Significance Significance development in development in

genetic genetic engineering since engineering since

20002000

Presented byYogesh KumarM.Sc (Bioinformatics)Department (Microbiology)C.C.S.University Meerut

Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering

• Genetic engineering is the ability to Genetic engineering is the ability to be able to change part of an be able to change part of an organism’s genome to create some organism’s genome to create some desired or beneficial traitdesired or beneficial trait

• Genetic engineering come of age in Genetic engineering come of age in 1973 when 1973 when Herb BoyerHerb Boyer and and stanley stanley cohencohen create the world first create the world first genetically engineered organismgenetically engineered organism

Product’s which are Product’s which are genetically modifiedgenetically modified

• CottonCotton• PapayaPapaya• PotatoesPotatoes• SoybeansSoybeans• Sugar beetSugar beet• Tomatoes, including cherry tomatoesTomatoes, including cherry tomatoes• BananasBananas• Coca beansCoca beans• CornCorn• strawberriesstrawberries

Latest genetically modified Latest genetically modified crop product’scrop product’s

• TomatoTomato• Bt cotton Bt cotton • Bt cornBt corn• RiceRice• TobaccoTobacco• Bt brinjalBt brinjal

Latest genetically engineered animalsLatest genetically engineered animals• RatRat• FishFish• PigsPigs• RabbitsRabbits• MiceMice• InsectsInsects

(Bt- bacillus thuringiensis. commonly used as pesticides )

What is BtWhat is Bt

• Bt is shorthand for common soil-inhabiting Bt is shorthand for common soil-inhabiting bacteria called bacteria called Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis. Bt also . Bt also refers to insecticide products made from refers to insecticide products made from these bacteriathese bacteria

• about 280 are known pests controlled by Bt about 280 are known pests controlled by Bt

Is Bt safe?Is Bt safe?

Commercial Bt insecticides are classified as Commercial Bt insecticides are classified as Generally Regarded as Safe and are approved Generally Regarded as Safe and are approved for most organic certification programsfor most organic certification programs

Bt-toxins present Bt-toxins present in in peanut leaves (bottom leaves (bottom image) protect itimage) protect it from extensive from extensive damage caused damage caused by by European corn borer larvae (top larvae (top image).image).

What is Bt corn?What is Bt corn?

• Production of delta Production of delta endotoxin is controlled by endotoxin is controlled by a single gene in the a single gene in the bacteria. A modified bacteria. A modified version of this gene can be version of this gene can be placed in corn plants. placed in corn plants. Corn plants containing Corn plants containing this gene can produce this gene can produce delta endotoxin and delta endotoxin and therefore be toxic to therefore be toxic to insects that are insects that are susceptible to that form of susceptible to that form of the protein.the protein.

• Genetically Engineered Genetically Engineered Corn May Cause Food Corn May Cause Food Allergies Allergies

Bt-cottonBt-cotton

• India made its long-India made its long-awaited entry into awaited entry into commercial commercial agricultural agricultural biotechnology in biotechnology in march 2002 with march 2002 with the approval of the approval of three Bt-cotton three Bt-cotton hybrids for hybrids for commercial commercial cultivation.cultivation.

Significant benefits of Significant benefits of Bt-cotton Bt-cotton

• Bt-cotton both before and after Bt-cotton both before and after commercialization have clearly shown the commercialization have clearly shown the following benefits following benefits

• a) Higher cotton yield owing to effective a) Higher cotton yield owing to effective control of bollworms control of bollworms

• b) drastic reduction in the application of b) drastic reduction in the application of chemical insecticides for bollworm controlchemical insecticides for bollworm control

• c) higher profit to farmers and c) higher profit to farmers and • d) conservation of biological control agents d) conservation of biological control agents

and other beneficial organisms and other beneficial organisms

BT BrinjalBT Brinjal

Bt Brinjal is a trans-genic brinjal created by inserting a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into brinjal.

Glow in the Dark Pets Glow in the Dark Pets

• Pigs Pigs • Rabbits Rabbits • Monkeys Monkeys • Mice Mice • Rats Rats • InsectsInsects

Bioluminescence: Bioluminescence: Natural Glow Natural Glow

• *Firefly*Firefly• *Emperor Scorpion*Emperor Scorpion• *Cookie Cutter Shark*Cookie Cutter Shark• *Angler Fish*Angler Fish• *Some types of squid*Some types of squid• *Certain types of jellyfish*Certain types of jellyfish

Future developments Future developments

• Future applications of GMOs are diverse and Future applications of GMOs are diverse and include drugs in food, bananas that produce include drugs in food, bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases human vaccines against infectious diseases such as Hepatitis Bsuch as Hepatitis B

• metabolically engineered fish that mature metabolically engineered fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier years earlier

• foods no longer containing properties foods no longer containing properties associated with common intolerances associated with common intolerances

• and plants that produce new plastics with and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties unique properties

ReportReport

• A 2009 review published by the Royal A 2009 review published by the Royal Society of Medicine noted that GM foods Society of Medicine noted that GM foods have been eaten by millions of people have been eaten by millions of people worldwide for over 15 years, with no worldwide for over 15 years, with no reports of ill effects. Similarly a 2004 reports of ill effects. Similarly a 2004 report from the US National Academies report from the US National Academies of Sciences stated: "To date, no adverse of Sciences stated: "To date, no adverse health effects attributed to genetic health effects attributed to genetic engineering have been documented in engineering have been documented in the human population the human population

How would you know that your How would you know that your food was genetically modified?food was genetically modified? • You can't see or taste that your You can't see or taste that your

corncob for example has been corncob for example has been genetically modified. genetically modified.

• But you can read on the packaging But you can read on the packaging whether a food is genetically whether a food is genetically modified or contains genetically modified or contains genetically modified ingredients. That is modified ingredients. That is because the EU requires genetically because the EU requires genetically modified food to be labeled. modified food to be labeled.