AN UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN AND RURALIN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Translated from English by SENG SARY, PHY  SOPHEADA, CHHEAT SREANG, SAY PUTHY

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PREFACE

It is with great pleasure that I introduce this fifth volume of translated texts from the Junior FacultyTraining Program of the Center for Khmer Studies supported by the Rockefeller Foundation on earlyand modern Southeast Asian history. This course entitled Rural and Urban Studies of SoutheastAsia focused on demographic, cultural and commercial forces shaping urbanization and ruraldevelopment in Southeast Asia from the 16th century, with a particular focus on Cambodia.

In the era where globalization is pivotal to Cambodia’s development, knowledge about earlyhistory remains essential in shaping key debates. Therefore, this volume of translations representsa selection of four texts representing the themes of transformation shaping Southeast Asian urban andrural history since the 17th century.

During the course, the young researchers and junior faculty were exposed to sociological,anthropological, and historical frameworks for learning about rural societies, the gravitational pullof the cities, and the forces shaping early urban developments in Southeast Asian cities. Who livedin these cities? Who had access and who did not? How did Southeast Asia’s geographic location onthe trade routes influence the location and role of urban centers? How did colonialism shapethe ethnic, commercial and architectural characteristics of Phnom Penh, Bangkok, and otherSoutheast Asian cities? How did the demographic changes arising from European industrializationshape growth patterns of Southeast Asian cities during the high colonial era. Finally, how didglobalization affect the growth, wealth and poverty aspects of urban developments.

The two chapters by veteran scholar Anthony Reid on Material Culture and The City and Its Com‑merce are drawn from his book: Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450‑1680, Vol 1. This seminalwork provides an enormous amount of ethnographic and cultural history about both rural and urbandevelopments within mainland and peninsular Southeast Asia prior to the colonial period. Here welearn about environmental and cultural forces that shaped early urbanization and its role as acommercial hub for East Indies and Middle East traders en route to China.

The latter two articles are by Philip Kelly and Terry McGee. Changing Spaces: Southeast AsianUrbanization in an Era of Volatile Globalization, From Southeast Asia Transformed: A Geography ofChange, 2003, and Peter Xenos, Demographic Forces Shaping Youth Populations in Asian Cities. FromYouth, Poverty and Conflict in Southeast Asian Cities, 2004, these texts shift the gaze to the modern postcolonial era and provide a geographer’s view of how cities become a microcosm of generationalchange, opening up spaces for global forces to enter, and further shifting burdens of growth ontoburgeoning youthful populations.

It is hoped that these works will be read by all those interested in early history and moderndemographic challenges facing Cambodia and Southeast Asia.

In closing, there are several key people to thank for ensuring the success of this program. First andforemost is Mr. Chean Men, Director of the Rockefeller Junior Faculty Training program, whosevision and commitment has made this endeavor possible. The translators have contributed a great

deal and deserve special thanks. They are SENG Sary, SAY Puthy, CHHEAT Sreang, and PHYSopheada. Ms. Tan Sodany, the CKS Translation Coordinator was ever vigilant and served the teamwell. Finally, many thanks are given to Kheng Pytou Kethya, Publishing Coordinator, for his excel‑lent work in managing the editorial and publishing aspects of this truly collective undertaking.

Kate Frieson,Visiting Scholar

8

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CHAPTER 1:

Material CultureAnthony Reid

(Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450 ‑1680 Volume One)

Copyright © 1967 by Yale University.

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12 CMBUk TI .1

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14 CMBUk TI .1

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18 CMBUk TI .1

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TI. 24.. KWCaKMnUssm&yTMenIbrbs´ RB¼ viharGIusøamdUcKñaen¼ >

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20 CMBUk TI .1

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.nig lUdUvIs:s_.K¿s¿.1598.TM¿..108). >

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TTYl ánkar GnuBaØat edIm,Isagsg sMNg BIrCan eFVIGMBIfμ.enAK¿s¿ 1615. ehIy Edl án ERb køay tMbn en¼

eTACa bnÞay karBar sRtÚv edayKμankarGnuBaØatenAK¿s¿ .1618. m¨as´ Eslm¨g´ . (Masselman) K¿s¿. 1963

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22 CMBUk TI .1

rUbPaBTI.10x.½.RB¼ viharGIusøam.sYr¨akarta.EdlCaKMnUsRBagedayexµAédenAK¿s¿.1874

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Kat ena¼ eT buEnþ Eb Ca cat TukfaCatMbn GñkRbqaMgeTAvij. .(elIkeLIg enA kñúgÉksarrbs .RBIg.(Pring) K¿s¿.

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ena¼ eT.. > .. eRkay mk. BYk Gg eKøs enA.átg .ánTTUctvafa.rdæaPiál.s‘al tg ..(Sultan).. ²manPaBP&yxøac

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1636). .>.. dUc Kñaen¼ Edr enA makasar (Makarssar). BYk B&rTuyh;al .. nig BYkGg eKøsmin RtÚvGnuBaØti [ sagsg

sM Ng´ eFVI GMBIfμ.. ²Edl dak´ bnþb´ elIKña³ .( buksWr.K¿s¿.1967.TM¿..30).¦sUm,IEtkar Rbk ek,Óg enAelI dMbUl

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 23

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cMnYn.. 28..nak´ .RtÚv án eK smøab´ enATIena¼ .( eb‘¿.Gg day¨a. (B. Andaya).K¿s¿.1979.TM¿..46). >..

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kñúg karbeg;ItCaráMgkarBard¾rwgmaMmYy.. >.

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buEnþ GñkGPiCnPUmaminEdlRtÚváneKGnujatena¼ eT.>.. TegVI Ebb en¼ KWedIm,IFanafa.²RbsinebImankrNIk,t

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Rbsin ebI eyIgeCO eTA elI. b‘UlüW (Beaulieu) Edlánkt´ RtanUv RBwtþi karN_ EdlekIteLIg.. 30 .. ÌñaM eRkaymk

ena¼ manesckþIfa.bRmamEdlenAelIsMNg´ Gcié®nþy_ enA.Rkúg Gaeq e na¼ ... KWekIteLIgecjBIRkúm raCvgß

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man kaMePøIgFMdak enAmat TVarrbs BYkeK Efm eTot pg³..> .. Gñk dwknaMfμImñak eQμa¼ .Gal lUd daMg rIyarat süa.Gal

mU‘kamIl.(Alaud‑din Riayat Shah al‑Mukammil) (1989-1604).. ánsmøab´ BYkGWr¨ub TaMgena¼ edayeRbI kl

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24 CMBUk TI .1

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mk eRbI³.enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ... ehIyBYk.hULg´ .mankarrIkrayCamYynwgkareRbIRás´ ekAGI mYy cMnYn enA

eka¼ m‘UlUkas.(Moluccas).enAK¿s¿.1599.( TVIdI.Eb‘k (Tweede Boeck).K¿s¿. 1601. TM¿..67)..> . .BaküTaMgen¼ ... KWx©I

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PaK eRcIn bUmeRbg sRmab dutbMPøWecjBIGNþÚgeRbgFmμCatienA.EBLak .(Perlak) Edl eFVI[GaNacRk. áés

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Tuk f a Ca. Griy FmμCatiRbTanmkBIRB¼ [ dl´ RbeTsrbs´ . ( .huIkay¨at´ .Gaeq (Hikayat Aceh) K¿s¿. 1630

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esaPNPaBragkaydgxøÜnB&NelOgrbs´ Kat´ relagdUcmasxat´ . ehIysk´ rYjrbs´ Kat´ dUc p;aBak´ enAelIk,al.>.. édrbs´

Kat´ ekageTAeRkaykñúgRTg´ RTaydUcdg snÞÚc.rIÉsµarbs´ Kat´ ebIkRtg´ dUc tYGay¨g.ehIyceg;¼ rbs´ Kat´

rav tUmb¨un mYy kþab´ éd.>.ePøATaMgKUrbs´ Kat´ dUcCaeCIgcRgitlatsn§wgdUcCakNþÚbGIucwg .>.

—Hikayat Banjar: 365

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26 CMBUk TI .1

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mYy Edl eKlabeFμj[exμAenAkñúgBiFIeBjv&y.. .KWedIm,IbBa¢ak´ [c,as´ fa.mnusßnwg min RtÚveKRcLM fa Ca

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nig hVIlIBIn eK xat eFμjenA EdleKeBjv&y. (RKb kar ) eTa¼ bICaviFIxat TaMgena¼ xus@KñanAtamtMbn kþI.dUc Ca

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eFμjmuxrbs´ BYkeK[xøITaMgGs´ ..>.. karxat´ eFμj minRtÚváneKGnuvtþenAtMbn´ GasuIGaeKñy_ dIeKakena¼ eT

b¨uEnþ kar labeFμjCamYynwgBN’BIbEnøeRcIn mux ena¼ .mankareBjniymenAtamRbeTsPUma... esom.... nig

evotNam min caj´ .karxat´ eFμjenAtMbn´ eka¼ ena¼ eT.. >.. karTMBarsøamøÚCaRbcaMCYyeFVI[eFμjman BN’ exμA

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man BN’ exμAgil án mk BI BN ’ bEnSm epßg eTot. ( masEdn (Marsden).K¿s¿.1783.TM¿..52-53.nig La.lUEb‘r

K¿s¿. 1691 . TM¿. 29).. >.

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CatiPUma.RtÚváneKBN’nafayar Føak´ .. ²Bak´ kNþalátéd³. .ÉeNa¼ . eday sarEtTm¶n´én eRKÓg Gl g;ar

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eFVIkar snñidæanfa.karGnuvtþEbben¼ án mk BI CnCati }NÐa ena¼ eT...BIeRBa¼ faenAtMbn GasuIGaeKñy_ Edl man

}T§iBl }NÐa tic bMput.dUcCaenA.b‘&reNGU.(Borneo).. nig enA hVIlIBInkNþal.KWCatMbn´ EdlGnuvtþkar tub

Etgen¼ xøaMg Cag eKbMput..>..xageRkamen¼ KWCa kar BN’na rbs . Gal suINa. (K¿s¿.1668.a TM¿..20). sþIGMBI rebob

én kar eFVI[ Rtecok ehImenA.vIs&yyüas_ ... nigenAtMbn´ dIeka¼ ÉéTeTot.EdlviFIen¼ manPaB xus Kña BI kar

tub Etg en A eBleBjv&yrbs´ GñkenAtMbn´ dIeKak½

sRmab´ ekµgEdleTIbnwgekIteTa¼ RsI .¦ Rbus.GayumYyÌñaM .. ¦BIrÌñaM kþI áneca¼ Rtecok .eday eRbIm¢úl .¦ k¾

Exß¿.¿.¿> .eKbnßl´ TuksrésGMeá¼ mUrenAkñúgrn§ Rtecok.rhUtdl´ eBlEdlRtecokena¼ Cas¼ es,Iy.>

bnÞab´ mkeKbit¬sßI.. ¦ eQI.[tUcedIm,Icak´ cUlrn§ena¼ .>.eQITaMgena¼ RtÚvánEf TaM Ca erogral´ eBl

enAeBlEdleKdkeQIena¼ ecj. . rhUtTal´ Etrn§enATgRtecokena¼ FMGacdak´ Rmam kUn éd cUlcu¼.>. .

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 27

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kat ´ ena¼ .ehIyykeTAs‘kkñúgrn§enATgRtecokena¼ eTA¿.¿.¿.søwkeQIena¼ k¾rlamkvij esI@ .Edl GñkBak

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cg;a.>

dUcCakartubEtxøÜnkayEpñkÉeTotenAGasuIGaeKñy_ yagdUecña¼ Edr.kartubEtgRtecokEbben¼ man

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sRmab burs..>. .bursenAtMbn TMnabenARbeTséf. .nigCVa.k¾dUcCaCnCati.maeL... nig CnCatiepßgeTotEdl

køay CaCnCati.mUsøIúmena¼ .áneá¼ bg´ karGnuvtþ kareca¼ Rtecoken¼ .enAstvtßTI.17..>.. CnCatiPUmaTaMg

bursTaMg®sþIsuT§EtBak´ mas esþIgmUrtUc@enAnwgRtecokrbs´ BYkeKenAkñúgstvtßTI . 18.( saMgh:Wm¨aNU

K¿s¿.1818.TM¿..158.nig kuks_ . K¿s¿.1821.TM¿..3).. >.. b¨uEnþ BYk burs@ eá¼ bg´ kartubEtg rebob en¼ eRkay

mYystvtßbnÞab´ mkeTot..>... kareca¼ RtecokelIkdMbUgbgðs´ bnþCa BiFI eBj v&yd¾sMxan´ .sRmab´ ®sþI Cn

CatiPUma.( sVay.y¨U. (Shway Yoe). K¿s¿.1882.TM¿..48-51) . .nigbnþCaemaTnPaBsRmab´ ®sþICnCati. álI.

(kUv¨arUbüas .K¿s¿. 1937... TM¿..115-16)..>.. b¨uEnþmanEtenAtamtMbn´ dac´ RsyaldUcCaenA b&reNGU. nig enA

tMbn´ .átak´ .Batak én eka¼ . sUm¨aRtaena¼ eT.Edlbursk¾bgHajBIPaBeBjkMela¼.. .ni g zan£ sþúksþm rbs´

BYkeK.edaykarBak´ eRKÓg Glg;ar FM@enA nwgrn§Rtecokrbs BYkeKena¼ .. >.

karsak´ elIxøÜnRáNKW.sil,£ tubEtxøÜnmYyEbbeTotenAtMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ ehIyk¾dUcCasRmab´

bNþa RbCaCnGU®sþ ÚensIuEdr.. Edlánbnßl´ sil,£ en¼ Tuk[RbCaCná¨sIuhVicxagt,Úg.. >. RbCaCnPaK

eRcIn enA GasIu GaeKñy_ eRbIsil,£ sak´ en¼ y¨agxøaMg enAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþrbs´ BYkeK.. >.. .y¨agNamuij }T§iBl

rbs liT§i xug CW.. sasnaGIusøam... sasnaRKisþ... ánbMát kar Gnuvtþ karsak en¼ .enAtamtMbn valTMnab CaeRcIn

enA kñúg sm&y BaNiC¢kmμ..>. . enAstvtßTI .. 14.CnCatievotNamánhamXat karsak .Edl BYkeK cat Tukfa

Ca GMeBI min lð... ¦minTan sm&y .xN£ eBlEdlsmaCinsasnakat tUlikbMát karGnuvtþ en¼ enA. vIs&yyas

nig enA ..bIkul.(Bikol).EdlenATIena¼ karGnuvtþ sak rag:kayen¼ .manyageRcInrhUtdl stvtßTI ..17. ( kUlIn

K¿s¿.1663.TM¿..63-64). .>. BYkGIusøamrwtEtRbqaMgCMTas´xøaMgCagen¼ eTAeTot. eTA nwg kar tubEtg Ebb m nþ

GaKm Ebben¼ .. >.. BYkGaeq CnCatimUsøIúm ánbMát ecalnUvkarsak enAkñúgcMeNam RbCaCnenAeka¼ sUmaRta

xag eCIg EdlánkøayCamUsøIúmehIyena¼.. >.Rkmc,ab mYyrbs BYkeK enA stvtß TI .17. Edl ehAfa. sIrat.

Gal´ - mUssþaka .. (M.Sirat al‑Mustakim) ánEcgfa.. ²Ca katBVkic©EdlRtÚv eá¼ bg ecal kar sak´ eday yk

mú¢l eTA cak´ sac´ [man Qamecj.ehIybBa©ÚlnUvTwkexμA.. ¦TwkRbePTRsedogKñaen¼ eTAkñúgEs,k³ ..(dk

Rsg´ enA kñúg Evlt_ m¨g´ . (Veltman).. K¿s¿.1919.TM¿..21)..>..minman Psþútag GVI bBa¢ak´ BIkarsak´ enAkñúg cMeNam

BYk mUsøIúm maeL . . ¦BYkCVaena¼ eT.. >.en¼ GacmkBIBYk.CVamansemøókbMBak müag. ehAfa.átwk.(Batik) Edlman

RClk´ BN’ edaycab´epþImBIkarbnþk´ RkmYneTAelIkMNat´ ena¼ .. >.. kartub Etg elIsemøókbMBak´ en¼ ... KWeRbI

28 CMBUk TI .1

CMnYs kar sak EdlBYkeKcat TukfaCavtSúskþisiT§i.. nigCakMNt sm:al zan£ sg:mrbs BYkeK.. >..²átwk³. KW

Ca Bakü d¾ samBaØ mYy sRmab´ karsak´ enAkñúgPasa}NÐÚensIuxagekIt... nig hVIlIBIn.ehIy.k,ac´ rcna... nig

muxgarrbs átwk .rbs Cn CatiCVa.áneFVI[mankarsak k,ac elIragkay mnusß. ( vUm Wurm...nig vIlsan . . (Wil‑

son) K¿s¿. 1983.TM¿..214.nig cüa s<Wr(Jasper) nig.BWgh:aDI. (Pirngadie). K¿s¿.1916.TM¿..7-8)>.

muxgarcm,g rbs´ karsak´ .enAkñúgtMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ GacCakartMNag[vtSúskþisiTi§.. >. . kareBj citþ

rbs´ BYkCVa.. .nigBYkm¨aeL.eTAnwg.r¨acüas.(Rajah).¦ehAfakartubEtgd¾manmnþGaKm d¾Gs©arü.. ( BIeh:ad.

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rUbstVéRBkacsahavman}T§iBl.k,ac KMnUsEdlmanmnusßtictYcec¼ . . nig k,Ün y&nþ s asna... KWtMNag [

famBl BiessenAelIdgxøÜn. .dUcCafamBlEdlGac[eKeKcputBIeRKa¼ fñak´ Gnþray án. ( saMgh:Wm¨aNU.

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K¿s¿. 1980 .TM¿.64. .nig.hV&rs_ . K¿s¿.1981.TM¿..165)..>.. karsak k¾CanimitþsBaØaénPaB køahan. dUecñ¼ en¼ ... KWCa

BiFIsRmab´ bursv&yekμg..>.. .enAkñúg RbeTshVIlIBIn. (sUmemIlrUbPaB.11) .. ²minmankar Gnuvtþ sak´ ena¼ eT

taMg BIedImmk rhUtTal Et mannrNamñak án eFVI GVI mYy EdlCaTegVIkøahan.ehIybnÞab mk en¼ edIm,I[RKb

Epñk enAelIdgxøÜnmanrUbsak .buK:lena¼ RtÚvEtbnþeFVITegVIkøahanfμIbEnSmeTot³.( kUlIn. K¿s¿. 1663 TM¿.. 64.

Et sUmGaneRbóbeFobÉksarrbs .EGlIs (Ellis).K¿s¿ .1981 TM¿ ..249)..> .. RsedogKñaen¼ Edr enA b&reNGU.

k,ac sak CaBiessmYycMnYn.. KW sRmab GñkRbmaj TTYl án eCaKC&yEtbueNÑa¼ . (rUttWr (Rutter). K¿s¿. 1929.

TM¿..117-19).. >.

xN£ eBlEdlrdætMbn valTMnabsMxan @mYycMnYn.cat Tukkarsak CaTMenomTmøab d¾sahavminRtwm

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BI en¼ k¾RtÚváneKtRmÚvtampøÚvkar[BYkTaskr. nig Gñk beRmI. TaMg enA PUma..n igenARbeTs esom. ( lIEb‘m¨g´ .

(Lieberman) K¿s¿. 1984.TM¿..41/. 105.nig EtEvl K¿s¿.1982.TM¿..124).. >.

edIm,IbBa¢ak´ [famnusßmñak´ @ sSitenAkñúgzan£ xus@Kña.karsak´ rUbelIxøÜn... KWCameFüaáyd¾RbesIr .

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 29

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30 CMBUk TI .1

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sk´ rbs´ narI@. manlkçN£ dUceTAnwgBYkPUma.CagBYkéftMbn´ kNþal. >

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 31

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ykcitþTukdak´ CacaMác´ .edIm,I[Rákdfask´ RtÚvEtBN’exμA.PøWrelag.Rkas´ .nigmankøinEpðm eTot pg.. >

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Ca sBVnambris&T.(mann&yfa.sk´ KWmanzan£ esμInwgrUbbuK:lena¼ ).. >

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32 CMBUk TI .1

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RsLaj rbs BYkeK¿.¿.¿. sRmab buBVehtusasna.. ¦sRmab karlacakelak³.. >.. BiFIkat sk d¾Evgrbs Garug.

áLak ka.(Arung Palakka) enAK¿s¿.1692.bnÞab BIánTTYlC&yCmñ¼ elI.makasar . (Gg daya. (Andaya) K¿s¿.

1981. TM¿.. 148.nig mateTs. (Matthes). K¿s¿.1875.TM¿..67). ehIgnig kar kat sk rbs .sUsUhUng .áKUbU‘vaNa

(Susuhunan Pakubuwana) enAK¿s¿.1715 .( rIklIhVs_ K¿s¿.1978.TM¿..195).ena¼ .RbEhl CaGac niyay án

fa . eFVIeLIgedaysarBYk eK án s,t fanwg bUCask rbs BYk eKCa fñÚr eTAnwg C&yCmñ¼ ena¼ .. >.. karkat ¦ekarsk

rbs ´ RbCaCnsamBaØ Ca Biess ®sþI enAkñúgraCvaMg.enAeBlmrNPaBrbs raCvgßanuvgß dUc Edl án [ dwg

rYc mkehIy. enAGaeq. enAá¨tanI. esom.. nigcUhUr.(Johor) nastvtßTI.7.ena¼ ( m¨UnDI (Mundy). K¿s¿ .1667

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eveldt) K¿s¿.1880.TM¿..135.nig GuIRáhIum I.(brahim).. K¿s¿.1688.TM¿..129) .. Gac bgHaj GMBIkar bUCa Ca nimitþ rUb

Edl án RárB§ eLIgenAbuBVsm&ysasnaGIusøam.enAkñúgdMeNIrCIvit mnusß elak .. >.

munnwgkarTTYlyksasnaGIusøam... nigsasnaRKisþena¼ .kartubEtgsk rbs burs.. nig®sþIman PaB

xus Kña tictYcNas hak bIdUcCaminmankarykcitþTukdak kñúgkarEbgEckePTena¼ eT.. > ... buEnþkarEbg Eck

zan£ tamGayumanPaBxusKñaxøaMg..>.. enAEpñkxø¼ éndIeka¼ enAGasIuGaeKñy_ xN£ eBlEdlsk´ rbs´ yuvCn

RtÚv Tuk [EvgCanic©.rhUtdl sm&yTMenIb. ekμg@RtÚv kat sk [xøIø.EdleBlkat sk [xøIelIkdMbUgena¼ .RtÚv

eFVI eLIg enAkñúgBiFIsasnad¾{LarwkmYy.. ( hV&rs_ . K¿s¿.1981.TM¿..157-59. kugv¨arUb‘Iy¨as´ . (Convarrubias)

K¿s¿.1937.TM¿..129-30.nig es;ót (Skeat) K¿s¿.1900 .TM¿.. 44). >.. edayElk enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa.. .nig

RbeTs esom .enAeBlEdlyuvCnykkarkat sk xøIEbb fμI. ®sþIEdlminTan erob kar ena¼ RtÚv áneKcMNaM

eday kar kat´ sk´ Tmøak´ mkRtwmsμa.( La.lUEb‘r. K¿s¿.1691.TM¿..28.nigrbs´ .Gaym¨g´ ENr. (Aymanier)

K¿s¿.1900 .. TM¿..30).. >

sRmab´ BYkRbvtþisa®sþsg:m.karERbRbÜly¨agsMxan´ ... nigKYr[cab´ GarmμN_ ena¼ .. KWkarbþÚrBIkarTuk

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 33

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lkçxNÐ sRmab´ karkMNt´ ePT... nigeTA elIkar EbgEck ePT eday bMepøIs .rvag burs.. nig®sþI.. (kñúgcMeNam

BYk GIusøam . .nigBYkRKisþ).(sUmGaneRbóbeFobÉksarrbs .lIc.. K¿s¿.1958.TM¿..153.nig.hVWs_ . K¿s¿. 1973

.TM¿..262-67).. >

BitRákdNas´ ehIy.karkat´ sk´ rbs´ bursánkøayeTACanimitþrUbd¾sMxan´ mYyénkarRbkan´ x¢ab´

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ena ¼ .ándak´ bNþasarcMeBa¼ sav£ fμIrbs´ mUsøIúm.EdlbdiesFeTAnwgdMbUnμanEdltMvUv[ekarsk´ .. nigBak´

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ebsk Cn GIusøammkBI.emka (Mecca).bgHaj[kßRtrbs .álI. enAstvtßTI..16.. nUvké®nþ.. nigRbdab ekarena¼

RB¼ Gg:RTg´ tRmi¼ fa .en¼ KWCakarGeBa¢IjRTg´ [cUlCasmaCiksasnaGIusøam.ehIyRTg´ án tb eTA nwg kar

GeBa¢Ij ena¼ edaykMTicGMeNayena¼ eTACabMENktUc@.. ( RDÚvs_ . (Drewes). K¿s¿. 1978. TM¿..66)..>. .BYkGñkRkúg

enA m¨aeL.EdlmanGtþsBaØaNCnCatiPaKticfaCaBYkGIusøam.enAstvtßTI.. 16. án TTYl ykkarkat´ sk´

xøI eda y manQñÜtk,al CarcnabfCatirbs´ BYkeK. . ehIyBYkkan´ GIusøamenARKb´ TIkEnøg enA tMbn´ TIRkúgenA

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cin mUsøIúmenAátg´ . RtÚv áneKs:al´ faCa.²BYkcinsk´ xøI³.eRBa¼ BYkeKáneá¼ bg´ ecal rcnabf Tuksk´

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Rtlb´ mkkan´ RbeTsBYkeKvijena¼ eT dac xat³.. ( s;t´ . K¿s¿. 1606.TM¿..176)>

karpøas bþÚrsasnad¾FMmYyenA eka¼CVa... nig sU‘laevsuIxagt,Úg.(South Sulawesi). minmankarb¼ Bal dUc

Kñaen¼ eT..>. .karTuksk´ EvgenAEtCaTMnamTmøab´ sRmab´ BYkCVa.BYkbUh:Is.. nigBYk m¨akasa PaK eRcIn dEdl

rhUt dl´ stvtßTI..19..>. .sUm,IEtenAtMbn´ GaeqGIusøam.RbCaCnPaKeRcInenAEtbnþeCO fask´ Evg tMNag

[ GMNac d¾BiessmYy.( hIkay¨at´ .BUkat´ .mham¨at´ . (Hikayat Pocut Muhamat) TM¿..233).. > ..eTa¼ Ca y¨ag Na

k¾eday sRmab BYkEdlmanbMNgcg bgHajBIlkçN£ twgrwugrbs sasna GIusøam... rYmmanBYk kUn sisß sasna

GIusøam. ¦ BYkGñkeFVIs®g:amsasna.ánkat´ sk´ rbs´ BYkeK.. >.. clnaRbqaMgnwgBYkhULg´ BYkDIb¨UeNh;Úr¨U.

