SIGNewGrad:SIGNewGrad:Intro to LaTeXIntro to LaTeXSIGNewGrad:SIGNewGrad:Intro to LaTeXIntro to LaTeX

Ben BreechBen Breech

breech@cis.udel.edubreech@cis.udel.edu

http://www.cis.udel.edu/~breech/signewgrad-http://www.cis.udel.edu/~breech/signewgrad-fall07fall07

What is LaTeX• Based on TeX

– hard to use (like prog. in assembly)

• Markup language for documents– You write. LaTeX typesets

• LaTeX compiles your document– Each letter/word/sentence/paragraph is

a box. LaTeX arranges the boxes.– Commands and environments instruct

LaTeX to change layout

• LaTeX is case sensitive

Running LaTeX

doc.tex latex doc.dvi

dvipsdvipdf

doc.pdf doc.ps

pdflatex

Commands• Change layout of text• Format:

\command[opt_arg1]{req_arg1}

• Command names are only letters– Command ends with last {} or non-letter

(exception: some commands have special -* form)

– May need empty {} for spacing if command has no args

Environments• Affects all text within env• Conveniently hides tons of

commands• Format:

\begin{name}[opts]{args} % text… \end{name}

Example Document [ex1.tex]

\documentclass{article}

% comments in LaTeX start with a %. anything after it is ignored.% this section is the preamble..

\begin{document}

This is the first paragraph. For \LaTeX, a paragraph is a continuous sequenceof lines, ending with a blank line. This meansyou can putone wordperlineif you wish and \LaTeX{} will treat the text as one paragraph.

This is the second paragraph. Just put in here to show how paragraphs separate.\end{document}

preamble

body

Sets doc. type class type

Example Document [ex1.pdf]

• Notice margins.– Designed for typesetters– Add \usepackage{fullpage} in preamble to

get 1.0” margins

• Spacing between words/paragraphs– 1 space = 10 spaces = 100 spaces, etc– Paragraph is contiguous text separated by

blank lines

Sectioning Commands• Let you break document into sections• Each section has running counter (e.g.,

section 1, section 2, section 2.3.4)• Commands:

– \section{title}, \subsection{title}, \subsubsection{title}

– Others available depending on style file

Sectioning Examples

\section{Top Level Section}

\subsection{2nd Level Section}

% second \subsection not shown

\subsubsection{3rd Level Section}

\paragraph{Paragraph.}

Labels and references• \label{string} after sectioning

command to save a label• \ref{string} where you want number for

section with label string – May want ~\ref{string}

• ~ = non-breakable space

• \pageref{string} -- gives page number where section with label string appears

Example Document

\section{Labels and References}\label{sec:lab-ref}

% other stuff cut out…

For example, in section~\ref{sec:tls}, wediscussed sectioning commands. Section~\ref{sec:3rd-ls} was a 3rd level section.In section~\ref{sec:lab-ref}, we discussedlabels and references.

Lists• Bulleted Lists:

\begin{itemize}\item First item.\end{itemize}

• Enumerated Lists (automatically counted):\begin{enumerate}\item \label{it1} This is the first item.\end{enumerate}

Font Styles• Change appearance of text• Forms:

\texttt{TeleType text} \textbf{BoldFace text} \textsl{Slanted text} \textit{ITalicized text.} \textrm{RoMan} \textsc{Small Caps} \textsf{Sans Serif}

Font SizesAffect everything after until end of

current text block (e.g. } or \end{}) {\tiny really small } {\scriptsize next smallest} {\footnotesize size used in footnotes} {\small smaller than normal } {\normalsize regular sized text} {\large larger than normal } {\Large larger } {\LARGE larger still } {\huge very large } {\Huge extremely large}

Math Mode• In normal text, $math formula$• In displayed math mode,

\begin{displaymath} math formula \end{dispalymath}

\begin{equation} math formula \end{equation}– Equation adds an equation number in ()

Math Examples (text mode)

• superscripts (^) -- x^2 + y^2• subscript (_) -- x_i + y_i• \sqrt{x^2_i + y_i^2}• \frac{x}{y}• Greek letters -- \alpha, \beta, \pi, \Pi, • \sum_{i=0}^n i

(different in display mode)

Math Examples(equation)

Finally, here's a more complicated equation. The Ackermann function $A$ is defined as,

\begin{equation} \label{eq:ack-def} A (m, n) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} n + 1 & \mathrm{if}\ m = 0 \\ A (m - 1, 1) & \mathrm{if }\ m > 0 \mathrm{\ and\ } n = 0 \\ A (m - 1, A (m, n - 1)) & \mathrm{if}\ m > 0 \mathrm{\ and\ } n > 0 \end{array} \right.\end{equation}

Creates a { big enoughto match what follows.

Matching right. = don’t printanything

Array env. (just like a table)

\mathrm to make if appearas normal text

\[space] to forcea space here

Math Examples(equation)

(equation number was removed. See example.pdf)

(If you’re bored, compute A (4, 3))

Floating Environments• Certain environments can “float”

– Do not appear exactly where you put them

– LaTeX moves them for better placement– Can be frustrating if LaTeX picks bad

spot

• Tables/Figures are most common

Tables\begin{table} \centering \begin{tabular}{|l|c|r|} \hline left justified & center justified & right justified \\ \hline\hline row 2, col 1 & row 2, col 2 & row 2 col 3 \\ row 3, col 1 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \caption{Example Table} \label{tab:ex}\end{table}

Start table

Table body

Caption& label

Table templateone letter/columnl = left justifyr = right justifyc = center| = draw vert. Bar between two cols

& separate columns

\\ endseach row

\hline drawshorizontalline between rows

Tables

Paper Citations• Place \cite{key} where you want

citation to appear– key is unique citation key– generates reference label at that spot

• Need to add special bibliography environment with papers – DON’T BOTHER! USE BibTeX instead!

BibTeX• BibTeX manages citations• Add following to body of your doc

– \bibliographstyle{type}• type = style (plain, abbrv, alpha)• Other styles available (see natbib)

– \bibliography{bib-files}• bib-files are your BibTeX files with citations• This command appears where you the

bibliography (usually end of document)

Example Bib File@String{cl = "Computer Languages"}

@Article{ChaitinEA-CL81, title={Register Allocation Via Coloring}, author={G.J. Chaitin and Auslander, M.A. and Chandra, A.K. and Cocke, J. and Hopkins, M.E. and Markstein, P.W.}, journal=cl, volume={6}, number={1}, pages={47--57}, year={1981}}

Define string abbreviation

BibTeX entryfor article.

Citation keyfor \cite

Authors separated by and

BibTeX Examples• Create document:

- latex doc.tex- bibtex doc- latex doc.tex- latex doc.tex

• Since I’m out of time, see examples in– Example.tex– Example.pdf– Ex.bib

Other Resources• Books

– “A Guide to LaTeX2e”, Kopka and Daly – “LaTeX: A Document Preparation System”,

Lamport

• Web– http://www.ctan.org– Google (tons of pages provide help on

LaTeX)

Other Resources• AucTeX - major mode for Emacs

http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex

• LyX - “GUI” for LaTeXhttp://www.lyx.org

• Various packages– Subfig, natbib, algorithms,epsfig