarters of the city suggest a very ancient quality, which, at times, is combined with a semi-rural touch (Fig. 95).

The land-use pattern of the city makes it clear that the early settlements were initially very small, consisting of only 10–20 allotments; but the population increased rapidly. This process led to the expansion of the inhabited

area in several distinct stages, which are reflected in the city’s planimetry and density of allotments. Since each expansion stage originated in a distinct, more or less conscious, urbanistic vision, the result was a great diversity in outlook. Although these are based on the same town-planning principles and pursue the common goal of organic expansion of inhabited space, the constant concern with the necessity of adjusting property boundaries, of improving on already existing arrangements, etc. meant that successive visions brought about minor discrepancies between planimetric elements. Such discrepancies are noticeable in very many mediaeval settlements but they are very frequent in Sibiu, particularly in the Lower Town: it is on account of them that, quite frequently, one can trace disparities in the alignments of fronts and the odd curvature of their pattern. However, the total effect is often refreshing, for instance along Ocnei Street.

Sibiu’s historic beauty is also a function of its adaptation to physical features of the land on which it was built (Fig. 96). (The great urbanistic value of the historic centre is also related, to a large extent, to certain characteristics of the land, which required an adaptation of the inner city’s planimetric scheme.) The different elevations of the two terraces on which the city was built called

4. The Roman Catholic Church; 5. The Greek Catholic Church; 6. The Synagogue


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for unusual solutions for the strip of land running mid-way through the city and connecting Sibiu’s two parts. The ingenious solution of building reinforcing walls, doubling as defensive walls of the central fortress or of the Upper Town, was used under extraordinary circumstances, such as the incline varying from spot to spot, along with other peculiarities of the planimetric structure.

In the nature of things, the older inner wall of the Upper Town follows the ridge of the terrace; consequently, it was built in areas where the incline was steeper, its function as a reinforcing wall being extremely important – in the area of Stairway Passage (Pempflingergasse) it was even necessary to further strengthen it by using abutments (Fig. 97). A second wall of slightly reduced size, which reinforced the main wall along its full extent, was built, as a rule, in areas where the incline was less steep.

The highly irregular terrain had a direct

Fig. 93. Constitutive elements of the city 1 – Early settlement in the city area;

2 – Core areas of the Upper Town; 3 – Core of the Upper Town; 4 – The initial fortress;

5 – Extension of the initial fortress; 6 – Monasteries; 7 – Hospice; 8 – Churches and synagogues

Fig. 94. Nouă Street


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impact on town-planning. Good connections between the Upper Town and the Lower Town were assured by building stairways and passages at various locations. Passages were, as a rule, built on a rising slope along the wall, ending in a gate that allowed access to the Upper Town, as is the case of the Stairway Passage or the passages through the Penance Corner (Bußwinkel). Stairs were built, as a rule, on the slope with the steepest incline (Aurarilor Stairway/Fingerlingsstiege, the Tower Stairs/Sagstiege, etc.). Over time, this resulted in interesting architectural features; we can still find abandoned or replaced portions of passages. That is to say, through these changes, stairs gradually became highly important parts in the planimetric structure of the city.

The cityscape of Sibiu and especially the proposed Site, with its unique cultural and aesthetic value are, beyond any doubt, the

consequence of its two-tier disposition and the urbanistic features that naturally resulted from this: Ø many spots in the city offer views of stairs

going up or down, as well as very picturesque and eye-catching linking passages, such as the Stairway Passage and the Aurarilor Stairway (Fig. 96, 97);

Ø certain public buildings in the Upper Town are at the vantage point of wonderfully expressive streets, such as the Lutheran Parish Church, along the vista of Turnului Street (Saggasse/ Fig. 98) or Ocnei Street;

Ø there are various look-out points in the Upper Town offering an interesting and picturesque view of the Lower Town, especially its roof panorama;

Ø the superior position of the public buildings in the Upper Town, overlooking the Lower Town, highlights the cityscape

Fig. 95. Luxembourg House


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Fig. 96. Târgului Street


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Fig. 97. The Stairway Passage


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Fig. 98. Turnului Street, with the Lutheran Church


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most felicitously (Fig. 99).

It has to be mentioned that the specific planimetric features of Sibiu were not exclusively the result of solutions adopted to match the characteristics of the terrain. Another extremely important element was the adjustment of the planimetric structure to pre-existing buildings and dispositions. This is also evident in the case of squares.

The outlines of the primeval space, i.e. of the fortress in the church square (Huet Square) were traced taking into account only the relief and the church to be built in the middle of the precinct (Fig. 100).

Lesser Square (Kleiner Ring), an extension of the initial fortress, was adjusted to fit the shape of the Roman castrum nearby, without any special attention being paid to a spatial concept all of its own. Later it was mainly used as a commercial market-place and was treated as an organic and unitary space, albeit it had been the result of considerations of an initially different character. Different solutions of structuring and

unifying the area of the square were attempted successively – for example by building porticoes around it. The result is still one of the most picturesque spaces in the area (Fig. 101).

The third square, Grand Square (Großer Ring), has always been a representative civic space of the city at the foot of the fortress; its shape had always followed this abiding civic function. From the beginning, city planners were intent on applying a specifically urban planimetric scheme, i.e. the placing of a “transversal square” between two “parallel streets,” so that only the longer side of Grand Square could continue the line of important streets, such as Nicolae Bălcescu Street (Heltauergasse) and General Magheru Street (Sporergasse). On the opposite side, the fortifications of the fortress formed the limit of the square, giving it a curved outline favouring defence. On this side, the two “parallel” streets could not continue the front of the square directly; there is only one continuation of the traffic toward these streets, i.e. toward

Fig. 99. The City of Sibiu, view from Ocnei Street


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Mitropoliei Street (Fleischergasse) and, respectively, toward Avram Iancu Street (Reispergasse), which actually start from former gates of the fortress. This disposition ultimately determines the general layout of the square itself: the opening of the space of the square to the corresponding streets at the two corners situated in front of the former fortifications and the closing, in mediaeval fashion, of the other two corners only.

The central area was planimetrically adapted to the present general city plan; nevertheless, certain important streets maintained their initial, slightly curved route, as is the case of Nicolae Bălcescu Street.

More often in the Lower Town, we encounter residential areas that back against curved convex spaces, favourable to defensive purposes. When new residential areas were built in the back of already existing ones, their disposition had to be adjusted to the limits of the already plotted built area. The result was that curved streets appeared, connecting the new residential areas, and this gave the

cityscape its unmistakable look (viz. Nouă Street/Neugasse [Fig. 94] or Pielarilor Street/Lederergasse).

Aesthetically, the urbanistic solutions adopted by the builders of Sibiu show a clear sense of the different values of built-up spaces.

The dominant feature of the urban landscape is given by the harmonious unity of the three central squares. They constitute the starting point of the four wide central “parallel” streets of the Upper Town; two of these streets end in a small square (in front of the Church of the Ursuline Sisters). Also in the Upper Town, we mention the existence of a second, small square (Schiller Square/Schillerplatz) that is the focus for a number of side streets, in an off-zone of the inner-town. All the other side streets and lanes are narrow and devoid of such special foci; thus they are implicitly marginal elements of the street network.

In the Lower Town, the structure of the street network is completely different. Owing to the initial semi-rural character and the history of its build-up, a single, important longitudinal

Fig. 100. Huet Square, with the Lutheran Parish Church


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street resulted here (9 Mai Street), crossed by two main transversal streets (Ocnei and Turnului Streets). This basic scheme is emphasized by the presence of a small square placed at their crossing-point. The rest of the streets also follow the general disposition; according to their width and route we distinguish: side streets and connecting streets.

In spite of the large size of the historic city, its architecturally shaped hierarchy will gently lead the visitor toward the city centre. The route of Avram Iancu Street (Fig. 102) is characteristic; it is slightly curved and as you start walking in the direction of Grand Square, the high steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church rises above the concave front; when it disappears behind the roofs, it is now the Town Hall Tower’s turn to rise at the end of the street, giving a new vantage point and, finally, when you approach it and can no longer see it entirely, the space of the street is momentarily obstructed by a building out of alignment with the front, after which the vista of the square opens up.

Given the city’s size, mediaeval patterns of structuring public space were decisive in shaping its general outlook. The curved fronts, the irregular front lines – now jutting out, now stepped back –, the passages that were built through or around houses and towers, all result in coherent, artistically impressive outlines, even when these structural details were not initially employed for strictly aesthetic reasons.

The Significance of Sibiu’s Architecture

Partly, the significance of Sibiu’s architectural heritage lies in the importance of the public institutions that resided here: the existence of the Provost’s office and of the Comitatus made the erection of appropriate buildings necessary.

This refers, first of all, to the buildings inside the fortress, i.e. the former precinct of the church. From the initial defensive works, the pentagonal planimetry, as well as certain other fortified elements, i.e. the tower overlooking the Tower Stairs, called “Priests’ Chamber” (Pfarrerstübel), were preserved. These form part

Fig. 101. The Lesser Square, view from the steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church


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of the outline of the walls flanking the Stairway Passage and the Penance Corner.

The Lutheran Parish Church is situated in the middle of the precinct. It was built in Romanesque style and initially dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Over a period of 300 years it was expanded and rebuilt in Gothic style (Fig. 103), becoming a complex architectural monument that illustrates a good part of Southeast European architectural history. Of the four chapels that had surrounded the church initially, all we have left today are a few architectural and artistic vestiges, witnesses to the outstanding qualities of the building.

The remains of the second precinct, Lesser Square, are equally important, as its building is linked to the setting up of the county of Sibiu. The shape of the precinct, with its entry ways disposed in the corners of the area, is also specific. The remains of the thick walls of this fort are still extant; five centuries ago, buildings, built back to back against these walls, were erected, surrounding the square. Among these, we mention the large, gated Town Hall Tower. Over the past eight centuries, this structure was modified and built-over, to attain its current imposing size and characteristic silhouette, that determines the outlook not only of the adjacent buildings but of the cityscape as a whole as well. Eventually, it became the symbol of the

city itself. We have no evidence regarding buildings

dependent on the residence of the comitatus or the Province of Sibiu. In the future, archaeological exploration will probably throw more light on things in this respect. “Universitas Saxonum” replaced the comitatus, taking over its functions; its seat was no longer inside the fort, but outside its limits, in what is now Grand Square. We have knowledge of a large-size building used for this purpose as early as the 15th century, whose main structure was three-storeyed.

Mention should also be made of the city outside the original fort, because architecturally and in terms of the significance of its remains it is equally important. First, we have to mention the city fortifications, which are of vital importance in this peripheral area of Central Europe. These fortifications were initially simple in design and were built only around the Upper Town; later they were extended to also surround the Lower Town. Step by step, they were reinforced, elevated and fitted out with towers and bastions. Ultimately, the brick walls that gave Sibiu the name by which it was known, especially in the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding territories, i.e. the “Red City,” surrounded the inhabited areas of the mediaeval city in the form of two-three concentric

1 2

Fig. 102. Vantage points in Avram Iancu Street


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Fig. 103. The Lutheran Parish Church


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defensive lines; they were also reinforced by wooden and earthen-work fortifications. Of these defensive structures, ample portions are still preserved.

These surviving remnants pertain, first of all, to the south-east defensive line of the city (in Cetăţii Street/Harteneckgasse), where we still have three very decorative towers, dating from around 1500; two of these towers are still linked by a surviving segment of wall, with buttresses on the city side and hoardings running along its top. On the outer perimetre of the wall there is a moat, reinforced over a considerable distance by a rampart topped by a curtain wall. Also part of this defensive line is a well-preserved rondel (the Thick Tower) and a spade-shaped bastion (Haller), as well as a second rampart, of more recent construction; the whole is a perfect illustration of mediaeval and early modern defensive systems.

Other sections of the mediaeval walls were

preserved on the east side of the Upper Town. The inner wall is preserved almost in its total length on the north side, overlooking the Lower Town; also preserved are a defensive tower, a gate tower and a spade-shaped bastion, Soldiş, incorporating remnants of an earlier rondel. Finally, there is also a section of wall still standing in the south-west side of the Upper Town. In addition, two more towers with sections of adjacent walls were preserved in the Lower Town, facing the Upper Town (the Curriers Tower and the Blacksmiths Tower). Even though most of the old fortifications were demolished in the 19th century, the parts preserved remind us of the huge scope of the defenses of a mediaeval city on the margins of Central Europe.

The public buildings of the city that were later erected outside the premises of the old fort, are living testimony to the importance of

Fig. 104. The Roman Catholic Parish Church and the Old Hall Tower


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Fig. 105. Haller House – the Dwelling Tower


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architecture in this area of Europe, where the Western and the Byzantine cultures – to which, later on, we can also add the Ottoman culture – met and mingled.

Principally, these buildings are churches; some of them we have mentioned supra.

To these should be added the Roman Catholic Parish Church from the early 18th century, which follows the tradition of Jesuit baroque architecture; it is an outstandingly monumental hall church with side niches and rostrums and a choir decorated with a remarkable painting, exhibiting a unique illusionist effect. Placed between Grand Square and Lesser Square, this church fits organically into the texture created by the flat façades of the two squares. The upper part of the church building is ingeniously constructed: it has a richly decorated tower topped by a helmet-like, baroque structure; the problem that needed a solution here was how to harmonize this tower and the neighbouring, massive Town Hall Tower. This was done by inserting between the two massive towers a turret on the opposite end of the church roof (Fig. 104).

The architecture of the Hungarian Reformed Church, that is also part of the unfolding fronts that shape the outlook of the street, is simpler and dates from the first half of the 18th century.

The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, erected in the early 20th century, is particularly interesting (Fig. 41, 42, 91). Its architecture bears traces of the Byzantine tradition of Constantinople, as well as the hallmarks of the architecture of the north-western Balkans. The central, dominant dome, similar to the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople, today’s Istanbul, is harmonized with a gentle emphasis on the longitudinal axis of the building, achieved by the non-uniform dimensioning of the supporting half-shells, the one situated along the axis being larger. Over the main entrance, we have an additional stand for the choir, expressed in the spatial composition of the interior. The main façade is completed by a portico, flanked by two side-towers, which further brings out this

directional element; combined with a placement that is spatially pulled back from the street front line, the general plan realizes a harmony between Greek Orthodox monastic tradition and the representative functions of a Metropolitan see that belongs to the highest ecclesiastical authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Transylvania.

With the Synagogue, built during the same period, a combination of forms from different geographical areas was also attempted. There is a space around it, separating it from the other buildings of the town, as is also the case of the Romanian Greek Orthodox Cathedral. This gives added loftiness to both buildings.

Compared to these symmetrically designed houses of worship, the 20th century Lutheran Church in Mitropoliei Street has a free, asymmetrical volumetric plan that fits into the irregular green areas around it.

To conclude, it seems fair to say that the importance of the religious architecture of Sibiu goes beyond its local significance. It also contributes to the creation of a unique cityscape and thus it becomes an important part of Europe’s cultural heritage.

The former Jesuit Monastery, situated next to the Catholic Church, between Grand Square and Lesser Square, built in the first half of the 18th century in a central position in the inner city, has a completely different architectural outlook. Although its constituting elements are placed around a large inner courtyard, its façades blend into the neighbouring front lines, thus being organically integrated into the cityscape.

Finally, things are totally different in the case of the former town hospice, nowadays used as an old people’s home. Documented in 1292, with its oldest parts built in Early Gothic Style, and others, more recent, dating from different periods, the building situated in one of the city’s oldest parts, is a medley of architectonic styles. Its value lies primarily in the historic events which marked its evolution.

Other public buildings are important


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because their typology illustrates the architectural history of the city and of this area. It is the case of the oldest Town Hall of Sibiu, near the Town Hall Tower – dating as early as the beginning of the 14th century –, as well as the many guildhalls, dating from the same period. Customarily, they have a portico and commercial spaces on the ground storey and other rooms (meeting halls, warehouses etc.) upstairs. Aligned along the fronts of Lesser Square – they are part and parcel of its architectural space, to which they contribute their austere façades and planimetry. Nevertheless, here and there, we find buildings with interesting decorative elements (coats of arms, cartouches, frescoes etc.).

Of major importance to the city are its private buildings. These show most pregnantly a fundamental feature of Southeastern European architecture: formal austerity. The huge sums of money constantly needed for the defence of this area against the Turks, spent on fortifications and arms, restricted the area’s possibilities to pursue other architectural aims. Doubtless, future research will unearth many valuable details, and yet, large forms and proportions dominate.

The existence of a substantial segregation of buildings by size and shape is equally obvious. The largest buildings are concentrated in the Upper Town. Most of them are to be found lining Grand Square (Haller House/Fig. 105, Zekelius House, Brukenthal Palace etc.) and at the beginning of the four streets originating in the central squares. Mention should be made of those in Avram Iancu Street (Weidner House, Brukenthal House). We have evidence of the existence, in the early 19th century, of houses of exceptional value, situated at the beginning of Nicolae Bălcescu Street and General Magheru Street. And, at the north end of Mitropoliei Street, we still have the extant Old Town Hall complex (with a large dwelling tower, open loggias and a bow-window etc.), which was the largest private residence in Transylvania during the Middle Ages. As a rule, private dwellings are two-storeyed houses, with a U- or L-shaped

plan, with numerous details built of carved stone (door and window frames, vault consoles etc.). But apart from these types of buildings well represented in the city, there are others with a special planimetry. We mention the Vicarage, built between the 14th century and the 16th century, with a quite compact, bastion-like plan, Brukenthal House in Avram Iancu Street, dating from around the year 1800 (with an inner courtyard surrounded by a Tuscan-style colonnade bearing a running gallery with a wrought iron railing, in lieu of a stronger cornice) or Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square, built at the end of the 18th century (with two inner courtyards, richly decorated with details; take, for example, the “Baroque Salons,” on the second storey, decorated with variegated tapestries, stuccoed ceilings and highly sophisticated terracotta hearths).

In the old part of Sibiu, the Lower Town, especially in the area of Ocnei Street, important architectural remains have been preserved, such as a house with two pediments, in overlapping levels. However, it is not the only area with such buildings.

As the allotment pattern of the old town was not entirely unitary, differences in the dominant building systems of various streets were also evident – differences that had a certain temporal component. Thus, an open system of building was temporarily maintained in areas where the lots were quite wide, for example, along Avram Iancu Street. This also meant that initially, there were houses built sideways, with the roof ridges parallel to the street. Buildings were thus frequently placed longitudinally along the lot, with a pediment facing the street. Such structures have been preserved particularly in many side streets of the Lower Town, where poorer craftsmen lived. These areas, with open building practices, favoured one-storeyed houses with a pediment facing the street. This simple, vernacular architecture is closely related to what we find in the rural part of the area (Fig. 94). Its historic and architectural significance lies in the fact that it is a proof of the basically


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unitary nature of the whole architectural stock of the zone.

By including the simple, vernacular buildings in the overall picture, the significance and the importance of the other, monumental buildings is asserted, and their value is enhanced. The particular architectural styles of the various parts of the city come together and make up the unique cityscape of this important Transylvanian locality, whose main characteristic as a whole is variation. It is a place that is very much alive today, whose centre has almost always occupied the same area, from the 13th century to our days. As was the case in long-established urban centres, certain buildings

were partially replaced along the way, so that, next to mediaeval buildings, there are also others, from modern or contemporary times.

At the same time, the importance of the city explains the amazing variety and range of its buildings. Yet, they all follow the same model, that of the architecture of the southeastern Central European area, fundamentally determined by the geography of a transition area and thereby having an outlook that is all its own. The paramount need for efficient common defence of the community and its multicultural character are the two defining features of this area, which adds to the complex image of a multifaceted Europe.

3.c Comparative Analysis (Including State of Conservation of Similar Properties)

From the 13th century on, Sibiu was for centuries the most important urban centre linking Vienna and Constantinople, today’s Istanbul, a large proportion of their trade passing through the city. It served as a bridge, but it also marked the boundaries between Central Europe and the Balkans, between Europe and Asia Minor and it also functioned as a line of defence against Turkish expansion.

Moreover, Sibiu owed its prosperity not only to the flourishing trade developed in the area, but also to its own production of goods. Sibiu’s Patricians regularly held the lease of the nearby Turnu-Roşu customs check, situated at an important mountain pass in the Carpathians. In addition, an institution called the Chamber for Mining and Minting also functioned here, with a significant impact on the money circulation in Europe.

As a consequence of the city’s early development, its buildings, i.e. churches and monasteries, dwelling houses, and especially large-scale fortifications, necessary for the defence against the Ottomans, were more substantial than those of other urban centres in the region.

Comparison with the Historic Centre of Sighişoara

(Already Part of the World Heritage List)

Sighişoara’s Historic Centre (Fig. 106) is inscribed on the World Heritage List and it has special features due to the nature of its architectural complex. Unlike Sibiu, Sighişoara was originally a strategic city. Gradually, the civilian population expanded both within and outside the city walls, but the fortress, with a rather limited active area of approximately 5 ha, always maintained its dominant character. The Lower Town, situated at the foothill of the fortress, was always in a subordinate position compared to the Upper Town.

The provincial town of Sighişoara was inhabited by merchants and craftsmen from the second half of the 14th century on. The inhabitants also engaged in farming. However, the area did not become a first-rank economic centre – perhaps because it is located too close to another urban centre, Mediaş. Due to its semi-rural character, the largest part of Sighişoara, the Lower Town, was not surrounded by a defensive wall, but by bulwarks, made of wood and earthen work, which were supplemented at the gates with

3.c Comparative Analysis

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stretches of walled fortifications. On the other hand, there were several defensive lines, crossing the inside of the town and delimiting, for example, the main square with its neighbouring rows of houses. These lines were preserved until the18th century, influencing the planimetric structure of the town up to the present time.

From a planimetric point of view, this lower part of the town is quite similar to other mediaeval Transylvanian localities, being a settlement constituted by rows of large, fairly elongated allotments. Most of the properties

within the town walls are small, irregularly positioned and, presumably, they appeared around the first defensive precinct. The plots in other areas of the town are well organised, rectangular and had been grouped in small sectors from the beginning. Thus, the arrangement is compact, well structured and rather different from that of other, more spaciously proportioned Transylvanian cities. As a consequence, Sighişoara is organised in terms of small spaces and narrow, slightly bent streets; the total outlook is highly picturesque and of great value.

Fig. 106. The historic centre of the City of Sighişoara


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The defensive walls and towers of the town are almost completely preserved. There are fewer significant architectural monuments than in Sibiu, especially in terms of religious edifices. In Sibiu’s Historic Centre, there is a large Gothic church, two former Gothic monasteries, later rebuilt in baroque style, two baroque churches, a Romanian Greek Orthodox Cathedral, a synagogue, etc. Comparatively, the monuments preserved in Sighişoara are: a Gothic church, a monastery with baroque elements, a 19th century church rebuilt during the 20th century and a Romanian Greek Orthodox church, situated at a considerable distance from the Heritage Site.