(Diponegoro) enAstvtßTI. . 19. eFVIkarEbgEckBYkeCOsasnaCMnan´ eRkay ecj BIBYk CVa.E dl ²eá¼ bg´

ecalsasna³ ehIy eTAcUlrYmCamYynwgBYkhULg´ .( karI. Carey K¿s¿. 1981 .TM¿..254.b¨uEnþsUm Gan eRbób

eFob Éksar rbs´ LWNg´ . (Lennon) K¿s¿.1796.TM¿..296)>

fVId,itEtkarniymTuksk EvgsRmab bursánRtlb eTATVibGWrubvijenAstvtßT.. 17. ehIykþI... k¾ BYk

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ena¼ .[kat´ sk´ xøIvij... ( Gal´ suINa. K¿s¿.1668A TM¿..18-19.nig suIrINU . (Chirino) K¿s¿.1606. TM¿..307 .nig.

324)..>.. karpøas´ bþÚrEdlb¨¼ Bal´ TaMgBIrePTenARbeTsesom. .. nig km<úCa man lkçN£ Gaf’kMáMgCagen¼

eTAeTot.. >. lkçN£ énkar.²ekarCuk³. edaykat´ sk´ xagelIecjRbmaN Ca bI sg´ TIEm¨Rt ehIyekarCMuvij

34 CMBUk TI .1

k,al enAEt man RbCaRbiyPaBenAkñúgTaMgBIenAkñúgstvtßTI..19.. >. .kar kat sk ´ Ebben¼ RtÚváneKfa Ca kar

C¼ }T§iBl rbs´ ExμrenAkñúgRbeTsesom... nigfaCakarC¼ }T§iBlrbs´ esom enA kñúg RbeTskm<úCa.( EtEvl

K¿s¿. 1980. TM¿..40 .nigGaymUenor. (Aymonier) K¿s¿.1900.TM¿..30).. >.. Cak Esþg Nas Edlfarcnabf énkar

kat´ sk´ enAkñúg RbeTs TaMgBIr en¼ man karpøas´ bþÚrelIsBImYydg.... b¨uEnþminmanmþgNaeLIyEdl fakar

erob cMsk´ rbs´ burs . nwg®sþImanlkçN£ xus KñaKYr[kt´ sm:al´ ena¼ ...>. .enAsm&yGg:r. . nig enAsm&yRB¼

raCaNacRkéf. mun sm&y kal Rkúg GyuFüa rebob tubEtgsk EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaBdl vNÑ£ GPiCn ena¼

hak´ dUcCakarmUr... nig cgCakMBYy.eday man kartubEtgCaeRcInEbbeTot.eTAtamvNÑ£rbs´ BYkeKena¼ .

.(CIvtakVan . K¿s¿. 1297. TM¿. 13/. .eRhVedrIk K¿s¿. 1981. TM¿..247-48.nig ETevol. K¿s¿. 1980. TM¿. 39-41) . >.

enAcugstvtßTI.. 16. RbCaCnkm<úCaenAEtRtÚv áneK BN’na famansk Evg ... ²buEnþminEvgdUcsk rbs BYkCn

Caticinena¼ eT³. ( sg´ . Gg´ TInIyU. (San Antinio) K¿s¿.1604TM¿..8).xN£ eBl Edlmkdl K¿s¿.. 1647 . BYk eK

hak´ dU c Ca niym kar ekarCuk énBIrstvtß xagmuxeTotm.( EBlIyut (Pelliot) K¿s¿.1951.TM¿..158).>.. Gñk

seg;tenATIRkúg GyuFüa Ca eRcIn Gñk enA kñúg stvtß TI 17. ( van .vIlIEyg . 1636.TM¿..84/. La.lUEb‘r K¿s¿.1691.

TM¿.. 28. nig kaEGm EhVr (Kaempfer) K¿s¿.1727.TM¿..69) .. BN’naGMBIkarkat sk yagxøIsRmab burs.. nig®sþI

xN£ eBlEdl kal Rbvtþirbs RkúgeQogém .. (elx.115) .. kt RtaenAkñúgstvtßTI.. 15.(Et RbEhlCa man

kar kt´ RtaeBl evla xus). sþIGMBIerOgniTanrbs´ GñkesIubkarN_ eQogém¨mñak´ .EdlRtÚvEtkat´ sk´ rbs´

Kat´ [ xøIedIm,I kuM[ eK gay cMNaM enAkñúgTIRkúgGyuFüa.. >.eTa¼ Cay¨agNamij.GIuRáhIum (Ibrahim K¿s¿.1688.

TM¿..56) .. ánG¼ Gag fa man EtBYkGñkRkenAGyuFüab¨ueNÑa¼ Edl.²BMumansk´ Tal´ Etesa¼ ³.xN£ eBlEdl

BYk GPiCn Gñk man RbECg Kña kñúg kartubEtgsk´ rbs´ BYkeK..>.

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Edl RbEhl CaTMnak´ TMngCamYynwgcMnYnd¾eRcInéneQøIyswkkm<úCa.edayrYmTaMgCnCatiéf xø¼ EdlRtÚv

áncab Ca eQøIyswkedaykm<úCaEdleFVICYy[ekIncMnYnRbCaCnesomeLIgvijenATsvtß.1590. > .kßRt

Gg: bnþ bnÞab eRkaymkGacykkarkat sk ena¼ .eFVICa.²rcnabfsk sRmab Cati³..>.. enA RbeTs PUma. GMLúg

K¿s¿. 1700 . .karkMNt´ [Gñkmanzan£ CaTaskrmansk´ xøI.enAEtGnuvtþenAeLIy... ( haMmuIl tg´ . (Hamilton)

K¿s¿. 1727. TM¿..28).. >.minfamUlehtuBitRákdCaGVIena¼ eT.BYkGñkniBn§mUsøIúm.. nigRKisþ.yl eXIjfa.en¼

Ca kar caM ác Nas edIm,IBnül edayRbDit.nUvkarkat sk yagxøIcMeBa¼ ®sþICnCatiéf.Edl kar Edl mansk

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.( Ricklefs.. nig vUrhUv (Voorhoeve). K¿s¿.1977.TM¿..100).. >..rIÉ kar Bnül ´ mYyEbbeTotena¼ ... KWfa.karkat sk

narI[xøIena¼ KWedIm,IbeBa¢atBYkRbharPUma.fanarIsk xøIenAcaMBI eRkay enATI Rkúg Edl h‘uMB&T§ ena¼ ... KWCa GñkcMáMg

burs@. (sμIts_ . (Smith) K¿s¿. 1946. TM¿..80)..>.

sasnaGIusøam... nigsasnaRKisþKWCaktþacm,gmYy.EtminEmnCaktþaEtmYyKt ena¼ eT. kñúg kar eFVI [

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 35

man kareá¼ bg ecalCabnþbnÞab .nUvkarTuksk Evg.karsak rUbelIdgxøÜn. .. nigkar eFVI[ Tg Rtecok yar Evg

enA kñúg.stvtßTI. 16.nig. 17. . >.. karTukRkck[Evg .Edl TTYl}T§iBledayBYkmineFVIkaredaykmøaMg.k¾sab

rlab enAkMlugeBldUcKñaen¼ Edr.eRBa¼ BYkGIusøam.. .nig BYkRKisþsasnamincUlcitþkarTukRkck[Evgena¼

eT. ( .RdÚvs_ . (Drewes) K¿s¿.1978.TM¿..66.nigbUrI. (Borri) K¿s¿.1633.TM¿. .F)..>.. eTa¼ bICakarERbRbÜlTaMgen¼

ekIt eLIgkñúgnamsasnaTUeTAk¾eday... k¾karERbRbÜlen¼ Gaccat´ Tukf a Ca Epñk mYyéndMeNIrkar lT§imin

cUl rYm kñúgsasna EdlCaTUeTATak TgeTAnwgkMeNInnKrUbnIykmμd¾KMhuk..>. .rUbrag kay áncab epþImkøay

Ca RbPB mYyEdlminEmnCakmøaMgmnþGaKm ... EdlGac[eKEbgEck[ dac ecj BIBiPBelakd¾sm BaØ rbs

mnusß elak..>.. pÞúyeTAvij.rUbragkayRKan EtCayanþsRmab cmøgviBaØaN GeBVaharikEtbueNÑa¼ ... >.. dUc Ca

vis&y ÉeTotEdr.bERmbRmÜleTArk}riyabfEbbTMenIben¼ áncab epþIm enA yuK sm&y BaNiC¢kmμ... k¾ buEnþ

RtÚv kk sÞ¼ KaMg.rIRtÚvBnüWtCabnþbnÞab´ .eday sarkardYlrlMénCIvit rs´ enATIRkúgenAGasIuGaeKñy_ ..>.

36 CMBUk TI .1

rUbPaBTI. 14. .a ½.rcnabfsk´ burséf .manzan£ x<s´ .enABak kNþal stvtßTI. 19

14 . b ½.rcnabfsk´ ®sþIéf sRmab´ m©as´ kßRtI. mk;uúd.(King Mongkut).. >.®sþIekarsk´ xagekonk,al tic

Cagburs.buEnþtRmwmrgVg mUlyagxøICMvijsk Ck ena¼ .. >.enAeBlxø¼ sk ®sþIRtÚváneKeRbób RbdUceTA nwg

p;a QUkrIkmYy. >

karesøókBak´ bnÞab´ BIeBláyrYc.Kat´ nwgesøóksarug.rbs´ Kat´ . ehIyKat´ nwgERbsarugena¼ mþgehIymþg eTot BI.12.

eTA. 13.dgTal Etdl Kat eBjcitþ. >.bnÞab mkKat Bak Gav.nigkMNat epßg@sRmab Bak elI k,al ehIy

kartRmÚvcu¼ eLIgk¾RtÚveFVIdUceBlEdlKat eFVIeBlesøóksarugdUecña¼ Edr. .rhUtTal Et Kat eBj citþ.>..dUc

Kña Edr.CamYynwgRkmaEdlKat´ RtÚvyktubEtgxøÜn¿.¿.¿enAeBlEdlkMBugerobcMena¼ Kat´ edIrcu¼ edIr eLIg

Gac eTAdl´ mat´ TVarrYcehIy.k¾Rtlb´ mkvij.mksYrRbBn§rbs´ Kat´ faetImanxusTas´ GVI Edr . ¦Gt´ cMeBa¼

semøókbMBak´ rbs´ Kat´ ena¼ >

—Sejarah Melayu K¿s¿.1612.TM¿..127

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 37

karykcitþTukdak d¾sMxan mYy... KWcMNayeTAelIkartubEtgkayedaysemøókbMBak . .nigCaBiess

eRKÓg Glg;ar..>..RTBüsm,tþiRtÚváncMNayy¨agx¢¼ x¢ayeTAelIvtSúTaMgBIren¼ .ehIy.. .sUm,IEtGñkRkk¾xit

xMrk yk mk Bak´ [ánemIleTAGs©arüenAkñúgBiFIsMxan´ mþg@..( sg´ h:Wm¨aNU. K¿s¿.1513.. TM¿.. 159.. nighVaMg

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kartub Etg xøÜn rbs´ RbCaCnGasIuGaeKñy_ .mantémørab´ ryduløar @.. .( Gal´ suINa. K¿s¿.1668.A.TM¿..21-22

nig rbs´ .m¨ak´ muIkXIg (MacMicking) K¿s¿.1851.TM¿..134)..>.Gñk dwkna Mzan£ x<s´ ... KWCaGñkEdlcMNayeRcIn

Cag eK man dUcCa. esþc su‘ltg .én.ETrNat.. (Ternate). Edlán CYb CamYy nwg eRdk.Drake kñúgsemøók bMBak

eRsab eday mas d¾lð RbNit.eRKÓgGlg;ar .. nig Exßk d¾ sem,Im Edl eF VIBI.. ²masd¾RbNit@³..( eRdk. K¿s¿

1530.TM¿..70) ..nig mandUcCa.esþcs‘ultg´ enA . cUhUr enA.K¿s¿ .1606.edaymankarBN’nadUcteTA. ½.²CMuvij

k rbs´ Kat´ man Rcvak´ masbIExßP¢ab´ Ca mYy nwg R kvil Glg;arCaeRcIn.. >.. enACMuvijédxageqVgrbs´ Kat´

manExßédmasBIrExß nig man mYy ExßeTotBak enA édxagsþaMrbs Kat ...>. .elIsBIen¼ eTAeTot enAelI Rmam

édrbs Kat manBak cieBa©ón d¾Rss sðatcMnYn RáM mYy ehIyenAnwgceg;¼ .manBak kaMbit esñót Edl eFVI yag

Biess . EdleK ehA fa RKIs. (Kris).. >... dg.. nig eRsam kaMbitena¼ eFVIBImasedaymandaMeBRC... t,ÚgRkhm nig

t,Úg keNþógpgEdr EdleFIV[BYkhULg án RbmaNtémøénkaMbitena¼ .rhUtdl eTA.50¿000. (Guilder) (luy

rbs´ hULg´ ).@.(vWrEkn (Verken) K¿s¿.1606.dkRsk´ eday.Rkats_ . (Kratz) K¿s¿.1981.TM¿..70)>.

eTa¼ bICaeKx¢¼ x¢ayk¾eday..PaBxusKñakñúgkaresøókBak rvagGñkman... nigGñkRk.GñkbeRmI.. nigecA hVay

nay rvagRB¼ mhakßRt ... nigRbCara®sþ . minsUvRtÚv áneKsm:al dUcenAsm&ybuer«sßahkmμenAGWrub ena¼

e T. EdlTItaMgrbs mnusßmñak @Gac[eKdwgánedayemIlBIrebobesøókBak rbs eKena¼ .@.. .( sg ENt

(Sennet). . K¿s¿.1977)..>.. eRhVedriksuI .(K¿s¿.1581.TM¿..268).ánkt Rtafa.. ²enA. EBh:Ú. (Pegu) kartb´ Etg

semøók bMBak rbs BYkeK manlkçN£ dUcKñaEtmYy minfasRmab GPiCn. . ¦k¾Cn Fmμta k¾ eday..>. . PaBxusKña

man Et mYyKt´ .. KWKuNPaBrbs´ kMNat´ semøókbMBak´ ena¼ ³.. >.c,ab´ EdlEcg BIkar eRbI Rás´ smÖar£ .Et

gEtkMNt TukBN’... ¦k¾RbePTkMNat Cak lak NamYysRmab EtBYk GPiCn tamlMdab fñak Et bueNÑa¼ ... dUc

Kña en¼ Edr k¾ man kar dak bB¢aaeTAelIkareRbIRás eRKÓgGlg;artam RbePTpgEdr. > .kar ham Xat enA RbeTs

maeL Edl min [ RbCaCnsamBaØesøóksemøókbMBak´ BN’ elOg.. .KWeFVIeLIgedayGñk dwk naM CnCati GIusøam

dMbUgeK mñak´ enA.m¨aLaka enAedImstvtßTI.15. .(escüar¨a. em¨l&y yU. (Sejarah Melayu) K¿s¿.1612. TM¿..54. .

nig eBors_ . (Pires).. K¿s¿.1515.TM¿..265)... fVId,it Et man karbnþrcat TukfamasmanTMnak TMng CamYy nwgRB¼

mha kßRt enA GasIuGaeKñy_ k¾eday.. .( suIms_ . . K¿s¿.1827. I.TM¿..300.. nig RbÚeGr. (Bruére) K¿s¿ .1829 TM¿..192)..>

eTa¼ Ca yag Na k¾ eday.. kMNat semøókbMBak TaMgGs ena¼ manlkçN£ dUc@Kña.eday mankar PJak epðIlBIGñk

seg;t mk B IRbeTsxaglic. (eyagtamÉksarsþIGMBI.²TMnak TMng ³. K¿s¿.1572.TM¿..1666.nig mg Eds øÚ. (Man‑

deslo) K¿s¿. 1662 / .TM¿..115.nig GuIRáhIum K¿s¿.1688.TM¿..56).. >

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GaRkat³. rbs´ GñkRsúkenAGasuIGaeKñy_ ... KWCakarPJak´ epðIlmYy..>... BYkeKcg´ mann&yfa .RbCaCnenAGasIu

38 CMBUk TI .1

GaeKñy _ esÞIrEtTaMgGs´ KñaedIredayeCIgTeT.. .minmanBak´ mYk. (elIkElgEtBYkmU‘søIm.. .nig BYkGPiCn m Yy

cMnYn bueNÑa¼ ).. .ehIyEtgEtminmanBak GVIenAElVgxagelIcab BIceg;¼ eTA. .(sUmemIlrUbPaB..15a nig15b)..>.

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B&rTuyh:al man PaBrMákenAsmrPUmi. ( saMgeD. (Sande). K¿s¿.1576.TM¿..65).. >. ral eBlEdl BYk eK sMlwg

emIl .²sudn´ d¾ sx©I³ .rbs´ narIkm<úCa.dUc.CIvtakVan´ .(K¿s¿.1297.TM¿..15)... ¦k¾enAeBlEdlBYk eK Büayam

RKb dNþb´ sudn´ TaMgena¼ .dUcBYkGacarüeGs,aj.enAkñúgRbeTshVIlIBInena¼ .BYkmkBIeRkAhak´ bI dUc Ca

yl´ fakarbgHajsac´ dUecñ¼ .. KWCakarbgHajnUvPaBrIkrayxagpøÚvePT..>.. karseg;tedayRbúgRbytñ Cag

en¼ ánkt sm:al fa RbCa Cn rs enAGasIuGaeKñy_ tamBiteTA... KWCaGñkmancritrmüTmbMput .. ²KWhμt ct bMput

kñúg BiPBelak³.. .cMeBa¼ Rbdab ´ ePTrbs BYkeK ... >.. .CatYyag.BYknavwkáraMgRtÚvEtesøóksarugmunnwgcu¼ muC

Twk enAkñúgTenø... ebImin dUecñ¼ ena¼ eTBYkesom. .nwgminGnuBaØatena¼ eT.( La.lUEb‘r. K¿s¿.1691.TM¿..26)>.

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man Et BYkmUsøIúm ... ¦GñkEdlmanTMnak TMngCamYyBYkeKCitsñiTæEtbueNÑa¼ .. .(dUcCaBYk.tah:aLúk. (Tagalogs)

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yav pgEdr.edaysarEtragkaybuK:lpÞal en¼ ÉgKWCalkçN£ sil,£ .>.eRkayBIPaBeCOnelOnénkaredr

semøók bMBak´ ... nigsUm,IEtGavEdledredaym¨asuInena¼ .BYkCVa... álI.... nigéf.cMhrEpñkxagelIéndgxøÜn

rbs´ BYkeKsRmab´ TuklabTwkGb´ ...niglabemßA.eBlmanBiFIpøÚvkarmþg@.. >.. RklhVWD.. (Crawfurd) .(K¿s¿.

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esÞIEt sSit kñúg semøók bMBak´ GaRkatTaMgGs´ dEdl³.. >.. dUcKñaen¼ EdrenABiFIerobGaBah’BiBah’rbs´ Cn

Cati. s‘ULaevsuI. xag t,Ú g enAstvtßTI.. 19.. kUnkMela¼ enAEtminmanBak´ GavFM.xN£ eBlEdlkUnRkmMu.. .nig

®sþI minTan erob kar déTeTotBak .. áCU.(Gavpay). .esþIgEmnETnEdlGavena¼ minánbiTáMgGVITal Etesa¼

(vaLg Tij (Valentijn). K¿s¿.1723 . III TM¿..118.nigrbs .RbÚk . (Brooke).K¿s¿.1848.TM¿..81).. >.enAkñúg viFI buNü

Tan mþg@ sUm,IEt.ekáy¨a . (Kebaya) kMNat´ rlugsRmab rMuB&T§xagelIrbs´ ®sþIm¨aeL.Edl RbEhlCa TTYl

}T§iBl BI BYkB&r Tuyh:al .. ( vInsÞWdt_ . (Winstedt) K¿s¿.1935.TM¿.98).k¾CakMNat esþIg Gac emIleXIjFøú¼ Edr..>.

ekμg@minesøóksemøók bMBak kñúgry£ eBlBI..6. eTA.9.ÌñaM dMbUgeT EteKmanvtSúmüagehAfa.kaes-suIc

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Rk Nat ´ EdlminedrP¢ab´ Kñaena¼ eT EdleKrMumYy... ¦BIrCMuuxøÜnrbs´ BYkeKeTAánehIy..>.. eBlxø¼®sIþ.(Ca

Biess bnÞab´ . GIusøam).ánelIkkMNat´ ena¼ eLIgmkeRkamekøókedIm,IRKbsudn´ ...>.. rIÉkEnøg déT eTot .eK

Cuk kMNat CMuvijceg;¼ dUcEdlkaresøókBak bursEdr.. >. .bursCnCatiéf. . nigPUma.(eRkaymkmannarIéfpg

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 39

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GWrub án B&t’na karGnuvtþ Ebben¼ eTA[m©as kßRtICMnan edImmñak ... Edlcg bBa¢as BYkbursPUma[gakecj

BI TMenar rYmePTCamYymnusßePTdUcKña.( eRhVedrik. K¿s¿.1581.TM¿..269.. nig sg´ h:Wm¨aNU. K¿s¿.1518. TM¿..

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eRcIn Cag rbs´ BYk PUma.. >.

rUbPaB.15.A½.semøók bMBak´ rbs´ burs.nig®sþIsamBaØ.(xageqVg).kMBugeFVIdMeNIreTApßarenAátg´ nig

semøók bMBak´ rbs´ QµÜjGñkmanCnCatiCVa.CamYynigGñkbeRmIrbs´ Kat´ .(xagsþaM).KUsedayCagKMnuUs

hULg´ .EdlEpðkKMnUsen¼ eTAelIkarBN’naenAkñúgÉksarrbs´ .LÚdWvIs;s_ . K¿s¿.1598

40 CMBUk TI .1

rUbPaB.15.B.½.semøók bMBak´ rbs´ ®sþIsamBaØmñak´ .. nigkUnrbs´ Kat´

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 41

enAeka¼CVa rhUtdl kareCOnelOnénsasnaGIusøam.enAesomrhUtdl stvtßTI.18 .. nigenAkm<úCa.

