sibo: a social insect behavior ontology for ants and bees christopher d. smith ph.d. assistant...
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SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior Ontology for Ants and Bees
Christopher D. Smith Ph.D.Assistant Professor Bioinformatics
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, CA 94132
Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome ProjectLawrence Berkeley National LabBerkeley, CA 94720
www.dhgp.org
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Drosophila melanogaster• 100 years of experimental data
• ‘Complete’ sequenced genome
• Many well-characterized behavior & other phenotypes
• Microarray & other large scale datasets
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Adams & Venter et. al. Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95.
Genes Often Very Conserved in Metazoans• Eyeless is a classic
example– No eyes in flies, mice
– Human Blindness (Aniridia)
• Numerous Other examples– Alcoholism
• cheapdate = cAMP signaling• LUSH = odorant receptor
– Learning & Memory• dunce = cAMP metabolism
– Limb Development (Homeotic)
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Cooperativity: D. melanogaster dunce gene involved in learning & group behavior• dunce = cAMP phosphodiesterase
• ‘Search Aggregation’ in Drosophila: group advantage in finding good Tinette & Robichon. Genes Brain Behav. 2004 Feb;3(1):39-50.
• dunce overexpressed on worker bees relative to queen in beesJudice & Pereira. Insect Molecular Biology (2006) 15 (1), 33-44.
• dunce ortholog & dunce-like genes related to schizophrenia in humans Millar & Morteous. Science Vol.310. no. 5751, pp. 1187.
Numerous Insect Genomes Available
Million Years
Eusocial Insects Are Overdue for Genomics• Extensive Natural History & Literature
• Behavior Assays Already Developed
• Extensive Epigenetic Caste Regulation– Lifespan– Morphology– Complex Social Behavior
• Leverage Drosophila and use genetic, genomic, phenotype data
• Social Insect Similarities to Humans– Dominant global species– Individualism– Slavery, Policing reviewed in “The Ants” E. O Wilson
– Agriculture Mueller & Schultz. Science, v281:2034– Teaching Franks & Richardson. Nature. v439:153
>11,500 Ant species>25,000 Bee species>2800 Termite Species
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Grimaldie & EngelEvolution of the Insects
Cambridge University Press
Eusocial Insects Differeniate into Castes with Distinct Behaviors & Shapes
Image Credit : Amy Beaton, Rubin Labhttp://www.bdgp.org/cgi-bin/ex/insitu.pl
• Eusocial Hallmarks– Division of labor- Workers, Soldier, Queens, etc…– Sterile Castes (not req’d)- Single & Multiple Queens possible– Multiple generations lives in nest - Older generations care for younger
• Social behavior NOT genetically defined– Eusocial behavior has arisen many times in different species– Genetic predisposition, but no ‘hard-corded’ castes– Castes are temporally regulated in some species
• Behavior is epigenetically regulated– Genetically identical individuals express different phenotypes
Caste Programming Depend on Hormones & Environment Cues
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Abouheif & Wray Evolution of the Gene Network Underlying Wing Polyphenism in Ants
Science 12 July 2002:Vol. 297. no. 5579, pp. 249 - 252
JH = Juvenile Hormone
Covergent Behaviors in Ants & Bees
Worker & Queen Bees Express Unique Gene Subsets
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Wheeler et. al. Expression profiles during honeybee caste determinationGenomeBiology2000, 2(1):research0001.1-0001.6
• Genetically identical animals exhibit widely varied gene expression profiles
• Numerous caste specific genes have been identified in bees, ants & termites
•With completion of ‘beenome’ many more behavioral microarray expts. planned
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Identification of Putative Orthologs TBLASTN approach using the Comparative Genomics Library (CGL) Best ‘multiple-hit’ used to determine orthologous exons Orthologous introns inferred when both flanking exons are found
CG40919
Behaviors can be linked to SNPs
• Africanized bees
– Pursue Enemy 10-30x further
– More reactive to color, movement
– 4-10x stinging
– Disengage less
– Alert quickly
– Larger defense perimeter
• Using comparative annotation we can link ‘Africanized’ SNPs to gene and regulatory annotations
– e.g. Dopamine receptor mutations • DRD4
– e.g. Serotonin promoter polymorphism• hSlc6a4,dSerT
Disengagement
Perception
Orientation
1o Discriminationor Identification
AlertRecruitment
Approach
2o Discriminationor IdentificationThreat
ATTACK!
Adapted from Breed & Hunt2004. Annu. Rev. Entolom. 49:271-98
Seeding the Ontology• Currently only 100
terms
• Estimated 3500 behaviors in ants and bees
• Derived from Drosophila GO behavior terms and bee/ant literature
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Link Behaviors to ‘Language’ Genes
• Ants have more chemical producing glands than any known organism
– Queens can chemically inhibit fertility through colony
– Queens can call ‘group alarm’ for attack & defense
– Workers can communicate novel information to others back and forth (i.e. teaching)
• Link Behaviors to Chemicals– e.g. ‘Mortician Ants’ respond
to oleate from decomposition
Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990
Eusocial Insects Use a Complex Chemical Language that is Genetically Defined
• Language is an important aspect of social evolution across taxa– High-density– Peer Conflict Resolution– Division of labor– Group Defense
• Ants Can ‘Read’ Hundreds of Chemicals– Few receptors known
• Biogenic Amines– e.g. octapamine involved in
honeybee aggression
– Few genes identified
Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990
Semiochemical & Anatomy Ontology
• derives_from relationships need to be defined
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Linking Behavior, Anatomy, & Semiochemicals
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Present & Future work• Collection of terms & definition from honeybee and ant literature &
community
• Prioritization of behaviors associated to genes discovered in behavioral microarray experiments
• Curation of ‘derives_from’ relationships for semiochemicals and anatomy
• Curation of ‘precedes’ and ‘follows’ relationships for behavior actions (e.g. mating)
• Adaptation of Drosophila anatomy onotology for honeybees and ants
• Determination of cross-products with other ontologies such as CHEBI and GO
Ackowledgements• Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project (DHGP)
– Chris Mungall - Databases, Ontologies– Nicole Washington - PATO– Suzanna Lewis- Group Leader– John Richter - OBO-Edit
• Collaborators– Neil Tsutsui - UC Irvine
– Chris Elsik - BeeBase
fin