Far be it from us to set up a hierarchy of values. Nevertheless, all the above mentioned features point to the fundamentally different nature of the two Heritage Sites in question. In the case of Sighişoara, we have a provincial town with outstanding picturesque features, whereas Sibiu is a city of European rank, whose worth is to be measured according to a different set of values. The character of the two localities is complementary, and they both contribute to our image of southeast European urban civilization.

Sighişoara is the only Romanian, i.e. Transylvanian, urban site representing this part of Europe on the World Heritage List. Six fortified churches from Transylvania are also inscribed on the list, in part including the

settlements where they are situated. Yet all these represent individual, specific buildings that cannot be compared with the very complex structure of an urban site like Sibiu, with its unique architectural treasure. Even in those cases where the list also includes the surrounding settlement, we deal with simple structures, which bear no comparison with Sibiu.

Sibiu Compared with Other Transylvanian Cities

Given the circumstances described above, a comprehensive comparative analysis of all the other Historic Centres in the surrounding region becomes imperative. Thus, there are both similarities and distinctions between Sibiu and the most prominent Transylvaniam cities: Braşov, Cluj (currently, Cluj-Napoca), Bistriţa, and Mediaş (Fig. 107). Nonetheless:

Ø Sibiu was one of the most important early ecclesiastical and political centres in the region. From the late 13th century, it was the seat of a provost, subordinating the prosperous settlement area in southern Transylvania. Also here was set up the administration of the Province of Sibiu – an administrative, territorial and political unit. Only the city of Alba-Iulia, see of a bishop, but otherwise a minor economic centre, had similar functions in the entire Principality of Transylvania. The old fortified city of Cluj was only for a short time the administrative centre of a county.

Ø Sibiu has been a multicultural, multiethnic and multi-confessional centre for the past two centuries. The above-mentioned administrative and political functions concerned mainly the Transylvanian Germans, as Sibiu became their political and spiritual centre (“Comitatus Saxonum” and the Lutheran Bishopric of Romania were based in Sibiu). Later, in the 19th century, Sibiu became the see of the Romanian Metropolitan of Transylvania; it was also the headquarters of the Romanian

Fig. 107. A 16th century map of Transylvania

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cultural association “Astra.” As such, it was an important cultural and religious centre for the Romanian population and its importance was also underlined by architectural developments.

Ø In comparison with other Transylvanian cities, Sibiu had complex economic functions: together with Braşov, it was the most important commercial centre of Transylvania. Nevertheless, Sibiu’s trade developed somewhat earlier and its main thrust was Western oriented. The city had the largest number of guilds and crafts in Transylvania; just like the Patricians of Bistriţa, those of Sibiu were engaged in various business ventures specific for mountainous areas; similarly to Baia Mare and Kremniča (Slovakia) it also had a Chamber for Mining and Minting. In addition, like Braşov, Sibiu also derived income from the lease of a customs check in the Carpathians.

Ø Even if the mediaeval cities of Braşov or Cluj had fairly large populations, most inhabitants were farmers and thus preferred the suburbs; therefore, the profile of these two cities is significantly different from that of Sibiu.

Ø Like other Transylvanian urban centres, Sibiu had a large inner city surrounded by an impressive defensive structure:

Ø From a planimetric point of view, Sibiu exhibits the earliest and undeveloped forms of urban planning. In the Lower Town, this took the form of rows, at first isolated, that were extended in length without a very well-defined plan for the whole. Such well-defined plans were much more evident in the case of other Transylvanian cities, such

as Bistriţa, Braşov and even Mediaş. Especially in the case of Cluj, such a master plan or composition is very obvious: it represents a transition towards development that is based on the idea of clearly defined quarters and not on linearly disposed plots.

Ø Although the architecture of the above-mentioned cities is similar to a considerable extent, the buildings in Sibiu are much older: Braşov burnt down almost completely at the end of the 17th century, Cluj underwent major transformations during the second half of the 19th century and during the 20th century, and Mediaş is a much more recent centre. One is inclined to compare Sibiu with Bistriţa, which, nevertheless, is a significantly smaller settlement.

Sibiu Compared with Other Central European Cities

Albeit with distinctly marked differences when compared to other cities, Sibiu is firmly anchored in the Central-European tradition and especially its southeastern variety; this variety also bears the unmistakable signs of its ties to areas influenced by post-Byzantine culture.

When comparison is made with cities to the north and west of Transylvania, it should be mentioned that in the whole Pannonian Plain, no mediaeval city survived the destructions caused by the Turkish occupation, followed by radical rebuilding. The only exception is Buda; this, however, is a somewhat more recent town

City Total area Allotments Streets, Squares Sibiu 86 ha 61 ha 20 ha Cluj 51 ha 33 ha 14 ha Braşov 43 ha 32 ha 11 ha Bistriţa 39 ha 25 ha 13 ha Mediaş 39 ha 26 ha 12 ha

Fig. 108. Map of locations in the Republic of Slovakia


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in comparison with the older Transylvanian settlements. It is also a town that underwent major and multiple transformations, especially after the destructions of World War II.

On the other hand, several Slovakian centres, such as Košice, Prešov, Bardejov, Kežmarok are much more similar to the mediaeval cities of Transylvania. Although they are organized in elongated allotments, they are also very different from the ones in Transylvania, especially Sibiu. In general, their evolution was determined by the epoch in which they were built; thus they developed a planimetric delineation characterised by a fusiform village green in the centre and rarely a central square. While the Transylvanian cities were forced to build strong defensive structures against the Turkish invasions, these cities undertook extensive building activities. However, no mediaeval city in Slovakia is comparable to Sibiu in terms of size, which makes the city in southern Transylvania stand out in this context.

The most interesting resemblance between Sibiu and another group of mediaeval settlements in Slovakia is to be found at Spišský Podhradie Levoča and its origin is in a functional similitude between the two. As was the case with Sibiu, Spišský Podhradie had been a rural settlement before it became a county seat. When the county seat was established here, a large fortress, Spišský Hrad, was built on a hill next to the village. When a provostry was also established in the area, a new fortification was built on another neighbouring hill, a fortified area containing a cathedral and a cloister, called Spišský Kapitula, Eventually, a manufacturing centre developed 15 km away, called Levoča. These four settlements all served the same functions as those in Sibiu; however, while the ones in Spiš are set apart, scattered over a wide area (Fig. 108), in Sibiu they are grouped together and placed in close proximity. This basic difference is significant from an architectural and urbanistic point of view and it is further underscored by Sibiu’s positioning on

the terrain. Within the same context, one may draw

certain comparisons between Sibiu and several cities in western Hungary, western Slovakia and eastern Austria. However, a direct analogy seems uncalled for in a historical perspective. Vienna has always been an exceptional city; beyond the destructions she suffered during World War II, she also, as capital of an empire, had to undergo many transformations. On the other hand, cities such as Sopron, Kőszeg or Bratislava have quite small Historic Centres, and thus they should be approached from a totally different perspective. The cities of “Waldviertel” in Austria, as well as those in the Czech and Polish kingdoms belong to a different space and to a different phase of urban development.

Sibiu Compared with Other Southeast European Cities

Sibiu is located in Southeastern Europe, but its main features are totally different from those of other urban centres in Wallachia and Moldavia, as well as from those in the Balkan Peninsula, the Ukraine, and Russia – despite the relatively small distance separating them.

Unlike towns in these areas, more to the south and the east of the continent, Sibiu does not have a loose initial settlement area, resulting from the drawing together of an initially scattered settlement that had for a long period preserved many large gardens and orchards (as was the case of certain settlements in Wallachia) neither does it follow the model of highly irregular dense agglomerations (as do certain Greek centres). Rather, the street network of Sibiu bears the hallmark of a regulated development, based on pre-established principles. We will not encounter here the winding lanes and highly irregular outlines of settlements that appeared on the site of farmsteads (such as settlements of the Zadruga-type in Bulgaria). Sibiu is likewise, different from the densely populated, gardenless and sometimes even yardless agglomerations, typical for certain mountainous Greek areas.

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The monasteries of the mendicant monks in Sibiu were built at the outer rim of the inner city, rounding off its area. They did not constitute independently important sites, in counter-position to the dwellings that sprang up around them, as was the case in Oriental Christendom. Churches in Sibiu belong to various denominations; the central cathedral of the city, built between the 13th and the 16th centuries, rebuilt and transformed by successive generations, is a uniquely dominant feature of the whole cityscape. What is missing in Sibiu is the presence of small parish churches of the same confession, built as part of a single effort and unchanged to these days, which give the

towns and settlements of Greek Orthodox southeastern Europe their specific unitary outlook.

Finally, the built-in area of Sibiu is marked by the existence of large numbers of mason-work houses that were built from the 15th century on. We cannot talk of a truly ancient built-in area, as is the case in southern Europe; nor can we speak of replacement mason-work structures that only started in the 18th century. What we have here is an old architectural heritage that follows Central European models.

We hope that these comparisons will prove helpful in bringing out the features that make Sibiu unique among other European cities.

3.d Integrity and/or Authenticity

Sibiu’s unique character derives from the irregular but continuous pattern of its development over various epochs: its planimetric outline goes back to the 12th–14th centuries; there are many Gothic, Renaissance and baroque elements, along with others belonging to architectural styles of the 19th and 20th centuries. This is typical of a living city that has developed for centuries on the same location.

We have here a city that fundamentally was untouched by external factors. It never suffered major natural disasters since it is not situated in a major earthquake area and it rarely suffered from major floods of its river, the Cibin. There were fires, but since these did not take place in an environment built of wood but one of stone masonry, the destruction, though remarkable at times, never went beyond certain limits and even in burnt-out areas the stone masonry was left standing.

Furthermore, Sibiu was never affected by war. In the Middle Ages and the modern era it was protected by its favourable natural environment, i.e. the range of the Carpathians and the city’s massive fortifications. It never had to undergo cycles of destruction-reconstruction caused by Ottoman expansion, Habsburg imperial ambitions, as well as later revolts and rebellions.

The two world wars also bypassed Sibiu. The major population dislocation following World War II did not affect the city’s urban and architectonic essence or its multiethnic, multi-confessional and multicultural character.

Changes suffered during the Communist period, which during the Ceauşescu dictatorship resulted in the destruction of the majority of the Historic Centres of Romania, only affected Sibiu to a minor extent and did not go beyond the renewal processes that characterise any historic period. These changes are concentrated in two well-delimited areas in the city. The Historic Centre suffered few interventions and this also meant that the city’s architecture had to do without any significant restoration.

The Preservation of the Planimetric Structure and the Allotment Pattern

The planimetric structure and the allotment pattern developed during the early and late Middle Ages have been preserved almost unaltered. The final outcome was a uniquely expressive cityscape that managed to retain its mediaeval character. There is only one recorded street width adjustment that occurred probably in the 17th century, when a single street situated in the Lower Town – 9 Mai Street – was narrowed. During the 19th and 20th centuries,


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three streets were considerably widened: Alexandru Odobescu Street (Pemflingergasse), at the intersection with Brukenthal Street (Grand Square) and Mitropoliei Street, as well as Constituţiei Street (Fig. 109). Also, three new breakthroughs were opened up. All these changes are well documented; they concern certain precisely delimited areas and did in no way affect the general planimetric structure of the old city.

Similarly important is the fact that only a very limited number of changes occurred in the alignment of street fronts and squares; the positioning and execution of stepped-back, jutting-out or curved lines were scrupulously respected, as a rule. All in all, four such changes are known.

The mediaeval planimetric structure was preserved in an almost intact state at the level of the allotment pattern (Fig. 20). During the early modern period, several new plots were created behind the large gardens, which are now accessible through earlier side streets.

As regards the allotment pattern, we also have an almost intact preservation of the mediaeval planimetric structure of the city. In the early modern period, a certain thickening of the pattern took place, caused by the appearance of new plots, in back of large gardens or orchards; these plots communicated

with earlier established side streets. All these point to a remarkably consistent evolution of the city’s planimetry, of great historical interest for anyone concerned with the chronology of the planimetry of Historic Centres. A much more rarely encountered feature of this development was the merging of neighbouring plots or their division lengthways. This painstaking preservation of the detailed old planimetry of the city is of exceptional scientific importance for the study of the fundamental genesis of cities. Exemplary studies of the evolution of Transylvanian cities and the underlying urbanistic principles illustrating this evolution have been undertaken, highlighting the importance of this phenomenon for the whole of the Central European area.

The Preservation of Architectural Vestiges

As already shown, from an architectural point of view, the specific outlook of the town is the result of the slow development of Sibiu on the very site of the mediaeval town. Consequently, what we have in Sibiu is an inhabited and living town that, in the terms of the 1994 Navarre Conference on Authenticity, has developed and is still developing under the influence of social, economic and cultural changes. An alternation of buildings and façades that belong to quite different periods is noticeable, superimposed on

Fig. 109. Blocks of flats in Constituţiei Street

Fig. 110. The Lutheran Parish Church, a view from the north

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Fig. 111. Gate restored by GTZ


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the initial mediaeval structure. The general plan of the present-day city mirrors accurately and homogenously the specifics of its evolution, i.e. an alternation between houses that were built all the way from the 15th to the 20th century with buildings erected in certain periods predominating in some areas. There have been no attempts to re-establish any specific image of any given period in the history of the city centre; also, there are no striking alterations made in a historizing Romantic spirit, likely to alter the original outlook of the buildings – the single exception here, being the Lutheran Parish Church, with its outer painting, windows and roof.

The overall effect of all these is not only the preservation of the original character of the buildings, but also the impression of authenticity given by the architecture and the outlook of the city. The natural alternation of buildings with different characteristics – some older and some more recent, some built in vernacular style and

others following classical models –brings out the expressive quality of the streets and the squares of the Historic Centre, at the same time showcasing the intrinsic value of its architectural heritage (Fig. 110).

Even if certain areas of the old centre have been reconstructed, e.g. the already mentioned areas in the old city centre and a factory was implanted in the outskirts of the Lower Town, these developments only affected limited areas with specific features (e.g. some parts of the Lower Town, where the vernacular style is dominant).

Old public buildings also fit into the general picture, playing an essential part in the unitary image of the old centre. It is important for the authenticity of the nominated site that the buildings erected during the first half of the 20th century and the communist regime underwent little repair or restoration work. Furthermore, when such work was executed, it was done

Fig. 112. Building site in Lesser Square

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using traditional materials and techniques. This is why the historic substance of architectural monuments has been preserved in a noticeably unaltered state; the prospects are good for restoration according to present-day norms and principles, preserving traditional materials and techniques, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the historic substance of the constructions.

Recent Rehabilitation and Restoration Efforts

Ample rehabilitation work is required, especially as regards dwelling houses. Action has been initiated by undertaking the scientific restoration of specific items (such as doors / Fig. 111, and windows), as well as by launching a citizens information effort.

At the same time, emergency repair work has been executed on roofs, coverings, eaves, drain pipes, or to eradicate wall dampness.

Major repair works are under way to rebuild the infrastructure of the site and retaining walls are also the object of reconstruction work (Fig. 112).

More and more importance is given to the Buffer Zone of the nominated site and its buildings that affect the cityscape (Fig. 113).

Similarly, increased attention is given to the numerous archaeological remains in the underground that are affected by the laying or replacement of water and sewage pipes, as well as power and telecommunication cables; an archaeologist is in charge of the permanent monitoring of these works.

Fig. 113. The cityscape in the area around the Sibiu Central Railway Station

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THE PROPERTY

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Urbanistic structure

and pattern of allotments

The planimetric structure has been preserved unaltered to a large extent since the mediaeval period. The most important elements preserved are the layout and the width of the streets, the alignment of the frontages as well as the division of the quarters into allotments.

Between 1850 and 1950 only three locations underwent significant changes (Fig. 114): • Lesser Square, where the central group of

buildings on the site of the present-day Liars’ Bridge was pulled down;

• The intersection of Alexandru Odobescu Street, Huet Square, Samuel von Brukenthal Street and Mitropoliei Street, where the old tower, allowing passage in all directions, was pulled down and the streets leading to the tower were widened;

• Alexandru Odobescu Street was widened and the Stairway Passage was restored and brought to its present form.

Breakthroughs were executed around the same period, creating three linking passages between the Historic Centre and the neighbouring areas: o General Magheru Street was extended and

linked up with Railway Square; o Mitropoliei Street was extended and linked up

with Andrei Şaguna Street; o Papiu Ilarian Street was extended and linked

up with Cetăţii Street. On the other hand, the alterations that were made during the Communist rule had little impact upon the city and centered mainly on two well-defined areas: § one of the peripheral areas of the Historic

Centre, where the section corresponding to Constituţiei Street and Ampère Street was redesigned and blocks of flats were erected;

§ another peripheral area of the Historic Centre between Pulberăriei Street (Pulvergasse) and Valea Mare Street, where a

leather factory was extended; § also, a small park was set up in Grand

Square (Fig. 115). Of similar importance is the fact that very few alterations were made to the alignment of the façades and to the position of the offsets and curvatures.

The almost complete preservation of the mediaeval planimetry is noticeable at the level of the pattern of allotments. On very rare occasions over the last 150 years have lots been divided or merged. The changes are documented; they are restricted to well-circumscribed locations and do not interfere with the general planimetry of the inner town (Fig. 116).

There are no trends that might possibly endanger the current planimetric structure and texture of the Historic Centre. In the past 15 years no building activity of this nature has been undertaken, no permits have been applied for, nor have any been granted or are likely to be granted in the future by the relevant authorities i.e. the Municipality of Sibiu, the Regional Committee for Historic Monuments No.7 and the National Committee for Historic Monuments.

More problematic is the current situation of the Buffer Zone around the Historic Centre where larger buildings were erected. These buildings are centered around Nicolae Teclu Street, where a number of factories were extended and around Unirii Square, where work was undertaken to create a new Civic Centre –aimed at relieving the pressure on the Historic Centre. Other, more consistent but isolated developments are: the extension of the City Hospital (Corneliu Coposu Bd. /Promenade) and construction work in Cibin Market (Holzplatz). It is hoped that the inscription of the City of Sibiu on the World Heritage List will also result in a much more careful monitoring of this area.

The state of the infrastructure

The water supply system and the sewerage

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system of the Historic Centre were built at the beginning of the 20th century and they have undergone few alterations since. As a result,

testing equipment has been purchased to assess the damage. This equipment will provide the necessary information to replace inadequate

Fig. 114. J. Böbel's Plan of the City


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systems; work on this has already started. Gas pipes, electric cables and telephone cables have been replaced in certain parts of the historic city, and underground TV cables have also been installed.

The defensive and restraining walls between The Upper Town and The LowerTown have raised more serious problems. As no conservational restoration work on these walls had been done for decades, they were found to be in a precarious condition at the end of the 90s. Consequently, large- scale restoration work has been initiated on the Stairway Passage (Fig. 117), the Penance Corner and on the street running underneath the Liars’ Bridge. The restraining walls of the Tower Stairs and Ocna Stairway have also been restored.

Moreover, the pavement of the central squares is to be rehabilitated. All this restoration work has turned the central part of the city into one large construction site (Fig. 112).

The state of preservation of the buildings

Little work was done on the buildings in the

Historic Centre during the communist rule: the façades were repainted and some maintenance work was done mainly on the roofs, gutters and drain pipes.

More consistent development work was undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s; this was centered around two locations: Ø The fortification structures. The towers of the

Carpenters, the Potters and of the Harquebusiers in Cetătii Street, as well as the enclosure wall between them were restored. Restoration was also undertaken on the wall in Blănarilor Street while the curtain wall on Corneliu Coposu Bd./Promenade, the Haller and Soldisch Bastions underwent less extensive restoration work.

Ø The restraining walls underwent maintenance and restoration work on the sections including the Stairway Passage and the Liars’ Bridge.

Ø The porticoes of the buildings at Nos. 14, 15, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26, and 30, Lesser Square, dating from the 15th–16th centuries, were

Fig. 115. Grand Square in the 1930s


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opened and restored. More extensive restoration work was undertaken on the buildings at no. 21 (the former Butchers Warehouse) and no. 26 (the former building of the apothecary “To the Black Bear”) as well as on the Town Hall Tower, where several museum halls were opened.

Ø The building of the Old Town Hall underwent general restoration (continued

even after the Directorate for Historic Monuments was closed down in 1977); the building would later house the History Museum. The state of the architectural ensemble after

1990. Given the insufficient restoration work undertaken during the Communist rule, many of the buildings were found in 1990 to be in a dilapidated state, which endangered their

Fig. 116. Plan of Rebuilding Work undertaken in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Buildings demolished

New buildings


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stability as well as the preservation of certain decorative elements and traditional trimming.

Their precarious condition was mainly due to the lack of any maintenance work over the years, at the level of the roof sheathing and of the drainage system. It was also due to improvised interior work that was required by the excessive subdivision of certain apartments after the 1948 Law for Nationalization. Substantial leakage at the level of the water supply system and the sewerage system was the main cause of dampness that affected about 70% of the buildings.

Problems of building stability mainly involved the uneven ground areas at the boundary between the Upper Town and the Lower Town and they affected several buildings (some of them very significant) in Lesser Square, Huet Square and the neighbouring streets. The same area was affected by even more serious problems, sometimes involving partial crumbling of certain sections of the inner fortifications, in places like: the Stairway Passage, the Liars’ Bridge, the wall between Movilei Street and Avram Iancu Street, as well as the wall on Centumvirilor Street.

After 1990, restoration started with some delay due mainly to insufficient funding and to the lack of adequate legislation in the field. The restoration process was further hindered by the fact that the buildings in the historic city had a large inhabitant population that would have had to be evacuated before any large-scale restoration work could begin.

The first measure taken by the recently reinstated Directorate for Historic Monuments was to order all demolition work in Constitutiei Street stopped, thus sparing the buildings at Nos. 1, 3 and 5, Constitutiei Street, as well as Nos. 79, 81 and No. 83, 9 Mai Street. All these buildings were included in the protected list.

Furthermore, small scale work involving the restoration of roof sheaths and drainage systems has been undertaken and has proved essential for the preservation of the buildings. The restoration work is currently in progress and it

involves approximately 45% of the 1050 buildings (or plots on which buildings are erected) in the Historic Centre, playing an important part in reducing the effects of dampness.

Interest in such developments has increased after 1999 when the publication of the Charter for the Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu marked the beginning of a partnership between the Municipality and the GTZ Consultancy Office. The restoration work done by this partnership, partly subsidized by GTZ, includes (Fig. 118): Ø Shoring up buildings through local structural

provisions and (or) the rehabilitation of frameworks and roof sheaths. Work on 35 buildings has been completed or is now in progress.

Ø Dampness control and the rehabilitation of façades. Work on 29 buildings has been completed or is in progress.