álI .. nigenALaMbu‘k. (Lombok) rhUtdl´ eBlfμI@en¼ .bEnSmeTAelIkaresøóksarugsRmab´ ®sþI... KWkarruMRkma

yag rlug .EdlCaTUeTAeKrMuRKbenAelIsudn .. edaycugTaMgsgxagrbs Rkmaena¼ .Tmøak eTAelIsμa TaMgsg

xag Edr .( BIeh:ad. (Pigeaud).K¿s¿.1962.TM¿..158/. La.lUEb‘r. K¿s¿. 1691 TM¿.. 26. nig sßÚlIgh:Wr. (Zollinger)

K¿s¿. 1847 TM¿.. 334). >.CamYynwgkarmkdl´ én sasna GIusøam ®sþI CnCatiCVamankareRbIkMNat´ bEnSm

mYyeTot Edl man enA}NÐaburaNpgEdrena¼ .KWkMNat tUc man RkLa. Edlyk mkrMuyag twgCMuvij edImRTÚg

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PaB. 15A)>

KMrUmUldæanénsemøók bMBak´ rbs´ RbCaCnenAGasuIGaeKñy_ RtÚv áneKEkERbCaeRcIn rcnabfrvag

stvtß TI.15.nig.17.. >. .mUlehtuénkarERbRbÜlEpñksemøók bMBak en¼ .k¾dUcCaEpñkdéTeTotEdrena¼ KWCa

lkçN£ énCMnYjBaNiC¢kmμ... nignKrUbnIykmμ.. > .. kalRbvtþi rbs RbeTseBh:Ú .. (Pegu) Tak TgeTA nwg rC¢kal

rbs m©as kßRtI .suINavb‘uy.. (Shinawbu) (K¿s¿.1453-72).EdlmanGñkCMnYjbreTsCaeRcInánmk dl

nig.. ²manesøóksemøók bMBak Ebøk@CaeRcIn... ehIymnusßmña.mankMNak lðRbNItyagsm,ÚrEbb³.. (lIEb‘mg

(Lieberman).. K¿s¿.1984.TM¿..26).> .kMNt RtaRbvtSisa®s þRbcaM ÌñaM rbs maeLsuI.bgHajritEtc,as GMBI tYnaTI

d¾ sMxan´ sRmab´ .s‘ultg´ .m¨anUd.. (Sultan Mahnud). énRkúg m¨aLaka.(K¿s¿.1488-1511) .. kñúgkar bBa©Ún KN£

Rb ti PU e TA}NÐaxagt,ÚgedIm,IRbmUlyksemøók bMBak´ Edl kRm cMnYn.40.. RbePT.( escüar¨a.emh:Ú. (Sejarah

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bMBak Edl eFVI BI kMNat lð@sRmab BYkfñak x<s BitCamanTIpßar..>.. ²Gavkak Edlánlk kñúgtémø.. 300. .duløa

eGs,aj . enA Rkúg ántg ³... RtÚv ánkt RtaTukenAkñúg.. K¿s¿.1663. .edayCnCatiGg eKøs.( EGsPI. SP K¿s¿.

1630-34.TM¿..449)>

karEkERbfμICajwkjab ... KWkarBak GavFMrbs BYkGWrub....¦BYkGasuIxaglic BIelIkMNat semøók bMBak

d¾ man témøéfø.EdleRbICMnYssarugburaN... >... karERbRbÜlen¼ hak dUcCamin sIuKña CamYy nwg GVIEdl Gñk seg;t

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sa ²Bak GavFMEbbGWrub.BIelIxøÜnTeTrbs BYkeK... ehIyédrbs BYkeKminmanBak GVITaMgGs ¿.¿.¿.. nigk,aleBa¼

rbs ´ BYkeKcMhecal³.. >. .kMNat semøók bMBak edrEdlmanPaBgayRsÜl Cagen¼ RtÚv áneKRbDit eLIg

bnÞab BIena¼ mk.. >. . minRCúleBkeTEdlfarcnabfsemøók bMBak sm&yTMenIbPaKeRcIn man edIm kMeNIt mk

BIkarBiesaF semøók bMBak´ sm&yedImBIstvtßTI.15.eTAdl stvtßTI.17 .. >.

42 CMBUk TI .1

karbBa¢ak´ KY[cab´ GarmμN_ mYyGMBIkareFVIBiesaFn_ semøók bMBak´ en¼ manenAkñúgkalb,vtþrbs´

án´cüam¨asuIn . (Banjamarsin)énstvtßTI.17.EdleFVIeLIgedIm,Idak´ bBa¢axagsg:mGPirkß[BYkmancrit

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(Bugis).ena¼ eT.. >.. minRtÚv Rtab tamnrNamñak kñúgcMeNamBYkTaMgen¼ eLIy.. >.GñkminRtÚv esøókBak tam

semøók bMBak RbéBNIcas enAeBlEdleyIgrs enAkñúgtMbn .EkLaMg . (Keling)(}NÐaxagt,Úg)ena¼ eLIy

RBa¼ vaminEmnCaRbeTsrbs eyIgeToteT.>. . }LÚveyIgánbeg;ItRbeTspÞal rbs eyIg. eTA tam viFI. nig

rebob rbs´ .m¨acüaá¨huIt (Majapahit). >.dUcen¼ eyIgTaMgGs´ KñaRtÚv EtesøókBak´ tamCnCatiCVa.>. eyag

tam erOgeRBgniTanrbs mnusßCayUrmkehIy enAeBlEdlmannrNamñak esøókBak tamCn Cati déT ena¼

TukçevTnanwgFøak´ mkRbeTs xøÜnedayxanBMuán.( huIkay¨at.áncüar (Hikayat Banjar) TM¿.. 264)>

sRmab´ rdæfμI@PaKeRcIn.dMeNIrkarkñúgkarkMNt rcnabf.(semøók bMBak ).Catirbs´ xøÜn KWTak Tgya¨g

Cit sñiTæeTAnwgkarpøas´ bþÚrsasna.. >.karcUlkñúgsasnaGIusøam.. ¦k¾sasnaRKIsþ.RtÚv áneKsm:al´ án fa

man karpøas bþÚr semøók bMBak .k¾dUcCakartubEtgsk ... nigragkayedayeCosminánEdr..>.. sRmab RbCa

Cn Ca eRcIn.(eTa¼ bIminEmnsRmab´ CnCatiCVak¾eday). karRsú¼ RsÜl xagvb,Fm’m¨aeLsuI.ánkøayeTACa

semøók bMBak sRmab sasnaGIusøam.. >. .Gavpay.(EdleKehAfa.ácüÚ. (baju) ..¦ ekácüa. (kebaya).ena¼ ).. RtÚv

áneK cat´ Tuk CarYmCamYynwg sarugsamBaØsRmab´ ´ ®sþI... nigCaGavFMrlug@... nigkMNat´ TTUlk,alsRmab´

burspgEdr.. > .. Rkma rbs ®sþI.(EdleKehAfa.esELndg . (selengdang)).. GaceRbIsRmab eKal bMNg epßg

eTot...> .. karpøas´ bþÚr Tmøab´ d¾qab´ rh&smYyánekItmanenAstvtßTI..17 .. enARkúgm¨akasar . Edl RbEhl

mk BI enA sm&y Ek ERb ena¼ .TIRkúgena¼ KWCaTIRkúgFMsm,Úrmnusßsasn_ xus@KñarYceTAehIy .Edltam ktþa

sg:m enAeBl ena¼ karpøas bþÚrtamTisedAKaMRTmUlFnniymena¼ .mankar .²yWtyav³.eTAehIy.. >.kar BN’na

GMBITIRkúg ena¼ enA kñúg K¿s¿.1607.BIrÌñaM eRkayBIkarTTYlyksasnaGIusøamedayemdwknaMrbs TI Rkúg ena¼

.ánkt´ sm:al´ fa. kar eRbIRás´ BgsVas.(sUmemIlCMBUkbnÞab´ ).. nigkarkat´ sk´ rbs´ narI.mankarfycu¼ rYc

eTAehIy eday sar kar pøas´ bþÚr. .nigkarcUlmkdl´ nUvrcnabfkartubEtgsk´ rbs´ m¨aeL.. > .. y¨agNa mij

.Taskr.. .nig®sþI RkIRk enA tamcwBa©ImpøÚv.enAEtTuk.²EpñkxagelIéndgxøÜnrbs´ BYkcMhecjsudn´ ³.. dEdl

.( v¨g´ .EDr.haEh:n. (van der Hagen) K¿s¿.1607.TM¿..82).. >.. ry£ eBl..40.. ÌñaM eRkaymk.manGñkeTscr mñak´

eTot mkkan´ TIRkúg ena¼ .ánkt´ sm:al´ fa.. ²ral´ ®sþIRtÚv ánbiTáMgy¨agCitBIk,alrhUtdl´ cugeCIg Edl

sUm, I Etmuxmat´ rbs´ BYkeKk¾emIlmineXIjEdr³.(. r¨Ueds. K¿s¿ .1653. TM¿..206-07).. >.

enAhVIlIBIn.mankará¨n´ sμandUcKñaen¼ Edr... Edlfakarpøas´ bþÚrG tþsBaØaN sasna .TamTar [ man

kar pøas bþÚrsemøók bMBak .. >..CnCatieGs,ajáncat Tukfa rcnabfénkarsak xøÜnburs... nigkar xV¼ semøók

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 43

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citþBYk eGs,aj Edr..> .. kñúgkMlugeBlmYystvtß.kUlIn .(K¿s¿.1633.TM¿..63).GacraykarN_ edayesckþI

rIkray mk fa½

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Exßk sMBt xøIRtwmCg:g.Es,keCIg. .nigkMNat ák sRmab RKbsµa.. ¦k,al. ¦és,muxBN’exµA. >.Rbus@Bak

mYk. GavFMxøI.exaeCIgEvg.nigEs,keCIg. >.CalT§pl.semøók bMBak bc©úb,nñrbs BYkCnCatiedIm Indios kñúg

tMbn´ TaMgen¼ .KWesÞIrEtduUcBYkeGs,¨j.GIucwgEdr³>.

CnCatievotNamhak´ dUcCamankarpøas´ bþÚrmuneK.kñúgkartubEtgxøÜnedaysemøók bMBak´ CaeRcIn

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eday mansemøók bMBak´ eRcInRsTab´ EdlminGac[eKemIleXIjxøÜnRáNEpñkNaTal´ Etesa¼ .(K¿s¿.

1633: F).>. . pÞúyeTAvij.eKGaccat´ Tuksemøók bMBak´ rbs´ CnCatievotNam.sRmab´ TaMgBIrePT.fa Ca kar

Ek éq ñ énKMrUsarugsmBaØ.muneBlEdldak bBa¢a[eRbIRás Gavpay .nig exaeCIgEvg .Edl man rcnabf cin.

eday RB¼ ecA GFiraC.vU.vYg (Vo Vuong) kñúgK¿s¿ .. 1774.( hYaGad (Huard) nig. Duran dYrg .K¿s¿. 1954.TM¿..177-

78.nig .vUdsad (Woodside) K¿s¿.1971.TM¿..134). . >

plitkmμvaynPNÐ.. nigBaNiC¢kmμ.eday sSitenAcenøa¼ RbPBsemøók bMBak´ d¾FMénBiPBelakcMnYnBIr.EdlCaRbeTs}NÐaEdlsm,Úr eday

kb,as .. .nigRbeTscinEdlsm,ÚredaysURt tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ ánkøayeTACatMbn d¾l,IxageRbIRás .Ca

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ena¼ .nwgminvtþmanBaNiC¢kr }NÐa.rYcmkGWrub.. enAtMbn´ GasuIGaeKñy_ ena¼ eLIy..>.. semøók bMBak´ t,aj én

tMbn´ }NÐaxaglic.eh:aEcür¨at.Gujerat tMbn´ xagt,ÚgéneqñrxagekIt}NÐa.. nigenAtMbn´ PaK »san enA

}NÐa .Eb‘gh:al´ .PaKeRcIncMNayeTAelIeRKÓgeTs...nigeRmcEdlBYkenAeka¼ }NÐÚensIuánbBa¢Ún eTA

kan ´ Eb¨kxaglic.. >

TegVIen¼ GaceFVIeTAánedaykarcMNayy¨agx¢¼ x¢ayénBYkGasuIGaeKñy_ eTAelIsemøók bMBak´ ... nig

kar tubEtgeRcInCagkarcMNayepßg@eTot.EtedayminmkBIkgV¼ xaténplitplvaynPNÐGVIena¼ eT..>

sMelo k bMBak´ ... KWCa«sßahplnaMmuxeKbgðs´ enAGasIuGaeKñy_ .rIÉkb,asKWCaksiplnaMmuxeKbnÞab´ BI

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niKm GWru¨b sRmab´ kardwgKuN... KWCakMNat´ kñúgRsúk.( kUet.(Cote). K¿s¿. 1979 .TM¿. 56 /. .rUEhVr. (Roufaer)K¿s¿.

1904 ..TM¿. 12-13/.. erEkl. (Requel) K¿s¿. 1573. TM¿.241. nig .sþav&rrInUs (Stavorinus) K¿s¿.1798 . II TM¿..261).>

. kMNat semøók bMBak rbs }NÐa... nigcinRtÚv án TijedayBYkGñkman sm,tiþsþúksþmÖ.edaysarEtkMNat

44 CMBUk TI .1

TaMg ena¼ man BN’Rss´ føa.k,ac´ d¾Rss´ sðat. nigCakMNat´ d¾kRm eTotpg... b¨uEnþRbCaCnPaKeRcInEtgEt

esøók semøók bMBak´ kat´ ecjBIkMNat´ kñúg Rsúk .¦ kñúgtMbn rbs´ xøÜn..>.

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Kat s nñidæanfa... kar tm,ajKWeFVIeLIgCaelIkdMbUgbgðs sRmab kMNat EdleFVIecjBIsrés eQI... BIeRBa¼

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nUv GIV Edl Gac C a RbB&n§d¾cMNas mYy.enAEtsSitenAkñúgtMbn TaMgena¼ .EdlminmanrdUvRáMgRKb RKan Edl

Gac daM kb,as [ rIklUtlas án. ehIy Edl minGac eFVIkar naMcUl kb,as án pg Edr.> .PaK eRcIn én mLa ya

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RbeTs en¼ ánnaMcUlkMNat mkBI}NÐa.. CVa... nig s‘ULaevsuI. ( eGeredor K¿s¿. 1613. TM¿..39).. >..enAtMbn min

sUv GnueRKa¼ .éneka¼ sUmaRtaxagt,Úg.énb‘&reNGU .s‘ULaevsuI. nig malUh:as . . (Malugas).. kMNat semøók bMBak

EdlminCab´ ányUr RsedogeTAnwgsMbkeQI.b¨UlIensIu Edr ena¼ KWeFVIeLIgeday RClk´ sMbk eQIxag kñúg

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yk sMbkeQIena¼ Tuk.edIm,IeCosvagkarrbk Ebk ecj. ( .BIh:aEhVtta (Pigafetta). K¿s¿. 1524. TM¿..72/..

Nav¨aEr¨tet . K¿s¿. 1676.TM¿..110.nig m¨asEdn (Marsden).K¿s¿.1753.TM¿..49)>.

kMNat semøók bMBak EdllðCagen¼ GacRtÚv áneKeFVIeLIgedayGñkNaEdlGacrkánnUv srésr

edIm Gaáka .. (eckmüagmanenAhVIlIBIn). .EdlCasréseQIykecjmkBIbNþÚledIm (Musa textilis) >.edIm

eQI RbePT dUcedImecken¼ .mankMeNItenARbeTshVIlIBIn.. ehIyRbCaCnenAesb‘U.eNRh:Ús. (Cebu Ne‑

gros) sam¨aéLet. (SamarLeyte) nigenAmIndaNav. k¾dUcCaenAs‘ULaevsuI. PaKxageCIgEdr.esøókBak´ edIm

eck RbePT en¼ Casemøók bMBak bzm.. >..enAtMbn s¶ÜtCagen¼ dUcCa.lUsßn . nigáéN. (Panay) kb,as Gac

daM lUtlas án.ehIymankarniymeRbIRás eRcIneTotpg. ( Gal suINa. K¿s¿. 1668 .. III TM¿..99/..lYra. (Loara)

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1912. TM¿..55)>.

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kMNt´ Rta CnCaticinánbBa¢ak´ fa... dMNaMen¼ GacRtÚván mkBIRbeTsevotNameTAtMbn´ cin xagt,Úg .enA

stvtß TI.7. ( gUEyn. K¿s¿.1970.TM¿..52).. > .. taMgBIstvtßTI. 13. .dl TI. 17.. BYkQμÜj cin án TijGMeá¼ ... nig

kMNat ´ kb,as .BIkMBugEpCaeRcInenAGasIuGaeKñy_ .CaBiesskMBugEpenARbeTs votNam. .. lUsßn´ ... nigCVa

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16.Edr EdlPUmakNþalplitánkb,as CaeRcIn.ykeTA.GuIr¨av¨aDI..(Irrawady) bnþeTATIpßar kNþal enA

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 45

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K¿s¿. 1827II TM¿. .187 .. nig kuks_ . K¿s¿.1821.TM¿..46) >

tMbn daMkb,asFM@epßgeTot EdlnaMecjeTATIpßarCit@enAtMbn dIeka¼ ena¼ .rYmman.CVaxagekIt .. álI

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Ca plitplnaM ecjmYyrbs km<úCakñúgGMLúgK¿s¿.1600.. EdlnaMecjeTAkan TI pßar q¶ay PaK xag t,Úg rhUt

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en¼ RbEhlCaRtÚváneKdaMenA tam RcaMgxaglicén Tenø emKg:Ebk xagelIraC FanIPñMeBj. Edl enA stvtßTI

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drapura) Edl enA elI eqñr Ebk xag lic. .Edlplitplkb,asánBItMbn en¼ Gacp :t p:g tMbn .mINagh :abU‘

(Minangkabau) TaMgmUl rhUtdl eBl BYkhULg ánbBa¢b kardaMkb,asen¼ .ehIyEbrmkrkkardaMdu¼ eRmc

vij enA cug stvtß TI.. 17. ( GUKI. (Oki) .K¿s¿.1979.TM¿..147-48).. >.

rUb.16.½.KMnUsrbs´ álI.enATsvtßTI.40.sþIGMBIkarRbmUlplkb,astamEbbburaN

46 CMBUk TI .1

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tMbn´ énRbeTs}NÐÚensIu Edl CaTIkEnøgEdldg;ÚvnagRtÚv ánsnμt´ faCaRbePTstVEdlGacpþl´ pl

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(Couta) (K¿s¿ .1645 . V TM¿. ii nig.86) edayEpðkelI ráykarN_ . BITsvtßÌñaM . .1540.mk.. >.

enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsdIeKak bec©kviTüaplitsURt hak´ dUcCaánTTYl}T§iBlBIviFIsa®sþd¾p©itp©g´

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cin ... nigCbun.enAkñúgstvtßTI..17. Edr. ehIyplitplKWCatRmÚvkard¾sMxan rbs GñkCMnYjbreTs..>.. .buEnþ

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EtCMnYjen¼ RtÚv ánbBaÄb eday BYk emdwknaM.Tukuh:ava . (Tokugawa) enAkñúgK¿s¿.1617. ( gUEyn. K¿s¿.1970.

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manBN’d¾Rss bMRBg .Edl t,aj eday eRbI viFI sa®sþ. GuIkat (Ikat) EdlCaviFIsa®sþd¾l,Il,ajeQμa¼ mYyrYc

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 49

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mk BI. sßÚcüarat.Gujerat.eTa¼ CakMNat mYykI@ RtÚváneKRbEkkKña fa man témø esIμ nwg p;a køaM BUknø¼ etanena¼.

(BIh:a EhVtta . . K¿s¿.1524.TM¿..76.EtsUmGaneRbób eFob Éksarrbs´ .ábUsa. (Barbosa). K¿s¿. 1518.

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50 CMBUk TI .1

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 51

52 CMBUk TI .1

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TM¿..114-15.nig Evlm¨g´ .K¿s¿. 1919.TM¿..72- 76).. >

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kñúg GtItextþrbs´ RbeTscam. ehAfa. kVagNam .(Quangnam). enA stvtßTI. 15 .. rYcehIyena¼ .BYkGñkdwk naM

sm&y gUEyn. .manlT§PaBGacCIk.. nignaMykmaskRmitx<s eTAkan .emLaka ( .EBrs_ . K¿s¿.1515.TM¿..115/..

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PUma. TTYl mas mk BI RbPB. Lav .nig sßan (Shan).enAPaKxageCIg.ehIyeRbImasBYk eK án TaMgbunμansRmab

kar tub EtgxøÜn... ¦k¾sRmab eRsab viman sasna.EdlcaMgBaseBjépÞdIrbs BYkeK..>.. RbeTsPUma.GacCa

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Rák mantémøefakCagen¼ .ehIyminsUvsm,ÚrenAGasuIGaeKñy_ eTotpg.. .eTa¼ bICaeKeXIj manRák

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 53

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rYmesckþImk.GasuIGaeKñy_ KWCatMbn Edlsm,ÚreTAedaymas ... ehIyCatMbn EdlminmanRák eRcIn

ena¼ eT. . . >. . eKeXIjmankarcMNaymasdUcteTA. ½. . KWBI sU‘maRta eTAkan maéLya.edIm,IcMNayeTAelI semøók

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jab´ ykmkeFVIbBa©ÚlCamYymastamsmamaRt.mYy.elI.BIr. ( Evlm¨g (Velt man) K¿s¿.1904. TM¿..346).. >

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54 CMBUk TI .1

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66 CMBUk TI .1

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(sUmemIlrUbPaB .17.k nig.17.x). >

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 67

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68 CMBUk TI .1

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vb,Fm’smÖar£ 69

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K¿s¿.1983.TM¿..363.nig.65)..> .. enAstvtßTI.18.kak´ Rák´ rbs´ hULg´ manTIpßay¨agxøaMg.( .DUbIn.(Dobbin).

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70 CMBUk TI .1

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bralinga) . yUrmk ehIy. (Gerini 1905.£ 136-41 /..Whealtey 1964. £ . 1515)..>. .kñúgÌñaM .. 1596.. sMNá¨haMg

EdlmanenAkñúg XøaMg enAbgtg án mk BI.BIrak ... (bnÞab mkTTYlÉkraCü.).nigeka¼ PUekt (lUdUvIs:s_ .. 1598.£.

119)..>.. eTa¼ bICayagNaBIrak . . enA Et min Gac karBarFnFand¾mantémøen¼ án.. .ehIy kñúgÌñaM ..1620 .. vaán

Føak eRkamkNþab édBYkGaeq > .sRmab ry£ eBl. 40 .. ÌñaM bnÞab mkeTot.Gñk CMnYj}NÐa.. nig GWrub.Edlánlk

sMNá¨haMg[ TIpßar }NÐa . nig TIpßar déT eTo tánTak´ TgTaMgCamYy Gaeq TaMgrdæcMNu¼ PaKxagt,Úgrbs´

esom.. >..taMgBI. Dutch án raykarN_ BI pl cMeNj .. 84%.. kñúgkarlk´ sMNá¨haMgenA}NÐa . (Mactsuyker

1671. £.743). mk BYkeKán eFVI dMeNIr q¶ayedIm,I TTYlánva.. >

viFIsa®sþkñúgkarbgHÚr ... nig rMlayErrbs mael.. . nig éf.RtÚv ánerobrab edayh:IrWd&r .. . (Geredor 1600..£.