Ø Rehabilitation of façades (4 buildings) Ø Rehabilitation of interiors and of sanitary

facilities (8 buildings) Ø Restoration of historic gates (58 gates).

Given the fact that some of the buildings have benefited simultaneously from two or

Fig. 117. Rehabilitation work of the Stairway Passage, from upper end to lower end


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more types of restoration, it can be estimated that approximately 10% of the buildings have undergone some form of restoration as part of the GTZ co-operation project.

Other restoration initiatives have been supported by private funding; the buildings at Nos. 25 and 28, Nicolae Bălcescu Street, Nos. 3-5, Ocnei Street, Nos. 2, 5, 16, Grand Square and Nos. 1, 3, 6, Avram Iancu Street have had restoration of the façades executed, meant to diminish the size of openings and thereby restore the original outlook of the façade.

Starting with the year 2000, major development of the infrastructure has been undertaken, especially in the three squares of the Historic Centre. A major cause of dampness will be eliminated once the current water supply and sewerage systems are replaced. The

pavement will also be restored by using traditional materials and certain public monuments will be reinstalled, based on findings of archaeological excavations. Such infrastructure restoration is also in progress in Alexandru Odobescu, Ocnei and Rimski Korsakov Streets.

Restoration of churches. The Church of the Hospice has undergone extensive work of consolidation, dampness control and restoration, subsidized by the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs and, more recently, by GTZ. At the Lutheran Parish Church, the Roman Catholic Parish Church in Grand Square, as well as at the Church of the Ursuline Sisters the façades and the roofing were restored. The ground storey of the Roman Catholic Presbytery at No. 2, Grand Square was

Fig. 118. Record of the GTZ-Consulting Activity (the GTZ Office in Sibiu)


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renovated and the initial systems of openings, as well as the baroque decorative elements of the stairwell were restored.

The Franciscan Church has been recommended for a consolidation project on the basis of a technical survey and the project is about to be implemented.

Fortifications. The most consistent funds have been allotted to the restoration of such monuments, given their dilapidated condition; the funds were used in two areas: Ø The Liars’ Bridge (in Ocnei Street), where the

consolidation and restoration of the two restraining walls and of the stairs that connect the Upper Town and the Lower Town is soon to be completed. The water supply and sewerage, and public illumination systems, as well as the pavement in the neighbouring areas have also been restored.

Ø Stairway Passage, where work of consolidation and restoration, as well as of rehabilitation of

the Tower Stairs is under way. Other repair work is less extensive: Ø the wall behind the Lutheran Vicarage; Ø the wall at No. 6, Movilei Street.

The walls and towers in Cetăţii Street have also undergone maintenance work.

The restoration of public buildings. Progress was made in the restoration of a number of buildings in 2004, such as:

Ø The Thalia Hall – the Old Theatre of the city/Altes Stadttheater - built on a former rondel (the Thick Tower), where the restoration process is to be completed this year (Fig. 71, 119);

Ø The building at Nos. 11, 12, Lesser Square has been restored and given a new destination (formerly a dwelling house, it has been turned into a museum).

Ø The building at No.16, Lesser Square –Luxembourg House/Schaaser Haus –

Fig. 119. The Rebuilt Theatre, View from Cetăţii Street


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formerly a dwelling house, has been consolidated and restored.

Further general restoration work is in progress at: Ø the building at No. 21 (House of Arts) Ø the building at No. 22, which is currently

being fitted out for future use as a School of Architecture and Restoration.

Technical surveys of the buildings at Nos. 24, 25, 26, Lesser Square, Nos. 5, 7, Avram Iancu Street and No. 6, Aurarilor Square have been made, serving for future restoration work. For the buildings at No. 13, Vopsitorilor Street and No. 10, Grand Square (Haller House), plans are in progress; in the case of the latter, provisional

Fig. 120. Archaeological Plan of the Central Area of the City

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consolidation work has also been undertaken.

Archaeological Vestiges

The City of Sibiu is also the site of many valuable vestiges located underground (Fig. 120). Most of these vestiges have not been affected by recent restoration work which is mostly restricted to certain well-circumscribed areas and, as a rule, is accompanied by the necessary archaeological investigations.

Such archaeological investigations were lacking only in the case of interventions executed in the 19th century. A major intervention aimed at the vertical systematization of Huet Square was executed in this period; on this occasion the northeastern side of the churchyard of the Lutheran Parish Church was impacted.

In the 20th century, archaeological vestiges were affected mostly by the digging of ditches for various urban projects (water, sewerage, electricity, phone and TV cables). The finds occasioned by these works were published at the time and gave important clues to the understanding of the birth and growth of the mediaeval city.

Other recent interventions are connected to the current project, under execution, of complete renewal and replacement of the pavement of the central squares; the involved areas are thoroughly investigated and cleared by teams of archaeologists. Results of these ongoing investigations are not yet available, but will, no doubt, be published in due time.


(i) Development Pressures (e.g., Encroachment, Adaptation, Agriculture, Mining)

Ownership

Private ownership of buildings in the Historic Centre is a factor which limits the direct involvement of local authorities in the process of rehabilitation. This also concerns occupancy for office use, by a variety of businesses (e.g. banks, mobile phone companies, etc.) with significant financial resources. Clear and firm policies are necessary to protect and encourage development of traditional commercial activities in the Historic Centre. A list of activities that are allowed, as well as those that are prohibited in the Historic Centre should be clearly defined, with a view to achieving a balance of activities that are compatible with the specific nature of the area, and also to ensure its all-round economic viability.

Pressure from investors

A source of serious difficulties is represented by the desire of business to modify openings, in order to obtain direct access from the street to shopping spaces, to enlarge shop-windows, to put up large and aggressive advertisements that clash with the character of the Historic Centre (Fig. 121). There is

also pressure to install air-conditioning systems and ventilation ducts directly on the main facades. Lately, there has also been a growing tendency to add mansard attics to buildings.

Demolition work was carried out in the Historic Centre, as early as the 19th century. In the 1980s, two barracks situated on the limits of the Historic Centre (i.e. on the foundations of the Cisnădia Gate Bastion, respectively in the neighbourhood of Cibin Market) were pulled down. The central building in Dragoner Square was also demolished, as well as buildings in Constituţiei and Ampère Streets.

However, there are only few houses that have been abandoned or have fallen into ruin. Mention should be made, in this respect, of one house in Maternităţii Street and another in General Magheru Street. A similar situation is that of a building at No. 6 Felinarului Street; the building is abandoned and is in an advanced state of dilapidation (as a result of faulty repair work in the courtyard) and there is real danger of its collapse. The building at No. 16 in the same street was also abandoned, and is now in an advanced state of


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degradation. We also mention a building in Aurarilor Square, where unauthorized and improperly executed construction work was suspended by the local authorities.

Demolition work has resulted in empty lots; to occupy these sites, building competitions have been organized, under local regulations for town-planning in the Historic Centre.

Traffic and Parking

At present, motor vehicle traffic is allowed in the Historic Centre; parking is allowed in the

street, and traffic is controlled by a system of “one-way” streets. Parking lots at the limits of the Historic Centre are far from being satisfactory. The detour route round the Historic Centre is incomplete and inefficient, because of overlapping heavy traffic, public transportation and private motor vehicles.

The traffic study, which is in progress, proposes more fluid motor vehicle traffic and the building of more parking lots at the limits of the Historic Centre.

(ii) Environmental Pressures (e.g., Pollution, Climate Change, Desertification)

At present, there are no extreme pressures of environmental factors on the Site; however, certain aspects will be permanently monitored.

Air pollution

The Regional Agency for Environmental Protection is in charge of monitoring environmental quality in Sibiu. Monthly measurements, taken between 2002 and 2004 by the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, placed Sibiu among cities with a low level of air pollution.

Reports of the Agency show that monthly and yearly average values of the concentration of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide do not exceed normal values or produce acid rains. There are occasional increases in the concentration of carbon monoxide.

High-concentration gas emission is caused by heavy traffic at the south-western limit of the

Site (Andrei Şaguna Street – Route 1) and the north-eastern limit (Constituţiei Street). This situation is caused by transit traffic passing directly through the city—150 m away from the Historic Centre—and through the recently rebuilt area at its limits. As of 2007, transit traffic will no longer be a problem, once the ring road, whose construction began in 2004, is opened.

In conclusion, Sibiu enjoys good air quality, which does not jeopardize the preservation of building materials. There is one exception, though, i.e. several sculptures, made of natural stone (e.g. caryatids, atlantes, etc.), have deteriorated through the centuries.

In the year 2000, the Local Council of the City of Sibiu adopted Decision no. 191, which prohibits investments that produce waste and industrial residues, soil- and air-polluting substances; also prohibited are industrial activities that generate pollution (phonic

Fig. 121. Shop Windows in Nicolae Bălcescu Street


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pollution included), in the field of wood processing, ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical engineering, and cement industry, in the western Industrial Zone of Sibiu.

Nevertheless, in view of the evolution of economic activities over the past three years, the Local Environmental Action Plan for Sibiu proposes to keep air quality under strict and permanent monitoring.

Water pollution

The River Cibin, flowing close by the northwestern limit of the Historic Centre, has a slight upstream pollution, placing it in category II, while downstream the water is category III, as a result of collecting partially-treated waters from the city’s industrial activity. The water stream turns normal only downstream of the Mohu water-treatment station, 10 km from Sibiu. In conclusion, surface-water pollution has no visible impact on the general condition of buildings in the Nominated World Heritage Site.

Rain water infiltration

During the second half of the 20th century, the substructure of the Historic Centre was neglected by the Communist regime, with visible consequences in the 1990s, such as: deterioration

of the retaining walls in the Liars’ Bridge area, of the retaining walls and flying buttresses between the Lutheran Parish Church and the Stairway Passage, as well as of certain buildings on the north side of Lesser Square.

Initially, landslides were considered to be the cause of such deterioration, but a number of geo-technical studies, as well as diggings executed between 2001 and 2003, on the occasion of the restoration of Luxembourg House (No. 16, Lesser Square), prove that damage was caused by rain water infiltration, from the surface ground of Lesser Square and Huet Square, towards the Lower Town.

Between 2002 and 2003, the Municipality rehabilitated the drainage and sewerage systems in Huet Square, in order to eliminate these causes; work will continue in Lesser Square only after the ground has been reinforced on both sides of the passageway to Ocnei Street. At the moment, several state-owned buildings, situated on the north side of Lesser Square, are being restored. As part of the Romanian-German Project “Rehabilitating the Historic Centre of Sibiu-Hermannstadt,” private owners can also get advice and financial assistance for the consolidation of endangered buildings.

(iii) Natural Disasters and Risk Preparedness (Earthquakes, Floods, Fires, etc.)

Earthquakes

Sibiu is situated in a minimal seismic danger area. Earthquakes originating in the nearest seismic area, i.e. the East of Romania, have very low intensity in Sibiu. Therefore, the site is not considered to be endangered by major earthquakes.

However, because of the venerable age of the buildings that are part of the Site, the Municipality has initiated a survey of the state of the buildings; wherever necessary, this will be followed by consolidation work, in cooperation with the owners.

Fire

Wood, as the traditional building material of

most buildings in the Historic Centre, makes the Site highly exposed to fire hazard. Risk-reducing measures, aimed at preventing and extingui-shing fires, have been taken. All public and commercial activities taking place within the Historic Centre of Sibiu, are subject to national legislation in the field and require permits issued by the Sibiu Fire Brigade. The granting of such permits depends on the existence and functionality of fire-preventing and extinguishing plans and equipment. The Sibiu Fire Brigade checks these plans and equipment on a regular basis. Sibiu possesses the technical and human resources to locate and extinguish fires.

The Sibiu Fire Brigade has qualified


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personnel and is located within short distance from the site (900 metres) and, in case of fire, can act promptly. The Fire Brigade is endowed with the equipment necessary for locating and extinguishing fires: water trucks, water cannons, utility vehicles with special ladders.

In 2003, the Municipality initiated a program to replace fire cocks in the pavement (less visible and easily blocked by parked vehicles) with fire cocks above the pavement, thus facilitating firemen’s access to the water network.

Flood

Although the bed of the Cibin River is at the north-western limit of the Historic Centre, Romanian National Waters Company does not consider the Site endangered by surface water floods.

Sibiu municipal grounds are protected by partial damming and the existence of a reservoir on the Cibin River, situated at Gura Râului that takes up rainy-season surplus water and drains it under control. The water-flow of Trinkbach, an affluent of the Cibin River is also regulated.

Abundant rainfall sometimes causes isolated cases of flooded basements in the northwest of

The LowerTown. These are caused, on the one hand, by the ground-water sheet that is too close to the surface and, on the other, by pipe blockage and insufficient drainage capacity.

The municipality-owned water company S.C. Apă-Canal S.A. offers emergency services (pumping and draining excess water) to limit the impact of water on basements and walls.

The Municipality has also initiated two flood-prevention programmes. The medium-term programme, started in 2004, is for checking and unsilting pipe sewerage, with water jet under pressure, using remote-controlled minirobots. The long-term programme, initiated in 2002, is mainly aimed at the rehabilitation and modernization of the sewerage system in the Historic Centre.

Two other programmes have also been initiated, as part of the Romanian-German Project “Rehabilitating the Historic Centre of Sibiu-Hermannstadt,” to offer advice and financial assistance to private owners, for the use of efficient waterproofing and dampness prevention technologies in the maintenance of walls.

(iv) Visitor/Tourism Pressures

Currently available data show that there are no major or potential risks for the site, in spite of the increasing number of tourists in recent years.

Capacity

The Historic Centre of Sibiu is a relatively robust urban area, with a good capacity to welcome visitors. The streets are narrow—a hallmark of all mediaeval cities— yet public squares are wide, allowing access for large numbers of visitors. On the whole, the Heritage Site is a large and spacious compound, with a good capacity to accommodate tourists.

In terms of accommodation facilities, Sibiu has a total of 1,374 places in hotels, both within and outside the Historic Centre, as two hotels are situated within the Historic Centre and two outside it. Motels and boarding-houses can

accommodate 500 more tourists. The nomination of Sibiu as European Cultural

Capital for the year 2007 will attract an increased number of tourists. Even though the Sibiu Tourism Association has not yet provided any estimated figures, Sibiu will probably not be confronted with any accommodation problems, even if the number of visitors doubles. Considering monthly occupancy figures, hotel rooms in Sibiu have never been fully occupied, since according to information provided by the Department of Statistics of Sibiu County, the occupancy rate in the peak months (July-August) of 2003 was 40.5% and 45.6% and, for the year 2004 the rate was 43.6% and 52.8%, respectively.

Taking into account the fact that three more hotels will be opened in close proximity to the Historic Centre, thereby doubling the


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capacity of accommodation of the city, no major problems are envisaged, even if the number of tourists triples.

A culture of welcoming visitors

The Strategy for Durable Development, part of Local Agenda 21, and the Guide for the Development of Sibiu place great emphasis on the role of tourism in local economic development. The concept of tourism development, as outlined in the Charter for the Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu and detailed in the Guide for the Development of Sibiu and the Urban Action Plan for 2005-2008 lays stress on the need to develop a type of cultural tourism that is acceptable to the community and would not endanger the natural and architectural environment of the city.

Increased numbers of visitors will have a positive effect on the hotel and restaurant industries, and will encourage the diversifying of services and retail and consumer goods production. This will be reflected in increased financial benefits for the population and the municipality alike.

Consequently, tourism is an important opportunity to increase cash flows that might substantially help the financing of public works, i.e. restoring and rehabilitating buildings of the Historic Centre.

Wear and tear and material deterioration

In the past fifteen years, none of the public buildings of the Historic Centre has had visitors in sufficiently large numbers to cause wearing out of building materials. The phenomenon is, nevertheless, noticeable in some edifices of the Historic Centre (especially the Lutheran Parish Church and the Town Hall Tower) where erosion of the stairs and flagstones of the interior pavement was caused by constant use over several centuries, rather than the temporary influx of visitors over the past few years.

In extreme situations, simultaneous access of great numbers of tourists at peak times might

become a potential source of overloading and accidents, or damage to the structures of some buildings. Nevertheless, there is only a slight danger in this respect, since the edifices most exposed to overloading were reinforced in the 20th century: • In the Brukenthal Museum, the main rooms

with maximum opening between the walls have boards with wooden beams between the first and the second storeys. In the 1950s, they were reinforced with metal structures in the area of corbels;

• In the Town Hall Tower, open to the public since the 1960s, there are massive wooden stairs, connecting the upper storeys; moreover, the winding stairs can also be used for one-way traffic, up to the third storey;

• At the beginning of the 20th century, the steeple of the Lutheran Parish Church was also reinforced, with a massive plinth and an internal iron frame, on which the bells and the access stairs were mounted. The frame is relatively flexible and there is some swinging motion when the bells are rung.

Nevertheless, the Municipality, the Brukenthal Museum and the Lutheran Parish Church are contemplating the introduction of restrictions to the number of visitors with simultaneous access to these sites.

Car traffic influenced by tourism

Twelve streets in the nominated World Heritage Site are subject to heavy traffic, while the majority of the other streets are less heavily used. Over the next five years, future trends in tourism will also bring about an increase in car traffic within the Historic Centre and this might intensify gas emission, unless specific measures are taken.

Another risk factor that might endanger the structural integrity of buildings, albeit in isolated cases, is represented by heavy motor-vehicles. In the past fifteen years, there has been a single case, when the plaster and even the masonry of the arcades of the passage under The Town Hall Tower were damaged by tourist buses, in spite of


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clearly posted signs of weight-limit. A first measure was taken in December

2003, when the Traffic Commission suspended car traffic under the arcades of The Town Hall Tower; the interdiction was maintained in the Traffic Management Plan for the Historic Centre. This Management Plan, adopted in January 2005, is part of the long-term measures, aimed at reducing motor-vehicle traffic within the nominated Heritage Site, and at discouraging transit traffic and parking in the Historic Centre of Sibiu. The Plan proposes the following:

• setting up pedestrian precincts (Nicolae Bălcescu Street, Grand Square, Lesser Square);

• speed limits;

• introducing more “one-way” streets;

• parking restrictions for non-residents;

• building new parking areas, at the limits of the Heritage Site. The Implementation of the Traffic

Management Plan for the Historic Centre, along with the elimination of transit traffic, once the new highway is open to traffic in 2007, will significantly reduce pollution and the risk paused by motor vehicle traffic to the buildings in the nominated Heritage Site.

(v) Number of Inhabitants within the Property and the Buffer Zone

Data published by the Department of Statistics of Sibiu County (part of the 2002 census) give the following population figures:

• number of residents within the Heritage Site – 13,958 inhabitants;

• number of residents in the Buffer Zone – 11,044 inhabitants.

(vi) Miscellanea

Physical and chemical factors

with impact on buildings

The state of utilities: up to the present, these installations have been replaced in Grand Square, Lesser Square, Huet Square, and Alexandru Odobescu Street.

Phreatic-water level: there is a higher level in the Lower Town and there is a “lens of water” in the Upper Town, in the area of Grand Square.

Dampness: frequent in buildings in the Historic Centre, caused by: damaged water pipes inside walls, uncontrolled water leakage and neglected repair work, lack of horizontal isolation at the basis of walls, wall coating done with unsuitable materials (e.g. tiles, sandstone), plastering with modern materials that prevent walls from breathing, asphalt pavement extending to the walls, clogged-up gutters not connected to street sewage. Various interventions will be necessary in this respect.

The state of basements: in the Upper Town

they are in good condition, since there is no water infiltration. On the other hand, in rainy periods, there are recurring problems in the Lower Town.

The state of foundations: there is no survey of the entire area. Case to case technical surveys can provide information on specific buildings.

Physical and chemical factors

Although there is no acid rain in Sibiu, some elements of the buildings in the Historic Centre (e.g. masonry, sculpted elements and stone frames, tile roofing) are affected by a number of atmospheric factors, such as: temperature variations, wind, and humidity. Atmospheric humidity and pluvial water have the most noticeable effect, especially in the context of successive cycles of frosting-defrosting (Fig. 122).

As part of the programme “Rehabilitating the Historic Centre of Sibiu” a number of projects, in the form of demonstrations but also of co-financing of works, have been initiated, to


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Fig. 122. The The Stairway Passage in winter


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prevent or stop deterioration caused by these factors. These programmes focus on emergency roof repair work, meant to eliminate pluvial water infiltration and redirect rainfall, away from vulnerable elements.

The Office for Planning and Survey of the Historic Centre provides consultancy and assures that materials specific to the site – same dimension, colour, shape, and granulation – are used for repair and restoration work.

Biological factors

The widespread use of wood as a construction element in most buildings of the Historic Centre entails the action of biological factors (e.g. microorganisms, insects, fungi) in the Heritage Site.

The most serious danger is represented by Merulis Lacrymans, a fungus which destroys cellulose, causing brittleness in wooden structures (e.g. frameworks, floors/platforms, loggias, sculpted ornaments). Fortunately this fungus appears only in a few isolated cases.

Historic frameworks are in relatively good condition and so far, there has been no large-scale deterioration. The reason for this is that, for many decades, unlike other European Historic Centres, the Sibiu Site has been lived in uninterruptedly. Almost without exception, buildings in the Heritage Site have been

permanently lived in or used, thus ensuring a modicum of maintenance and ventilation of the attics, and helping the preservation of the wooden elements of roofs.

The Municipality is responsible for the prevention and control of this risk factor. Any intervention on buildings that are part of the Site requires permits from the Municipality of Sibiu and, among other things, these are conditional on biological surveys.

Current regulations in constructions mandate the replacement of damaged wooden parts. The Office for Planning and Survey of the Historic Centre of the Municipality of Sibiu provides advice and checks repair work done in the Heritage Site; preservation and consolidation work should follow the regulations for construction security, and these interventions should remove as little material as possible from wooden structures.

Sibiu has specialized laboratories (e.g. the Restoration Laboratory of the Brukenthal National Museum and the Regional Laboratory for Preservation and Restoration of the ASTRA Museum), as well as companies that specialize in undertaking surveys, providing consultancy for repair work on buildings in the Historic Centre, and implementing pest control.

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5 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

OF THE PROPERTY

5.a Ownership

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5.a Ownership

The buildings in the Historic Centre are:

- the public or private property of the state or of the City of Sibiu,

- the private property of individuals or legal entities,

- mixed property.

1. According to the data of the 2002 census, published by the Statistics Office of the County of Sibiu, the ownership of apartments in the protected area is broken down as follows: - private property 82.9% - state property 11.7 % - property of religious institutions 5.4%

2. According to the inventory of buildings in the Nominated World Heritage Site, compiled by GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) in the year 2004, the situation of ownership is as follows: - private property (single ownership) 21% - private property (joint ownership) 45% - state property 2% - mixed property 28% - the property of religious institutions 4%

A rather undesirable situation is that of houses that belong to more than one owner, as a result of retrocession (re-privatization). Ensuring that they revert to single ownership is a medium-term objective.