235) kñúgkrNIrbs BIrak .. ²dIRtÚv ánCIkecjBIPñMehIydak enAelItu.EdldIRtÚv án BRgayeday TwkEdl

man Et sMNá¨haMgEdlmanTRmg´CaRKab´ @.EdlenAsl´ elItu.. >. .bnÞab´ mk varlayenAkñúgBum<dI}dæ. nig

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarsitRtÚv ánbMElgeTACabnÞ¼ @³..> . enAEb¨kxag eCIgmankEnøgCaeRcIn EdlCaFmμta ®sþI

án RbmUlbMENkEr¨sMNá¨haMgEdlelceLIgtam eCIgPñMbnÞab´ BIePøógFøak´ xøaMg (Gerini 1905 . £. 159-

60)..>. Et yagNak¾edaybrimaNd¾eRcInRtÚv áneKTajyktamviFITaMgBIr.. > .. EGeredor .(1600. £. 234) án

án RbmaNfa .BIrak . ánplit. 300.. áha. ¦ .50 . etankñúgmYyÌñaM .ehIykMBg EpPaKxagt,ÚgPaKeRcIn plit

án RbEhl@Kñaen¼ Edr.. >.. kñúgkMlugTsvtüÌñaM .. 1640 .. kardwksMNáhaMgtamkál BIBIrak eTAGaeq RtÚv

án á¨n´ sμan xus@KñaBI .. 800. eTA ..2¿000..áha . (130-330etan) .. (van der Lijn 1648 . £430; I to 1984. £

140).. >.. kñúgÌñaM.. 1657. .ká¨l´ rbs´ Dutch. ánnaMTMnij.100 .. áha BI .. Junkceylon mYyeTotnaMTMnij ..451

áha BI . nKrsIuFmμ . (Mactsyker.. 1657. £. 126).. >.. hVris. . ánG¼ Gagfa Junkceylon ánplit . 500. etan .kñúg

mYy ÌñaM kñúg kMlugTsvtßÌñaM .. 1780.. ehIyánpliteRcInCagen¼ eTAeTot enAkMlugeBlmunen¼ .mun e Bl

Edl sMN áhaMgrbs vaánkøayCadMeNIrpþac muxsRmab Gñksø CnCaticin .. (CitedGerini 1905. £. 175).>.

man EtsMNenAGasIuGaeKñy_ eTEdlmanenAkñúgevotNamxageCIg. nig esom..>.. sMN rbs´ esom

RtÚv ánnaMecjeTAmLaka PUma... }NÐÚcin .. nig naMtam .. eTNasIurIum. .(Tenasserim) eTAGaeq .. nigbg´tg´ .. (Pires

1515/.. 105/. Sangerman.. 1818. £.205/ White 1678. £. 425/. Compostel. 1636. £. 1216/.. lUdUvIs:s_ . . 1598.£.

119)... > ... Kμan B&t’man lmðitNaEdlánbBa¢ak fa... etIsMN en¼ ykmkBIRbPBNa ... nig ykeday viFINaena¼

eT. .rhUt dl RKÚh‘Verl..(1828.£. 419) .. ánG¼ Gagfa CMnan Kat ... ErRtÚv áneKeFVIkareday kul smB&n§d¾éRB

épßrbs Lava .. enACitákERBk . . Edl BYk eKplitRbEhl..2000.. PiksIl esμInwg ..110 .etan kñúgmYyÌñaM .. >

RbPB Tg Edgd¾sm,Úr EbbenAGasIuGaeKñy_ . KWmanenAtMbn PñMPaKxageCIgénRbeTs evotNam .EdlCa

kEnøg kekIt eLIgéns<an´ dgsg..(Dong‑Song) . d¾l,Il,ajenAmunsm&yRKis:..> .. tYelxénkarplitTg´

Edg. .280. nig .. 220.. etan kñúgmYyÌñaM sRmab .EtErBIrenAkñúgtMbn .TU.lug. .RtÚv ánraykarN_ sRmab stvtü

TI ..18..ehIy plit plmansar£ sMxan´ Cagstvtümun .. ( 1970..£..89)..>. enAeBlEdlRkúm kmμkrcinán

TajykTg´ Edg TaMgen¼ Er¨d¾éTeTotenAcug xageCIg ... nig cugxagt,ÚgénRbeTs LavsBVéf¶.enACYrPñMxag

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 71

eCIgRbeTs km<úCa nig CYrPñMcenøa¼ esom ... nig PUma RtÚv ánTajykeday Rkúmkulsm<&n§PñM..>. . BYkeKsøelah£

TaMgen¼ ehIybþÚr va Ca mYyBYksib,krtMbn TMnabEdlécñva [eTACarUbcmøak .Rbdab RbdapÞ¼ áy .. nig «bkrN_

ePøg (Frédéric 1981.£.160/.. Pallegoix 1854 I £119)>

CMnajkñúgkarEsVgrkGNþÚg.karCIk. .. nig søEr¨Tg´ EdgánbgHajedayRbCaCnPñMEdl minec¼ Gkßr

enAtMbn GIuh:Üruts_ (Igorots) énCYPñM.lUsßn.. bec©keTsrbs BYkeK.RtÚv áneKerobrab enA kñúgstvtüTI ..19.>

visVkr Cn Cati eGs,ajmñak Edlán.RtÜtBinitüErrbs eKkñúgÌñaM . .1950.. án snñidæanBIsMNl d¾sem,Imfa..

va RtÚv áneKTajykyagehacNas taMgBI.. .BIrstvtß mun (Scott 1974.£. 246) .>. GIuh:Üruts_ án RsTab

Er¨ eday. bgHÚrTwkehIybMEbk kemÞcEr¨edayeRbI ePøIg dutva.. >.. Er¨en¼ RtÚv ándutCamYy.Edláncak´ enACMu

vij va bnÞab´ mkdutvaCaelITIBIr..>. .karrMBwg rbs´ visVkrCnCaeGs,¨aj. .. nig kmμkrcinkñúgkarcRmaj´ Er¨Tg´

Edg bnÞab BIÌñaM ..1856. . Cakarxatbg KYr[kt sm:al .EdlnaM[KN £kmμaFikarrdæaPiál mYysnñidæankñúg ÌñaM

.. 1864..fa½

²elIkar sBa¢wgKit.kmµkrEdlmancm¶l .EdlGIuh:Üruts_ ánbeg;IteLIg mun eBlRkúmh‘unen¼ RtÚv án bg;b

eg;It eLIg.eyIgmindwgfaGVIEdlKYr[es¶Ic sresIr. .. etIPaBmaMmYnrbs´ kmµkrd¾skmµ en¼ .¦ PaBQøasév

kñúg kar eRCIserIs Er¨d¾sm,ÚrEbb .. ehIycm¶l´ en¼ CaviFIsa®sþ EdleKbBaÄb´ . . karCIkEdlBYkeK áneFVI.

Ca mYy nwgkarTukecalxagkñúgGNþÚg.Edllak´ áMgkargarEdleK án eFVIrYc..>. .ebIeFVIkareRbób eFob.

eyIg nwg eXIjmankMhuskY[Tas EPñkmYyEdl eFVIeday visVkrEkøgbnMøtaMgxøÜnCaGñkmancMeN¼ dwgkñúgkar

CIk ykEr¨ Et man lkçN¼ Gn´ fyCagGVIEdl eyIgáncat´ Tukya¨ghYsehtufaCaGMeBIeXareXA . (cited

Scott 1974.£ 247)>³

en¼ CakarBit b¨uEnþman«TahrN_ mYykñúgcMeNam «TahrN_ CaeRcInEdleKeRbIm¨asIun CIkEr¨TMenIb

Edl man TMhMFM... bBa¢ak fa karCIkykErEdlRtÚv ánCIkrab stvtßmkehIyeday RbCaCnx<g rabenA Gas Iu

GaeKñy_ ena¼ minGacrkánplcMenjeRcIneT..> .. vaánrMlwkBIkar ÉkPaBrbs´ elake®hVg.. sVIttaham

(Frank Swettanham) sg;t´ F¶n´ elIkarrkTItaMgEr¨Tg´ Edgman RbePTTg´EdgdUcKña..EdleKGacrkán

edaykRm .. (Cited B Andaya 1979. £. 399) .. > .. GvtþmanEr¨Tg´ EdgenAtamtMbn´ nImYy@... enAeBlEdlTg´

Edg naMcUlmantémøefakena¼ eyIg snñidæanfa... eKminGacCIkEr¨Tg Edg án eT enA sm&yedIm.. >

s‘UmaRta...nig.CVaCa«TahrN_.. >.eTa¼ bICa davis.. (1600£. 147) .. sg;t F¶n elIErTg EdgenAGaeq k¾ eday

B&t’manBit RákdGMBITg´ Edgkñúgeka¼ epßg@ena¼ Ca... esckþIbBa¢ak rbs´m¨asdin . .. ( Marsden 1783 . £. 172) .

cMeBa ¼ karga r EredayGaeq enAeqñrxaglics‘UmaRta e nA.. mWk (Meuke) > .. kñúgTRmg CamaLaQit (Malachite)

Tg´ EdgenA EtRtÚv RbCa Cn enATIena¼ naMKñaRbmUlkñúgÌñaM .. 1916 .. (Van Bemmelin 1949 II £148)..>.. dUcKñaEdr

GñkrukrkEr¨masmINag .kabU‘ (Minang Kabau) EtgEtCYbRbT¼ Er¨ Tg´ EdgenA CMuvij bwgsig;ar£.. (Singkarak)

enA cug stvtßTI19. (ibid: 151).. > . .eyIg eXIj y¨ag c,as´ faPaBrIkceRmIn énGñkplit eRKÓgs<an´ enA Rkúg

Gaeqnigsug:I..(Sungei) kñúgmINag .kabU‘ naMTg Edg PaK eRcIn mk BIRbPBkñúgRsúk.. >. .edaysar Tg Edgrbs

72 CMBUk TI .1

s‘Um¨aRta . kekItCamYymas.vaGacCYy pgedIm,I Bnül´ BI esckþI Rslaj´ rbs´ CnCati.Gaeq cMeBa¼s‘Usa

(Suasa or tembanga Suasa),EdlCasMelah£ rvagmas nig Tg Edg (Beautieu 1666 .£. 100/. Lancaster..1603. £.

93/..Copland.. 1616. £.210/.. 213/. Jasper and Pirngadie 1930.£. 7-8 : Withinson.. 1903. £. 1125).. >s‘Um¨aRta

nigCVa minRtÚv ánrab´ kñúgcMeNamGñknaMcUlrbs´ Cbun.. nig cin eday elakfm.. pays_.. (Tome Pires) ena¼ eT

.b¨uEnþ ..Gaeq k¾dUcCa CVa ánnaMecjTg´ EdgCaeRcInkaá¨l´ ... (Pires 1515.£ 180/ Compostel.. 1036. £. 1200).>

CnCat iéfeRbI Bakü rbs´m¨aeL “tembaga” sRmab´ sMelah£ mas s<an´ Edl BYkeKmankarelIktem;In

dMeNIrena¼ . (Laloubere 1691. £. 14) .. ánniyayfa.. .Er¨ TaMg en¼ BitnaM cUl BI s‘Um¨aRta ¦b‘&reNGU >

eTa¼ bICav¨an´.. bWmWeln..(Van Bemmelen 1949 II £. 155) .. sgß&yfaetIkarp:t´ p:g´ Er¨Tg EdgedayxøÜn

ÉgGac ekIt manrhUteTenA CVa. >. ..kñúgÌñaM .. 1603.. Kg.. .¦ eXμa¼ eFVIBITg EdgEdlnaMecjBI.CVaman témøefakCag

Kg... ¦ eXμa¼ EdleFVIenA. á¨tanI edayCnCaticin... CitBak kNþaledaysnμt´ eTA elIvtSúFatuedImrbs cin ..

(Rouffaer 1904. £. 99).. >.elIsBIen¼ eTAeTotmCÄmNÐlécñTg Edg cas @rbs . CVa. xø¼ manTItaMgenAEtkEnøg

Edl enA Cit RbPBrbs Tg Edg.. >. .dUecña¼ ehIytMbn Priangan enAxaglicCVaEdlCatMbn RsTab Er Tg ´ Edg

sMxan@ ena¼ CatMbn EdlmanCag plitTg EdgsMxan @ >. .karRsavRCavtamPUmienAkñúg tMbn mYykñúg ÌñaM ..1686

..bgHajfa kargarTg EdgCamuxrbr EtmYyKt sRmab .. 33.. PUmienAtMbnsuemdag (Sumedang) enA xag ekIt

án dug . (Bandung) TMenIb .. Et manPUmiBIr .kaMeBIg .. sayaMg .(Kampueng Sayang) EdlmanTItaMgenATIRkúg.RBIh:g

(Priangan) fμIEdlCaraC FanI én..sßg hßÚr.(Cianjur) (de Haan 1912 III £216-15).. > .. TItaMgTaMgen¼ enA minq¶ay

BI tMbn´ kekItEr¨Tg´ Edgfñak´ Tabkñúg tMbn´ Kuru¨g.raraMg.(Cunung Rarang) nigKuru¨g.saval. (Cunung Sawal) (Van

Bemmelen.. 1949 II £157. £. 58)..>.. .kEnøg Edlgay rk kmμkr Er¨Tg´ Edg rbs´ RB¼ raCaNacRkm¨ataraM

(Mataram).. KWmanTItaMgenAcugxaglic Edn dIrbs´ RB¼ CaNacRken¼ Edl enACit .sIurIbUn.ehIynig Rkav¨ag

(Ceribon and Krawang) EdleKminGacBnül´ án RbsinebIeKminniyayBITg´ Edgrbs´.RBIh:g´ . eT ena¼ .

(de Haan1912 III £213/.. 347-4 8).. > .RbPBTg EdgsRmab PaKxagekIt.. ¦ PaKkNþal CVaKWenACiteth:a

lumbUr. (Tegalombo) cm¶ayEt.. 25.. KILÚEm¨tPaKGaeKñy_sar¨akata (Surakarta) (Van Bemmelen.. 1949 II£.

159).. Edl RbEhlCa Edk tY kñúg kar GPivDÆn_ .sar¨akata [CamCÄmNÐlplitplTg EdgFMmYy.. >

eTa¼ bICayagNak¾edayk¾Kμancm¶l Edr.. .EdlfakarhUrcUld¾sn§wksn§ab nUv Tg Edgrbs Cbun ...cin

nig GWrubCaBiesskñúgstvtßTI ..17 .. áneFVI[ErkñúgRsúk. .. nig manTMhM tUc PaKeRcInelIstRmÚvkar..>...Cbun

Edl CaGñkp:t´ p:g´ FMCageKenAcugstvtßTI..17 ..ánnaMecjCa mFümelIsBI.3¿000..etan.kñúgmYyÌñaM kñúg

GMLúg ÌñaM .. 1670-1715... (Innes.1980.. £. 528-29)..>. .kmμkrEr¨ Tg´ EdgEdlánRbmUlpþúMenARKb´ raCFanI .

nig mCÄmNÐlmYycMnYnáneFVIkarbeg;ItvtSúFatu edImrbs´ eKedaykarnaMcUlefak@..>. . Tg´ EdgEdlpßMBI

elah£ eRcInRbePTenAEtCaelah£ sMxan sRmab eFVIkaMePøIgtUc... k¾dUcCaRbdab RbdarpÞ¼ áy dUc Ca kMesov

ceg;óg... fas. .. nig RbGb´ mHÚb ..> .. kñúgRbeTskan´ sasnaRB¼ BuT§enAPaKxageCIg.mhiqäitaFMrbs´ kargar Tg´

Edg.. KW sRmab eKal bMNgsasna.rYmman.rUbcmøak d¾FMrbs RB¼ BuT§CaedIm . (Pallegoix. 1854 I £35)>. .CMnaj

d¾ Gs©arü mYy KWkarpþúM«bkrN_ ePøgEdlmanKuNPaBsUrRtwmRtÚv ...nig xøaMglð.. >. . plitkmμPaKeRcInenARh:Isiuk

vb,Fm’smÖar£ 73

(Gresik) enA Citsara¨áh;a (Surabaga) Kgrbs´CVa KWCavtSúnaMecj sMxan´ EdlnaMecj eday GñkCMnYj.. CVa

eTAmaluKu.(Maluku) .b‘&reNGU..álI nigeLs&r.. sundas. (Lesser Sundas) EdlCakEnøgBYk eKkøayCa sBaØa

rbs´ RB¼ raCa (Galvao 1544. £ . 105/.. 141/ . Barbosa. 1513 II £198/.. 202-03/. Hangeman 1860. £. 43).. >.dUc

KñaEdrKgrbs km<úCa ... nig tugkwg RtÚv áneKbBa¢ÚneTAkan x<g rab }NÐÚcinEdlCakEnøgBYkeK RtÚv ánelg

kñúg k,Ünya¨gBiess (Hichey 1982.£. 136-87/. 449)^

74 CMBUk TI .1

c,ab edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ The City and Its Commerce.>

GtSbT en¼ ..dkRsg ´ ecjBIe soveÔA...½ .GasIuGaeKñy_kñúgyuKsm&yBaNiC¢kmμ..1450-1680.PaKTI..2. >

rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 1967 eday RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y eyl ....>

CHAPTER 2:

The City and Its CommerceAnthony Reid

(Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450 ‑1680 Volume Two)

Copyright © 1967 by Yale University.

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmμ

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Pires. 1515.£ . 286

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 79

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80 CMBUk TI 2

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82 CMBUk TI 2

GasIuGaeKñy_ ... KWPaKeRcInbMputCam©as Rsúk...>.. .BYk eK beg;It án Ca srés Qam .Edl P¢ab TI Rkúg eTA .nwg tMbn

xag kñúg q¶ay@Cab´ nwgmat´ Twk... ehIyeTAvijeTAmknaMnUvTsßn£ epßg@... mnusßmña... nig TMnijTaMgLay... >

visalPaBTIRkúgRbEhlCakñúgÌñaM .1900.eBlEdleKeFVICMerOnRbCaCntamEbbTMenIbCaelIkdMbUgbgðs´ .... bN¹aRbeTs

GaNa niKmenAGasIuGaeKñy_ .. sSitkñúgcMeNamRbeTsmankarrIkceRmInTIRkúgtictYcbMputenAelIBiPB

elak(1)>... CaTUeTAeKsnñidæanfa... karrIkceRmInénTIRkúgd¾qab´ rh&scab´ taMgBIkarTTYlánÉkraCü mk

.KWCa dMeNIr vivDÆn_ fμI mYyenAkñúgtMbn´ CnbT... ²buraNen¼ ³...> .eTa¼ Cay¨ag en¼ k¹I..man Ps¹útag CaeRcIn bBa¢ak´

fa GaNa niKmen¼ Ég. .. KWCamUlehtucm,gEdleFVI[manRbCaCn GasIuGaeKñy_ tictYcNas rs enAkñúg TI Rkúg

enA..s¿v..munÌñaM ..1940..> . .PItfW.. bUm h:an . (Peter Boomgaard.1989.£ .111). áncgðúlbgHajfa..RbeTsCVa.Edl

enA TI ena¼ án TTYl rg nUv}T§iBl GaNaniKmxøaMgkøaCageKena¼ ...smamaRtRbCaCnEdlrs´ enAtamTI RbCMu

Cn Edl man cMnYn CagBIrmWunnak´ án fycu¼ kñúgkMlugstvtßr_ TI.19.BIRbmaN.7% .. kñúgÌñaM ..1815 .. mk.3%

.kñúgÌñaM .1890. >

mUlehtuKWfa.TIRkúgEdlsSiteRkamGaNaniKmGWr¨ub.KWCakarRbmUlpþúMeka¼ ...EdlRKb´ RKgvis&y

BaNiC¢kmμ rbs tMbn . edayminánelIkTwkcit¹ .. (¦eBlxø¼ .GnuBaØati[CnCatiGasIuTaMgLay.áneFVI dMeNIr

mk kan´ eka¼ TaMgen¼ ..edIm,IeFVICMnYjeLIy..>..eBlEdlmNÐlBaNiC¢kmμsMxan´ @sSiteRkamkar RKb´ RKg

rbs´ CnCatiGasIu...mNÐlTaMgen¼ ánTak´ Tajy¨ageRcInsn§wksn§ab´ nUvBYkvNѼ GPiCn... nigGñkbeRmI kar

enA vaMg..RkúmBaNiC¢krbec©keTsepßg@.... GñkeronsURtsasna...GñkedIrlk dUr}van ..sil,kr... nigBlkr..>

cMNuc TaMgen¼ GacbBa¢ak ányagc,as . tamry£ tMbn EdleKcputBIkareFVIGaNaniKm.. >.. eyagtamCMerOn

RbCaCn ÌñaM .1909..TIRkúgágkkman RbCaCnsrubesμInwg.10% .éncMnYnRbCaCnsrubkñúgRbeTséf TaMg mUl

ehIyRbEhlCaminticCagen¼ eRcIneTkñúgkMlugeBlmYystvtßr_ TI.19.ebIeTa¼ CaeBlena¼ .vis&y

BaNiC¢kmμ rbs TIRkúgen¼ manlkçN£ Fmμtak¾eday. (dkRsg BIs:InnWr -. Skinner. 1957.. £ . 68-87) >.ebIeyag

tam kar rab cMnYn RbCaCnÌñaM .1783...raCFanIPUma.(enAGmrabur£ . (Amerapura) ..Edl latdl saéh:. .(Sagaing)

enAeRtIy mçagTenø).manRbCaCnesμInwg.10% .éncMnYnRbCaCnPUmasrub...ehIycMnYn en¼ ánekIndl´ .. 13%

kñ úgÌña M . .1802. . (Koe.. nig 1990. £ .59) .. >.ebIeRbóbnwgmNÐlBaNiC¢kmμénbN¹aRbeT sGasI u Ed l

deNþImánkar RKb RKgdMeNIrkaresdækic©TIRkúgsSiteRkamGaNaniKmmanTMhMtUcCagq¶ayNas ..>...mkTl

nwg stvtßr_ TI.. 19...Rkúg. Batavia. EdlRKb RKgedayhULg min.manRbCaCnelIs cMnYnRbCa CnkñúgraCFanI

cas´ rbs´ CVa enAy¨ky¨akata. (Yogyakarta).. nigsur¨akata.. (Surakarta) eT..> ..ehIycMEnkÉTIRkúgrg´h:Ún vij

manTMhMFMCag raCFanI PUma buraN (enA ma¨n´ da eL).Etbnþicbu¨eNÑa¼ .ebIeyagtamCMerOnÌñaM .1891..>.

bnÞab BImNÐlBaNiC¢kmμRtÜtRtaedayBYkGg eKøsRKb RKgEpñkBaNiC¢kmμ... nigneyaáyenA ry¼

eBld¾yUrkñúgRbeTsnaeBlena¼ .RbCaCnenA.Mandalay..man cMnYn.170¿000.nak´ . ánfycu¼ mkenA Rtwm

Et. 135¿000.nak´ . kñúgÌñaM .1931.enAeRkamkarRKb´ RKgrbs BYkGg eKøs.>

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 83

84 CMBUk TI 2

taragelx.6.¿.kará¨n´sμancMnYnRbCaCnrsenAkñúgTIRkúgnastvtßr_TI.16

kará¨n´sμancMnYnRbCaCn

RbhakRbEhla

GyuFüa1540

1545

pÞ¼.400/000.xñg.(Pinto 1578: 420)

pÞ¼eq¼.10/050.xñg(Luang Prasoet: 10)

2/600/000

>100/000

eBKU1540

1596

pÞ¼.400/000.xñg .(Pinto 1578: 362)

²mnusßRbús³b.150/000.nak.(du Jarric 1608 I: 624)

m¨aT,aka 1510

pÞ¼.10/000.xñg.(Araujo 1510: 21)

Tahan.4000.nak´.(ibid: 21)

pÞ¼.30/000.xñg.(Castanheda)c

esμInwgTIRkúgá¨és.10.dg (Pires 1515: 144)

RbCaCn.100/000.nak.(Albuquerque.1557:.84)

Tahan.20/000.nak´.(ibid.: 99)

RbCaCn.200/000.nak.enArdUvman mnusßeRcIn bMput .(Correia: 284)c

RbCaCn.190/000.nak.(Sejarah Melayu 1612: 181; 1831: 247)

RbCaCn.90/000.nak.KitEtkñúgTIRkúg.(Sejarah Melayu 1612: 180)

65/000

16/000

195/000

200/000

100/000

80/000

<200/000

190/000

90/000

á¨és1512

1518

RbCaCn.20/000.nak´.(Pires 1515: 143)

Gñkyam.3000.nak.(Barros 1563 III, v: 522‑23)

20/000

>12/000

Rb‘úyeN

1521

1579

1580s

pÞ¼.25/000.xñg.(Pigafetta 1524: 58)

pÞ¼.20/000.xñg.(Maximilian 1522: 301)

cMNab´xμaMg.4-5000.nak.(de Sande 1579: 126)

Gñkbg´Bn§Gakr.8000.nak.(Dasmariňas.1590B)

162/000

130/000

>18/000

32/000

dWm¨ak´ 1512pÞ¼.8-10/000.xñg.(Pires 1515: 184)

Tahan.30/000.nak´.(ibid.: 185)

58/500

120/000

e®h:sIuk 1512 ²mnusßRbús³.6-7000.nak.(ibid.: 194) >25/000

kMNt´sm:al´.½

‑ A enAkñúgtaragelx.6.nig.elx.7.kUeT,ancugeRkayen¼ánmkedaykareRbInUvkt¹a.6/5.edIm,I b¹ÚrcMnY

xñg pÞ¼.nig.kt¹a.4.edIm,Ib¹ÚrcMnYnTahan.>.CMerOnRbCaCn EdleFVIeLIgedayBYkhUT,g´enATIRkúg m¨aT,aka na

qñaM.1679...ánbgHajfamanRbCaCncMnYn.4884.nak.rsenAkñúg.²pÞ¼fµ.150.xñg..nig.583.xñg.eFVIBI atap

(s,Úv)³.¦k¾eyIgGacniyaym¨üageTotánfa. mandg´sIuetRbCaCncMnYn.6/7.nak´.kñúgpÞ¼mYyxñg k¾dUc Ca.