5.b Protective Designation

General Elements

At present, the Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu has been declared a Site of National Interest (position 171), comprising, apart from the Nominated World Heritage Site, five archaeological sites (positions 1-5), the mediaeval fortification complex of the city (position 165), and the fortified enclosures (positions 166-170). Moreover, eighty-four buildings in the Historic Centre also have the status of historic monuments of national importance (A Category) and a further eighty-five buildings situated in the Historic Centre have the status of historic monuments of regional importance (B Category).

The list of all these monuments was approved by Order no. 2314/July 8th, 2004, and was published in Monitorul Oficial (Official Gazette) No. 646 (July 16th, 2004).

The legal status of the Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu is further regulated by: - Law No. 203/2001, for approval of

Government Ordinance No. 5/1999 declaring the City of Sibiu and its surrounding area a Site of National Interest.

- Government Decision GD 525/1996 for approval of the General Regulations for Town-planning.

Management Authority

National Authorities: The Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, with its directorates: • The Directorate for Historic Monuments and

Museums • The Sibiu Directorate for Culture, Religion

and National Cultural Heritage. • The Ministry’s remit in this field is

established by Art. 27 of Law No. 422/2001 for the protection of historic monuments.

Other authorities: • The National Institute of Historic

Monuments. Its remit is established by Art. 29 of Law No. 422/2001 for the protection of historic monuments, and by Government Decision No. 261/2002 for the organisation and functioning of the National Institute of Historic Monuments. Its special responsibilities are:

5 Protection and Management of the Property

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a) to compile the National List of Historic Monuments and

b) to administer its database.

• The National Office of Historic Monuments. Its remit is established by Art. 30 of Law No. 422/2001 for the protection of historic monuments, and by Government Decision No. 1257/2001 for the organisation and functioning of the National Office of Historic Monuments. Its special responsibility is to administer governmental funds for the restoration of historic monuments.

Regional Authorities:

The Sibiu County Council; The Municipality of Sibiu, Chief Architect’s Office, which, according to general regulations, comprises:

• The Office of Urbanism and Urban Planning is in charge of the valid issue of urbanism certificates under the regulations of PUG for the entire city area;

• The Office for Building Permits and Control issues certificates and building permits; it monitors observance of building regulations;

• The Bureau for Monitoring and Planning for the Historic Centre and its monuments-remit:

- monitoring of buildings in city ownership and those in the Historic Centre;

- promoting public offers for the rehabilitation works of buildings in the Historic Centre;

- monitoring the observance of local city regulations for the Historic Centre.

Institutions and persons with management responsabilities

The various bodies are:

- The National Board for Historic Monuments under Art. 32 of Law No. 422/2001, establishing its staff and remit, as well as its

internal Regulations, approved by Order of the Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs.

- The specialised subcommittees of the National Board for Historic Monuments under Art. 32 (2) of Law No. 422/2001. The subcommittees are: Architecture and Engineering; Urbanism; the Arts.

- No. 7 Regional Committee of Historic Monuments covering the following counties: Sibiu, Braşov, Covasna, Harghita, Mureş, Alba. The Chairman of the Committee is a member of the National Board for Historic Monuments, each county has a representative in the Regional Committee of Historic Monuments; the Secretariate is located in the Braşov Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Heritage.

The remit of the Committees is established by Order of the Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs.

Addresses of various bodies:

Ø The secretariate of CNMI: the Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs / The Directorate for Historic Munuments and Museums: Arh. Dan Nicolae, No. 30, Kiseleff Rd., RO – 011347 Bucureşti;

Ø The secretariate of CRMI nr. 7: The Braşov Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Patrimony: prof. Dana Jenei, No. 22, M. Weiss Str., RO – 500031 Braşov;

Ø Municipality of the City of Sibiu, The Bureau for Monitoring and Planning for the Historic Centre: Arh. Ioana Urdea, No. 1–3, Victoriei Bd., RO – 550024 Sibiu;

Ø The Sibiu Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Patrimony: prof. Vasile Crişan, No. 6, Tribunei Street, RO – 550176 Sibiu.

5.c Means of Implementing Protective Measures

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5.c Means of Implementing Protective Measures

National legal framework

Laws of the national patrimony: § Law No. 422/2001 for the protection of

national historic monuments; § Government Ordinance GO No. 47/2000 for

protective measures for historic monuments inscribed on the World Heritage List;

§ Law No. 5/2000 for the approval of the Urban Planning Project – Section III: Protected zones;

§ Law No. 350/2001 for urban planning and urbanism;

§ Law No. 105/2004 for the protection of the movable cultural heritage.

Government Decisions and other legal measures regulating the disposition of national patrimony, pursuant of laws: § Government Decision No. 261/2002, for the

establishment of the National Institute for Historic Monuments, with its areas of responsibility;

§ Order No. 2632/2004 of the Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs for approval of the Methodological Criteria for the listing and evidence of historic monuments, of the List of historic monuments, of the Record Card of historic monuments and the Minimal Record Card of historic monuments;

§ Decision No. 493/2004 for the monitoring of historic monuments inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the Methodology for the pro-duction and the management plan for the protection and administration of historic monu-ments inscribed on the World Heritage List;

§ Order No. 2314/2004 of the Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs for approval of the updated List of historic monuments and the List of lost historic monuments;

§ Order of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Tourism No. 562/2003 for approval of the Regulations entitled “Methodology for the production and the

management plan of urbanism documentation for protected urban areas (PUZ).”

Procedure in the case of actual or possible violations

Depending on the seriousness of the violation: Ø Notification of the County Directorate for

Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Heritage;

Ø Notification of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs and of the National Board for Historic Monuments;

Ø Decision to enforce penalties commensurate with the seriousness of the violation;

Ø Court action in cases involving penal offences; Ø Enforcement of the provisions of the Penal

Code for the destruction of historic monuments, a legal offence;

Ø Application of the penalties stipulated by Law No. 422/2001 Title IV art. 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 for offences and contraventions.

Means at the disposal of the authorities for the protection of monuments:

Ø warning, Ø notification, Ø fine, Ø court action.

Local measures: - Decision of the City Council of Sibiu, No. 112/2001; - Local Regulation for the historic zone (an integral part of the General Plan for Urban Development).

Non-judicial measures: GTZ co-financing programmes for the

rehabilitation of buildings: gates, windows, dampness, roofs etc.

Promotion of traditional techniques and materials for the rehabilitation of buildings: information and training classes for craftsmen, organised by GTZ and the Mihai Eminescu Foundation.


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Urban construction sites:

Public spaces: rehabilitation of Grand Square, Lesser Square, Huet Square;

Streets: rehabilitation of Ocnei Street, Al.

Odobescu Street, etc; Emergency interventions: the Stairway Passage; Buildings: Sibiu Town Hall (No. 2-4,

Brukenthal Street), buildings at Nos. 21-22,

Fig. 123. The Age of the Buildings in the Historic Center

1350–1530 1530–1700

1700–1825

1825–1875

1875–1925 1925–2004

5.d Existing Plans Related to Municipality and Region in which the Property is Located

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Lesser Square, Sports Hall, Al. Odobescu Street, Thalia Hall, rehabilitation of the

Town Hall Tower, rehabilitation of the towers in Cetăţii Street.

5.d Existing Plans Related to Municipality and Region in which

the Proposed Property is Located (e.g., Regional or Local Plan, Conservation Plan, Tourism Development Plan)

Plans of various jurisdiction

Ø General Plan for Urban Development (1999).

Ø Preliminary Study toward a General Plan for Urban Development for the City of Sibiu and a Long-term Development Strategy for the entire City of Sibiu (2003): it offers a new, long- and medium-term urban strategy for the city. The conclusions of this preliminary study will be the basis for the implementation of the new General Plan for Urban Development; it outlines changes in the functional profile of important parts of the city.

Ø Regulations for the Historic Zone (2001). Ø Zonal Urban Plan – mediaeval architectural

reservation. Historic Centre, including town planning regulations (2001-2003): the object of the study is the Historic Centre, but the study also includes the Buffer Zone along the boundary of the Site, representing the interface between the architectural ensemble and the city. The study offers: - indexing of buildings (Fig. 123); - dating of buildings; – valuation of buildings in terms of:

volumetry, façades, valuable interiors, well-preserved antique woodwork, miscellaneous artwork (frescoes, stucco work, door and window framings);

– recommended traffic flow chart for the Site and the Buffer Zone.

Ø Segmental Plan for Urban Development –

The Complex of Squares in the Nominated World Heritage Site: Huet Square, Grand Square, Lesser Square, Aurarilor Square, with the adjacent stairways (2001-2003). Within the inner city, the area under scrutiny occupies a central position. It is in this area that most of the historic monuments of major interest for tourists are concentrated. At present, there are a number of important institutions in the area, such as the Town Hall, churches, museums, and shopping areas. At the same time, it is within this perimeter that the buildings with the greatest stability problems, requiring emergency intervention are located, especially in the boundary area between the Lower Town and the Upper Town. In the case of most buildings, the consolidation and restoration work cannot be undertaken individually because of the close interdependence between neighbouring buildings, so that an overall investigation is necessary. The general principles of this investigation are mentioned in this study. The study contains: - indexing of buildings, their current condition, marking of compromised building sections; - the existence of green areas or places assigned for gardens; - the map of known archaeological sites, superimposed over the network of streets and of buildings above ground.

Concepts for the General Development of the City and of Its Monuments

The Charter for the Rehabilitation of the Historic

The Rehabilitation Charter was first published with the purpose of preserving the physical and cultural heritage of the Historic Centre of Sibiu. It offers a frame of reference and it brings together a set of


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Centre of Sibiu (2000)

guidelines for the rehabilitation of the architectural heritage of Sibiu. The Charter emphasises eight priority directions of action, including: the preservation of the cityscape of the historic city, tourism and cultural activities, traffic limitation, and public spaces. This document is the first of a series of planning and management instruments that provide a political framework for the main public and private entities in Sibiu.

Urban Action Programme for Sibiu 2001-2004

The 2001-2004 Urban Action Programme is an official planning document for a period of four years, which sets out immediate strategic elements and urban development projects for Sibiu. The document is organised according to a sectorial approach, including the following chapters: dwelling, technical infrastructure, public spaces, traffic, tourism, commerce, and crafts. Each chapter contains short and medium-term strategic plans or projects, both for the Historic Centre and for the entire City. This document was updated in 2004 and will be published in 2005 under the title “The Management Plan of the Historic Centre of Sibiu.”

Local Action Plan 21 – The Local Longterm Development Plan (2004)

The Local Long-term Development Plan, elaborated by the Municipality of Sibiu, with international assistance, provides a short analysis of the urban context and sets out a series of strategic objectives that will assure a lasting development of the city.

The City of Sibiu: Development Guide (2004)

The Guide comprises the main directions for city policies in the main fields of activity. It sets out strategic objectives and represents the basis for the modernising process of the entire city.

The List of Historic Monuments in the Nominated World Heritage Site

(List approved and updated in 2004 / Fig. 36) A Category Sites (of national importance): The archaeological site in Sibiu; The fortifications of the mediaeval city, Enclosure

I, Enclosure II, Enclosure III, Enclosure IV, Late Fortifications;

Historic Centre. A Category Buildings (of national importance) and B Category Buildings (of regional importance) in the protected area: - 9 Mai Street: 43 (A), 14, 22, 30, 36, 75, 83 (B). - Aurarilor Square: 3, 10 (A), 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (B). - Argintarilor Street: 1 and 9 (B). - Arhivelor Street: 2 (B). - Armelor Square: 10 (B). - Avram Iancu Street: 1-3, 5, 7, 8, 8. 11, 14, 16 (A), 2, 4, 6 (B). - Azilului Street: 2, 4 (A), 3 (B).

- Nicolae Bălcescu Street: 12, 40 (A), 2, 7, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 34, 38, 42 (B). - Samuel von Brukenthal Street: 1, 2 (A), 3, 4 (B). - Cetăţii Street: 5 (B). - Constituţiei Street: 19 (B). - Faurului Street: 18 (A), 6, 12, 16, 20 (B). - Huet Square: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17, The Lutheran Parish Church (A): 16 (B). - General Gheorghe Magheru Street: 4, 34-36 (A), 2 (B). - Grand Square: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 (A), 11, 13, 15 (B). - Lesser Square: 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, the iron bridge (A), 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 29 (B). - Mitropoliei Street: 2a, 7, 9, 13, 17, 20-24, 33-35 (A), 8, 11, 15, 18, 19, 75 (B). - Moş Ion Roată Street: 6 (B). - Movilei Street: 1 (B).

5.e Property Management Plan or Other Management System

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- Ocnei Street: 3-5, 8, 22 (A), 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 17, 19, 24, 30 (B). - Papiu Ilarian Street: 10 (A). - the Stairway Passage: 1, 2, 3, 4 (B). - Şcolii Passageway: 2 (B). - Şelarilor Street: 12-14 (A). - Târgului Street: 3 (A), 4a (B).

- Tipografilor Street: 4, 23 (B). - Turnului Street: 6, 14 (A), 1, 4, 7, 12 (B). - Vopsitorilor Street: 13 (A), 21 (B). Buildings in the Buffer Zone: - Constantin Noica Street: 48 (A). - The Roman Catholic Chapel of the Holy Cross (A)

5.e Property Management Plan or Other Management Systems

The management plan was drawn up by IHS Romania in 2004. It is attached to the present documentation. The specific aims of the Management Plan include: – to provide management guidance and over-

all coordination of existing initiatives, instruments and programmes for the preservation and restoration of the Site;

– to guide and control development to ensure that the values of the Site are not harmed;

– to highlight the priority actions of the Municipality of Sibiu for the next five years.

The elaboration of the management plan is a participative process, where all stakeholders, lead by a community based task force are involved in its different stages. The Municipality plays a leading role, but representatives of municipal agencies, of the local community, the private sector and NGOs are also participating in identifying key management issues, development objectives and projects. A series of workshops and intranet debates on management issues were organised with municipal staff. Interviews with representatives of the community brought up important aspects concerning these issues and contributed to the formulation of strategic objectives.

Consultation with the community will continue to be an important characteristic of this plan, during its implementation stage.

This Management Plan is organised in 3 parts: • The first part includes a description of the

Site, including the relevant maps and illustrations. This chapter is a summary

version of the site description included in the UNESCO Nomination Report.

• The second part describes the key management issues that should be dealt with in respect to the conservation and protection of the Historic Centre.

• And finally, the Site Management Action Plan maps out the strategic objectives and detailed actions/ projects for the following sectoral issues: Conservation of the cultural heritage, Technical infrastructure and public services, Trafic management, Public spaces and squares, Tourism and an Action Plan „Erlebnisraum”. The action plan for each of the sectoral issues includes an implementation timeframe and allocates the main responsabilities and tasks. A thematic map illustrating the proposed actions and projects accompanies each page.

The Historic Centre Management Plan complements and further details existing planning and policy documents that have been developed in the recent past, namely:

• The „Rehabilitation Charter for the Historic Center of the City of Sibiu” (Carta Reabilitării Centrului Istoric al oraşului Sibiu), first published in 2000.

• The Municipal Action Programme 2001–2004 (Program Urban de Acţiune Sibiu 2001–2004).

• The Development Guide for Sibiu (Ghid de dezvoltare), published in 2004.


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5.f Sources and Levels of Finance

Alotted sums: Sources of financing Planned Work 2004 2005 Total Local Budget Various Works 13.358.228.- € 19.961.174.- € Budget Historic Centre Infrastructure, pavement restoration etc. 1.901.614.- € 13.811.428.- € 2005 County Budget Rehabilitation of the Thick Tower 1.557.143.- € 257.143.- € 2005 National Budget Restoration in the Historic Centre (Sibiu, Cultural Capital) 1.000.000.- € Cofinancing KVW Investments in Grand Square, Lesser Square, Huet Square 1.901.614.- € 64.763.- € Cofinancing BERD Renewal of public lighting in the Historic Centre, Railway Station Area 5.000.000.- €

5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation

and Management Techniques For a long time, the Historic Centre of Sibiu has made the object of studies of cultural history that resulted in a number of scientific papers. However, only a limited number of local historians were able to publish their work during the Communist Regime. On the other hand, during that period local architects found it all but impossible to gain experience in the field of rehabilitation of historic monuments. Until the late 1990s, the rehabilitation of the Historic Centre did not exist as a field of activity for architects, construction firms and city administration alike.

The situation has changed considerably starting with the year 1999. The Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs recognised the importance of preserving the Historic Centre of Sibiu and requested the assistance of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany in a programme of technical co-operation, whose aim was to create the necessary competence for the Municipality in view of the rehabilitation of the historic area. The project of co-operation between the Municipality and GTZ (Society for Technical Cooperation) initiated a series of emergency actions, allowing designers and workers to acquire onsite, specialized knowledge in the

field of rehabilitation of historic monuments. Certifications. Furthermore, the Ministry of

Culture and Religious Affairs introduced special provisions for the certification of qualifications required to work in the rehabilitation of historic buildings. Meanwhile, all architects, civil engineers, and site supervisors involved in activities of rehabilitation of historic buildings have to undergo further training (M.A. courses), as well as a yearly certification process at the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. Special permits have been issued for construction companies undertaking such projects. These certificates attest training for certain categories of traditional crafts.

Qualified Personnel within the Administration

Municipality. The City administration has a special “Bureau for Monitoring and Planning for the Historic Centre.” This department is run by the Chief Architect of the city who is also a lecturer in the Department of Restoration and Conservation of the School of Architecture; his Assistant has an M.A. degree in Restoration Studies.

The Regional and National Committee for Historic Monuments. All planned rehabilitation measures concerning historic monuments have

5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management Techniques

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to be submitted to No: 7 Regional Committee in Braşov, which has jurisdiction over Sibiu County. Requests concerning buildings of national importance are forwarded from here to the National Committee of Historic Monuments, within the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. The Regional Committee is chaired by world famous architect and historian, Prof. Paul Niedermaier, Ph.D. and made up of highly qualified experts.

The State Inspectorate for Construction. This bureau has ca. eight inspectors, under the supervision of architect Gheorghe Şeptilici, and is involved in both the authorization process and in monitoring construction activity. The Inspectorate regularly monitors restoration work and hires only authorized superintendents, with expertise in this field.

Institutions in charge of rehabilitation. Starting with the year 2006, the qualified personnel and the group of co-working

architects, involved in the current rehabilitation project of the Sibiu Historic Centre, will be transferred to an institution in charge of the rehabilitation of monuments, in order to assure permanent assistance to building owners and further development of the subsidies programme. The personnel involved in the project are highly experienced in the rehabilitation of historic monuments and in managing subsidies. Further training is programmed till the end of 2006.

Experts, architects, and engineers. In 1999, only five of the 80 architects in the Sibiu area showed an interest in the field of rehabilitation of historic buildings, while at present, there is a group of 14 architects and consulting engineers that elaborate projects, free of charge, for the following:

o analysis of building structural stability, o list of criteria for selection for rehabilitation, o cost estimate of interventions required

by building owners.

Fig. 124. The Summer University in the City of Sibiu


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This group of consulting architects is constantly increasing. Architects from different regions of the country have also been involved in this rehabilitation project. For the past four years, the consulting architects have been working intensely on the historic building rehabilitation programme using traditional techniques and materials; as a result, they have acquired considerable experience in rehabilitation work.

Construction Companies involved. Construction companies in the region have discovered this new market and have regularly been sending their workers to training courses. In the late 1990s, there was only one construction company that executed rehabilitation work, whereas currently nine large construction companies have a special department for rehabilitation work. Four of these companies employ workers that have graduated successfully from a stonemason-training course. At present, there are five companies that undertake restoration of historic gates and doors and employ carpenters who have completed training courses.

Training Courses for Architects

The GTZ Project. This project offers consulting architects onsite training, as well as assistance and support. The project has conducted seminars –often over several time periods – for architects, as well as for construction workers or companies on certain selected topics, such as dampness control or wood preservation. These courses will continue through 2006.

M.A. Studies in Restoration and Rehabilitation Work. “Babes – Bolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca and “Ion Mincu” University of Bucharest offer two-year Master Programs in restoration and rehabilitation of historic monuments. Architects and engineers need to graduate from these M.A. courses, in order to receive permission to work on projects for historic monuments.

The Sibiu Campus (College of Architecture and Restoration) of “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest. Housed

in the historic building at No. 22, Lesser Square, the College of Architecture and Restoration has functioned in Sibiu since September 2003. The College concentrates on the teaching of the rehabilitation of buildings and of historic monuments, being the only institution of its kind in the country. After the first year of study, practical experience is emphasized, including actual field work•partly carried out on building sites•, with building materials and technologies specific to construction work on historic buildings (Fig. 124). As a further step in this direction, cooperation is envisaged with the crafts training and demonstration centre organized by the “House of Arts.”

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of History and Heritage Conservation. The “Nicolae Lupu” Faculty of History and Patrimony of “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu has three specializations:

– conservation – restoration, – history (archaeology), – history and a foreign language.

Training Courses for Traditional Crafts The Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Sibiu, in co-operation with the Chamber of Commerce of Mainz, started a project in the field of handicrafts six years ago. Given the local demand for traditional craftsmen, the project focused on training courses for carpenters and stonemasons with special emphasis on multi-stage training courses for stonemasons, in the employ of several Sibiu construction companies. These courses will continue through 2007.

The GTZ Project. The training courses orga-nized as part of the GTZ Project focused mainly on the rehabilitation of historic gates and doors (Fig. 125). A total of 69 joiners from 23 companies took part in these training courses. Later, courses in the restoration and rehabilitation of historic windows and shutters were also organised.

The Romanian–German Foundation. In addition to the above mentioned courses, the Foundation also offers different training courses for traditional handicrafts, such as carpentry.

The “Mihai Eminescu” Trust. The training course with practical applications for façade

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Fig. 125. Gates Restored by GTZ


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rehabilitation, based on traditional technologies using plaster or lime-based paints, was initiated by the GTZ Project in co-operation with the “Mihai Eminescu” Trust. Rehabilitation work on several façades in the Historic Centre was undertaken as part of the project.

After the completion of these projects, the foundation’s main focus reverted to its initial area of interest: rural architecture; nevertheless, future collaborations are definitely not excluded.

The Crafts, Training and Demonstration Centre of the “House of Arts”. The Centre is a new project, housed in the historic building at

No. 21, Lesser Square, its purpose being to attract architects, practising craftsmen, and superintendents of work, through exhibitions and training courses. Through illustrative boards and exhibits, the standing exhibition will provide information related to all the traditional techniques and building materials used for repair work. It will also present modern techniques, suitable for rehabilitation work, as well as case studies of rehabilitated items, accurate in terms of workmanship and complying with the regulations on historic monuments.

5.h Visitor Facilities and Statistics

Accommodation and Services Offered

The successful programmes of preservation of the cultural heritage create a connection between tourism, museums, art, natural resources, and other elements of interest, necessary for the establishment of strong partnerships, with the preservation, improvement, promotion and administration of these unique resources as their main objectives.

The likelihood of Sibiu successfully entering the circuit of cultural tourism depends largely on the city’s ability to foster regional links with the fortified Saxon Churches in Transylvania and with other important Transylvanian cities, such as Sighişoara, Alba-Iulia, Târgu-Mures, and Cluj-Napoca.

The first visible effect of the inscription of Sibiu on the World Heritage List of UNESCO is expected to show in the area of tourism. Favourable developments, such as better business opportunities for service providers and more jobs are likely to have an important impact upon the whole local community. However, hidden downsides, such as the suddenly inflated number of visitors to the Historic Centre, will have to be considered and solutions devised, especially for problems such as increased strain on public utilities and disturbance of the residents’ customary way of life.

Upward trends are visible in the quality of

tourist services in Sibiu (hotels modernised and refurbished, new tourist information centre in Grand Square, etc.). Efforts are being made to harmonise the interests of the public and the private sector, in the choice of tourist attractions to be encouraged in the Historic Centre of Sibiu. A common strategy will also be agreed upon, taking into consideration both future advantages and disadvantages of increased tourist industry.

Close cooperation between local authorities and tour operators will be necessary in the future, to assure the economic development of the city on the one hand and the preservation of the cultural heritage and of the unique features of the Historic Centre on the other. The Tour Operators Association, the Association for Rural Tourism, and the Association for Tourism in Sibiu are the main NGO’s active in the field of tourism, that collaborate with the 2007 Association, founded to organize the “Sibiu/Hermannstadt – Cultural Capital of Europe 2007” event. These associations will contribute to the planning of a long-term development strategy for the Historic Centre.

At the same time, close cooperation will be essential for the improvement of the range of tourist activities and services on offer, both in the immediate future (2007) and in the long run.


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The Municipality’s Tourist Information Centre is located in Grand Square; as yet, the number of employees and the range of information offered are limited. The centre offers thematic tours and makes available brochures and informative materials to visitors.

Visitor statistics

Visitors to the Historic Centre of Sibiu over the period between 2002-2004:

Year Type of accommodation

Arrivals

Hotel 32.984 2002 Urban boarding house

1.516

TOTAL 2002 34.500 Hotel 31.466 2003 Urban boarding house

1.570

TOTAL 2003 33.036 Hotel 35.190 2004 Urban boarding house

1.164

TOTAL 2004 36.354

In 2005, according to statistical estimates, the number of arrivals in the Historic Centre will have been 15% higher as compared to the previous years and this will result in a number of 38.000 tourists.

Compared to the estimated rise of the demand for tourist services, the current capacity is limited. Sibiu has been chosen, with Luxembourg, as Cultural Capital of Europe in 2007, and this makes it necessary for the city to come up with a cultural offer capable of attracting a large number of visitors and of meeting their various needs. In addition to the diversification of the cultural agenda on offer, the city will have to increase its capacity to accommodate visitors. Over the past three years, the number of beds available in hotels or boarding houses in the Historic Centre (not counting those outside its limits)

was as follows:

Year Type of accommodation

Number of beds

Hotel 384 2002 Urban boarding house

39

TOTAL 423 Hotel 480 2003 Urban boarding house

135

TOTAL 617 Hotel 1.295 2004 Urban boarding house

309

TOTAL 1.604

Compared to this situation, in the first half of the year 2005, the number of beds in urban hotels and boarding houses increased significantly.

The most important hotels in Sibiu are located in Nicolae Bălcescu Street (The “Împăratul Romanilor” Hotel), as well as outside the Historic Centre, yet quite close to the Site, in Unirii Square (The “Bulevard” and “Continental” Hotels). These hotels provide 2 star and 3 star services. A new and increasingly popular form of tourist accommodation is the private boarding house that addresses the needs of a different class of tourists.

The Historic Centre of Sibiu offers good location for hostels or boarding houses, especially considering the fact that the current fund of buildings, as well as traffic restrictions does not favour the enlargement or further development of already existing hotels. However, there are investors currently interested in building two new 3 star and 4 star hotels in Teatrului Square, just outside the Historic Centre.

Diversification and modernization will help Sibiu bring its services to the level of the new forms of tourism that it seeks: weekend and leisure tourism, conference tourism, business tourism (two to three nights of accommodation


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with quality services at competitive prices). These initiatives have increased the city’s capacity to meet new, increased demands.

Bars and Restaurants

The restaurants and terraces in the Historic Centre are probably the most dynamic commercial sector in Sibiu. The range of services offered caters to different tastes and budgets, with services and amenities covering a wide range.

Most restaurants offer traditional Romanian food, as well as international cuisine, while vegetarian dishes are not prominent on the menu. From spring to late autumn, there is a dense network of terraces in the main squares and in the Nicolae Bălcescu pedestrian precinct and they appeal to young and elderly alike.

Shops and Boutiques

Shops in the Historic Centre of Sibiu have served its population and that of the whole

region for many centuries. Offering a wide range of shops for both locals and tourists, the district is vitally important for the economy of the city.

The Historic Centre of Sibiu has a variety of shops, sharing the same premises and combining their resources to provide an attractive range of offers to customers. Compared to 2001, investments in the Historic Centre have increased three to four fold, a positive signal that the Historic Centre has become a more favourable location for trade, and that shop owners feel more encouraged to invest in commercial spaces. Out of a total commercial area of 16.890 m2

currently available in the Historic Centre, shops occupy a larger area than cafés, restaurants, and other businesses. In addition, it should be mentioned that 75% of the commercial establishments in the entire city carry on their business in the Historic Centre.

Fig. 126. The Parking Lot in Xenopol Street


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Investments made by banks, agencies and various offices, as well as owners of restaurants and cafés have increased six fold compared to 2001. The resulting upturn in real-estate prices has given a powerful boost to the economic life of the city.

The results of surveys and polls taken in 2002 and 2003 among businesses engaged in retail trade and services in the central area of the city help form a clearer picture of this type of business activity. The surveys did not include the entire historic city but only the streets more frequently used by locals and tourists.

Field 2002 2003 Food Stores 18 16 Restaurants/Cafés/Confectionaries 22 28 Services and Consumer Goods 136 140 Consumer Goods /Medium-Term 60 86 Consumer Goods /Long-term 17 27 Commercial Banks 3 6

Total 256 303

Parking Lots

There are several factors impacting the management of traffic in the city, as the private and the public sectors sometimes have conflicting interests. Several studies by Romanian and foreign experts, commissioned by the local authorities, have dealt with traffic-connected problems and difficulties and their management.

A study of traffic in the historic area, financed by the Romanian - German project: “The

Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu / Hermanstadt,” is currently being undertaken.

An overview of the existing parking lots in the Historic Centre (Fig. 126) is given in the table below:

Type of Parking Lot Number

of Parking Lots

Number of Lots

Parking Lots for Resi-dents / Season Tickets

21 581

Free Parking Lots/ without any facilities

23 627

Fee Paying Parking Lots / with facilities

4

243

Private Parking Lots / Fee paying

1 42

Public Toilets

Public toilets in the historic city are located in: • “Astra” Park • Lesser Square – in the restraining wall • Tineretului Park • The Central Railway Station area – in the

basement of the building located in the centre of the square

On the occasion of public events organised in the summer season, environmental toilets are placed in various areas.

Medical Emergency Services

The City of Sibiu has a fleet of 23 ambulances.

5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation

and Promotion of the Property

National Strategies

• Creating the necessary legislation and monitoring enforcement.

• The inclusion of certain sites in Sibiu in the Annual Plans for Restoration of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.

• The inclusion of certain sites in the City and the county of Sibiu in the yearly budgets of

other ministries such as: Ministry of Transport, Construction and Tourism; Ministry of the Environment.

• Supporting the cultural institutions of the country by specific programmes and projects.

• Including in the state budget for 2005-2007 financing for the cultural manifestations of 2007, when Sibiu will be the “Cultural


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Capital of Europe” together with Luxembourg.

• Supporting new initiatives for the restoration of monuments in Sibiu: the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourg House), the Society for Technical Cooperation GTZ (Sibiu Programme), the Lutheran Parish Church with the adjoining religious and civic buildings that it owns.

• Marking during 2005 of all monuments listed and appearing on the 2004 List of Historic Monuments by affixing to each a plaque reading “Historic Monument.”

• Proposals to include Sibiu and its surroundings in the plans for regional development in order to obtain funds for the protection of the cultural heritage.

• Applying Law No. 203/April 20, 2001, for the approval of the listing of Sibiu and its environments as a site of national interest.

• The valorization of historic monuments through special projects.

• The valorization of the spiritual, inter-ethnic

and inter-denominational heritage-project. • Promoting cultural tourism: touristic routes

(Fig. 127). • Including Sibiu in the touristic routes

established for monuments in the region already inscribed on the World Heritage List: the city of Sighişoara, the Transylvanian Saxon villages with fortified churches.

• Encouraging the Transylvanian Germans of Sibiu to engage in cultural projects.

• Identifying domestic and foreign partners for programmes and projects.

Informing and Educating the Local Population

In Sibiu, public relations focus on two directions. First, the Historic Centre should be promoted on municipal, regional, national and international scale and also defined as cultural heritage. Second, one should stir the interest of the inhabitants in cultural and historic values, in order to stimulate their participation in the preservation of the Historic Centre both financially and technically (Fig. 128, 129).

As a result, public relations focus mainly on the people who live in the Historic Centre. Thus, the German-Romanian co-operation project “The Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu” aims at giving ample information about the rehabilitation both to local population and to decision-making institutions. The intended transparency favours a sustainable urban development.

Various activities have been initiated for a steady information of the inhabitants of Sibiu with reference to the rehabilitation programme:

• Regular reports on rehabilitation activities are carried by local papers.

• Notices on the buildings carry up-to-date information about the initiated rehabilitation pro-jects.

• The locals are invited to information sessions.

The inhabitants of the Historic Centre are important partners in the preservation of the heritage area. An important element here is to emphasize the value of historic buildings and the need to preserve it. The Guidebook to the

Fig. 127. Board displaying the Route of the Visiting Tours

5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property

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Regulations for Local Town-planning suggests feasible measures to preserve the value of buildings and to avoid any factors that might diminish it. Leaflets and various related topics were published, written in a clear and accessible style. They have been delivered to the inhabitants in the Historic Centre. The press campaign “Dos and Don’ts” and the cycle of nine TV episodes in 2004, “Man and His Enviromment – Public Attitudes” have taken place to the same purpose.

The GTZ office also provides technical

advice to the inhabitants. To this purpose several publications have been published, providing both information about the project as such and concrete assistance for the rehabilitation of historic buildings.

These publications cover a great variety of topics, covering the correct rehabilitation of gates and doors, obtaining a building/demolition permit or the translation of technical literature into Romanian.

The official opening in the House of Arts of “The Demonstration and Training Centre” will take place in 2005 in collaboration with the Astra Museum. An exhibition will publicize the subjects of rehabilitation work via posters and mock-ups for lay persons. Specialists will be given the possibility to attend further refresher courses.

The Sibiu Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Heritage will also set up an information centre in Grand Square. Tourists and local population are invited to seek

information about the current projects for the rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Sibiu.

In the rooms of the Inspectorate for Culture as well as the lobby of the future Town Hall in Grand Square exhibitions on town-planning and rehabilitation of the Historic Centre have been organized regularly over the past years; architectural contests are held frequently. In the spirit of transparency and cultural awareness, ‘in situ’ demonstrations of rehabilitation works are also offered.

In September 2002, on the occasion of the International Symposium for the Rehabilitation of Historic Centres for the first time an award for the preservation of historic monuments was given to honour contributions to this cause. The contest generated great interest among the inhabitants of Sibiu and was instrumental in the realization of a number of projects. The 2001 contest, organized with the aim of finding a slogan for the Historic Centre of Sibiu, also encouraged the citizens to identify with the image, the past and the future of their home-town. Thus, the chosen motto, “The Past of Sibiu Becomes the Future” (Fig. 130) highlights the importance of the Historic Centre.

The children’s interest in the Historic Centre and its significance was also stimulated by organizing a contest for them. Around the central idea “beautiful and ugly in the Historic Centre,” the children were encouraged to give free vein to their artistic inclinations by making drawings and collages. So much enthusiasm was generated by the contest that authorities are

Fig. 128. Vedute by Morando Visconti


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now giving serious thought to the introduction into the school curriculum of a subject entitled “Sustainable Urban Renewal”.

The first initiative to inscribe the Historic Centre of Sibiu on the World Heritage List was launched on the occasion of the Symposium: “European Confluences,” organized in 1998 under the patronage of the then President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, and UNESCO.

Preliminary work in view of the inscription of Sibiu on the World Heritage List continued; in September 2003 a public forum and debate was organized, entitled “The Ensemble of Historic Squares in Sibiu on the World Heritage List.” The conclusions of this debate were used to fundament a Decision of the Local Council to start preliminary proceedings for the inscription of the ensemble of historic squares in Sibiu on the World Heritage List.

A second proviso of the decision concerns the city’s firm commitment to the preservation of the authenticity and integrity of the site, while the third proviso concerns the setting up of a

group of experts for the elaboration of a preliminary study, budgeted for 2004.

These two major events of the year 2003 were followed by numerous working sessions throughout the year 2004.

Another important aspect that we would like to underline is the visit of the Deputy Director General of UNESCO, Mr. Mounir Bouchnaki, in 2004. The aim of his visit was to inspect the main sites of the Historic Centre of Sibiu and to meet members of the working group charged with the elaboration of the UNESCO documentation.

The Development of Cultural Tourism

It is undoubtedly true that Sibiu has considerable potential for the development of tourism. It has a unique urban heritage in the Central European area and is situated in a pleasing natural enviromment; this urban heritage is paralleled by the presence of many highly diversified museums. All these are essential components for a durable development

Fig. 129. An 1864 Engraving by L. Rohbock


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of cultural tourism. Thus, not only is Sibiu the museum city, as its numerous visitors often call it, but it is also a city of museums.

Considering the number and the value of the heritage items, Sibiu joins the most important museum centres in southeastern Europe. Mention should be made of the fact that the permanent exhibitions in the Sibiu museums, except the open-air “Folk Art Museum” in Dumbrava and “The Museum of Weapons and Hunting Trophies,” are located in the Historic Centre of the city (Fig. 131, 132).

The Brukenthal National Museum (4-5 Grand Square) was at the origin of the entire Sibiu network of museums. Baron Samuel von Brukenthal’s collection of rare books, antiquities, paintings and sculptures, coins and paleonthological finds were of paramount importance in the setting up of the Museum.

It was in order to house and exhibit his collections, that Samuel von Brukenthal, former Governor of Transylvania, built his palace in Grand Square. The fine arts gallery was opened here in 1790 and under the last will and testament of the Baron the Palace-Museum was opened to the public in 1827. This makes it the oldest Museum in Romania and one of the oldest on the Continent.

At present the Brukenthal National Museum includes:

• The Art Gallery • The Library • The History Museum • The Museum of National History • The Zonal Restoration Laboratory

Brukenthal Palace houses the Art Gallery, whose collection of paintings boasts works by European masters of the Flemish, Dutch, German, Italian, French, Spanish and Austrian Schools. The Art Gallery has 1070 paintings as well as a large collection of etchings and sculptures and fine art examples of the decorative arts. The Gallery of National Arts, formed during the 20th century, contains remarkable pieces of art created on the territory of Romania, from the Gothic to the Renaissance and up to contemporary artists. Brukenthal Palace also houses the Brukenthal Library that, with its collection of over 280.000 books, of which we must mention 386 incunabula, as well as numerous manuscripts, is one of the most valuable libraries in Romania.

The History Museum is housed in the group of buildings of the Old Town Hall (No.2 Mitropoliei Street) and considered one of the most important ensembles of civil Gothic architecture in Transylvania. The museum exhibits archaeological,

Fig. 130. General View of the City of Sibiu in 1809 by Franz Neuhauser (Details of this image are presented on the cover pages of the chapters)


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historical and numismatic collections comprising about 60.000 coins, 39.000 exhibits with archaeological or historical character, 14.000 exhibits pertaining to the guilds and 1.900 weapons that are a treasurehouse for anyone seriously interested in the history of Transylvania.

The Museum of Natural History, opened in May 1895, in a building specially raised for that purpose in Cetăţii Street. The opening was facilitated by the availability of the collections of the members of the Transylvanian Society of

Natural Sciences (Siebenbürgischer Verein für Naturwissenschaften) which they started in 1849. The initial collection contained 100.000 exhibits and it has grown to its current size of 1.093.000 exhibits in the fields of Botany, Zoology, Geology-Paleontology, Cynegetics and the History of Pharmacy. The Museum has permanent exhibitions: Taxonomy of the Animal World (No. 1, Cetăţii Street), the Museum of the History of Pharmacy (No. 26, Lesser Square) and the Museum of Weapons and Hunting Trophies (No. 4, Şcoala

Fig. 131. Location of Museums and Exhibitions (1. Churches, Chapels, Synagogues; 2. Museums, Museal Exhibitions)


175

de Înot Street / Schwimmschulgasse).

The National Astra Museum (Nos. 11-12, Lesser Square); the Dumbrava Forest (Junger Wald) (Fig. 133). It was established in the year 1990, when the former ethnography and folk art branch separated from the Brukenthal Museum. It follows the tradition of the Association for the Literature and Culture of Transylvanian Romanians (ASTRA), which originally set up the Museum of the Transylvanian Society in 1905. At present it includes:

The “Franz Binder” Museum of Non-European Ethnography (No. 11, Lesser Square) houses the collection of exotic objects and new collections of world ethnography. Founded in 1993, it is the first museum of non-European ethnography in Romania.

The Astra Museum of Transylvanian

Civilisation (No. 11, Lesser Square) was founded in 1993 and its purpose is to show the Transylvanian culture and folk civilisation from an interethnical and interdisciplinary point of view. Its collection includes about 30.000 items of folk costumes, textiles, ceramics, religious objects made of wood, bone or iron.

The “Emil Sigerus” Museum of Transylvani-an Saxon Ethnography (No. 12, Lesser Square) was founded in 1997 and houses about 7.000 items of the “Emil Sigerus” collection from the collections of the former Museum of the Transylvanian Carpathian Society (Museum des Siebenbürgischen Karpatenvereins).

The Project:

Sibiu – Cultural Capital of Europe 2007

In 2004, the Council of Ministers of the

Fig. 132.B – The Museums of the City of Sibiu

Fig. 132.A – The Museums of the City of Sibiu


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European Union decided that Sibiu, together with Luxembourg, will be the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2007. In order to put this project into practice the non-governamental organization “Sibiu-European Cultural Capital of Europe in 2007 Association” was set up. It has been the most ambitious project for the local community over the last decades, which will undoubtedly have an impact on tourism. One of the planned activities is “The Ecumenic Conference of the European Churches,” which will hold its third session (after the important meetings held in Geneva and Graz); this was decided by the relevant international bodies.

There is a close connection between this Project, “Sibiu – Cultural Capital of Europe” and the “Proposal for the Nomination for the Inscription of the Historic City of Sibiu on the World Heritage List.” The major work of rehabilitation of the infrastructure and the monuments of the historic town, the modernization of the International Airport and of the Railway-Station, the Project for the rehabilitation of markets, passageways, public illumination and marking of the monuments (including multi-media techniques) are just a few of the targets set by both projects. In the short term they marshall the financial, economic and socio-cultural efforts of the community, but also of the national authorities. In the medium and long term, the projects are an additional factor for the optimal

preservation of the monuments and historic heritage of the ensemble. These will constitute sources of touristic and cultural desirability and attractiveness as well as strong investment incentives for domestic and foreign capital.

Furthermore, the success of the two projects would be a step forward in the integration of Romania into the European Union.

Participation in International Fairs

and City Presentations

The promotion of the international image of Sibiu has been more intensive after the International Conference “Sibiu – European Confluences” held in 1989 (organized under the aegis of UNESCO), and after the Romanian Government issued the Government Ordinance whereby the City of Sibiu and its surrounding area were declared sites of national interest (1999). As a consequence of this Governmental decision the Interdepartmental Committee “Sibiu 2000” was set up.

Under these favorable circumstances, Sibiu had its own special stand in the Romanian Pavilion at the “Hannover 2000” World Fair.

Sibiu was also present with its own exhibition stands at the “Tourism Fair” (Bucureşti, 2003), at the “Salon of Tourism for Central and Southeastern Europe” (Deventer, 2004), as well as the “Tourism Fair in Bergamo” (Bergamo, 2004).

Thematic Tours

The disposition of the various monuments and historic sites on the ground and long practical experience in the visitor’s capacity to take in the sights and cityscape on offer resulted in a number of preferred tours, selected by specialists and tourists (Fig. 134):

← Fig. 133. Picture representing the Dumbrava

Open-air Museum


177

• The short tour (the V.I.P. tour) (Duration: 1 hour): Liars’ Bridge - Huet Square (Huet Square with the Lutheran Parish Church and the Lutheran Vicarage,) – the Old Town Hall (Altes Rathaus) - Lesser Square (the Town Hall Tower) - Grand Square (the square with Brukenthal Palace).

• The standard tour for tourists (Duration: 1.5 hours): Liars’ Bridge - Huet Square (the

square with the Lutheran Vicarage) – Penance Corner – the Tower Stairs, (Stairway Passage) – Turnului Street - the Old Hospice – the Aurarilor Stairway - Lesser Square (the square with the Butchers Warehouse /Fleischerlauben) - the building at No. 25 and the Town Hall Tower - Avram Iancu Street (with Böbel House and Brukenthal House, the Roman Catholic Church and Brukenthal Palace) -

Fig. 134. Plan of Thematic Tours

(1 – Minimal tour; 2 – Regular tour; 3 – Cultural itinerary; 4 – Tour proposed in the management plan; 5 – “Religious buildings”; 6 – “Dwelling Houses”; 7 – “Fortifications”)


178

Grand Square (the square with Haller House, the Roman Catholic Church and Brukenthal Palace) – the Old Town Hall - Huet Square (the square with the Lutheran Parish Church).

• The Cultural Tour for Tourists, part of the “European Cultural Itineraries” Project (Duration: 3 hours): Luxembourg House - Huet Square with the Lutheran Vicarage, the Lutheran Parish Church - Lesser Square with the Town Hall Tower, the Museum of the History of Pharmacy - Aurarilor Square - Dragoner Square - the Hospice – the Stairway Passage House (with “The Golden Cask” Inn) – the Old Town Hall - the Hungarian Reformed Church - the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral - the Astra Library – the former Cisnădia Gate - Cetăţii Street (with the defensive towers) - Grand Square (with Lutsch House and Czekelius House) - Avram Iancu Street (with Brukenthal House, Weidner House, Böbel House, the Convent of the Ursuline Sisters) - Lesser Square (with the House of Arts).