Gñk beRmI rbsRkúmh‘unhULg . 219.nak.enA kñúgGRta.4/6.nak.kñúgpÞ¼mYyxñg.(van Goens1679£281)>.

TIRkúg enA GasIuRbEhlCamanGRta RbCaCnkñúg.²mYyxñgpÞ¼³.x<s´Cagen¼eRBa¼edaysarEt manbrievN

rs enA FM@rbsBYkGPiCn.k¾dUcCamannUvkMEBgkarBarRB¼raCvaMgpÞalpgEdrEdlGacpÞúkmnusßáneRcIn.>

‑ B cMnYnEdlKYreGayktsm:alen¼sMedAeTAdlmnusßEdlkarBarTIRkúgkñúgeBlEdlmansRtÚv eT,am

B&T§. dUecñ¼ehIyvaminEmnCatMNageGaycMnYnRbCaCnenAeBlFmµtaeT.>

‑ CxJMúánTTYlesck¹IeyagTaMgen¼BI.Thomaz1993.£.71.n

mkTl´ nwgstvtßr_ TI.17...CaTUeTATIRkúgenAGasIumanTMhMFMCagTIRkúgenAGWr¨ub.edaykñúgena¼ . TIRkúg

ebkaMg .nig eGdU. (tUküÚ) .manRbCaCnmYylannak rs enARbEhlCaÌñaM .1600.. > .. ebItams:InnWr (1977 £ . 28-

30) . Edl bgHajBIRbeTscin(sμIt . .-.Smith.1988£ .17-18) ..BI RbeTsCbun.nig.(hab‘I .-.Habib.. 1982£ .. 167-

71) .. nig (eblI.-. Bayly1983£ .. 112-13).. BIRbeTs}NÐa ..ánbgHaj[eXIjfa..mankarfycu¼ KYr[kt´

sm:al´ nUvcMnYn RbCaCn enA tamTIRbCuMCnFM@... .enArvag..s¿v.TI..17..nigTI..19...> ..cMeBa¼ tMbn´ GasuIGaeKñy_

Edl TTYl rg nUv Gnutþ r PaB vis&y BaNiC¢kmμBIBYkGuWru¨bedaypÞal´ Cagen¼ munena¼ ... eKminmankarPJak´ epðIl

eT Edl eXIj fa... TIRkúg TaMg Lay manTMhMFMenAÌñaM .1600.CagenAÌñaM .1850..>

enAmunsm&yTMenIb.. .eKmineXIjmanbBa¢ICMerOnRbCaCnrs´ enAkñúgTIRkúgEdlGacykCakar án

ena¼ eT. elIkElgbBa¢Irbs´ CnCatiGWr¨ubEtbueNÑa¼ ...>.. CaerOy@.karán´ RbmaNeFVI eLIgedayGñkeTscr

EpðkelIkarrab RtÜs@nUvcMnYnpÞ¼ ..... ¦k¾.karG¼ Gagrbs GaCJaFr mUldæanGMBITahanEdlánekNÐ ecjBITIRkúg

nig tMbn´ CayRkúg..>..bEnSmBIelIen¼ eTot.. .eyIgGac seg;tGMBIvisalPaBEpñkrUbv&nþrb s´ TIRkúg enA eBl

EdlmanmnusßeRcInbMput .. .TIRkúg Gacp¹l´ nUvkar RKb´ RKg ánlðcMeBa¼ PaBGacTuk cit¹án cMeBa¼ kará¨n´

RbmaN TaMgena¼ . . >

cMeBa¼ kará¨n´ RbmaNnUvcMnYnRbCaCnkñúgstvtßr_ TI.16.EdlbgHajkñúgtaragelx.6 .manEt kar

elIkeLIgrbs´PIntU.. .(Pinto) eT.EdleKminGaceCOánTaMgRsúg..>.. eKKYrEtyl´ faKat´ ánG¼ Gagfa

GyuFüa . .. nig eBKU. KWCaTIRkúgd¾FM... >... enAkEnøgeToténkarerobrab rbs KatPIntU. . (1578£ .. 218) .. án bgHaj

nUv bBa¢I ray raC FanIFM@. cMnYn.18. .enAGasIuEdlraCFanITaMgGs en¼ manTMhMtUcCagraCFanIebkaMg.>..kñúg ena¼

raC FanI cMnYn.8.sSit enAtMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ .mandUcCa.raCFanI.dWmak.. nig ásurYn .enARbeTsCVa . eBKU..Gava .. nig

mataán enAPUm a.²yUsag..”Uzangue”³..enAevotNam... GyuFüa.. . niglYgRáág.>... eKk¾man kar mnÞil sgß&y

pgEdr... cMeBa¼ karán RbmaNcMeBa¼ TMhMrbs RbeTsRb‘úyeNenAkñúg kareFVIdMeNIrrbs Magellan >. eyIg

GacTTYls:al ánfa.enAmunkarcUllukluyrbs BYkeGs,aj enAÌñaM .1579..Rb‘úyeNman TMhMFM CagRTg

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 85

RTayrbs´ xøÜnnary£ kal.3.stvtßr_ .eRkaymkedaysar fa... enA.munena¼ va.... KWCamCÄ mNÐl BaNiC¢kmμ

rbs ...b‘&reNGU...nig hVIlIBIn.. .buEn¹visalPaBEpñkrUbv&n¹rbs Rb‘úyeNhak dUcCa minGac bBa¢ak [ án Rtwm

RtÚv fa RbeTsen¼ manRbCaCnelIsBI.5. mWunnak´ ena¼ eT...>.. .pÞúyeTAvijcMeBa¼ TIRkúgm¨aLaka.eK eXIj man

kar Rcan ecalkarán sμanbEnSmCaeRcIneTotehIy eyIgeXIjfa.. TaMgBaNiC¢kmμ.. kar naMcUl Gg;r . nigvisal

PaBEpñkrUbv&n¹rbs´ m¨aLakaánbBa¢ak´ y¨agc,as´ cMeBa¼ cMNucen¼ ..> ..ebItam Rbvtþisa®sþ ma¨eL. .KWfaman

lMenA sSanCab´ @KñaenAtambeNþayeqñrBI xageCIgma¨LakarhUtdl´ Ten ømYr . Edl man RbEvgRb Ehl

45.KILÚEm¨Rt..>.. (Sejarah Melayu 1612. £ .181/.. 1831. £ . 247) >

eTa¼ bICaKμannUvkará¨n´ sμanGMBIraCFanIfaMgLúg.(haNUy).énRbeTsevotNamnastvtßr_ TI.16

k¾eday ... k¾Ps¹útagEpñkrUbv&n¹.rYm... nigRbéBNIpgEd r.. .ánbgHajBIkarFøak cu¼ bn¹icm¹g@énTIRkúgen¼ BI kar

rIk ceRmIndl´ kMBUlnacugstvtßr_ TI.15..>..edaysarEtfaMgLúgenAEtmanTMhMd¾FMstvtßr_ TI.17..TIR kúg

en¼ k¾RbEhlCaTIRkúgEdlFMCageKbgðs´ enAGasIuGaeKñy_ nastvtßr_ TI.. 16. .pgEdr edayman RbCaCn

RbEhl CaCag..100¿000.nak ... >.eyIgk¾Gaccat GyuFüa. .(muneBlEdlPUmaáncUlmklukluybMpøic bMpøaj

kñúg ÌñaM 1567).nig.eBKU.cUlkñúgcMNat´ fñak´ raCFanIEdlmanRbCaCncMnYn.100¿000.nak´ Edr ehIyma¨Laka k¾

dUecñ¼ pg Edr enAkñúgdMNak´ d¾xøImYy.(RbEhlBIÌñaM .. 1470-1511).. enAkñúgkMlugeBlEdlTIRkúgen¼ ..KWCa TI

Rkúg kMBg Ep d¾manGnuPaBCageKenAtMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ ..>.. dWmak.. EdlenAeBlena¼ .. CaTIRkúgkMBg Ep d¾ sMxan

rbs´ CVa Gac manRbCaCnRbEhlBI.. 60¿000.nak´ .eTA.. 80¿000.nak´ .rIÉ..Rb‘úyeN..®h:IsIuk.. nigá¨Es.vij

RbEhl Ca manRbCaCnRbEhlCaBak´ kN¹alénRbCaCnenAdWm¨ak´. Etb¨ueNÑa¼ ...>. cMeBa¼ TIRkúg enAq¶ay BI

mat´ smuRT mYy cMnYndUcCa .Gav¨a.. lYgRáág:.. evogc&nÞ... nigeQogém¨. eKBiákkñúgkareFVIkará¨n´ RbmaN nUv

cMnYn RbCaCn kñúg kMlugeBlena¼ Nas´ .. >

minmanGVICamnÞileTdMNak´ kalrIkceRmInBaNiC¢kmμdl´ kMBUlenAcenøa¼ ÌñaM .1570-1630.án naM [

man nUv. karrIkceRmInEpñknKrrUbnIykmμeRcInKYrsm... .edayeKeXIjmannUvkarrIklUtlas én TIRkúg Edl

man Rsab mY ycMnYn... nigkarekIteLIgnUvTIRkúgfμI@pgEdr.(taragelx. 7).>.eKGaceFVIkarBi nitüBic&y eTA elI

kar án ´ R bmaNminmanlkçN£ c,as las epßg@nastvtßr_ TI.. 17.tamry£ visalPaBEpñkrUbv&n¹ én TI Rkúg

Gs´ TaMg en¼ ..EdleKGacsnñidæanántamry£ karbriyaybc©úb,nñ... nigkareFVIkMNaysm&yTMenIb.. (tarag

elx.8).. >..kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn... .eKGacemIleXIjnUvbnÞaykarBar RB¼ raCvaMgsagsg´ eLIg y¨ag c,as´

las . Edl B&T§CMuvijedaytMbn CayRkúg EdlmanRTg RTayminc,as las ehIyenAtamtMbn CayRkúg TaMg

ena¼ eK eXIjmankartaMglMenA rbs shKmn_ BaNiC¢krbreTs...nigRbCaCn Edlrsat GEN¹t mk BI tMbn

CnbT. ehIyCaerOy@... k¾CabrievNrs enArbs bN¹aBYkGPiCnCan x<s . .> .enARbeTsesom. .nigPUma. . RbCa

Cn rs´ enAkñúgTIRkúg EdlmankMEBgkarBarRbEhlCamancMnYnesμI nwgBak´ kN¹al.. ¦k¾eRcInCagen¼ én

cMnYn RbCaCn srubkñúgTIRkúgTaMgmUl..>...pÞúyeTAvij..enAtam RbCMueka¼ nanaCaerOy@..eKmineXIjman kMEBg

karBar eT.. . elIkElgEtenACMuvijbnÞaykarBarRB¼ raCvaMg. (Rkatug..¦KYta)Etb¨ueNÑa¼ ... >...cMENkÉ enA

RbeTs evotNam ... nigLav.vij... eKeXIjmanTaMgbnÞaykarBarRB¼ raCvaMgenAxagkñúg... nigTaMgkMEBg kar

86 CMBUk TI 2

Bar BI xag eRkA . EdlekþabesÞIrEtTa MgmUléntMbn RbCuMCn. .>

bEgVr k ará¨n´ sμancMnYnRbCaCnBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs´ enA... KWmankarlMákedaysarEt lkçN¼

min eTogTat énsSanPaBlMenAdæanTaMgen¼ ... >.. CaerOy@.pÞ¼ EdlenA Ek,rtMbn eqñr...tMbn kMBg EpTIpßar .nig

vihar sasnasMxan @.sg eLIgekok@KñaENnNan tan tab . .rIÉenAkEnøgdéTeTot....RbCaCn rs enA ray

á¨y enAtamPUmiCab´ @Kña.CasCagenAtamtMbn´ TIRkúg EdlmanRTg´ RTaykMNt´ c,as´ las´ ... >... tMbn´ Edl

man mnusßrs enAkkkujeRcIn.GacmanpÞ¼ RbEhlCa.. 3..Ban xñg... (¦k¾RbCaCnRbEhlBIrmWunnak ).. kñúg mYy

KIL Ú EmRtkaer.... cMENkÉtMbn kñúgRkúgTaMgmUl.RbEhlCamandg sIuetRbCaCnminelIsBIBak kN¹al én

cMnYn xagelIen¼ eT(2)... >

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 87

taragelx.7.¿.kará¨n´sμancMnYnRbCaCnkñúgTIRkúgnastvtßr_TI.17

kará¨n´sμancMnYnRbCaCn

RbhakRbEhl

faMgLúg1640

1688

²eRcInesμInwgmYylannak³.(Rhodes 1651: 26)

pÞ¼.20/000.xñg.(Dampier 1699: 36)

1/000/000

130/000

KImLúg 1674 150/000.(de Courtelin, in Nguyen 1970: 120) 150/000

ev¨ 1749 60/000.(Poivre 1750: 97) 60/000

PñMeBj 1606 pÞ¼.20/000.xñg (Jaque, in Groslier 1958: 152) 130/000

RsIsn§ 1600 ²eRcInCag.50/000³.(San Antonio 1604: 95) > 50/000

GyuFüa

1617

1681

1686

1687

²FMdUcTIRkúgT,úgd¾³.(Anderson 1890: 69)

ekμg.10/000.nak´.søabkñúgmYyqñaM@.(Noguettes 1685: 71)

200/000 (Tachard 1688: 190)

Tahan.60/000.nak´.(Gervaise 1688: 47)

CnbreTs.16/000.nak.(La Loubère 1691: 112)

200/000

> 200/000

200/000

240/000

30/000

Gava¨ 1688 ²FMdUcTIRkúger¨m³ (Goüye 1692: 73) 30/000

sIuerom 1688 ²FMdUcTIRkúgem¨ts_³.(ibid.: 73) 25/000

RBM 1688 ²FMdUcTIRkúgsIuelom ³.(ibid.: 73) 25/000

á¨h;n 1688 ²FMdUcTIRkúgDIcn ³.(ibid.: 73) 30/000

88 CMBUk TI 2

taragelx.7.¿.kará¨n´sμancMnYnRbCaCnkñúgTIRkúgnastvtßr_TI.17.(t)

kará¨n´sμancMnYnRbCaCn

RbhakRbEhl

á¨tanI1602

1690

4-5000.nak´.kñúgk,ÜndEgHr (van Neck 1604: 226)

10-20/000.nak.(Tosen 1690 in Ishii Edleá¼Bum<kñúg eBl qab@)

20/000

15/000

á ¨haMg 1618 11/000.nak.ekNÐykedayGaeq.(van den Broecke 1634 I: 177) >12/000

cUhr 1604 Tahan.4000.nak´.(Mandelslo 1662: 108) 16/000

Rb‘úyeN 1608 pÞ¼GEN¹tTwk.2-3000.xñg.(van Noort 1601: 202) 16/200

Gaeq

1602

1621

1688

pÞ¼eq¼.7-800.xñg.(Lancaster 1603: 133)

Tahan.40/000.nak´.(Beaulieu 1666: 106)

pÞ¼.7-8000.xñg.(Dampier 1699: 90)

>10/000

160/000

>48/700

á¨h:arUy¨ug 1684mnusß.8000.nak´.ebIKitEtGñkenAkñúg RB¼raCvaMg.(Dias 1684:

355)32/000

bg´etn

1672

1673

1674

1684

1696

²eRcInCag.100/000.nak´³.(Missions Etrangères 1680: 90)

Tahan.55/000.nak.(VOC, in Guillot 1989: 150)

Tahan.200/000.nak´.(Cortemünde 5: 122)

700/000 (Fryke 1692: 80)

²mnusß.31/848.enA Surasowan³.(Pigeaud 1968: 64)

>100/000

220/000

800/000

700/000

125/000

hßakatar

1596

1606

1618

pÞ¼.3000.xñg.(Lodewycksz 1598: 163)

Tahan.4000.nak´.(Matelief 1608: 53)

Tahan.6-7000.nak.(van den Broecke 1634 I: 187)

20/000

16/000

26/000

mataram 1624 Tahan.200/000.nak´.(de Haen 1623: 35) 800/000

sIumaraMg 1654 100/000. (van Goens 1656: 205) 100/000

hßaá¨r¨a 1654 100/000. (van Goens 1656: 268) 100/000

TUbg´ 1600 Tahan.32-33/500.nak.(”Tweede Boeck“ 1601: 184) 130/000

s‘Ur¨aáy¨a 1625 50-60/000. (VOC, in Meilink‑Roelofsz 1962: 270) >50/000

m¨akasar

1614

1615

1636

1660

pÞ¼eq¼.1260.xñg.(EIC, G/10/1:5)

Tahan.16/000.nak´.(EIC, G/10/1:9)

60/000.nak´.søab´edaysarGasnñeraK.(EIC, G/10/1: 73)

Tahan.160/000.nak´.(Gervaise 1701: 60)

>20/000

64/000

>100/000

640/000

enAeBlEdleyIgRcáj bBa©ÚlKñanUvskçIPaBénTMhMRbhak RbEhlen¼ CamYy.nwgkarán RbmaN

bc©úb,n ñnUvcMnYnRbCaCn. ..eyIgGacTajnUvesck¹Isnñidæanyagc,as fa... TIRkúgEdlFMCageK bgðs .. KWTIRkúg

faMgLúg..GyuFüa.nig.m¨atar¨amEdlenABak´ kNþal.. s¿v. TI.17..mancMnYnRbCaCnRbEhlcab´ BI.150¿000.

eTA.200¿000.nak´ ..(dUcEdlRkúgeBKUFøab´ manmuneBlTTYlrgnUvkarbMpøicbMpøajkñúgÌñaM .1599)... >..TIRkúg

Gaeq .. makassar. .bg etn.. nig .raCFanIKImLúgénEdndI kUsaMgsIunRbEhlCaTIRkúg sSitkñúglMdab fñak ´ bnÞab

BITIRkúgFMenAkñúgdMNak kalEdlTIRkúgTaMgen¼ manRbCaCneRcInbMputnaBak kN¹al stvtßr_ TI.17. eday

manRbCaCnCit.100¿000.nak ... >.. TIRkúg epßg@eTotenAtamtMbn mat smuRT PaKxag eCIg én RbeTs CVa. man

karERbRbÜleLIgcu¼ nUveCaKvasna y¨agrh&s...enAkñúgkMlugeBlstvtßr_ en¼ ....bu¨EnþcMeBa¼ .Tuybg´.. nig

s‘uraáya vij.naeBlena¼ . RbEhlCamanRbCaCnrhUtdl . . 50¿000.nak ..> ..Mrauk‑u.(raCFanI rbs Garakan)

átanI. .. evogc&nÞ.. nigPñMeBj.k¾RbEhlCasSitenAkñúg lMdab fñak TIRkúgEdlmanRbCaCn rvag BI. 20¿000 eTA.

50¿000.nak .ehIy. RbEhlCaEk,rnwg.50¿000. nak ..>..karbþÚrraCFanIrbs PUmaeTAkanGava . vij enA ÌñaM ..1634

án bN¹al[TIRkúgen¼ rIkceRmInCa lMdab´ .. .ehIymkTl´ nwgÌñaM .1700.TIRkúg en¼ RbEhl Ca man RbCa Cn

rhUt dl´ .50¿000.nak´ .>.TIRkúgEdlánerobrab´ TaMgb¨unμanen¼ .RbEhlCaTIRkúg dMbUgEdl FM Cag eKbgðs´

lMdab´ TI.. 13.. >

tMbn EdlRKb RKgedayCnCatiGWrubmanbNþaajBaNiC¢kmμTUlMTUlay.. nigsMNg GaKareFVIGMBI fμrwg

maMCa eRcIn. ..k¾bu¨EnþtMbn´ TaMgen¼ minEmnCatMbn´ EdlmanTIRkúgFMCageKbgðs´ ena¼ eT...>.. brievNTIRkú g

átaevo án ekIncMnYnRbCaCnrhUtdl RbEhlCa. . 30¿000.. nak .rs enATaMgkñúg.. nigeRkAkMEBgenAÌñaM .. 1630

ehIy enA kñúg ÌñaM .. 1670.cMnYndEdlen¼ .ánekIneLIgdl kMBUlrhUtdl .130¿000.nak . (Hageman. 1859. £ .

364/ Blussé.. 1986. £ . 84-85) ... >. .TIRkúgmanIlmanRbCaCnRbEhl..40¿000.. nak enAeBlTIRkúg en¼ mankar

rIk ceRmIndl´ kMBUlnaÌñaM . . 1630. . (Phelan.. 1959. £ . 178).. >.enAmunÌñaM .1641.. eBlEdlTIRkúgm¨a Laka enA Ca

TI bBa¢akar rbs B&rTuyh;al ... TIRkúgen¼ manRbCaCnRbEhlCa.. 12¿000.nak . (Mandelslo.. 1662.£ . 106)... ehIy

cMnYn en¼ enA sl´ Et.5¿000.nak´ enAeBlEdlsSitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs hULg . eRkay mk eTot.>

karkMNt nUvcMnYnRbCaCnsrubkñúgTIRkúgTaMgen¼ manlkçN£ rwtEtlMákCagkarán sμanTMhMTIRkúg

TaMgen¼ ...eRBa¼ faTIRkúgTaMgen¼ mancMnYnRbCaCnekIneLIgeRcInkñúgdMNak´ kal xus@Kña...ehIy eBl xø¼ .

TIRkúg xø¼ mancMnYnRbCaCnekIneLIgeRcInenAeBlEdlTIRkúgxø¼ eTotmanRbCaCn tic.. .>.. .eTa¼ Cayag en¼

k¹I. sUm,I Et karKNnabEnSmRtÜs@k¾eday.. .y¨ageRcInGacp¹l´ RtwmEtcMnYn RbCaCnsrubelI sBImYy lan

nak´ enA kñúg TIRkúgNaEdlmanRbCaCnelIsBI... 30¿000.. nak´ .kñúgkMlug Bak´ kN¹alstvtßr_ TI.. 17. Et

bueNÑa¼..> .. dUecñ¼ ehIy RbCaCnGasIuGaeKñy_ RbEhlCa.5% .éncMnYnRbCaCnsrub rs enAtamTIRkúgFM@.EdlCa

smamaRt mYy eRcInCagtMbn´ GWr¨ubxageCIg. . (de Vries .. 1976. £ . 154) eTa¼ bI CaRbEhl mineRcIndUc mueh:al

}NÐa. . ¦k¾ RbeTs cink¾eday (Habib.. 1982.£ . 169; s:InnWr 1977. £ . 28) .. >

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 89

kMNtsm:al´.½

a. en¼Cakará¨n´sµanrbs´xJMúcMeBa¼kMEBgkarBarTIRkúgfµIrbs´es¹c.áy‘ÍNg EdlCamNÐlraCvaMg enA rvag

qñaM. 1566-99.cMENkÉTIRkúgkMEBgcas´rbs´TIRkúgeBKUvijTuksMrab´kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ..ehIy va mantMbn´

CayRkúgy¨agFM.>

b.ev¨lF_.. nigm¨ak´enl .ánkMNt´nUvtMbn´sm,ÚredaybMENkkðmqñaMgepßg@famanépÞRkT,aEt.90. ha

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seRmc cit¹erIsykkará¨n´sµanTMhMFM.edaysnµt´fatMbn´tUc@kñ úgbrievNtMbn´ en¼TTYlrgkar

90 CMBUk TI 2

taragelx.8¿.TMhMRbhak´RbEhléntMbnTIRkúgnastvtßr_TI.17

épÞRkT,akMEBg

RB¼ raC vaMg ..¦tMbn´ Ed l

man kMEBg karBar.(km2)

épÞRkT,a

RbhakRbEhl éntMbn

TIRkúg.(km2)

RbPBB&t‡man

fAMgLúg 0.4 5.6×4 = 22 Hanoi 1977: 40‑46 nigEpnTI

evogc&nÞ 0.3 4×0.8 = 3.2 Lajonquière 1901: 100‑01

eQogém¨ 3.8 5 Wijeyewardene 1985: 86; 1986: 6

G yuFüa 3.6×2 = 7.2 15 Sternstein 1965

eBKU ..s ¿v .16 5.8a 15 Symes 1827 I: 214; Frederici 1581: 244‑45

eRmav-G‘U 0.4 7 Collis 1943: 174‑75

á¨tanI 0.1 5×0.4 = 2bWelch and McNeill 1989: 38; Bougas

1988: 15‑16

Gaeq 0.2 12 ENI 1893‑1905 II: 321

bg´ etn 1.0 5 Scott 1606: 169; Guillot 1989

matar¨am 0.4 7.5×5.5 = 41cVan Goens 1656: 66, 212‑15; Nurhadi and

Armeini 1978: 17

m¨akasar 0.8+0.8+0.2d 10×0.6 = 6 Reid 1983: 140‑50; Bulbeck 1992: 351‑72

RKb´RKgkñúgr y£ kal d¾yUr.b¨uEn¹tMbn´enAtambeN¹ayeqñrsmuRTTaMgmUlTTYlrgkar RKb´RKgGs´ry¼

kal knø¼ stvtßr_ bnÞab ´BIqñaM.1590.enAeBlEdlTIRkúgmankarrIkceRmIn.edayenA eBlena¼hIukay¨at .

á¨tanI. (113) án eFVI kar kt´ sm:al´fa.qµaGacedIrqøgkat´tamdMbUlpÞ¼nImYy@edaymincaM ác´cu¼elIdI.. eT

kñúg cm¶ayRb Ehl. 2/5. KIT,ÚEmRt.ehIyenAeBlEdlvan.nik . (1604. £. 222) ánKitfaTIRkúglat sn§wg

tam beN¹ay eqñr kñúg cm¶ay knø¼m¨ayGaløWm¨g´..>

c. EpnTIrbs.Van GoenGMBITIRkúgmataramánbgHajGMBITIRkúgEdlmanTMhMlatsn§wgminFmµtasRmb eTA

tam bMlas´ TIbn¹bnÞab´én.Kraton (kMEBgkarBarRB¼raCvaMg).BIkuta..ehßv . eTA.Kerta.rhUtdl´.Plered >

d.. TIRkúgmakassar.KWCaTIRkúg.nig.rdë.sµúRKsµajmYy.edaymanmNÐlraCvaMgd¾rwgmaM.3.kEnøg.KWenA h:Úva.

talU .. nig sMeÁPU... >

eKenAEtmankarlMákkñúgkarkMNt´ nUvcMnYnRbCaCnenAtamTIRkúgtUc@... nigtamTIRbCuMCnnanaenA

tam tMbn´ epßg@eTotenAGasIuGaeKñy_ ... >.. edaysMGageTAelIkará¨n´ sμannUvcMnYnRbCaCnEdleyIgman

nig tYnaTIesdækic©... nigneyaáyrbs TIRkúgTaMgLayEdlminTan mankarán sμan cMnYnRbCaCn.eyIg min

Gac niyay[ áneRcIneRkAGMBIfa. TIRkúgdUcerobrab´ teTAen¼ RbEhlCamanRbCaCn elIsBI. 10¿000. nak´

(sUm emIlEpnTIelx.5)½

-.. RbÚm...á¨h;n..TYnh:Ú‘...sIuerom.(enAEk,rTIRkúgr¨g´ h:Ún).tavUy.. nigmar_ tabg .kñúgRbeTsPUma(3).

-.. etNas´ esrIm.eQogém¨.lb´ bUrI... nignKrsIufammar¨at .(lIh:&r).kñúg RbeTsesom.

-.. lYgRáág:enAPaKxageCIgRbeTsLav.

-.. raCFanIlEgVkrbs´ RbeTskm<úCa.

-.. kMBg´ Eph&rGan.éntMbn´ kUsaMgsIun.

-. .cUhr.. nig á¨hag.(rhUtdl´ karcUlmklukluyedayGaeqkñúgqñaM.. 1618). enA«bTVIbmaeL.

-.. á¨eLmág..cmb‘Í.. nig raCFanImINagkaáv.enAÉáh:ar_ ruyy‘ug.enAeka¼ s‘Um¨aRta.

-.. bg´ car_ m¨asIun. .nig Rb‘úyeN.enA.eka¼ bWeNGU.

-.. caá¨r¨a.esm¨araMg.nig áLaMán´ h:an´ enARbeTsCVa.

-.. raCFanIálI.enAÉeh:leh:l.nig

-. raCFanImah:IndaNav.rbs .sIuN&y.. .(eKniyayfa. .mancMnYnmnusßRbús. 36¿500. nak . Cab katBV

kic© . (Laarhoven..1989.£.112). >

RbsinebIPaKry énGñkrs enATIRkúgmankRmitx<s enAkñúg tMbn TaMgmUl... vak¾manIPaKry x<s Cag Edr

enA tam tMbn´ TaMgLayEdlmanBaNiC¢kmμxøaMgkøaenACMuvijRcksmuRTm¨aLak´ ka . (Malacca) >...enA «bTVIb

m¨aeLTaMg mUl eyIgmankarlMákkñúgkarrMBwgTukfacMnYnRbCaCnGac mancMnYnelIsBIknø¼ lannak´ Nas´

eRBa¼ fa va min GacmancMnYneRcInCagcMnYnRbCaCnenAedImstvtßr_ TI.19.eT. (Reid.. 1987 ) ..>. en¼ man n&y fa

TIRkúg m¨aLaka Et Ég EdlCaTIpßarBaNiC¢kmμFMEdlminmantMbn´ ksikmμdac´ Rsyal man RbCaCn y¨ag

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 91

ehac Nas´ k¾..20% .Edr. éncMnYnRbCaCn«bTVIbsrubenAkMlugqñaM.1500..>..ehIycMENkÉ. . á¨tanI

áhag..cUhr. .nig maLaka. EdlRtÜtRtaedayBYkB&rTuyh:al rYmKñaTaMgGs enAqñaM.. 1600..man smamaRt RbCa

Cn RsedogKña.. nigm¨aLakaEdr.>.eKdah_ . (Kedah) EdlánkøayCakMBg´ EptUcsMxan´ mYyenA edIm stvtßr_

TI.18. RtÚváneK eCO fa man RbCaCnBI .7¿000. eTA .. 8¿000. nak´ .. rs´ enAkñúgTIRkúg eFob eTAnwgRbCaCn srub

cMnYn Et .20¿000 .nak´ b¨ueNÑa¼ .rs´ enAkñúg.RbeTsTaMgmUl. (Taillandier.. 1711.£. 409) .. >..cMENkTIRkúg Gaeq

etn.. . nig Rb‘úyeN. vij eBlEdlmancMnYnRbCaCnx<s bMput.RbEhlCamanRbCaCnyagehac Nas k¾mYy

PaKRáMénRbCa Cn srubEdrsSiteRkamkarRKb´ RKgrbs TI RkúgTaMgena¼ pÞal .. >

nKrUbnIykmμGacmankarrIkceRmInx<s´ RbesIránnaeBlena¼ .. . . k¾edaysarEtPaBRbesIrén

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elIk Elg Et m¨atar¨amecj. .(dUcCaGav¨a... nig faMgLúg. sSitenAcMtMbn´ bg;beg;InTinñplRsÚvánx<s´ ) .. man

lkçN¼ Gac eFVI [ eKeFVIdMeNIrecjcUl áneday gaytamry£ pøÚvTwk..EdlCameFüaáygay RsÜl Rb esIr

Cag pøÚv reT¼ enA E dndIeKakd¾FM lHelHvena¼ ...>...ehIyTIbI... ebIeRbóbeFobCamYy vis&ydéTeTot...vis&y CMnYj

án edIr tY naTId¾FMenA kñúg exOnesdækic©TaMgmUlrbs´ tMbn´ PaKeRcInenAGasIuGaeKñy_ . ..>.. TIRkúgkMBg´ EpTaMg

en¼ . KW minEmn Ca beBaØIEkðk. Edl RtÚv RsÚb ykplitplelIstRmÚvkarBItMbn´ q¶ay@ ena¼ eT..>. .TIRkúg kMBg´

Ep TaMg ena¼ án beg;ItRTBFnrbs´ xøÜnPaKeRcInBIvis&yCMnYj.. .nig án cMNaysRmab´ mHÚbGahar epßg@

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eyagtamkará¨n´ sμannaedImstvtßr_ TI.17...TIRkúgá¨tanIánBwgEpðkelIkarnaMcUltampøÚv smuRT

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Gg;rrbs´ xøÜn. . (Scott.. 1606.£. 136 /.. Terpstra1938.£ .163).. >....cMENkÉ Rkúgm¨aLakavij .. muneBl kar cUl

mkkan kab rbs BYkTuyh:al rwtEtman karBwgEpðkCagen¼ eTAeTot..>. . RkúgmaLaka RtÚván p:t p:g Caerog

ral qñaM edayGg;rRbEhlCa..45. . navaBIRbeTsPUma.. 30. .BIRbeTsesom.nig.50. eTA.60.BIRbeTsCVa ehIy

rYm TaMgCaeRcInnavaeTotBI.kUr¨ Um¨g´ edl. (Coromandel) (Araujo. 1510.£. 28/.. Empoli.. 1514. £ .155/.. Pires

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kñúg Tsvtßr_ qñaM.. 1680.. enA Et man nava. 10.eRKÓg EdlpÞúk eTAedayGg;r naMcUlBI}NÐaEdr ctenAkñúg kMBg´

Ep. ehIy Gñklk´ ray nUv Gg;r naMcUl TaMgLay enAtamTIpßar.GacrkcMNUlán eRcInrhUtdl´ .80 . esÞólIg

(Sterling).kñúg mYy éf¶@ Edl.. (esμInwgkar lk´ Gg;rcMnYn.35¿000.KILÚRkamÉeNa¼ ...daMEBr.(Dampier).1699.£.

94) ..>

92 CMBUk TI 2

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 93

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ehIy ánbgHajRáb´ kEnøgNaxø¼ EdlKYrsagsg´ RB¼ raCvaMg. (dalem) TIpßar. nigTIlan kN¹al (alun‑

alun) .. CaedIm.>. –Sadjarah Banten, segçbeday Djajadiningrat 1913. £. 34

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..> edaysareKánksageLIgenAEk,rmat smuRT... edIm,ITajRbeyaCn_ BIkardwkCBa¢Ún tam pøÚv smuRT TIRkúg

en¼ mankarrIkceRmIny¨agrh&skøayCaTIRkúgd¾FMmYy. ..EdlsVaKmn_ cMeBa¼ QμÜjTaMgLay ehIy k¾ man kar

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GaKar sMxan @ánqøú¼ bBa©aMg[ eXIjnUvesckþIbgRáfñaEpñkelakFaturbs RB¼ mhakßRt.. > .Rb‘ÚEdl . . (Braudel)

.(1967.£ 384-95).. ánelIkeLIgnUvPaB Eckdac BIKñarvagTIRkúgykKMrUtamkþa rGukéntMbn GasIubUBa’. .. nig

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1674.£. 176) >

94 CMBUk TI 2

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96 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 97

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98 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 99

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100 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 103

eXIj manmanc,ab´ ya¨glmðitp¹l´ edayRB¼ mhakßRtsþIGMBIkarlk´ dUr... k¾dUcCakic©snüaCYlKuá¨g

nig.GMBI.karRKb´ RKgbrivar.(Undang‑undang Melaka: 106-09) >

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.(Crawfurd 1820.. I £.168) ehIyCaTUeTA PasaedIm.... minánEbgEck[ c,as´ rvag BaküTIRkúg . .. nig rdæeT.>

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Huan (1433. £.86-87) .. áneFVIdMeNIrmkdl´ RbeTsCVa. .. minmanTIRkúg CMnYjNamYyEdlmankMEBg kar

Bar ena¼ eT.. (y¨agehacNas´ en¼ k¾Cakaryl´ eXIjrbs´ CnCaticinEdr).. >..TIRkúg.. FM@ rbs´ m¨aeL dUc Ca

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GackarBarTIRkúgen¼ án.(Hikayat Aceh : 166) >

edaysarEtmankarrIkceRmInTIRkúgyagrh&s.. nig bMNgcg karBarTIRkúgBIkarQøanBanrbs BYk

TahaneCIgTwkGWrub...kMEBgkarBarTIRkúgánkarkekIteLIgrIksayPayCaeRcInenAkñúg stvtßr_ TI.16.. nig

.17.>. . TIRkúgGyuFüaánksagkMEBgkarBarTIRkúgrbs´ xøÜnenAkñúgqñaM..1550..ehIymk Tl´ nwgqñaM.1600.

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EdndIrbs TIRkúgk¾eday).ehIykMEBgenAtammat smuRTRsedogKñaen¼ Edr KWCaráMg kar Bar d¾ maMrbs raC

FanIeh:leh:lenAeka¼ álI (Reid 1983A: 142; Lintgens 1597: 101‑02) >.edaysar Et mankarrIkceRmIn

brievN Rkúg eRcIn eBkenAxageRkAkMEBg.... kMEBgTaMgen¼ Gac karBar.. ¦ k¾karBar án mYyEpñknUv tMbn´

sñÚl.EdlCa RKw¼ sMxan´ rbs´ RB¼ raCvaMgEtb¨ueNÑa¼ ...>..edaysarCa TUeTA. eK min GnuBaØat[ CnbreTsrs´

enAkñúg brievN rbs kMEBgTaMgena¼ ...eFVI[ lMhUrcUlmk}tdac énQμÜjGen¹a Rbevsn_ .. nigCnGen¹aRbevsn_

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mnusß rs enAeRcIn ³.(Matelief. 1608. £. 122). >.enAGyuFüa.eKeXIjmanEttMbn Ek,rkMBg EpbueNÑa¼.. .Edl

104 CMBUk TI 2

rUbPaBelx.15

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²TIRkúgGaeQon.(Gaeq) . RbsinebIeKehAGIucwg... KWCaTIRkúgEdlmanTMhMFMTUlay .nig ksag eLIg enA kñúg éRB

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 105

.dUecñ¼ ehIyeyIgminGacemIleXIjlMenAsSanenAkñúg TIRkúgen¼ áneT..lu¼ RtaEt eyIg eTAdl Etmþg.> .Cag

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1602.£.147) .. >.sRmab´ GñkeTscrbs©imRbeTs... EdleFVIdMeNIrmk Can´ TwkdIen¼ muneK bgðs´ eK EtgEt

man kar PJak´ epðIlCaxøaMgcMeBa¼ PaBexovRsgat´ rbs´ TIRkúgGaeq..>

ebIeyIgRsémeTAdl´ éRBRBwkßaEdlsm,ÚredayedImdUg.¬sßI.edImeck.mñas´ ..nwgmannUvdgTenød¾KYr[

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[ GñkdMeNIrTaMgLayNaEdlánqøgkat´ TIen¼ manPaBsb,ayrIkrayán. (Premare 1699.£.344-

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Fmμta. m©as pÞ¼ Gac EsgpÞ¼ rbs´ xøÜn eTAkan´ TItaMgfμIán.. (Jourdain 1617. £.293) .. >

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106 CMBUk TI 2

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epßg eTot... ¦k¾rt x©at x©ayyagrh&seTABYnenAtamtMbn PñM.. nigx<g rabx<s @³... (Legazpi 1569.£.60) ..> . sUm,I

Et enA TIRkúgmaLakad¾mhimak¾eday.eBlEdlkarRbqaMgtbteTAnwgkar vayRbharrbs BYkB&r Tuy h;al

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CaeRcIn³. .(Albuquerque. 1557.£.129).. >.. edaysarsmÖar£ sMNg manPaB Rsal eKGac ksag TIRkúg eLIg

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BYk Gaeq.(Reid 1980. £. . 244-45) >

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enATIkEnøgEbb hñwg.eRKa¼ fñak´ bg;eLIg edayGK:iP&ymanPaBxøaMgkøabMput..>.. eKánraykarN_ faenAGaeq

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ePøIg edIm,IdutbMpøajrbs rbrepßg@rbs sRtÚvrbs xøÜn . ..ehIyEdlerOgen¼ KWCakgVl d¾cm,gsRmab QμÜj

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etnánRtÚv eKdutbMpøaj.. 5..dgkñúgry£ eBlEt.3.ExbueNÑa¼ .... GñkeCIgsarCMnYjCnCatiGg eKøsmñak án

sresrGMBItðÚjEtðrdUecñ¼ fa..½

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 107

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manePøIgeq¼ >.xJMúántðÚjEtðrcMeBa¼ RB¼ Cam©as fa.xJMúminánedkGs CaeRcInyb mk ehIy eday sar PaB P&y

xøac again for the best ship’s lading of pepper that ever came from thence (Scott1606.£. 97- 99)>

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kñúg mYyéf¶...edIm,I[ RákdfaminmanGN¹atePøIgeq¼ edayKμankarGnuBaØatena¼ eT.(Than Tun 1983£. 84-

85) ..>

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ha‘n [ xJMú.5 . mas . ena¼ eT.xJMúminGaclk´ [ áneT.>.elak kMNaj´ Emn. ³..en¼ CaEpñkénkic©snÞnaCa Pasa

m¨aeL EdleRbIenATIpßarRkúgGaeq. .dkRsg´BI Houtman. 1603.£.65-66

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TIpßar enAEtCaRKw¼ sñÚlkñúgkarcat´ EcgcracrTMnij...>...TIpßarmankarrIkceRmInTaMgTMhM... nigcMnYntUb lk´

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Et RbRBwtþi eTA tam TIpßar dEdl.>

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108 CMBUk TI 2

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RkúgGaeq. témøRtÚvánbg:ab [ bg KWmYy kak mastUc.(mas)sRmab tUbmYykñúgmYyEx.(Lombard 1967.£.46/

cf. Chou Ta‑Kuan 1297.£ . 27) ..>.. KMrUEbben¼ k¾TMngCaRtÚv eKGnuvtþ pgEdr..enAtamTIRkúg rbs´ R beTsét

dMbUg@..dUcCa.suexaT&yCaedIm.. >

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RKb´ RKg... nigcat´ Ecg[ manTIpßar.(O’Connor1983. £. 52-53/.. Le. 1971.£. 222-23) . >

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lk dUren¼ eTA[ GUrg kaya . (Orangkaya) EdlTTYlxusRtÚvenAtMbn ena¼ . (Pires 1515. £. 274) .. >.maTIn . (1604£

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ánsiT§iGtSiPaBena¼ án...>

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 109

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vij ... .RbsinebInrNamñak mankMhusedaysarEtPaBkMNaj .... vadUcCaeKánniyayfa.. BUC Gñk ena¼ min lð

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. 110-13; Coen 1623. £. 774; Missions Etrangères 1680. £.93) >

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110 CMBUk TI 2

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án RbBn§beN¹a¼ Gasnñmñak mkCYylk dUr[ BYkeK.. >..srubesck¹Imk enA TIRkúgbg etn... Ca«TahrN_ eK

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}NÐa.¦cin).nigTIpßarmYyeTotmanGñklk´ Ca®s¹I.(GñkkñúgRsúklk sac´ kMNat kñúgRsúk).>

kareá¼ Rák´ ... nigBaNiC¢nIykmμ.(PaBeCaKC&yrbs´ Rák´ )karekIneLIgénplitkmμsRmab TIpßarBiPBelakRákdCaminGaceTArYceT... RbsinebIKμannUv karekIn eLIg

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plitkr . .nig GñkEckcay.. TaMgtUcTaMgFMrab´ Esnnak´ EdlCYy[ manlMhUrénTMnijminGac eFVIkar TUTat´

KñatamEbben¼ áneT... >.. yuKsm&yBaNiC¢kmμánbgHajnUvtRmÚv karCaRbcaM[ mankareá¼ Rák´ Edl

GaceRbI Rás´ án.. .>... eRkABIsemøók bMBak´ }NÐa..rUbiyvtSúEdlmanTRmg´CaRák´ .. s<an´ ... nig sMNKWCa mux

TMnij d¾ mansar£ sMxan´ CageKbMputEdlhUrcUlmkkñúgtMbn´ ...>..karEdl..CaerOy@vap:t´ p:g´ minRKb´ eTa¼ bI

Ca man karhUrcUldUcen¼ k¾eday... KWCaPsþútagbgHajTaMgBaNiC¢nIykmμd¾qab rh&skñúgcMeNa mCIvPaB RbcaM

éf¶ rbs CnCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ... nig TaMgPaBxV¼ xaténkarp:t p:g rUbiyvtSúkñúgRsúkedIm,IbMeBjtRmÚv kar én kar

eda¼ dUrTMnij..>.. enAmunstvtßr_ TI.. 15..enAtMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ dIeKakTMngCaminánbeg;ItRák´ kak´ sRmab´

CYy sRmÜl dl BaNiC¢kmμena¼ eT.. >.. Rák kak ánRtÚv eKpliteLIgenArvagstvtßr_ TI.5.nig.TI.10.Et eday

sar Et mankarEckcaykñúgRsúktwgEtgeBk.. .eKáneRbIRás kak TaMgena¼ sRmab eKalbMNgEt sRmab

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 111

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kMBg´ Epen¼ Ca jwkjab´ ..>.. raCaNacRkmYycMnYnenARbeTsCVa.s‘Um¨aRta.nig lUhßún.áneá¼ luykak´ enA

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eRcIn.eK vay témømasenAtamtMbn´ «bTVIb... nig Rák´ enAtamtMbn´ dIeKak.>.masKWCa rgVas´ témø.Etvak¾man

sar£ sMxan´ dUcKñaEdrsRmab´ CameFüaáykñúgkarsnßMTuk.. nig sBaØasm:al´ BIzan¼ rbs ´ RB¼ mhakßRt.. nig

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stvtßr_ TI.18.>

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286.. >

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eRkay qñaM.. 1300. .mk..manniyayRKan´ EtcMeBa¼ .... BIsIus bu¨eNÑa¼ EdlCaluys<an´ rbs´ cinena¼ .( Wicks..

1983.£. 246- 52)..>... KYr[ cab GarmμN_ BiessCagen¼ eTAeTot... KWfass<an rb s GñkKIDIrI. EdlRbEhl

112 CMBUk TI 2

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RbePT fμI...k¾dUcCa bMlas b¹ÚrepßgeTotCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsCVapgEdr. (Wicks1986.£. 59-63/ . Reid.1992.£.

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RbEhlCaedaysarEtkgnavad¾Gs©arürbs rC¢kalemgeRkamkardwknaMrbs CwghIu. (ZhengHe) . Edl

eFVI[ eKs:al luykak cinenAtamkMBg EpenAtMbn «bTVIbmYycMnYndUcCa.maLaka.. .nig áésCaedIm.enA edIm

stvtß r_ TI.15.>.eTa¼ Cay¨agen¼ k¹I.eKáneRbIsMNá¨haMg.CagkareRbIs<an´ Gs´ ry£ kalCayUrmk ehIy

enAtMbn RcksmuRTmaLak ka.. ehIybN¹ardëepßg@.. enATIena¼ k¾áncab ep¹Im yk sMNáhaMgmkeFVICa kak

pgEdr..>.eyagtamBYkB&rTuyh:al .enAqñaM.1414.eBlEdlkßRt ..emh;at ..GIukanda eFVIdMeNIreTA kan raC-

Fan I RbeTscinedIm,ITTYlánnUvkarÉkPaBBI GFiraC[ RB¼ Gg:áneLIgesayraCü..RB¼ Gg: k¾ án TTYl nUv

RB¼ raCGnuBaØat[ eá¼ luuykak´ pÞal´ xøÜnRB¼ Gg:Edl man.²ragtUc. nig eFVIBIsMNlay Ca mYy nwg sMN

á¨haMg.EdlRB¼ Gg:ehAfa..cash ³. (Albuquerque.1557.£. 77/.. cf. Pires 1515.£. 243/.. Wang.. 1968.£

104-05) ..>..KMrUluykak´ sMNá¨haMgrbs´ m¨aLakaEdl enAesssl´ Kg´ vgßmanqøak´ garrbs´ em dwk naM

sm&y mun@rhUteTAdl´ sm&yesþc.muhßahVa (Muzaffar) ÉeNa¼ .(1446-59) ..>..naeBl ena¼ Edr. raCaNa

cRk s‘UmaRta xag eCIg ..k¾áneá¼ luykak tUc@EdlmankRmasRkas @CaeRcIn.. .edaymanqøak eQμa¼ rbs

emdwk naM rbs BYk eKenAelIena¼ pgEdr. (Wicks 1983.£. 273; Ma Huan 1433.£. 120/.. Dakers 1939/. Pires

1515.£. 144 . Varthema 1510.£. 231) >

karerobrab rbs CnCatiGWrubelIkdMbUgGMBIRb‘úyeN..s‘umáva...maluKu...cMm,a.. nig CVa ánbgHaj fa luy

kak´ cineFVIGMBIs<an´ ... KWCaluykak´ pøÚvkareRbIRás´ enAkñúgtMbn´ TaMgGs´ en¼ .. (Pires. 1515.£. 114/.170/.. 181/

203/.. 206-07/..BIh;aehVta.. (Pigafetta). 1524.£. 59-60/.. Galvāo. 1544.£. 138-39) .. >.k¾b¨uEnþuminEmn luy

kak´ TaMg Gs´ suT§EtnaMcUlmkBIRbeTscinena¼ eT..>...edaysarEtTMnak´ TMngpÞal´ CamYycinmankarFøak´

cu¼ enA RbEhl qñaM.. 1500.. CagkalBIsm&yyugh:Il. (Yongle) enAkñúgRbeTsCVa.. .nig kEnøg déTeToteK TMng

Ca cmøg luy kak . ²cin³.ehIyplitenAkñúgRsúkvijedIm,I[ mankarp:t p:g RKb RKan ..>.. BIh;aehVta. . (1524.£.