• In the management plan another tour is offered (Duration: 4 hours): Huet Square – Lesser Square – Grand Square –Schiller Square – Cetăţii Street – Papiu Ilarian Street – Nicolae Bălcescu Street – Xenopol Street – Mitropoliei Street – the Stairway Passage – Turnului Street – Faurului Street – Azilului Street– Ocnei Street – 9 Mai Street – Argintarilor Street – Aurarilor Square – Aurarilor Stairway – Lesser Square – Avram Iancu Street – Grand Square.

• The Thematic Tour – “Urban cityscape for specialists” (Duration: 2.5 hours): Liars’ Bridge - Huet Square - Lesser Square - Grand Square - Avram Iancu Street – Şcolii Passageway - Movilei Street - Aurarilor Square - 9 May Street – Brutarilor Street - Nouă Street - Plopilor Street – Turnului Street – the Stairway

Passage - Centumvirilor Street – Poştei Street - Mitropoliei Street - Papiu Ilarian Street – Schiller Square.

• The Thematic Tour for specialists – “Religious buildings” (Duration: 2.5 hours): The Lutheran Parish Church - the Hungarian Reformed Church - the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral - the Roman Catholic Parish Church - the Church of the Ursuline Sisters - the Chapel of the Cross - the Synagogue - the Franciscan Church.

• The Thematic Tour for specialists – “Dwellings” (Duration: 2.5 hours): Liars’ Bridge - the buildings at Nos. 3, 22, Ocnei Street - the buildings in Nouă Street - the buildings in Târgului Street - the buildings at Nos. 23, 24, 25, 26, Lesser Square - the buildings at Nos. 5, 7, 8, 11, 16, Avram Iancu Street - the buildings in Şelarilor Street - the dwellings at No. 4, Magheru Street - the buildings at Nos 2, 8, 10, Grand Square - the Lutheran Vicarage in Huet Square) - the building at Nos. 2, 13, Mitropoliei Street.

• The Thematic Tour for specialists “Fortifications” (Duration: 2.5 hours): the Liars’ Bridge – the Penanace Corner – the Curriers Tower – the Stairway Passage - Centumvirilor Street - the Soldisch Bastion -the towers in Cetăţii Street – the Thick Tower - the Haller Bastion – Manejului Street - Avram Iancu Street - Lesser Square.

The Production of Films

In order to promote the image of Sibiu both domestically and internationally, films and CDs were produced along with Guide-books, leaflets, posters and other promotional material. Of these films, we would like to mention the documentary “Sibiu-Hermannstadt,” directed by Dumitru Budrală and the following CDROMs:

•“Mediaeval Sibiu in the Böbel Album”


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•“Cultural and Touristic Itineraries in Sibiu”

•“Sibiu-Hermannstadt”

Cultural Events in the Historic Centre

The inner town is still where the action is in Sibiu. Here are located about 80% of the stores, administrative and cultural institutions and the best known schools (the “Gheorghe Lazăr” National High School, the “Samuel Brukenthal” National High School), as well as most of the old churches.

It is only natural that the squares and esplanades of the city should still be the main venu of its community and cultural life.

The most representative cultural events that are organised in the Historic Centre are:

• The International Theatre Festival;

• “La Strada” International Festival of Non-conventional Art;

• The Jazz Festival;

• The National Festival of Romanian Folk Tradition;

• “Songs of the Mountains” Folk Festival;

• “The Identity of Europe – The Europe of Identities” Festival;

• The Pottery Fair;

• “Transylvanian Fortresses” Mediaeval Festival;

• Brass Band, Folk and Rock Concerts, etc.

Concerts and performances are given in the Historic Centre, the Baroque rooms of the Brukenthal Museum, in the Lutheran Parish Church and in the newly renovated Thalia Hall of State Philarmonic Orchestra (Fig. 135).

Fig. 135. Performance in the Courtyard of the History Museum


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5.j Staffing Levels (Professional, Technical, Maintenance) The Municipality has hired qualified personnel to handle problems connected with the Historic Centre and its monuments.

The Municipality of Sibiu:

Chief Architect 1

Department of Monitoring and Planning for the Historic Centre and Monuments

1

There is also qualified staff in charge of the records of historic monuments and the issuing of construction permits for any type of work on the monuments.

Directorate for Religious Affairs and National Cultural Heritage:

Director 1

Councillors 3

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6 MONITORING

6.a Key Indicators for Measuring State of Conservation

183


By the end of the year 2004, the Sibiu local authorities had elaborated the integrated monitoring system called “The Historic Centre Monitoring System” to facilitate monitoring building stability and trends of economic development within the Historic Centre, to serve as the basis for case to case restoration work on buildings, and for the quick and timely briefing of the relevant higher authorities on the current status of the site. This monitoring system relies on the results of the HICOS monitoring system of the Historic Centre (see 6 c). HICOS was implemented in the year 2000 to facilitate the activity of consultancy and rehabilitation within the Romanian-German project “The Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre Sibiu/Hermannstadt,” as well as to monitor the relevant direct and indirect results of the project.

The monitoring system of the Historic Centre was based upon HICOS, with the purpose of ensuring a better monitoring of the stability of all historic buildings within the nominated World Heritage Site and of surveying the effects of socio-economic changes in the area.

The most important indicators of this integrated monitoring system can be broken down into seven sections:

• State of Conservation;

• Housing and social infrastructure;

• Demographics and socio-economic data;

• Tourism;

• Local government and administration;

• The real-estate market; • Presentation of the site.

THE MONITORING OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE

Subject Source Institution in

charge Timetable

1. THE STATE OF CONSERVATION

The list of monuments and architectural complexes:

A category; B category; Waiting list

Documentation The Ministry of

Culture

CDCRANCH Sibiu

Annually

The overall state of the buildings in the site:

Renovated; Good condition; Fair condition; Advanced state of dilapidation

Complete inventory

Historic Centre project

Every three years

The state of the historic monuments:

Renovated; Good condition; Fair condition; Advanced state of dilapidation

Complete inventory


Every three years

Main structural problems

Simple emergency repair work; Complex emergency repair work; Modernization measures; Rehabilitation of façades; Dampness control; Rehabilitation of gates, windows/shutters

Complete inventory


Every three years

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184

Consultancy by request (by written application)

No. of requests (broken down by type of repair work); No. of consultancy cases in progress (broken down by type of repair work); No. of completed consultancy cases (broken down by type of repair work); Requests for consultancy for the next quarter/year (estimated)

HICOS Historic Centre project

Quarterly

Pro-active consultancy

No. of requests (broken down by type of repair work); No. of consultancy cases in progress (broken down by type of repair work); No. of completed consultancy cases (broken down by type of repair work); Requests for consultancy for the next quarter/year (estimated)


Quarterly

Consultancy by consulting architects

No. of requests (broken down by type of repair work); No. of completed consultancy cases (broken down by type of repair work); No. of paid consultancy hours; Design costs covered by co-financing


Quarterly

Constraints/Special cases

Buildings under litigation (retrocession etc.); Other


Quarterly

Funds spent on rehabilitation of the Historic Centre (buildings and public spaces)

Public funding (local and national); private funding

Finance department

Municipality Annually

Funds spent on the rehabilitation of the Historic Centre (buildings/public spaces) by GTZ/by KfW

The current no. of co-financing contracts; Cash flow; Residual amounts (Restobligo); Funds requested for the next quarter/year; No. of signed co-financing contracts; No of prospective co-financing contracts


Quarterly

Record of building permits No. of building permits issued (broken down by type of repair work)

Records department



185

Development plans No. of statutory plans (PUG, PUZ, PUD); other non-statutory plans

Historic city monitoring and

planning


2. FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Function of buildings

Present-day function; Modification of function; uninhabited dwellings (apartments)

Complete inventory

Inventory

Historic Centre project County Office for Statistics

Every three years

Every ten years

Infrastructure

Traffic calming; Motor vehicle traffic-free areas; No. of parking lots within the Historic Centre; Other data regarding infrastructure

Technical department


3. DEMOGRAPHICS AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DATA

Demographic data

No. of residents; Demographics by age group; Residents’ mobility; Habitation area per person

Inventory

Random

questionnaires

County Office for Statistics


Every three years

Every ten years

Structure by households

Structure by age group; Average size of households; Average rent

Inventory

Random questionnaires



Every ten years

Every three years

Social and economic data

Total income by household; Measured level of satisfaction with living standards

Random questionnaires


Every three years

Ownership structure for buildings/apartments

Private; Public; percentage of owners; percentage of tenants

Census

Inventory



Every ten years

Every three years

4. TOURISM Tourism No. of tourists (international/domestic); No. of nights spent (per year); No. of beds; No of restaurants/bars

Inventory


Annually

5. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

Administrative structure

Staffing levels of relevant departments; No. of departments; Other public institutions and publicly/privately funded institutions

Organizational chart

Municipality

Annually

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186

6. THE REAL-ESTATE MARKET

The real-estate market

No. of real-estate ownership changes; Real-estate prices; No. of apartments/houses bought by foreign citizens

Finance department

Municipality

Annually

7. PRESENTATION OF THE HERITAGE SITE

Presentation

No. of publications/pamphlets; No. of sign posts, plaques, etc.; Other PR activities

External relations office

Municipality

Annually

6.b Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property

The implementation of year-round monitoring is in the charge of a group, under the authority of public institutions; the group’s membership is drawn from institutions that are custodians of specialized information, as well as from local authorities. Therefore, all specialized institutions, dealing with the monitoring of building stability and with trends within the Historic Centre, pool their information and analyse it jointly. Monitoring is coordinated by the Records Department of the Municipality.

The Membership of the “Historic Centre Monitoring” Group

Municipality of Sibiu Office for the Surveillance and Planning

of the Historic City Marketing Department

IT Department External Relations Office

County Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural

Heritage Sibiu

Historic Centre Project “The Project for the Rehabilitation of

the Historic Centre” in future: the institution in charge of

rehabilitation


Contact person: Municipality of Sibiu, IT Department (Primaria Municipiului Sibiu, Serviciul informatica)

Mr. Adrian Bucura No. 1-3, Victoriei Bd., RO- 550024 Sibiu Tel: (0040 269) 208 800

Sibiu County Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Heritage (Directia Judeteana pentru Cultura, Culte si Patrimoniu Cultural National)

Mr. Ovidiu Calborean No. 6, Tribunei Street, RO-550176 Sibiu Tel: (0040 269) 210 113

County Office for Statistics (Directia Judeteana de Statistica)

Mr. Ioan Muresan No. 19, Someşului Street, RO-550005 Sibiu Tel: (0040 269) 213 135

Historical Centre Project / GTZ (Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu / Hermannstadt)

Mr. Steffen Mildner—Project Coordinator No. 11, Avram Iancu Street, RO- 550183 Sibiu Tel: (0040 269) 211 988

Documents relevant for the monitoring process: • annual reports of involved institutions (e.g. regarding building alterations of architectural monuments, permits and licenses issued for rehabilitation work, number of consultancy

6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises

187

cases and co-financing requests, funding operations for rehabilitation, etc.); • full inventory made every 3 years (e.g. full inventory of the structural state of all buildings in the Historic Centre, etc.); • social and economic surveys done every 3 years (e.g. the analysis of social and economic information on residents and modernization and rehabilitation works completed); • statistical yearbooks (e.g. number of residents, real-estate price changes, situation of the development of tourist industry, realty sales, motor vehicle ownership, etc.) • press review, etc.

The report for the previous year, on the monitoring of building stability level and economic trends in the Historic Centre will be published in the first quarter of the current year. After assessing the data collected through the monitoring system, the group involved in the project will first submit it to the relevant authorities. In collaboration with authorities, the group will draw up recommendations concerning possible action plans, before the results are officially published. The official publication of the results of monitoring will take place no later than the end of the first quarter of the year.

6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises

Formerly, building stability in the Historic Centre was monitored and documented intermittently and with no significant details recorded. The County Directorate for Culture has lists of monuments and architectural complexes, documenting the status of stability of the 206 historic monuments/buildings (112 Category A, 85 Category B) within the Historic Centre. The County Building Inspectorate issues lists of buildings at increased risk of collapse, especially by earthquake, based on field inspecttions and technical reports. For certain monuments there are additional reports and independent publications, containing documentation with regard to the state of the buildings and the necessary remedial measures (e.g. at the Lutheran Parish Church, Brukenthal Palace).

A full presentation of previous documentation is not feasible, given the complexity of these procedures. The reports and publications presented below contain the most important results of the previous building stability monitoring in the Historic Centre, as well as the main strategy of renovation and rehabilitation.

Topography of Monuments

in Transylvania—City of Sibiu (1999)

This topography, produced with funding from

the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and with scientific support from the ICOMOS German National Committee, contains the results of a systematic survey of buildings in the Historic Centre of Sibiu (about 1000 buildings). The survey of the architectural heritage stock is done according to the criteria of inventory and description used in the topography of monuments in the Federal Republic of Germany. This systematic and scientific survey of most of the historic buildings in Sibiu will serve as the basis for future monument conservation measures, from scientific study to the completion of rehabilitation work.

Social and Economic Surveys 1999-2004

In the year 1999, the first social and economic survey of living conditions in the Historic Centre was undertaken in Sibiu; the survey was also meant to poll the wishes of residents, concerning building rehabilitation and their availability for such projects. Based on the results of the survey, programmes of consultancy and co-financing were initiated within the Romanian-German Cooperation Project “The Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre Sibiu/Hermannstadt”. In the second social and economic survey, done in the year 2000, the

6 Monitoring

188

focus was mostly on the evaluation of the results obtained by the Project in the meantime. Social and economic surveys are scheduled for the future, at three-year intervals, targeting 500 previously surveyed buildings, to monitor changes in habitation patterns, building status, as well as the financial condition of the residents.

The Full Inventory of Buildings in the Historic Centre 2004 (BAW)

For future monitoring of general building stability, the Romanian-German Cooperation Project “The Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre Sibiu/Hermannstadt” did a full inventory of the buildings in the Historic Centre (approximately 1200 buildings in 2004). The inventory was done according to a system of classification regarding the state of the building: recently renovated, good condition, fair condition, dilapidated and in danger of collapse. Special problems of particular buildings were also recorded, such as building modifications that clash with the general cityscape of the historic zone.

At present, 8% of the total number of

buildings fall into the category “recently renovated,” 25% of the buildings are in “good condition,” 52% are in “fair condition,” 14% are in “dilapidated condition,” and 1% are in a state of advanced deterioration.

HICOS—The Monitoring of the Historic Centre

In the year 2000, the Romanian-German Cooperation Project “The Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre Sibiu/Hermannstadt” produced the HICOS system for monitoring the consultancy and rehabilitation of the Historic Centre, as well as for the evaluation of direct or indirect results.

After the introduction of this system, made up of two independent components—an alphanumeric data bank and a vectorial digital map of the city – the system was constantly updated and supplemented. In addition to the monitoring and evaluation of consultancy and rehabilitation, HICOS also aims to set up an integrated monitoring system, for the permanent monitoring of buildings stability (see 6.a).

187

7 DOCUMENTATION

7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Authorization Table

191


and Other Audiovisual Materials

(i) LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

No Format Caption Date Photographer Copyright Contact Concesion 1 30/20 Sibiu, View from Guşteriţa Hill 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 2 30/20 Sibiu from Railway Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 3 30/20 The old Town Hall and Church Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 4 30/20 The Lutheran Church from Turnului Street 1995 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 5 30/20 Grand Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 6 30/20 Lesser Square, View from the Steeple 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 7 30/20 General Magheru Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 8 30/20 Mitropoliei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 9 30/20 Xenopol Street Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 10 30/20 Centumvirilor Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 11 30/20 The Aurarilor Stairway 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 12 30/20 The Turnului Stairway 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 13 30/20 The Turnului Stairway 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 14 30/20 The Stairway Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 15 30/20 The Stairway Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 16 30/20 Târgului Street 1995 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 17 30/20 Turnului Street 1992 Friedrich. Philippi PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 18 30/20 Vasile Tordosan Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 19 30/20 Nouă Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 20 30/20 The Lutheran Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 21 30/20 The Lutheran Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 22 30/20 The Roman Catholic Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 23 30/20 The Roman Catholic Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 24 30/20 The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 25 30/20 The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 26 30/20 The Ursuline Sisters Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 27 30/20 The Synagogue 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 28 30/20 The First Town Hall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 29 30/20 The Samuel von Brukenthal College 2004 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 30 30/20 The Art Lyceum 2004 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 31 30/20 The Thalia Hall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 32 30/20 The Butchers Guildhall 1990 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 33 30/20 The portal of The Lutheran Vicarage 1990 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 34 30/20 The Old Town Hall, the Courtyard 1995 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 35 30/20 Haller House, Courtyard 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 36 30/20 The Portal of the Brukenthal Palace 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 37 30/20 Brukenthal House, Avram Iancu Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 38 30/20 Cetăţii Street Towers 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 39 30/20 The Statue of St. Nepomuk 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 40 30/20 Sibiu 1809 (by Franz Neuhauser) 2004 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 1 Yes

Note 1. Non exclusive concesion: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit / Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu,

RO-550183 Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str., Phone: 0040 269 211988, fax 0040 269 211671, e-mail [email protected]

Note 2. Non exclusive concesion: Municipality of Sibiu, RO-550024 Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Str., Phone: 0040 269 208800, fax 0040 269 208811, e-mail [email protected]



7 Documentation

192

(ii) LIST OF SLIDES

No Format Caption Date Photographer Copyright Contact Concesion 1 50/50 Sibiu, City Centre 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 2 50/50 Sibiu, Huet Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 3 50/50 Sibiu, Huet Square, Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 4 50/50 Sibiu, Huet Square, Houses 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 5 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 6 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 7 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 8 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square, Houses 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 9 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 10 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square, Houses 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 11 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square, Arcades 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 12 50/50 Sibiu, Lesser Square, Arcades 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 13 50/50 Sibiu, Grand Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 14 50/50 Sibiu, Grand Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 15 50/50 Sibiu, Squarlet in Turnului Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 16 50/50 Sibiu, Squarlet in Turnului Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 17 50/50 Sibiu, General Magheru Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 18 50/50 Sibiu, Squarlet in Magheru Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 19 50/50 Sibiu, General Magheru Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 20 50/50 Sibiu, General Magheru Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 21 50/50 Sibiu, Squarlet in Magheru Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 22 50/50 Sibiu, Mitropoliei Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 23 50/50 Sibiu, Mitropoliei Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 24 50/50 Sibiu, Turnului Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 25 50/50 Sibiu, Turnului Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 26 50/50 Sibiu, Ocnei Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 27 50/50 Sibiu, Ocnei Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 28 50/50 Sibiu, V. Tordoşan Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 29 50/50 Sibiu, V. Tordoşan Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 30 50/50 Sibiu, Felinarului Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 31 50/50 Sibiu, Nouă Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 32 50/50 Sibiu, Poştei Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 33 50/50 Sibiu, Penance Corner 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 34 50/50 Sibiu, Penance Corner 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 35 50/50 Sibiu, Passageway Xenopol Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 36 50/50 Sibiu, The Stairway Passge 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 37 50/50 Sibiu, The Stairway Passge 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 38 50/50 Sibiu, Ocnei Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 39 50/50 Sibiu, Turnului Stairway 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 40 50/50 Sibiu, Turnului Stairway 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 41 50/50 Sibiu, Aurarilor Stairway 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 42 50/50 Sibiu, Aurarilor Stairway 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 43 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Parish Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 44 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Parish Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 45 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Parish Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 46 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Parish Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 47 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Parish Church, 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 48 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Parish Church, 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 49 50/50 Sibiu, The Roman Catholic Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 50 50/50 Sibiu, The Roman Catholic Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 51 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes


193

52 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 53 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 54 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 55 50/50 Sibiu, The Orthodox Cathedral 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 56 50/50 Sibiu, The Reformed Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 57 50/50 The Greek Catholic Church, Ursuline 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 58 50/50 Sibiu, The Greek Catholic Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 59 50/50 Sibiu, The Franciscan Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 60 50/50 Sibiu, The Franciscan Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 61 50/50 Sibiu, The Franciscan Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 62 50/50 Sibiu, The Synagogue 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 63 50/50 Sibiu, The Asylum 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 64 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Vicarage 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 65 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran Vicarage, Portal 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 66 50/50 Sibiu, The Lutheran High Consistory 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 67 50/50 Sibiu, The former Saxon University 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 68 50/50 Sibiu, The Old Town Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 69 50/50 Sibiu, The Thalia Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 70 50/50 Sibiu, The Museum of Natural History 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 71 50/50 Sibiu, The Astra Museum 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 72 50/50 The Orthodox Divinity School 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 73 50/50 Sibiu, Brukenthal College 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 74 50/50 Sibiu, The Art Lyceum, Inner Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 75 50/50 Sibiu, The Butchers Market Hall 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 76 50/50 Böbel House, No. 16, A.Iancu Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 77 50/50 House at No. 13, Vopsitorilor Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 78 50/50 Sibiu, House at No. 22, Ocnei Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 79 50/50 Sibiu, House at No. 26, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 80 50/50 Altemberger House (The Old Town Hall)2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 81 50/50 Altemberger House (The Old Town Hall)2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 82 50/50 Haller House at No. 10, Grand Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 83 50/50 House at No. 16, Lesser Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 84 50/50 Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 85 50/50 Brukenthal House at No. 8, Iancu Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 86 50/50 The Tower of the Tower Stairway 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 87 50/50 Sibiu, The Town Hall Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 88 50/50 Sibiu, The Town Hall Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 89 50/50 Sibiu, The Towers in Cetăţii Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 90 50/50 Built-in Tower at No. 7 A. Iancu Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 91 50/50 Sibiu, Wall in Centumvirilor Street 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 92 50/50 Sibiu, The Curriers Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 93 50/50 Sibiu, The Thick Tower 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 94 50/50 Sibiu, The Ditch along Cetăţii Str. 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 95 50/50 Fresco in the Lutheran Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 96 50/50 Stained Window in the Cath. Church 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 97 50/50 Crucifix in the Chapel of the Holy Cross 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 98 50/50 Sibiu, The Statue of Roland 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 99 50/50 Sibiu, The statue of St. Nepomouk 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes

100 50/50 Sibiu, Atlantes, Brukenthal Palace 2005 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes

Note 1. Non exclusive concesion: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit / Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu, RO-550183 Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str., Phone: 0040 269 211988, fax 0040 269 211671, e-mail: [email protected]


7 Documentation

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(iii) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

No Format Caption Date Photographer Copyright Contact Concesion 1 9/16 Sibiu, Grand Square (Aerial Photo) 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb.-Inst. Note 3 Yes 2 7/8 Romania’s Position in Europe 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 3 7/8 Sibiu’s Position in Romania 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 4 7/8 Main Historic Cities of Transylvania 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 5 25/26 Layout of the World Heritage Site 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 6 16/16 Street Names 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 7 17/17 Boundary of the Heritage Site 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 8 11/17 Boundary of the Buffer Zone 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 9 18/16 The Fortified Enclosures 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 10 17/17 The Transit Roads 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 11 11/16 Turnului Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 12 12/16 Nouă Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 13 24/17 Felinarului Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 14 24/17 Centumvirilor Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 15 11/16 The Upper Town 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 16 24/17 Mitropoliei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 17 12/16 General Magheru Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 18 10/16 Poştei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 19 24/17 Passageway from Xenopol Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 20 17/17 A 19th Century Plan 2001 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 21 24/16 Penance Corner 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 22 24/17 Aurarilor Stairway 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 23 11/8 Aurarilor Stairway 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 24 5/8 Linking Streets 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 25 11/8 Tower Stairs 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 26 24/16 Tower Stairs 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 27 11/17 The Main Squares of the City 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb.-Inst. Note 3 Yes 28 11/8 The Tower of the Tower Stairs 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 29 10/8 The Town Hall Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 30 24/16 Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 31 24/16 High Lutheran Consistory 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 32 11/16 Square in Front of the Ursuline Sisters 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 33 10/16 General Magheru Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 34 19/16 Dominant Lines of Sight 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 35 12/16 Sibiu, View from Guşteriţa Hill 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 36 16/16 Locations of Historic Monuments 2004 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 37 12/17 The Lutheran Parish Church, the Choir 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 38 24/17 The Lutheran Parish Church, Interior 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 39 24/17 The Roman Catholic Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 40 14/16 The Roman Catholic Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 41 24/17 The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 42 12/16 The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 43 11/8 The Hungarian Reformed Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 44 24/16 The Synagogue 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 45 10/8 The Greek-Catholic Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 46 10/8 The Church of the Franciscan Brothers 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 47 11/8 The Hospice 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 48 5/8 The Lutheran Vicarage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 49 11/8 The Samuel von Brukenthal College 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 50 11/8 The Hall of the Art Lyceum 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 51 8/8 The Orthodox Divinity School 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes


195

52 12/8 The First Town Hall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 53 24/17 The Old Town Hall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 54 24/17 The Courtyard of the Old Town Hall 1998 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 55 9/8 The House of the Universitas Saxonum 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 56 11/17 The Butchers Guildhall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 57 12/17 House in Vasile Tordosan Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 58 11/8 Böbel House in Avram Iancu Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 59 11/8 House at No. 22, Ocnei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 60 7/8 House in Vopsitorilor Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 61 11/17 Houses in Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 62 12/8 Haller House in Grand Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 63 8/8 Brukenthal Palace in Grand Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 64 10/8 Concert in the Brukenthal Palace 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 65 12/16 Brukenthal House in Avram Iancu Str. 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 66 12/16 The Town Hall Tower, Lower Section 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 67 12/16 Movilei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 68 11/16 The Inner Fortification Wall 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 69 24/16 Cetăţii Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 70 6/8 No. 9, Avram Iancu Street, Courtyard 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 71 6/8 The Thick Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 72 24/16 The Curriers Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 73 24/16 The Portal of The Lutheran Vicarage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 74 11/8 Atlantes at the Brukenthal Palace 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 75 11/16 Crucifix (by Petrus Lantregen) 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 76 16/8 The Statue of Roland 2004 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes 77 13/16 The Statue of St. Nepomouk ≈1935 ? PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 78 24/16 The Statue of St. Nepomouk 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 79 6/8 Mediaeval Jars 2004 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes 80 24/16 Evolution of the Historic Centre 1976 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 81 5/16 The Evolution of Lesser Square 1976 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 82 12/16 The Evolution of the Lutheran Church 1984 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 83 12/8 House at No. 25, Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 84 12/16 The south-east Side of Lesser Square 2002 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 85 4/16 The Evolution of the Old Town Hall 1984 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 86 7/16 The Evolution of the Town Hall Tower 1974 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 87 11/16 The Historic Center 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb.-Inst. Note 3 Yes 88 6/8 The south-east of Europe, 15th Century 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 89 10/8 Open-air Market at the Town Hall Tower ≈1800 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes 90 13/16 An Open-air Market in Sibiu ≈1800 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes 91 16/18 Multiconfessionalism in Sibiu 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 92 12/16 The City of Sibiu in the 17th Century 1699 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 93 8/8 Constitutive Elements of the City 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 94 12/16 Nouă Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 95 12/17 Louxembourg House 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 96 24/17 Târgului Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 97 23/16 Stairway Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 98 23/16 Turnului Street with the Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 99 11/16 The City of Sibiu, from Ocnei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 100 11/16 Huet Square, with the Lutheran Church 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb.-Inst. Note 3 Yes 101 11/16 Lesser Square, View from the Steeple 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 102 5/16 Vantage Points in Avram. Iancu Street 1984 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 103 23/16 The Lutheran Parish Church 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 104 12/16 The Catholic Church and the Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 105 24/16 Haller House – the Dwelling Tower 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 106 16/16 The Historic Center of Sighişoara 1998 Georg Gerster Siebenb. Inst. Note 3 Yes

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107 6/7 A 16th century map of Transylvania 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 108 6/7 Locations in the Republic of Slovakia 2004 Hermann Balthes GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 109 8/8 Blocks of Flats in Constituţiei Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 110 8/8 The Lutheran Church from the North 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 111 24/16 Gate restored by GTZ 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 112 12/16 Building Site in Lesser Square 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 113 12/16 The cityscape from Railway Station 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 114 21/16 Johann Böbel’s Plan of the City ≈1850 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 1 Yes 115 11/16 Grand Square in the 1930s ≈1935 ? PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 116 19/16 Rebuilding Work (19th-20th Centuries) 1990 P. Niedermaier PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 117 9/8 Rehabilitation of the Stairway Passage 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 118 13/16 Record of the GTZ-Consulting Activity 2004 GTZ Sibiu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 119 13/16 The Rebuild Theater 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 120 21/16 Archaeological Plan of the City 2004 Florin Blezu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 121 4/16 Shop Windows in N. Bălcescu Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 122 24/16 The Stairway Passage in Winter 1985 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 123 22/16 The Age of the Buildings in City 2004 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 124 16/12 The Summer University in Sibiu 2003 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 125 23/16 Gates Restored by GTZ 2004 GTZ Sibiu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 126 12/16 The Parking Lot in Xenopol Street 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 127 11/8 The Route of the Visiting Tours 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 128 5/16 Vedute by Morando Visconti 1706 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 129 11/16 An 1864 Engraving by L. Rohbock 1864 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 130 8/16 General View of the Sibiu in 1809 1809 Mircea Baciu MB Sibiu Note 2 Yes 131 17/16 Location of Museums and Exhibitions 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 132 12/16 The Museums of the City of Sibiu 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 133 6/8 The Dumbrava Open-air Museum 2004 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 134 16/16 Plan of Thematic Tours 2004 ICSU Sibiu PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 135 12/16 Performance in the History Museum 1996 Mircea Baciu GTZ Sibiu Note 1 Yes 136 24/16 General Town-Planning Project 2004 Planwerk, Cluj PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes 137 16/16 The Architectural Value of the Buildings 2004 Ioan Bucur PM Sibiu Note 2 Yes

Note 1. Non exclusive concesion: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit / Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu, RO-550183 Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str., Phone: 0040 269 211988, fax 0040 269 211671, e-mail: [email protected]

Note 2. Non exclusive concesion: Municipality of Sibiu, RO-550024 Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd., Phone: 0040 269 208800, fax: 0040 269 208811, e-mail: [email protected]

Note 3. Non exclusive concesion: Siebenbürgen-Institut, D-74831 Gundelsheim, Schloßstr. 41, Phone: 0049 6269 42100, fax 0049 6269 421010, e-mail: [email protected]

CD: Municipality of Sibiu, RO-550024, 1–3 Victoriei Bd., Phone: 0040 269 208800, fax 0040 269 208811, e-mail: [email protected]

Films: Sibiu Hermannstadt Dumitru Budrală Muzeul Astra, RO-550182 Sibiu, 11 Lesser Square, Phone: 0040 269 218195, fax 0040 269 218060, e-mail: [email protected]

Sibiu Dumitru Budrală: Idem






7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation

197

7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation, Copies of Property

Management Plans or Documented Management Systems and Other Plans Relevant to the Property

Attached Documentation

• The 2005-2009 Plan of Management of the Historic Centre is annexed to this reference material, along with the following other publications.

• Local Agenda 21. Local Plan for Sustainable Development, Sibiu, 2004.

• The 2001-2004 Municipal Programme of Action for the City of Sibiu, Sibiu, 2001.

• Das Leitbild der Stadt Sibiu/Hermannstadt, Sibiu, 2004.

• Erlebnisraum Altstadt. 10 Punkte. Massnahmenpaket zur Aufwertung des offentlichen Raumes bis 2007, Sibiu, 2004.

• Guidebook for the Regulations for Local Town-Planning for the Historic Zone of Sibiu, Sibiu, 2003.

• Charter for the Rehabilitation of the Historic

Centre of Sibiu/ Hermannstadt, Sibiu, 2000. • Gestaltungsfibel zur Gestaltungssatzung für

die historische Altstadt von Sibiu/Hermannstadt, Sibiu, 2003.

• Bericht über die Beratungs- und Sanierungstätigkeit des rum.-dt. Kooperationsprojektes Altstadtsanierung Sibiu/Hermannstadt. 2000-2004, Sibiu, 2004.

Annexed Books:

• E. SIGERUS, Chronik der Stadt Hermanstadt, Sibiu, 2000.

• E. SIGERUS, Vom alten Hermanstadt, Sibiu, 2003.

• HERMANN and ALIDA FABINI, Hermannstadt. Porträt einer Stadt in Siebenbürgen, Heidelberg, Hermanstadt, 2000.

7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records of Inventory or Property

Inventories proper

Ø Census of the population and of dwellings in Romania. The National Census was taken in the Year 2002.

Ø The Inventory of all Buildings in the Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu, indicating the type of building, its state of conservation, necessary emergency intervention, destination of the building (including number of tenants). The Inventory was done in the period 2003–2005 by GTZ Sibiu.

Ø The cards of historic monuments, drawn up prior to their listing as historic monuments, between the years 1965 and 1970.

Ø A published inventory is the book: ALEXANDRU AVRAM, IOAN BUCUR, Denkmaltopographie Siebenbűrgen. Stadt Hermannstadt, Die Altstadt / The Topography of the Monuments in

Ø Transylvania. The City of Sibiu, the Historic Centre, red. Cristoph Machat, Köln, 1999

Unpublished mapping and surveys

At present, a number of ambitious, professional projects for urban development have been elaborated, with attached mappings and surveys:

- General town planning project (PUG), a preliminary survey executed by Planwerk, Cluj-Napoca 2004 (Fig. 136);

- Regional town planning project, the Historic Centre of Sibiu (PUZ), first draft, Ioan Bucur dipl. arch., Sibiu 2004 (the project includes among others, various surveys and mappings, such as those certifying the age and destination of certain buildings, listed monuments and candidates for listing, etc.) (Fig. 120, 123, 137);

199

Fig. 136. General Town-Planning Project, General Plan

Quasi

a

a

7 Documentation

200

- Detailed town planning project, the Historic Centre of Sibiu (PUD) and local city planning regulations, The Historic Centre (RLU), Szabolcs Guttmann dipl. arch., Sibiu 2000 (the project includes among others, documents establishing the boundaries of the historic area, marking the listed monuments and candidates for

listing, as well as the regulations for the historic area).

Other documents, some of an earlier date, refer to particular areas of the Historic Centre: 1. Study for the rehabilitation of the historic

area delimited by Lesser Square, Aurarilor Square, Movilei Street, Şcolii Passageway and Avram Iancu Street (1972).

Fig. 137. The architectural value of the buildings

7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records of Inventory or Property

201

Segmental Study (D.S.) – The Historic Centre (1982); it includes elevations on four levels at a scale of 1:200 of the façades in Nicolae Bălcescu Street, a cadastral survey emphasizing the allotment plan.

2. Segmental Study (D.S.) and a restructuring survey of the mediaeval area of Sibiu (1989-1990): they concern the area with the highest number of monuments in the Upper Town (the three squares and Nicolae Bălcescu Street) and part of he Lower Town (Faurului Street, Azilului Street and Piaţa Aurarilor); they include general elevations and detailed mappings of the buildings.

4. A Restoration Survey of the Fortress Wall, along the section including Movilei Street – Stairway Passage – Centumvirilor Street – Conrad Haas Street up to the former Arsenal (1996); it includes a survey of the interior fortifications (the north side of enclosures I, II and III), partly incorporated in the pattern of present-day allotments.

5. A survey of the consulting and rehabilitation activity of the Romanian - German Cooperation Project/The Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of the city of Sibiu between September 2000 and March 2004 (vast documentation including numerous mappings etc.).

Documents and surveys recently issued by

Ø Municipality of Sibiu Ø Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit

These documents mainly include publications that refer to the city in general, with special emphasis on the Historic Centre: 1. The City of Sibiu, A Development

Guidebook, 2004. 2. Plan for urban renewal, 2001-2004 Marketing survey for retail trade and services, Sibiu Historic Centre, 2004.

Other documents refer exclusively to the Historic Centre: 1. The Charter for the Rehabilitation of the

Historic Centre of the City of Sibiu, 2000;

2. A Guidebook to the Regulations for Local Town-planning the Historic Centre of Sibiu, 2003;

3. Information regarding the rehabilitation/ restoration of historic gates, doors and windows, 2003;

4. A list of materials: paving materials for the Historic Centre, 2003;

5. Leaflets on various issues of interest in the field (13), 2004;

6. A set of 7 pamphlets on the rehabilitation of historic buildings, 2004.

List of historic monuments

The list was approved by Order No. 2314 / July 8th 2004 and published in the Official Gazette is. 646/July 16th 2004.

The list contains 206 positions for the City of Sibiu in the following categories: Ø A category (monuments of national interest):

• archaeological sites (positions 1to5) • the city’s fortification system (position 165) • defensive enclosures (positions 166 to 170) • the Historic Centre (position 171) • 84 buildings in the Historic Centre

(multiple positions) Ø B category (monuments of regional interest):

• 85 buildings in the Historic Centre (various positions)

Major publications in the field

The City of Sibiu and its historic monuments have been analysed in numerous relatively recent publications.

The main publication dealing with the historic monuments of the city is: Ø ALEXANDRU AVRAM, IOAN BUCUR,

Denkmaltopographie Siebenbűrgen. Stadt Hermannstadt, Die Altstadt / The Topography of the Monuments in Transylvania. The City of Sibiu, the Historic Centre, red. Cristoph Machat, Köln, 1999.

Monuments dating from different stages in the development of the city are analysed in:

Ø HERMANN FABINI, Gotik in Hermannstadt,

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Bucureşti, 1989; Ø HANNA DERER, Sibiu: Architecture in the

Baroque Period, Bucureşti, 2003.

The urbanistic evolution of the city is dealt with in the three volumes of the work: Ø PAUL NIEDERMAIER, Der mittelalterliche Städtebau in Siebenbűrgen, im Banat und im Kreischgebiet (Die Entwicklung vom Anbeginn bis 1241 bis 1241), Heidelberg, 1996; Städtebau im Mittelalter: Siebenbürgen, Banat und Kreischgebiet (1242–1347), Köln, Weimar, Wien, 2002; Städtebau im Spätmittelalter: Siebenbürgen, Banat und Kreischgebiet (1348–1541), Köln, Weimar, Wien, 2004.

The history of the city and of some of its

monuments is analysed in the recently republished volumes: Ø EMIL SIGERUS, Chronik der Stadt

Hermannstadt, 1100–1929, Hermannstadt, 2000;

Ø EMIL SIGERUS, Vom alten Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, 2003.

Two albums are also worth mentioning: Ø HERMANN and ALIDA FABINI,

Hermannstadt. Porträt einer Stadt in Siebenbűrgen, Hermannstadt, 2000;

Ø HERMANN FABINI, Baugeschichtliche Entwicklung von Alt-Hermannstadt im Spiegel historischer Stadtbilder, Hermannstadt, 1983.

7.d Address where Inventory, Records and Archives are Held

The above Inventories are kept at the following institutions: Ø Census of population and dwellings for the

year 2002 as well as Cards for historic monuments between the years 1965–1970 are kept at:

The Municipality of the City of Sibiu RO – 550024 Sibiu, No. 1-3, Victoriei Bd., Phone 0040 269 208800, fax 0040 269 208811; e-mail: primarie@ sibiu.ro

Ø Inventory of Buildings in the historic centre of the City of Sibiu done in 2003–2005 by GTZ Sibiu is kept at:

Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Reabilitarea centrului istoric Sibiu RO – 550183 Sibiu, No. 11, Avram Iancu Street, Phone 0040 269 211988, fax 0040 269 211671; e-mail: [email protected]

Ø The Documentary Material on which the Book is based: ALEXANDRU AVRAM, IOAN BUCUR, Denkmaltopographie Siebenbűrgen. Stadt Hermannstadt, Die Altstadt / The Topography of the Monuments

in Transylvania. The City of Sibiu, the Historic Centre, red. Cristoph Machat, Köln, 1999 are kept at:

Siebenbürgen-Institut a.d. Universität Heidelberg Gundelsheim

D – 74831 Gundelsheim, Schloßstr. 41, Phone 0049 6269 42100, fax 0049 6269 421010, e-mail: [email protected]

Further Documentary Material is available at: The State Archives, No. 3, Arhivelor Street, RO-550164 Sibiu, telephone: 0040 269 431356; Sibiu County Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and National Cultural Heritage, No. 6, Tribunei Street, RO-550176 Sibiu, Phone 0040 269 210113, e-mail: [email protected]; The History Museum of Sibiu, No. 2, Mitropoliei Street, RO-550179 Sibiu, Phone 0040 269 218143; The Brukenthal National Museum, No. 4, Grand Square, RO-550163 Sibiu, Phone/fax: 0040 269 211545, www.brukenthalmuseum.ro;




http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro

7.e Bibliography

203

7.e Bibliography ABRUDAN, PAUL and SONTAG, FRITZ. Sistemul

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ALBRICH, KARL. Die „Kapelle“ in Hermannstadt, in Korrespondenz-blatt des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, 1898, No.21, pp.96-99.

ALBU, IOAN. Inschriften der Stadt Hermannstadt aus dem Mittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit, Hermannstadt, Heidelberg, 2002.

Alte Häuser in Hermannstadt. Nationalgebäude; Hallerische Haus; Bischofshaus; Brukentha’lsche Palais; Eckhaus an der Sporergasse: Zivil- u. Militärkasino; Haus der „Hermannstädter allg. Sparkassa.“ (Lokalhist. Skizze.), published in Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt, Hermannstadt, 1899, No. 7717, 7724, 7746.

ANTONI , ERHARD. Der Kleine Ring in Hermannstadt. Zeugnis für die Baukultur der Vergangenheit, in Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt, Hermannstadt, 1944.

ARMBRUSTER, ADOLF. Opera culturală a lui Samuel von Brukenthal la Sibiu [Samuel von Brukenthal’s Cultural Work in Sibiu], published in Revista de istorie [Journal for History], Bucureşti, 1978, vol. 31/4, pp. 651-671.

ARZ VON STRAUSSENBURG, ALBERT. Das Wappen von Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, 1931.

ARZ VON STRAUSSENBURG, ALBERT. Der Bebauungsplan von Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, 1928.

AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Monumente sibiene dispărute în viziunea lui Johannn Böbel [Johann Böbel’s View of Disappeared

Monuments of Sibiu] published in Studii şi comunicări. Galeria de artă. Muzeul Brukenthal [Studies and Papers. The Art Gallery. The Brukenthal Museum], Sibiu, 1978, No. 1, pp.169-182.

AVRAM, ALEXANDRU and BUCUR, IOAN. Denkmaltopographie Siebenbürgen. Stadt Hermannstadt. Die Altstadt. Köln, 1999.

AVRAM, ALEXANDRU and RILL, MARTIN. Betrachtungen zum Gebäude des ersten Spitals in Hermannstadt, published in Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, vol. 13, Köln, Wien, 1990, pp. 62-74.

AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Edificiul Primăriei Sibiului în secolele XIV-XVI (Lesser Square nr. 31) [Sibiu’s Town Hall Building during the 14th – 16th Centuries (31, Lesser Square), published in Artă, istorie, cultură. In honorem Marius Porumb [Art, History, Culture. In honorem Marius Porumb], Cluj-Napoca, 2003, pp. 73-81.

AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Palatul Brukenthal [Brukenthal Palace], Sibiu, 1996.

AVRAM, ALEXANDRU. Sibiu. History and Monuments, Sibiu, 2001.

BAUMANN, FERDINAND. Theather in Hermannstadt, in Kirchliche Blätter, Hermannstadt, 1895, pp. 20-21.

BERTALAN, KARIN. Memoria arhitecturii sibiene în lucrările lui Johannn Böbel [Recollections of Sibiu Architecture in Johannn Böbel’s Works], published in Revista muzeelor şi monumentelor, Seria muzee [Journal of Museums and Monuments, Museums Series], Bucureşti, 1978, pp. 21-30.

BEŞLIU, PETRE. Istoria unei biserici de mănăstire din Sibiu [The History of a Sibiu Convent Church], published in Revista Monumentelor Istorice [Journal of Historic Monuments], Bucureşti, 1991, pp. 78-84.

BIELZ, EDUARD ALBERT. Die Verlegung des Amtssitzes des evangelischen Superintendenten A. B. Von Birthälm nach Hermannstadt, in Transsilvania,

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Hermannstadt, 1862, pp. 33-37. BIELZ, EDUARD ALBERT. Das deutsche Theater

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BIELZ, EDUARD ALBERT. Die evangelische Stadtpfarrerkirche A. B.in Hermannstadt, in Kalender des Siebenbürger Volksfreundes, 1935, pp. 117-122.

Bilder aus der Geschichte und aus dem Leben der Stadt Hermannstadt unter besonderer Betonung seines Schulwesens und der Arbeit in der Schule, Hermannstadt, 1935.

BODOGAE, T. Câteva momente mai importante din trecutul catedralei metropolitane din Sibiu [A Few Important Moments in the History of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Sibiu], published in Mitropolia Ardealului [The Metropolitanate of Transylvania], Sibiu, 1987, No. 32/5, pp. 96-102.

BOZAN, MARIA. Muzeul de etnografie universală „Franz Binder” din Sibiu [The “Franz Binder” Museum for Universal Ethnography], published in Revista Muzeelor [Journal of Museums], Bucureşti, 1993, No. 3, pp. 3-14.

BRUCKNER, WILHELM. Hermannstadt in Siebenbürgen, Leipzig, 1909.