60. ) án erob rab´ tamPaBCak´ Es¹gfa... luykak´ cinEdlKat´ RbT¼ eXIj enARb‘úyeNKWCa... ²luykak´

Edlplit eday BYk mUsøIúm enAkñúgtMbn´ TaMgena¼ ³...>...mkTl´ nwgqñaM..1500. .minfasSankarN_ NaeT... TaMg

luy kak´ cineFVIBI s<an´ luykak´ s<an´ kñúgRsúk.. .k¾dUcCaluykak´ sMNá¨haMgEdlykKMrUtamluykak´ cin

án RtÚv eK eRbIRás´ CaluypøÚvkarenAGasIuGaeKñy_ TaMgGs´ .. >. . enAqñaM.1537..eBlEdlBYkB&rTuyh:al´

b¨unb¨g[ sm&<n§mit ¹rbs´ xøÜnenAm¨aluKuTTYls:al´ nUvluykak´ B&rTuyh;al´ EdleFVIBIs<an´ suT§Cagluykak´

s<an´ cin... sm&<n§mit ¹rbs´ BYkeKánRáb´ fa... BYkeKGacTTYl ykánRbsinebIeKeFVIRbehagenAcM kN¹al

luykak´ ena¼ edIm,Igay RsÜlkñúgkarcgcUlKña.(Galvāo 1544.£. 270-73) >

mkTl´ nwgqñaM... 1500.eKeXIjmanEtenAkñúgRbeTsesom.. .Gar¨akan. (Arakan) kMBg´ Epm¨arta án . .

(Martaban)énRbeTsPUma... nig ekdah_ . (Kedah) .b¨ueNÑa¼ .EdlenAEteRbIsMbk xügsRmab´ kic©kar CMnYj CYj

dUrRTg RTaytUcenAeLIy. .>.. eTa¼ bICaeKrMBwgTukfaTMnak TMngsYysarGakrd¾lðRbesIr rbs RbeTs esom

Ca mYy RbeTscinGacnaMcUlnUvluykak ánedayRsÜlk¾eday.... k¾eKenAeXIjmankar naMcUlnUvsMbk xüg

smuRT BIRbCuMeka¼ m¨al´ DIv... brENv...m¨aluKu... nig hVIlIBIn.(Pires. 1515.£. 100/. Gervaise. 1710.£. 120).. >. en A

tam tMbn PaK eRcInénRbeTsPUma... nig Garakan... luykak eRbICaTUeTA... KW .gansa eFVIBIelah FatusMxan @ Ca

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 115

Biess KWpßMBIs<an´ ... nig sMNá¨haMg... EtCaerOy@KWpßMeLIgBIsMN EdlGaceFVIrgVas´ xñatán edaysar

kar føwg Tm¶n´ ...>.. .²vaminEmnCaluykak´ rbs´ RB¼ mhakßRtena¼ eT .. EtmnusßRKb´ rUbGac[ témø va eTAtam

KMnit en¼ pgEdr... eRBa¼ faluykkak´ en¼ mannUvcMENk...¦ témød¾RtwmRtÚvrbs´ RB¼ Gg:³.(Frederici 1581.£.

254/ cf. Pires 1515.£. 99/.. 96-97) >

karbBaÄb´ nUvkarhamRámrbs´ GFiraCcMeBa¼ kareFVICMnYjcineTAkan´ tMbn´ PaKxagt,ÚgenAkñúg

qñaM.1567.ánnaM[ manlMhUrcUly¨agKMhuknUvluykak´ cineFVIBIs<an´ enAtMbn´ ena¼. .>.. kg navahULg´

EdláneFVIdMeNIrmkdl RbeTsCVaelIkdMbUgkñúgqñaM.. 1596.. ánEsVgyl fa.luykak Gs TaMgen¼.. .²man

eRbI y¨ag eRcInsn§wksn§ab´ enABaseBjdIeka¼ TaMgen¼ ³.. .nadMNak´ kalena¼ .edayáneFVI[ m®nþIcin man

kar RBÜyármÖ.edayáncat´ TuklMhUrecjénluykak´ Gs´ TaMgen¼ .CakarrIgs¶ÜteTA@cMeBa¼ FnFankRm

rbs RbeTs.. >.. CalT§plenARbmaNqñaM. .1590.eKáneá¼ luykak fμIpßMBIl,aysMN .Edlman KuNPaB

Gn´ enAext¹K&gtug.. . nig hVÚeCon.edIm,I[ eFVIcracrCaBiessenAtMbn´ Nany¨ag. (Blussé.. 1986. £ . 36-38/ .

lUdUvIs:s_ .. 1598. £ . 122-23). >...CnCatiGWrubmankarrG‘UrrTaM cMeBa¼ luykak RbePT en¼ Nas .½.²eday sar

Et elahFatuen¼ ehIy... EdleKeRbIvasuT§Etkñúgry£ ..3.¦..4 qñaM³. (van Neck1599. £ . 87/. cf. lUdUvIs:s_. 1598.

£ . 122). . >..mkTl´ nwgqñaM.1596.. luykak´ BIsIus .. EdlmanKuNPaBmin sUvlðTaMgen¼ RtÚv eKeRbIRás´ rhUt

eTAdl tMbn q¶ay@rbs RbeTsCVapgEdr.. >.. QμÜjkNþalcinánnaMkak TaMgena¼ eTAkan tMbn x<g rab hYs

BITIRkúgbg´ Etn... edIm,I TijeRmcBIGñkdaMkñúgtémømYyPaKbYnén témøEdllk´ enAelITIpßarRkúgbg´ Etn.

(Blussé 1986. £ . 40) >

CaerOy@.mankarniyayBIkgV¼ xatBIsIus enAelITIpßarRkúgbg´ etn.kñúgkMlugeBl.3.Tsvtßr_ bn¹

bnÞab´ Kña.>. . esOn.. ánG¼ Gagfa.ebIeRbóbnwgRák´ témørbs´BIsIus .. mankarekIneLIgmYyCabYnenA cenøa¼

qñaM.1613.nig.1618.eRBa¼ edaysarEtPaBminsUvsm,Úr.(BI.30¿000.mk.8¿000.kñúgmYyerol ) ehIy cMENk

É enA hßaMb‘I. (Jambi) vij.témø BIsIus k¾bn¹ekIneLIgpgEdr.EdlekInrhUtdl´ .6/900. kñúgmYy erol .enA kñúg

qñaM.1636. (Blussé 1986. £ . 41-42/.. Andaya. 1993. £ . 105)(5).>.lMhUrcUlénRák Ca eRcInedIm,IbMeBj tRmÚv

kar kñúg kar CYjdUreRmcenAtamkMBg EpTaMgen¼ .CaGñkeFVI[ témø .BIsIus ekIn eLIgeTa¼ bICakarp:t p:g .BIsIus

enA man lMnwg k¾eday.>

luykak´ pßMBIl,aysMNTaMgen¼ manKuNPaBTabdUcen¼ ... ehIyeKGaccmøgedaygay.>. kgV¼

xatsMN... KWCa«bsK:cm,gsRmab´ plitkmμluykak´ kñúg Rsúk.rhUtdl´ BYkGg´ eKøs.. nig hULg´ rk eXIj

fa.sMNKWCarbs´ mYykñúgcMeNam rbs´ BIrbIRbePTenAGWr¨ub... EdlmanTIpßarenAGasIuGaeKñy_ ...>.. BYkGg´

eKøs enARkúgbg etn. ánbeg;InkarnaMcUlsMNcab BI.. 20.etan.enAqñaM.1608.rhUtdl .50-60.etan. enA qñaM.

1615 .nig.100-150.etan.enAqñaM.1636..>.. kñúgcMeNamsMNTaMgen¼ .... sMNxø¼ áneRbIsRmab kar plit RKab

kaMePøIgenAkñúgsm&ys®g:am.. EtsMNPaKeRcIn.. KWeRbIsRmab karplitluykak edIm,Ip:t p:g TIRkúg án car

m¨asIun . (Banjarmasin) . nigá¨eLmáMg. (Palembang) k¾dUcCa.bg etn.pgEdr.( LREIC I: 21-22; III £ . 277-78/

Willoughby 1636. £ . 153).. >. ...BYkhULg mankarRby&tñRbEygkñúgkarlk sMN.. eRBa¼ xøacERkgsRtÚvrbs

116 CMBUk TI 2

xøÜnykvaeTAeRbIsRmab´ eKalbMNgeFVIs®g:am.>.elIkElgEtenAkñúgqñaM.1633.enAeBlEdlBYkeK cab´

epþImlk´ [ CnCaticin.enAá¨taevo... eTIbBYkeKrkeXIjfaman«sßahkmμplitBIsIus .. ²cin³.rYcCa eRsc

eTAehIy..enARbeTsCVa.CaBiess enATIRkúgbg´ etn.sIuer¨bun . (Cirebon) .. nig hßaá¨r¨a. (Japara).>.BYk eK Taj

yk RbeyaCn_ edaykarlk´ sMNTaMgen¼ ... .kñúglkçN£ p¹ac´ mux[ eTACnCaticinsMxan´ @Edlrs´ enAkñúg

tMbn´ RtÜtRtaedayBYkhULg´ b¨ueNÑa¼ ...>..karBiesaF Ebben¼ ..RtÚvBYkeKeá¼ bg´ ecal enAqñaM.. 1640. eBl

Edl BYkGg eKøsRbECgkat muxkarrksuIp¹ac mux rbs hULg. edaykarp:t p:g nUvsMNEdlman témø efakCag

eTA [ eragcRkplitBIsIus . . EdlCaKU RbECgenA kñuúgTIRkúg bg´ etn..hßaá¨r¨a..hßaMb‘I...á¨eLmáMg..m¨akas-

sar .. nig m¨artaBUr¨a.( bWeNGU) .> ..hULg´.ánb¹ÚreTAplitluykak´ s<an´ vij.edIm,ICameFüaáy cm,gkñúgkar

b®Ba¢ab cUl eTA kñúg esdëkic©GasIuGaeKñy_ .>.eTa¼ Cayagen¼ k¹I.bøÚes . (Blussé.1986. £ . 46-48) . ánbgHajfa.ry£

kal eRbI Rás luy kak EdlBYk hULg ánCMruj. . KWmansar£ sMxan yagxøaMgkñúgkarksag RkúgátaevokøayCa

kMBg´ Ep d¾ Tak´ TajmYysRmab´ GñkdwkCBa¢Úntamnava Cn Cati}NÐÚensIu.EdlGnÞ¼ sa cg´ án[ luykak´ . BI-

sIus . nig T Mnij cin. .>

bN¹ardëenAGasIuGaeKñy_ enAEtbn¹eá¼ luykak eFVIBIsMN.. .¦ sMNlaynwgsMNáhaMg.eTa¼ bI Cakar

xUcxatyagqab rh&srbs kak TaMgen¼ ánbnßl enAEtluykak BIrbI... EdleKmankarlMákkñúgkar kMNt

Gt¹sBaØaNrbs´ luykak´ TaMgen¼ enAkñúgkarRbEmRbmUlánnasm&yTMenIbk¾ eday... >.. eKánrkeXIj

luy kak EdleFVIBIsMNsuT§. .. nig mankarqøak rcnanUv. hamsa r manlkçN£ dUc rUbTa..enATIRkúgeBKU.. nig kak

rab ´ ryeTotenAkñúgbrievNkMEBgTIRkúgEdlánksageLIgenAkñúg Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1560. .>.. cMNucen¼ bgHaj

fa. PaBrugerOgxøaMgrbs´ TIRkúgeBKU.. RbEhlCaRtÚvkar[ mannUvrUbiyvtSúpøÚvkar enAkñúgstvtßr_ TI.16.eTa¼

bICaGñkeTscr naeBlena¼ minánelIkeLIgk¾eday. (Robinson.1986. £ . 25-27/ 34/.Wicks 1983. £ . 94-

95) .>. enAkñúgstvtßr_ TI.17.TIRkúgetNas´ sIurIm. (Tenasserim) .. ¦ TIRkúg tavUy . (Tavoy) áneá¼ luykak´ FM@

eFVI BIsMNá¨haMg... nig sMN.ehIyRbEhlCaeFVIcracreRbIRás´ rhUtdl´ TIRkúg eKdah_ ... nig eBr¨ak´ .eTot

pg . (Robinson.. 1986. £ . 67-70/. Gervaise.. 1701. £ . 120) >.«TahrN_ Cak´ Es¹gGMBIluykak´ eFVIBI sMN á¨haMg

lay nwg sMNEdlenAesssl ... (ehIyk¾maneFVIBITg EdgpgEdrenATIRkúgbg etn).. án bgHajfa.. yag

ehac Nas k¾manTIRkúgGaeq..bg etn..sIuerbun.Rb‘úyeN..nig RbEhlCa.cUhr.pgEdr... Edláneá¼ luy

kak´ pøÚvkar.EdlmancareQμa¼ ...¦ eKarmgar emdwknaM.enAkñúgstvtßr_ TI.16.nig.17. (Beaulieu. 1666. £ . 58/.

daMEBr .1699. £ . 92/.. Davidson 1977. £ . 48/.Netscher and van der Chijs1864. £ . 149-53/.. Wicks 1983. £ .

273-76/. 319-23/. 408-28) >...eyag eTAelI ÉksarmYyrbs eGs,aj (Dasmariňas1590. £ . 13).RbeTs

Rb‘úy eN ányl´ fa...luykak´ eFVIBIRák´ .. suT§rbs´ xøÜnmanRbCaRbiy xøaMgkñúg cMeNam QμÜj breTs.. Edl

án yk luykak TaMgena¼ eTACamYy...dUecñ¼ ehIyánCaenABak kN¹alTIBIrénstvtßr_ TI..16...emdwk naM án

seRmc cit¹plitnUvkak mYyRbeP Edl. .²manTMhMesμInwgkak knø¼ erol... nig eFVIBIsMNáhaMg.. ¦k¾sMN.CMnYs

vij.EdlBYkeKehAfa. BItIs ³.>

ry£ kalénkic©RbwgERbgrbs´ Rkúm hu‘n hULg´. . edIm,IrksuIp¹ac´ mux.. .ánbgHajBIbrimaNxø¼ éntRmÚv

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 117

kar luy kak´ . BIsIus naeBlena¼ ... >.. Rkúmh‘unánp:t´ p:g´ sMNcMnYn.133.etan.enAqñaM.. 1637.nig.153.eta

n.enA qñaM. 1638.[ eragcRkplitBIsIus rbs xøÜn.(Blussé.1986. £ . 47) .. >..ehIyBYkGg eKøsp:t p:g sMNkñúg

cMnYn Rsedog Kña ehIy.BYkcinenAEtnaMcUlmknUvluykak´ rbs´ BYkeK.ehIyRkúmhu‘n .hULg´. .pÞal´ sgÇwm

faTTYl án nUv cMENkmYyPaKFMenAelITIpßar... EdlmancMnYnrhUtdl´ ... 240.. etan... ena¼ eyIgGacá¨n´

sμan án fa . enA eBlena¼ .eKRtÚvkarsMNRbEhl. .350. etan.kñúgmYyqñaM@... edIm,Iplitluykak´ .BIsIus .

sRmab p:t p:t tMbn «bTVIb}NÐÚensIuTaMgmUl...>... RbsinebI.BIsIus mYymanTm¶nCamFümRbEhlCa.. 2 ..Rkam..

(«TahrN_ énkak´ EdlmanenAessl´ manTm¶n´ xus@Kña... edayPaKeRcInmanTm¶n´ticCagmYy Rkam....

rIÉepßgeTot man Tm¶n´rhUtdl´ ..5. .Rkam. (Wicks. 1983. £ . 275-76/.. 279/.. 410-13/ Museum Nasional

1980. £ . 267/. 1984-85. £ . 07- 08).dUecñ¼ .kak´ RbEhlCacMnYn.170.lan.RtÚveKplitkñúgmYyqñaM..>

edaysarEtkak´ TaMg ena¼ Gacswk ric rilkñúgkMlugeBl.5.qñaM.eyIgGacKNnaRtÜs@eXIjfa...kak´ elIs

BI.800.lan RbEhl Ca án cracr enAtamtMbn´ én«bTVIb}NÐÚensIu..>. .kak´ TaMgen¼ enAEtman témøminRKb´

RKan sRmab RbCaCn RbEhl..10..lannak .EtvamancMnYnsmlμmkñúgkarsRmÜl[ crn¹sac Rák man dMeNIr

ka rRsÜl enA kñúg sg:m..>

kMNt Rtarbs Rkúmh‘un hULg. . k¾ánbBa¢ak GMBIkRmiténkarp:t p:g luykak enAraCaNcRkegVón én

Edn dIkUsaMgsIun.nadMNak´ kalena¼ pgEdr..>..enAkñúgkMlugeBl.5.qñaM.BIqñaM.1633.dl´ .1637.Rkúmh‘un

hULg. án naMcUlExßnILúgcMnYn.. 105¿834.Exß.EdlkñúgmYyExß@.mankak s<an CbuncMnYn.960.kak .edIm,I

eRbI Ca rUbiyvtSúpøÚvkarenAtMbn kUsaMgsIun. (van Aelst1987) ..>.. .dUecñ¼ .karnaMcUledayBYkhULg EtÉgdUc en¼

RbEhl Ca esμInwg karnaMcUlkak´ cMnYn..20..lan.kñúgmYyqñaM@..>..rIÉQμÜjcin..nig Cb¨unvij.k¾ánnaMcUlkak´

kñúg brimaN eRcIn Edr...>.. enAqñaM.1635.eBlEdlCMnYjpøÚvq¶ayCbunRtÚvhamXat ....Gñkp:t p:t FMrbs Cbunán

bEgVr s¹úk kak´ s<an´ rbs´ xøÜncMnYn. .200.etan.sRmab´ tMbn´ kUsaMgsIun... eTA[ BYkhULg´ vij. (Klein. 1986. £ .

161)..> ..dUecñ¼ CarYmmk.karnaMcUlsrubRbcaMqñaMminGacmancMnYnticCag.40.lan.kak .ena¼ eT. .>..kak eFVIBI s<an

man KuN PaB sSitesSr yUrCagkak´BIsIus .. eFVIBIsMNEdlmanKuNPaBGn´ Cag.. EteKk¾cUlcit¹ykvaeTA

rMlay eFVI Ca eRKÓg Rbdab´ RbdapÞ¼ áypgEdr...>... EteTa¼ Cay¨agen¼ k¹I.vaman karBiákkñúgkaremIleXIj

fa...cMnYn kak´ srub Edl eFVIcracrenAtMbn´ kUsaMgsIunGacmancMnYnticCag..200. .lan.Nas´ .Edlkak´ TaMg

en¼ ..sRmab RbCaCn Et RbEhlCa.2.lannak ..mann&yfa... kRmiténrUbiyvtSúnIykmμenATIen¼ mankRmitx<s

Cag enAtMbn´ «bTVIb }NÐÚeN suIbnþic..>

cMeBa¼ luykak Edlmantémøx<s .. CaFmμtaeKniymmasedayvaCasBaØa sRmab sm:al nUvRTBü sm,tþi.

.zan£ ...sn¹isux.. nigsm¢sß.dUcKña GñksRmbsRmÜlkñúgkic©kar BaNiC¢kmμ..>.eTa¼ bICakak mas... ¦emday mas

RtÚv eKs:al´ enAkñúgRbeTsCVasm&yburaN k¾eday.... k¾kaeá¼ kak´ maskñúgtémøCak´ lak´ eRkam eQμa¼ rbs´

emdwknaM.RtÚveKdak [ eRbIRás enAtMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ dMNalKña.. nig sasnaGIusøam...>. .. luykak mas c as

CageKbMput..KWkak´ rbs´ TIRkúg á¨és... EdlCardëGIusøaml,Il,ajdMbUgeKsSitenAtMbn´ Rkam dMeNIr xül´

mUsug.> .eKeXIjkak mas TaMgen¼ enAmanesssl BIemdwknaMl,Il,aj.8.rUbrbs áés.Edl man taMgBI.

118 CMBUk TI 2

s‘ultg . mhamat . (Sultan Muhammad) (1297-1326).rhUtdl .Gab dal La h_ ..malIk.Gahß.hßahIur ..(Ab‑

dallah Malik az‑Zahir) (1501-13).(Alfian 1979. £ . 15-27/ Wicks 1983. £ . 263-68) .. >. . kar[ témørbs´

GuIsøam cMeBa¼ luy kak´ d¾zitefren¼ .srbBa¢ak´ y¨agc,as´ tamry£ min RtwmEteKarmgarrbs´ BYkGar¨ab´ qøak´

Cab´ enA elIkak´ ena¼ eT.... EtEfmTaMgtamry£ BaküGar¨ab´ . DWr¨am .. (PasaGaeqehAfa. dWrIham ).. Edl eK s:al´

TUTaMg kñúg RbeTsGar¨ab´ eTot pg...>. .Baküen¼ ...enAm¨akas sar.eKehAfa. dinaraEdlmanRbPBmk BI Bakü

Gar¨ab´ .DINar¨a.. >.cMeBa¼ Baküm¨aeL.mas (EdlCaBakü sMedAmasCaTUeTA).vij... KWCaBaküTTYl s:al´ Ca

Gn¹rCatisRmab sm:al elIkak maskñúgRsúkTaMgGs ... >..kak tUcEdlmanGg;t p©it RbEvg BI .. 10.eTA.14.mIlI

EmRt . en¼ .enAEtmanbnþeá¼ edayemdwknaMs‘UmaRtaxageCIgGs ry£ eBlyagehacNas k¾..4.. stvtßr_

.Edr . edaymanPaBCak´ lak´ .KWPaBsuT§.. 17.. karat´ .. nig manTm¶n´..0/6..Rkam. (fig. 17a) >

enAstvtßr_ TI.17.luykak .mas rbs GaeqCaEpñkmYyénRbB&n§témød¾zitefr.Edlkñúgena¼ . . 1. tahil

(KittamTm¶n´Rák´ ).esμInwg.16.mas ehIy.1.mas esμInwg.4Kuá¨g. EdlesμIeTAnwg.1600.cash (Lombard

1967. £ . 106-07; LREIC III: 314) .. >.. edaysarEttémørbs luy mas... nigRák mankarERbRbÜl..Ca Biess

Ca mYynwglMhUrcUlénRák´ fμIena¼ ... eKBitCamankarlMákkñúgkarrkßatémø Bak´ B&n§TaMgena¼ [ enA dEdl

Nas´ kñúgsSanPaBCak´ Esþg..>. .TMngCamankarxV¼ xat.cash enAGaeqk¾dUcCaenAbg´ etn pgEdr... eday

ehtu fa. cash cMnYn. .2100..GacdUránEtmYy.mas bueNÑa¼ .enAkñúgqñaM..1602. . (Martin 1604. £ . 55-56/ . .Lan‑

caster 1603. £ . 136).. ehIyenA Tsvtßr_ qñaM.1630.cash cMnYnBI.. 600. eTA. . 1¿000 .. esμInwgmYy.mas . (Mundy,

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sRmab´ daMEBr. enAqñaM.1688.eTogpg. (Lancaster.. 1603. £ . 136/. LREIC III . £ . 314n) >

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 119

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kak´ EdleRbIRás´ enAGaeqnastvtßTI..17

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minGackMNt´ [ c,as´ favaCarbs´ emdwknaMmYyNa. . ¦ kEnøgmYyNa ena¼ eT. (Wicks1983. £ . 360-68) .>

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120 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 121

kñúg mYyqñaM.(Klein1988. £ . 166-69/. Baron 1685. £ . 7).>.