BUCUR, CORNELIU. Muzeul tehnicii populare Sibiu (1963-1988) [The Folk Technology Museum of Sibiu], published in Revista muzeelor şi monumentelor, Seria muzee [Journal of Museums and Monuments, Museums Series], Bucureşti, 1988, No. 5/1, pp. 13-26.

BUCUŢA, EMANOIL. Muzeul Brukenthal din Sibiu [The Brukenthal Museum of Sibiu], Bucureşti, 1943.

COULIN, ALFRED. Achthundert Jahre im Karpatenbogen: Hermannstadt – eine deutsche Gründungin Südosteuropa, Köln, 1980.

CRISTEA, ADRIAN. Ceva despre trecutul târgului Sibiului [Facts about the Past of Sibiu], published in Transilvania, Sibiu, 1941, No. 72/10, pp. 718-723.

CURINSCHI, GHEORGHE. Centrele istorice ale oraşelor [The Historic Centres of Cities],

Bucureşti, 1967. CZEKELIUS, OTTO. Alt-Hermannstadt.

Zeitgenössische Berschreibungen, Veduten, Pläne., published in Neue Literatur, Bucureşti, No. 32/1, 1981, pp. 88-95.

CZEKELIUS, OTTO. Schriften aus dem Nachlaß. Brigitte Stephani (ed.), Bucureşti, 1985.

DANCU, IULIANA – DANCU, DUMITRU. Biserica evanghelică din Sibiu. [The Lutheran Church of Sibiu], Bucureşti, 1968.

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Der Huetplatz, published in Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt, No. 7602. Hermannstadt, 1898.

DERER, HANNA. Despre activitatea de construcţii în Sibiul secolului al XVIII-lea [About Building in the 18th Century Sibiu], published in Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice [Newsletter of the Board for Historic Monuments], Bucureşti, 1997, No. VI/3-4, pp.21-35.

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Denkmal, in Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt, No. 2107, 2108, Hermannstadt, 1880.

Die Hermannstädter Stadtkapelle vor 300 Jahren, in Deutsche Tagespost, No. 180, Hermannstadt, 1924.

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DIMA, ALEXANDRU. Sibiu, Bucureşti, 1940. Documente de arhitectură din România

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DOLTU, M. Muzeul de istorie naturală Sibiu – 125 de ani de la înfiinţare [The Natural History Museum of Sibiu and Its 125th Anniversary], published in Studii şi Comunicări. Ştiinţe Naturale. Muzeul Brukenthal [Studies and Papers. Natural Sciences. The Brukenthal Museum], Sibiu, vol. 19, 1975, pp. 25-35.

DUMITRESCU-JIPPA, NISTOR, NICULAE. Sibiul şi ţinutul în lumina istoriei [Sibiu and Its Parts in the Light of History], vol. I., Cluj-Napoca, 1976.

FABINI, HERMANN and ALIDA. Hermannstadt. Porträt einer Stadt in Siebenbürgen, Hermannstadt and Heidelberg, 2000.

FABINI, HERMANN. Baugeschichtliche Entwicklung von Alt-Hermannstadt im Spiegel historischer Stadtbilder, Hermannstadt, 2001.

FABINI, HERMANN. Das Brukenthalpalais in Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, 2001.

FABINI, HERMANN. Das Hermannstädter Alte Rathaus., in Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, vol. 32/2, Hermannnstadt, 1989, pp. 41-59.

FABINI, HERMANN. Die europäische Dimension Hermannstadts im Mittelalter., in Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, vol. 32/2, Hermannnstadt, 1980, pp. 76-94.

FABINI, HERMANN. Gotik in Hermannstadt, Bucureşti, 1989.

FABINI, HERMANN. Piaţa Republicii din Sibiu – un studiu de istorie şi urbanism [Republic Square in Sibiu – A History and Town-Planning Study] published in Buletinul Monumentelor Istorice [Newsletter of Historic Monuments], Bucureşti, 1973, No. 42/1, pp.49-52.

FABINI, HERMANN. Studiu privind restaurarea turnului-locuinţă de la the Old Town Hall din Sibiu [Study on the Rehabilitation of the Inhabited Tower of the Old Town Hall] published in Buletinul Monumentelor Istorice [Newsletter of Historic Monuments], Bucureşti, 1972, No. 41/1, pp.23-39.

FABINI, HERMANN. Turnuri de patricieni în Sibiu la sfârşitul evului mediu [Towers Erected by

Patricians in Sibiu in the Closing Stages of the Middle Ages] published in Revista muzeelor şi monumentelor, Seria monumente istorice şi de artă [Journal of Museums and Monuments, Historic and Art Monuments Series], Bucureşti, 1974, No. 43/1, pp. 43-53.

FABINI, HERMANN. Un monument medieval din Sibiu astăzi dispărut [A Lost Mediaeval Monument of Sibiu] published in Revista muzeelor şi monumentelor, Seria monumente istorice şi de artă [Journal of Museums and Monuments, Historic and Art Monuments Series], Bucureşti, 1991, No. IX/1, pp. 74-8, 377-8.

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FILTSCH, EUGEN. Das deutsche Theater in Hermannstadt. Geschichtliche Skizzen zur 100 jährigen Jubelfeier des Hochmeisterischen Schauspielhauses unnd Stadttheaters in Hermannstadt, Hermanstadt, 1887.

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GÜNDISCH, GUSTAV. Die Grabsteine in der Ferula der evangelischen Stadtpfarrerkirche in Hermannstadt published in Mitteilungen aus dem Baron Brukenthalischen Museum, Hermanstadt, 1947, No. 12, pp. 10-33.

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NISTOR, NICOLAE, MARINESCU-FRĂSINEI, M. N. Sibiul şi ţinutul în lumina istoriei [The City of Sibiu and Its County in the Light of History], vol. II, Cluj-Napoca, 1990.

NIŢOI, ANCA, MUNTEANU, CLAUDIU, POP, RĂZVAN, PENCIU, ELIZA. Elemente de „mobilier urban” în Grand Square din Sibiu. Statuia Sf. Nepomuk [Elements of “urban accessories” in Sibiu’s Grand Square. The Statue of St. Nepomuk], in Corviniana, Hunedoara, 2004. vol. VIII, pp. 189-1207.

OPREANU, SABIN. Evoluţia oraşului Sibiu. [The Development of the City of Sibiu], Cluj, 1947.

PANCRATZ; ARNOLD. Die Gassennamenn Hermannstadts. Ein Kulturbild, Hermannstadt, 1935.

PHELPS, HERMANN. Ein altes Kleinbürgerhaus aus Hermannstadt in Siebennbürgen, in Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Architektur, 1913, year 6, pp. 114-116.

PHELPS, HERMANN. Hermannstadt, in Der Deutsche im Osten, 1939, vol. 11, pp. 55-58.

PLAJER, DIETMAR. Siebenbürgisch-sächsische Nachbarschaften vom 16. bis zum Ausgang des 19. Jahrhunderts, in Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, vol. 41/1-2, 1998, pp. 175-209.

Plan der Siebenbürgische Sächsischen Hauptstadt, Hermanstadt, 1845.

Plan von der Haupt-Hernannstadt in Siebenbürgen, Hermannstadt, 1751.

POPA, KLAUS. Eine Hermannstädter Klosterkirche oder die Hermannstädter Franziskanerkirche?, in Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, vol. 17/1. 1994, pp. 67-68.

Prepozitura de la Sibiu [The Sibiu Provostry], in Dacia Istorică, Cluj, 1937, vol. 1-3, pp. 132-135.

PUŞCARIU, I., CRISTE, M., VOILEANU, M. Biserica catedrală dela Mitropolia ortodoxă română în Sibiiu [The Cathedral of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan See in

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Rechnungen aus dem Archiv der Hermannstadt. Rechnungen aud dem Archiv der Stadt Hermannstadt und der Sächsichen Nation, W. Capesius, H. Herbert, S. Kast, F. Teutsch, eds., vol. I, Hermannstadt, 1880.

Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Hermannstadt. Handel und Gewerbe in Hermannstadt und in den Sieben Stühlen. 1224-1579., Monica Vlaicu et. al., vol. II, Heidelberg, Hermannstadt, 2003.

REISSENBERGER, LUDWIG. Die evangelische Pfarrkirche A. B. in Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt, 1884.

REISSENBERGER, LUDWIG. Über die ehemalighen Befestigungen von Hermannstadt, in Archiv des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, 1900, vol. 29/2, pp. 315-417.

REISSENBERGER, LUDWIG. Überreste der Gothik und Renaissance an Profanbauten in Hermannstadt, in Archiv des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, 1888, vol. 3, pp. 461-514.

REISSENBERGER, LUDWIG. Wiederaufgefundene alte Denkmäler der evangelischen Pfarrkirche A. B. in Hermannstadt, 1881, pp. 106-108, 113-115.

ROTH, VIKTOR. Die Ferula der Hermannstädter evangelischen Stadtpfarrkirche, in Kirchliche Blätter, Hermannstadt, 1910, pp. 55-59; 1911, pp. 42-49; 1912, pp. 3-18.

ROTH, VIKTOR. Ein siebenbürgisches Städtebild. Deutsche Kultur in der Welt, 1917. no. 3, pp. 33-37.

SCHEINER, KARL. Farbenarchitektur in Hermannstadt, in Deutsche Tagespost, Hermannstadt, 1923, no. 219, 221.

SCHMIDT, WILHELM. Geschichte des Ordenshauses der ehrwürdigen Frauen Ursulinerinnen in Hermannstadt, in Transsilvania, Hermannstadt, no. 2, 1862, pp. 260-264.

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Vergangenheit Hermannstadts, in Kalender des Siebenbürger Volksfreundes, Hermannstadt, 1935, pp. 105-116.

SCHULLER, GEORG ADOLF. Samuel von Brukenthal, München, 1967, 1969.

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SCOROBEŢ, MIRCEA. Cea mai veche biserică românească din Sibiu [cca. 1400]. Mitropolia Ardealului [The Oldest Romanian Church in Sibiu (about 1400]. The Metropolitanate of Transylvania], Sibiu, 1970, no. 15, 11-12, pp. 881-887.

SEDLER, IRMGARD. Hermannstädter Wohnräume im Wandel der Zeiten. Zu einer Ausstellung im Brukenthalpalais, in Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, Hermannstadt, vol. 30/1, 1987, pp. 84-88.

SEDLER, IRMGARD. Tavanul casetat de la The Old Town Hall – Mărturie a dorinţei de reprezentaţie socială a burgheziei transilvănene de la sfârşitul secolului al XVII-lea [The Boxed-Up Ceiling of the Old Town Hall – Evidence of the Transylvanian Bourgeoisie’s Wish for Social Accomplishment at the End of the 17th Century], in Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice [Newsletter of the Board for Historic Monuments], Bucureşti, no. 1-4, pp. 22/27.

SEIVERT, G. Die Stadt Hermannstadt. Eine historische Skizze. Festgabe zur Erinnerung an die Generalversammlung des Vereins für siebenbürgische Landeskunde in Hermannstadt ..., Hermannstadt, 1859.

SIGERUS, EMIL. Chronik der Stadt Hermannstadt. 110-1919, Hermannnstadt, 1930.

SIGERUS, EMIL. Ein altes Haus [„Das blaue Stadthaus“], in Neuer Volkskalender, 1923, pp. 91-95, in Siebenbürgisch-Deutsche Tageblatt, no. 16896, Hermannstadt, 1929.

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OPRIŞIU, MIRCEA. Sibiu. Ghid turistic [Sibiu. Traveller’s Guide], Sibiu, 1973.

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Hermannstadt betreffend weitere Beibehaltung des bisherigen amtlichen Namens der Stadt Hermannstadt in der Form „Hermannstadt“, Hermannstadt, 1900, p. 35.

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7.f Glossary of Romanian, German and English Names

Romanian German English Arsenal Kempelkaserne the Arsenal Bastionul Cisnădiei Heltauertorbastei the Cisnădie Bastion Bastionul Haller Hallerbastei the Haller Bastion Bastionul Porţii Cisnădie Heltauertorbastei the Cisnădie Gate Bastion Bastionul Soldiş Soldischbastei the Soldish Bastion Biblioteca Capelei Kapellenbibliothek the Chapel Library Biserica Azilului Siechenhaus Church of the Hospice Biserica din Groapă Kirche in der Grabenstraße the Church-in-the-Hollow Casa Albastră Blaues Haus the Blue House Casa Armatei Kempelkaserne the Army Club Casa Artelor Schatzkästlein the House of Arts Casa Haller Hallerhaus the Haller House Casa Zekelius Zekelius-Haus Zekelius House Cămăruţa Preoţilor Pfarrerstübel the Priests Chamber Cetăţii Street Harteneckgasse Fortress Street Colţul Penitenţei Bußwinkel the Penance Corner Dragoner Dragonerwacht the Dragoons Watch Oraşul de Jos Unterstadt the Lower Town Oraşul de Sus Oberstadt the Upper Town Palatul Brukenthal Brukenthalpalais Brukenthal Palace Pasajul Scărilor Pempflingergasse the Stairway Passage Pasajul Şcolii Schulgasse the Şcolii Passageway Pasul Turnu Roşu Roter-Turm-Pass the Red Tower Pass Piaţa Armelor Zeughofplatz Armelor Square Piaţa Aurarilor Fingerlingsplatz Aurarilor Square Piaţa Cibin Holzplatz Cibin Market Piaţa Mare Grosser Ring Grand Square Piaţa Mică Kleiner Ring Lesser Square Piaţa Schiller Schiller Platz Schiller Square Piaţa Unirii Hermannsplatz Union Square Poarta Cisnădiei Heltauertor the Cisnădia Gate Poarta Guşteriţei Elisabethtor the Guşteriţa Gate Poarta Ocnei Burgertor the Ocna Gate Podul Minciunilor Lügenbrücke Liars’ Bridge

7 Documentation

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Scara Aurarilor Fingerlingsstiege the Aurarilor Stairway Scara Ocnei Burgerstiege the Ocna Stairs Scara Turnului Sagstiege the Tower Stairs Strada Argintarilor Fingerlingsgasse Silversmiths Lane Strada Berăriei Brauhausgasse Alehouse Street Strada Biserica din Groapă Grabenstraße Church-in-the-Hollow Street Strada Blănarilor Kürschnergasse Furriers Street Strada Brutarilor Bäckergasse Bakers Street Strada Centumvirilor Hundsrücken Centumvirilor Street Strada Cojocarilor Kempelgasse Skinners Street Strada Konrad Haas Poschengasse Konrad Haas Street Strada Croitorilor Schneidergasse Tailors Street Strada Faurului Schmiedgasse Blacksmiths Street Strada Felinarului Laterngasse Lantern Street Strada Funarilor Klostergasse Funarilor Street Strada Gimnasticii Turnschulgasse Gymnastics Street Strada Lungă Langgasse Long Street Strada Manejului Reitschulgasse Riding School Street Strada Mitropoliei Fleischergasse Metropolitan Church Street Strada Nouă Neugasse New Street Strada Ocnei Burgergassee Salt Mine Street Strada Pielarilor Lederergasse Curriers Street Strada Plopilor Schiffbäumel Poplars Street Strada Poştei Baiergasse Post Office Street Strada Pulberăriei Pulvergasse Gun Powder Street Strada Rotarilor Wagnergasse Wheelwrights Street Strada Şelarilor Franziskanergasse Saddlers Street Strada Târgului Marktgasse Market Street Strada Tipografilor Wiesengasse Printers Street Strada Turnului Saggasse Tower Street Strada Vopsitorilor Färbergasse Dyers Street Strada Zidarilor Maurergasse Masons Street Târgu Peştelui Rosenanger Fish Market Târgul Vinului Weinanger Wine Market Turnul Archebuzierilor Armbrustmacherturm the Harquebusiers Tower Turnul Bărbierilor Balbiererturm the Barbers Tower Turnul Cositorarilor Zinngiesserturm the Tinkers Tower Turnul cu Pulbere Pulverturm the Gunpowder Tower Turnul Dulgherilor Zimmermannsturm the Carpenters Tower Turnul Făurarilor Schmiedeturm the Tower of the Blacksmiths Turnul Gros Dicker Turm the Thick Tower Turnul Olarilor Töpferturm the Potters Tower Turnul Pielarilor Ledererturm the Curriers Tower Turnul Porţii Guşteriţa Elisabethtor the Guşteriţa Gate Tower Turnul Postăvarilor Tuchmacherturm the Felters Tower Turnul Preoţilor Priesterturm the Priests Tower

7.f Glossary

213

Turnul Sării Salztor the Salt Tower Turnul Scării Aurarilor Fingerlingsstiege the Tower of the Aurarilor

Stairway Turnul Scărilor Pfarrerstübel the Tower of the Stairs Turnul Sfatului Ratsturm the Town Hall Tower

8 CONTACT INFORMATION OF

RELEVANT AUTHORITIES

8.a Compilers

217

8.a Compilers

The Documentation was compiled under the auspices of THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY / Institutul de Cercetări Socio-Umane Sibiu / Institute for Social and Human Research

RO-550024 Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd., Phone 0040 269 212604, fax 0040 269 216605, e-mail [email protected]

Coordination: Name: Paul Niedermaier Title: Professor, Ph.D., Member of the

Romanian Academy Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone. 0040 269 212604 E-mail: [email protected] General supervision: Name: Steffen Mildner Title: Lic. rer. reg. Address: GTZ Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str. City, Country: RO-550183 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 211988 E-mail: [email protected]

Consultants: Name: Dennis Rodwell Address: Greenside Park, St. Boswells

Melrose Roxburghshire City, Country: TD6 0AH Scotland, U.K. Phone: 0044 (0)774 0871043 E-mail: [email protected]

Name: Tereza Sinigalia Title: Associate Professor, Ph.D. Address: INMI, 16 E. Văcărescu Str. City, Country: 040157 Bucureşti, Romania Phone: 0040 021 3366073 E-mail: [email protected]

Documentation for the Indicative List of Romania: Layout: Name: Sergiu Nistor Name: Mariana Vlad Title: Associate Professor, Ph.D. Address: MCC, 30 Kiseleff Rd. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-011347 Bucureşti, Romania City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 21 2242510 Phone: 0040 740 620372 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Authors of Chapters

Chapter 1 Name: Szabolcs Guttmann Title: Chief Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Ioana Urdea Title: Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 2 Name: Ioan Bucur Title: Architect Address: 7 Hegel Str. City, Country: RO-550281 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 0740 204104 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Alexandru Avram

Title: Professor, Ph.D. Address: ULB Sibiu, 7 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 216062 Name: Paul Niedermaier Title: Professor, Ph.D. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone. 0040 269 212604 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Zeno-Karl Pinter Title: Associate Professor, Ph.D. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 212604 Chapter 3 Name: Paul Niedermaier Title: Professor, Ph.D. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania












8 Contact Information

218

Phone. 0040 269 212604 E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 4 Name: Marius Constantin Title: Prof. Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Szabolcs Guttmann Title: Chief Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Ioana Urdea Title: Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Steffen Mildner Title: Lic. rer. reg. Address: GTZ Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str. City, Country: RO-550183 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 211988 E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 5 Name: Steffen Mildner Title: Lic. rer. reg. Address: GTZ Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str. City, Country:RO-550183 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 211988 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Vasile Crişan Title: Prof. Address: DJCCPCN Sibiu, 6 Tribunei Str. City, Country: 550176 Sibiu Phone: 0040 269 210113 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Tereza Sinigalia Title: Associate Professor, Ph.D. Address: INMI, 16 E. Văcărescu Str. City, Country: 040157 Bucureşti, Romania Phone: 0040 021 3366073 E-mail. [email protected] Name: Marius Constantin Title: Prof. Address: PM Sibiu

City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 6 Name: Steffen Mildner Title: Lic. rer. reg. Address: GTZ Sibiu, 11 Avram Iancu Str. City, Country: RO-550183 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 211988 E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 7 Name: Szabolcs Guttmann Title: Chief Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Ioana Urdea Title: Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Paul Niedermaier Title: Professor, Ph.D. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 212604 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Anda-Lucia Spânu Title: Prof. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 212604 E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 8 Name: Paul Niedermaier Title: Professor, Ph.D. Address: ICSU Sibiu, 40 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone. 0040 269 212604 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Szabolcs Guttmann Title: Chief Architect Address: PM Sibiu, 1–3 Victoriei Bd. City, Country: RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania Phone: 0040 269 208800 E-mail: [email protected]

English version by: Eugen Gergely, Ph.D. and Dan-Şerban Sava, Ph.D. Also collaborated:

Nadia Badrus, Ph.D., Carla Fabian, Prof. Dumitru Iacob, Gudrun-Liane Ittu, Ph.D., Gabriela Panczel-Cenuşer, Ph.D. (ICSUS)

Arch. Jochen Gauly, Arch. Gabriele Mersch, Cristina Muntoiu, econ. (GTZ)

















8.b Local Institution

219

8.b Local Institution

Municipality of the City of Sibiu

1–3 Victoriei Bd., RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania, Phone: 0040 269 208800; e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Klaus Werner Johannis, Mayor

8.c Other Local Institutions

County Directorate for Culture , Religious Affairs, and National Cultural Heritage Sibiu

6 Tribunei Str., RO–550176 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 210113, e-mail: [email protected]

Institutul de Cercetări Socio-Umane Sibiu / Institute for Social and Human Research

40 Victoriei Bd., RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania, Phone: 0040 269 212604; e-mail: [email protected]

Universitatea Lucian Blaga Sibiu, Facultatea de Istorie şi Patrimoniu “Nicolae Lupu”

5 Victoriei Bd., RO-550024 Sibiu, Romania, Phone: 0040 269 214468, e-mail: [email protected]

Facultatea de Geografia Turismului Sibiu 3 Turnătoriei Str., RO-550049, Phone: 0040 269 222899

Brukenthal Museum Sibiu

4-5 Grand Square, RO-550163 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 211699, e-mail [email protected]

History Museum Sibiu 2 Mitropoliei Str., RO–550179 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 218143

Astra Museum

11 Lesser Square, RO-550182 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 218195, e-mail [email protected]

S. C. Kultours s.r.l. 16 Lesser Square, RO-550182 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 216854, e-mail [email protected]

Tourist Information Centre

7 Grand Square, RO-550163 Sibiu, Phone: 0040 269 208913, e-mail [email protected]

S. C. Globtours s.r.l. 9 Nicolae Bălcescu Str., RO-550159 Sibiu, Phone: 433422, e-mail [email protected]

8.d Official Web Address

http://www.ministerul culturii.ro Name: Dan Nicolae, Architect E-mail:[email protected]

http://www.sibiu.ro Name: Prof. Klaus Werner Johannis, Mayor

E-mail: [email protected]










http://www.ministerul

mailto:E-mail:[email protected]

http://www.sibiu.ro


221

9 SIGNATURE

ON BEHALF OF

THE STATE PARTY

Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs

……………………. ADRIAN IORGULESCU