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122 CMBUk TI 2

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124 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 125

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126 CMBUk TI 2

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282-83

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 127

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128 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 129

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130 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 131

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—Sya’ir Bidasari: 7

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 133

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nig GMNac.minsUvc,as bunμaneT.dUecñ¼ cMNucen¼ Gacp¹l {kaseRcIn[ emdwknaMEdlman cit¹ RcENn bMeág

RTBü sm,t¹i buNüsk¹irbs´ xøÜnán..>.. eTa¼ Cay¨agen¼ k¹I.k¾eKenAEteXIjmanbBaHaekIteLIgcMeBa¼ BYk eK

pg Edr. >

Bakü.GUr¨g´ kay¨a.ánbBa¢ak´ BIPaBpÞúyKñaEbben¼ sRmab´ BiPBm¨aeL..>.. ebICaRbePTmnusßvij Bakü

en¼ GacbkERbfaCa.. .²BYkGPiCnEdlmanRTBsþúksþm³.. .¦.²RkúmQμÜjCan x<s ³..>.. .ebICagarvij. Baküen¼

sRmab´ m®nþI Can´ x<s´ énRB¼ raCvaMg... b¨uEn¹Baküen¼ k¾Gacpþl´ [ pgEdrdl´ QμÜjbreTs.EdlRB¼ raCa

manbMNg cg eRCIstaMg[ cUlmkbeRmIRB¼ Gg:... nig bg:ab [ eKarBtamBiFIkarrbs RB¼ raCvaMg.. >..bursCn

CatiGg´ eKøsmñak´ eQμa¼ .fUm¨as´... ebs..(Thomas Best) ánTTYlgaryagviessvisalCaGUr¨g´ kay¨ag. BUTIh_

(Orangkaya putih)(«braCEdl man cit¹RC¼ føa).BIRB¼ raCa GIus;an ..muda rbs Gaeq. edaysarEtKat ánbMeBj

RB¼ h¬T&yRB¼ raCa edaykarRbKl´ nUvsMeBArbs´ BYkB&rTuyh:al´ Edl Kat´ rwbGUsán.(Best.. 1614.£.56/

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pg Edr ..rYmTaMg RKÜsar enAhßab‘I/.. bgda..nig .GaMbun pgEdr.. > .. eTa¼ Cayagen¼ k¹I..enATINamannUvTRmgraCaFib

etyü xøaMg.eK án emIleXIjfa.GUr¨g´ kay¨aEdlCasmUhPaBrYm man lkçN£ RbqaMg... nigTRmg´Ebben¼..>

134 CMBUk TI 2

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QμÜj breTs.EdleFVIdMeNIrmkkan´ kMBg´ Epedaysar{kaseFVICMnYj.ehIyBYkeKk¾GaceFVI dMeNIr cak

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KW Bak kN¹alQμÜj.Bak kN¹alm®nþI .edayBYkeKCaGñkeFVIkarsRmú¼ sRmÜlrvagRB¼ raCvaMg..nig QμÜj. .>..ehIy

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sm,t¹i buNüsk¹i.rbs´ BYkeK. .>

smasPaBénRbePTTImYymankarERbRbÜleTAtameBlevla.edayenAstvtßr_ TI..17..QμÜj.k¾dUc

CaQμÜjehrBaØikÉkraCü.manbMNgcg ebIk{kas[ GñktMNagrdëbreTsepßg@enAkñúgRsúk. . >..enA RbmaN

qñaM.. 1500..QμÜjFM@enA Rkúgm¨aLaka.KWBYktamwlkan´ sasnahiNÐÚ.(rYmTaMgBYkcaTIy¨as .. Gñkmansm,Úr

hUrharEdlánniyayBIxagelIpgEdr)...nig BYkmUsøIúmh:úcar¨aTI /..CVa.. nig tah:aluk (Luzon) >.min sUv man

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eBl EdlBYkB&rTuyh:al´ cUlmkdeN¹Imkan´ kab´ ..> . QμÜjtah:aluk QanmuxCageK.KW.²kueloDIr¨aca..- .

Curedera ja³ . EdlánbBa¢ÚnsMeBAeTAkan RbeTscin Caerogral qñaM.nig.²GarIuh:Wmut..raca. - Aregemute Raja³

Edl án Etg taMg[ eFVICaemdwknaMBYkmUsøIúmEdlenAess sl enAmaLaka eday BYkB&r Tuyh:al ´ ... Edl Ca

Gñk bBa¢Ún sMeBAeTAkan RbeTscin..esom.. brENv...s‘unda... nig áeLmáMg .enA kñúg qñaM.1513. .(Thomaz1979.

£ .114-16) ..>.. BYkCVaRKb´ RKgCMnYjGg;rmkBIRbeTsCVa... ehIyeKGacsm:al´ BYken¼ án CaBiesstamry£

kar man FnFa n kmøaMgmnusßeRcIn.. >.. htSkr ..nig BlkrPaKeRcInenAmaLakaCaCn CatiCVa. ehIyman .²Taskr³

. bunμan Ban nak eTot....EdlsSitenAeRkam karRKb RKgrbs emdwk naMd¾ma n }T§iBl bMput rbs BYkeK. KW. ²GuTImu-

TIr¨aca-.Utimutiraja³.(Utamadiraja) >

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 135

rUbPaB.TI19k

GUr¨g´ kary¨aénGaeq.. KUsBICIvitkñúgGMLúgqñaM..1640

kñúgGMLúgstvtßr_ TI.16.QμÜjCnCaticin.²TYKI³.B&rTuyh:al ÉkCn.nig.CnCati eGs,aján cUl rYm

eTA kñúg RkúmQμÜjBaNiC¢kmμCan´ x<s´ Gn¹rCatien¼ ..rIÉQμÜjkan´ sasnahiNÐÚ.. nig takaLúkvij ánRtÚv eK

bBa©Úl .. ¦Qb mansar£ sMxan eTotehIy.>..ebIeyageTAelIkarerobrab rbs BIntU. . (Pinto. 1578.£.61).. Gñk

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eXIj man. ²CnCati r¨U maMug ³ 4.nak´ .esøóksemøók bMBak´ dUceTA nwg BYkTYrKI..CnCatiTYrKI.2.nak´ ... nig Cn Cati

GIuta lImñak´ .Edl Gñk TaMg Gs´ KañedIrtYCaPñak´ gar Gcié®n¹y_ sRmab´ Tijp;akøaMBU..>.. enARbmaN qñaM.1600.. QμÜj

enATIRkúg Gaeqman taMg BIQμÜjmkBI.²RbeTscin..ebnh:aLa.eBKU.kUrUmg Edl. . h:úysWrat .(Guserate)Garab‘I

(Arabia) nig.rUmUs.(Rumos) (TYrKI)³.(Davis. 1600£.151) .. cMENkÉQμÜjenATIRkúgbg etnvij. manQμÜj Cn Cati

136 CMBUk TI 2

rUbPaBTI.19x

KMnUsrbs´hULg´.. BIvNÑ£sg:m enAbg´da.naqñaM.1600

dUc xag elI. ..nig rYmTaMgQμÜj B&rTuyh:al´ ..eGs,aj.. nig m¨aeLpgEdr.>

QμÜjmYuyrUbkñúgcMeNamQμÜjFM@enATIRkúgbg etn.EdlBYkhULg ... nig Gg eKøs.dMbUgbgðs eFIV CMnYj

tam navaCamYyena¼ KWeQμa¼ ecTI.. m¨aluKu.¦san´ FU.Edlsnμt´ faman edIm kMeNIt enATIRkúg ma¨luKu. eday man

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ánbBa¢ÚnsMeBAeTAkan TIRkúge®h:sIuk...nig maluKu... nig manlT§PaBp:t p:g CnCati hULg nUveRmc cMnYn.. 200

.etan.Pøam@.(lUdUvIs:s_ . 1598.£ .88/.. 104-5/. True Report. 1599£ 33/.. Meilink‑Roelofsz 1962 .£.241)..>

QμÜjmYyrUbeTotkñúgcMeNamena¼ Edr.KWCaQμÜj..²CnCatiTYrKI³... (RbEhlCa mkBITIRkúgexr¨U).eQμa¼ .Kojah

RayoanEdlec¼ niyayPasaGIutalI... nig Føab eFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgvIEyn ..>.. Kat ánCYyeRCamERCgCnCati

hULg ´ enAbg etn.. nig bnÞab mkenAbg da...EdlenATIena¼ eKniyayfa..manRbCaCneKarBKat eRcIn.(“Tweede

Boeck . 1601. £.68/.77/ . van Leur. 1934. £.162/ .fig. 19x) .>. QμÜjCnCaticinmancMnYneRcInNas´ ... b¨uEn¹man

Et BIrbInak´ b¨ueNÑa¼ ..EdlmanRTBsm,tþieRcInelceFøa.>..GñkCMnitrbs´ BYkGg´ eKøs .Edl BYkeK ehAfa

²Kewee³.KWCa.²CnEdlmanRTBeRcInCageKbMputenAkñúgTIRkúg³... nig sMxan´ manRák´ km©IeRcInGac[ BYk

Gg eKøsx©IenAqñaM..1615.nUvluycMnYn.2¿000.erol .. nigeRmccMnYn.390.etan.(LREIC III: 274-75).. >. .mnusß

CMnit rbs BYkhULg .EdlehAfa.²sIum..sYn.- Sim Suan³.k¾ánp¹l nUvkm©Id¾eRcIn[ BYkhULg pgEdr.. .eday

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 137

sar Et Kat mansMeBApÞal xøÜnenATIRkúgbg etn... nig pÞ¼ FMlμmmYyEdlGacs¹úknUvTMnijrbs hULg mYy cMnYn

án..(Meilink‑Roelofsz.. 1962.£.250-51) . >

mkTl nwgBak kN¹alstvtßr_ TI... 17. .eBlEdlsm<aFBIsiT§p¹ac muxrbs BYkhULg ánbg;[ man

briyakaskan´ Ety¨ab´ yWnxøaMgCagmuncMeBa¼ QμÜjÉkraCüCnCatiGasIuepßg@...ena¼ eyIgsm:al´ eXIj fa

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kar karBarántamry£ cMNgTak´ Tgrbs´ BYkeKCamYynwgRB¼ Gg:m©as´ sMxan´ @rbs´ }NÐa ...>.. .kar c,aMg

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ehIy ral´ QμÜjEdlmanTItaMgenA sura¨t EdlBImuneKehAfaGñkKUcara¨t´ ena¼ ..}LÚven¼ RtÚv eKcat´ TukCa

mnusß rbs´ GaNacRkmueh:almueh:al ¦ ehAfa. ²m&rs_.-.Moors³.>.enAGaeqna qñaM.1642.QμÜjÉkCn mñak´

kñúgcMeNam QμÜj FM@ Cag eK. .. KWCanieyaCikrbs´ buRtamñak´ rbs´ GFiraCcahan´.-.Nak´xUnda. (Jahan—a

Nakhoda) EdleK ehA fa..²marsalI.-Marsaly .³Edl Ca. ²Gñk man sYnp;ad¾Rss sðatmYy³.enAkñúgbrievNpÞ¼

rbs Kat naTIRkúgbg da enA Gaeq..>. Et eTa¼ Cayagen¼ kþI. .. Rbsin ebI Kat minmanGñkman}T§iBlxøaMgkarBarKat

eT... ena¼ Kat´ RbEhlCaRtÚv eKkat´ RbGb´ édmYy cM ehog át´ eTAehIy..ebIeyageTAelIc,ab´ d¾twgrwugrbs´

Gaeq....edayehtufaKat´ áneFVI[ mnusßCaeRcIn rg rbYs eBl EdlKat´ RsvwgmaneqvqavenAkñúg TIpßar

.(Sourij. . 1 642£.f 582.v‑583.v). >. enA kñúg TIRkúgbg etn man BYk ²m&rs_³ .Edlman RTBüsþúksþm...nig kit¹isBÞ

l,I rnÞW.mYycMnYn.rYmmanQμÜjmñak´ Edlánp¹l´ rgVan´ dl´ RKÚ eBTü v¼ kat´ CnCatiGaløWm¨g´ nUvTwkRák´ esμInwg

luykak´ cMnYn.300erol..edIm,ICasMNgeTAnwgkarEdl Kat´ CYy BüaáleCIgák´ F¶n´ F¶r[ kUn Rbús rbs´

Kat .(Fryke 1692 . £ .132-33/.. sUmemIlelx. 20) ..>. esdëI enA eh:al..xUn.. ánbBa¢ÚntMNagrbs xøÜn.(CaFmμta

CaCnCatiEBrsin).tamnavaCMnYjtampøÚvsmuRTeTA kan Gaeq.PUma...bg etn.nig.makassar..>. .enAkñúg RbeTs

esom ...BYk mUsøIúm}NÐa... nigEBrsin man }T§iBleLIg dl kMBUlenAkñúgTsvtßr_ qñaM.1670.>...GK:raCTUt áraMg

man kares¶IcsresIrya¨gxøaMgcMeBa¼ PaBlð eqItqay rbs´ eKhdëanmYyxñgkñúgcMeNameKhdëanCaeRcIn

rbs ´ BYkeK...ehIy EdleKánRbKl´ [ Kat´ sñak´ enA .enA qñaM.1685.bnÞab´ BIGñkTaMgena¼ manerOgGam¨as´ Ca

eRcIn mk.(Aubin 1980.£.124) ..>

eKeXIjmanB&t‡manlmðitbEnSmeTotGMBIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμrbs QμÜjÉkCnFMCageKBIrrUb enA TI Rkúg

m¨akassar naBak´ kN¹alstvtßr_ TI.17.>.mñak´ KWCaCnCatiB&rTuyh:al´ eQμa¼ .RhVg´ sIus;Ú..vIr¨a..DW .hVIhßIrIdU.

(Francisco Vieira de Figueredo 1624-67).nigmñak´ eTotCaCnCatimUsøIúm}NÐaeQμa¼ehAsInenNa..xUca

(Howsenena Khoja) EdleKehA fa.²m¨aBUl.- . Mapule ³ .. ¦. (cMeBa¼ BYkGg´ eKøs).ehA.²m¨b´.. PøI.-.Mopley³.(d.

1675) ..>. vIra. ánbBa©ÚlnUvvis&ykarTUt.nig CMnYj CamYyKña yag buin Rbsb.EdlCaEbbbTnasm&ykalena¼

ehIy Kat´ edIrtYCaGK:raCTUtenAkñúg dMNak´ kalepßg@Kña Ca eRcIn ...taMgBIeFVICatMNagRB¼ mhakßRt

B&rTuyh:al .nig..eGs,aj.GñktMNagRB¼ mhakßRt enA makassar... nig km<úCa. .. nig eFVIGñktMNag[ esdæI enA.

Golconda eQμa¼emo.. hßaMLa.. >... kñúgGMLúgeBlénqakCIvitrbs´ Kat´ Kat´ ánrksuImancMeNj... nigxatbg´

C a eRcIn eday CaTUeTAtamry£ kardak´ h‘unvinieyaKpÞal´ rbs´ Kat´ eTA kñúg CMnYj tampøÚvsmuRTCamYy rgVg´

138 CMBUk TI 2

emdwknaM enAmakassar.. .¦k¾rdëepßg@mYycMnYneTot..>.. TegVIen¼ án CYykar BarTMnijrbs Kat [ rYcput BI

kar rwbGUsykBIsMNak´ BYkhULg´ ... ¦sRtÚvepßg@ eTot.(Boxer 1967) >

m¨b´.. PøI k¾RbEhlCaánmkm¨akassardMbUgkñúgnaTICaPñak´ garrbs´ .emo.. hßaMLa . EtmkTl´ nwg cug

Tsvtßr_ qñaM.1650.Kat KWCaédKUCMnYjd¾sMxan rbs BYkGg eKøsenATIena¼ ...edaykarTijRkNat }NÐaB IBYk

Gg´ eKøs .. nig lk´ eTAvijnUvp;akøaMBU... nig sñÚkGeN¹Ik.(IOLG/.. 10/1.£.. 141/146-48/ 177-78) ..>... Kat´ k¾man

sMeBA pÞal´ xøÜnEdleFVIdMeNIrTTYlánplcMeNjCaeRcInCaerogral´ qñaMBIm¨akassar eTAm¨anIl... eday

cu¼ bBa¢Ikñúgnamrbs RB¼ mhakßRtedIm,I[ RtÚveTAnwgtRmÚvkarrbs BYkeGs,aj..>.. BYkhULg ánán RbmaN

fa .TMnijenAkñúgsMeBAena¼ GacmantémørhUtdl . . 100¿000. erol..ÉeNa¼ . (esμInwgRák .2/5.etan).. Edl PaK

eRcI n CaRkNat´ }NÐa.ehIyBYkeKk¾áná¨n´ RbmaNEdrfa. .. ²BYkm¨aeLán bg´ luy[ Kat´ edIm,I án dak´

TMnij rbs´ BYkeKenAkñúgsMeBAena¼ pgEdr...dUecñ¼ ehIymnusßmñaenARkúgma¨kasaTaMgmUlmankar cab´ Gar-

mμN_ eTAelIsMeBAen¼ ..Gñkxø¼ cab´ GarmμN_ xøaMgehIy..Gñkxø¼ cab´ GarmμN_ tic..cMeBa¼ Rák´ cMeNjEdleK

cMeNjánnaeBlfμI@en¼ ..EdlelIsBI.50.eTA.60%..ehIyeBlxø¼ cMeNjelIsBIen¼ eTAeTot³ .(Speel‑

man 1670 .A £107).. >.. naBak´ kN¹alTsvtßr_ qñaM. .1660. enAxN£ Edl BYkhULg´ eFVIkar rwtbnþwg enA CMuvij

Rkúg m¨akassarm¨b´.. PøI . pøas´ bþÚrPaBesμa¼ Rtg rbs´ Kat ya¨gbuinRbsb..ehIyRbEhlCaeFVIdMeNIrtam na va

eTA kan´ Rkúgm¨anIlenAkñúgkMNt´ ehturbs´ BYkhULg´ át´ eTAehIy... .RbsinebIKat´ minTan´ søab´ enAkñúgqñaM.

1675 eT ena¼ .(Coolhaas 1968. £.755; Gaastra 1982. £.307) .. >

QμÜjbreTsGs TaMgen¼ manTMnak TMngyagCitsñiTæCamYynwg BYk emdwk naM .ehIy BYk eK elg El,g

neyaáy ya¨g RbúgRbytñ... ebImindUecñ¼ eT.BYkeKminGaceFVICMnYjányUrena¼ eT...>.. . QμÜjxø¼ kRmnwgedIr

tY [ xusBIQμÜjsSitenAkñúgRbePTTIBIrNas . ...EdlQμÜjRbePTTIBIren¼ .KWCaQμÜjBak kN¹alQμÜj. Bak

kN¹al m®nþI .EdleFVIkarsRmbsRmÜl rvagRB¼ raCvaMgnigTIpßar ..> ..tYnaTIx<s rbs QμÜjRbePTen¼ K W tYnaTI

rbs .sIuyaánda (mkBI PasaEBrEsn sMedAelIemRKb RKgkMBg Ep).Edl CatMENg Edl emdwk naMmaeL

Etg taMg CaBiess dl´ QμÜj breTsQanmuxeK.edIm,IFanafamankarRbtibt¹itamBiFIkar. ..ehIy QμÜj

breTs TaMg LayEdleFVIdMeNIrmkdl´ kMBg´ EptampøÚvsmuRTRtÚvEtbg´ Bn§..> ..kñúg GMLúg eBl Edl TIRkúg

ma¨Laka rIk ceRmIn eCOnelOndl´ kMBUleKeXIjman sIuy¨aán´da..4.nak´ .. .>. sIuy¨aán´da mñak´ tMNag[

QμÜj h:úcar¨aTI .. mñak´ eTot tMNag[ QμÜjTaMgGs´ EdleFVIdMeNIrmkBITisxaglic.. .(mkBI}NÐa.Etk¾manxø¼

mkBI TIRkúg eBKU... nig áés pgEdr)... mñak TIbItMNag[ QμÜjniyayPasamaeLTaMgLayNa Edl eFVI dMeNIr

mk BI Tis xagekIt...(rYm ma n CVa.TIRkúgmaluKu...s‘UmaRtaxagt,Úg..b‘WeNGU.. nig hVIlIBIn).rIÉmñak cugeRkay tMNag

[ QμÜj CnCatiGasIu xag ekIt.(cin. .nigrIyuküú.).>

TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 139

rUbPaBTI..20

rUbGñkdwknaM.átg´ KUredayGñkCMnYj hULg´ qñaM..1673

KMrUenATIRkúgm¨aLakaEbben¼ k¾ánC¼ }T§iBleTAdl´ kEnøgepßg@pgEdr..>..eTa¼ bICakMBg´ Ep déT

eTo t RtÚvkarEtsIuyabgda mñak .. ¦ BIrnak k¾eday.... k¾RbeTskm<úCaenAedImstvtßr_ TI.. 17.. man sIuyabgda

dl´ eTA.5.nak´ .ÉeNa¼ ... edaykñúgena¼ BIrnak´ tMNag[ QμÜjcinmñak´ tMNag[ QμÜj B&rTuyh:al´ mñak´ eTot

tMNag [ QμÜjCbun... nig mñak epßgeTottMNag[ QμÜjniyay PasamaeL.(Gaelen.. 1636.£.63) >. enA RbmaN

qñaM.1512.CnCaticaTIya.hiNÐÚKWCasIuyaánda enATIRkúg áés.(Barros 1563 III, i: 272) ehIy mYy stvtßr_

eRkaymkCnCati}NÐaxagt,Úgmñak´ k¾ánkan´ tMENgen¼ enATIRkúgbg´ etn CnCatimUsøIúm cin mñak´ k¾ án b¹Úr

mk rktYnaTIen¼ enA. hßMb‘I. hßaára. nig hßaratan ..ehIyCnCati Gujarati mñak k¾eFVIdUecñ¼ Edr enAhIutu. kñúgRkúgGaMbun.

(Jourdain.. 1617£253; Scott 1606. £. 174; Meilink‑Roelofsz 1962.£.240/.. 283/ 286/ 289)..> t M E N g

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146 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 147

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(Sejarah Goa.. £26-28; Cense..1978. £. 422) .. >

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PaB kñúgkarrs´ enAkñúgraCFanIena¼ pgEdr.(Syamsuddin 1982..£. 296-97) .. >

148 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 149

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152 CMBUk TI 2

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TIRkúg.. nig BaNiC¢kmµ 153

CMBUkTI 3

c,ab´ edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ Changing Spaces: Southeast

Asian Urbanization in an Era of Volatile Globalization.>

GtSbT en¼ ..dkRsg ´ ecjBIe soveÔA...½. GasIuGaeKñy_kñúgîarERbRbÜl..£.. îarpøas´bþÚr PUmisa®sþ. >

rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 2000 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< .viTüasSan sikßatMbnGasIuGaeKñy_

CHAPTER 3 :

Changing Spaces: Southeast Asian Urbanization in an Era of Volatile Globalization

Kelly, Philip F. & McGee, T.G. (Southeast Asia Transformed: A Geography of Change)

Copyright © 2000 by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

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158 CMBUk TI 3

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158 CMBUk TI 3

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manevotNam ... PUma ... Lav.. nig km<úCa) ... nig bNþa rdæEdl eFVI smahrNkmμ elOn.(rYm man sigHburI ... m¨aeL .. éf

hVIlIBIn ... nig Rb‘úyen)..>. . rIÉ RbeTs }NÐÚensIu sSit enA cenøa¼ Rkúm RbeTs TaMg BIr en¼ ...>. ... kñúg nam Ca RbeTs

FM Cag eK bMput enA GasIuGaeKñy_ ... kar eFVI nKrUbnIy kmμ enA }NÐÚensIu man kRmit xus Kña xøaMg rvag tMbn´ mYy... nig

tMbn mYy.edayenAeka¼ CVa kMBug xit eTA rk kRmit én kar eFVI smahrNkmμ elOn enAxN£ eBlEdlbNþa tMbn

q¶ay@ énRbeTsen¼ mankRmitnKrUbnIykmμ Tab éRkElg... > ... dUecñ¼ xN£ EdlkRmit fñak Cati man sarsMxan

sRmab´ [ eyIg yl´ BI dMeNIrkar nKrUbnIykmμ .... kñúgdMeNIrkarenAkRmit fñak´ tMbn´ ... k¾ man dMeNIr kar sg:m

Edl eFVI k ar sRmbsRmÜl ... nig EkERb pl b¨¼ Bal´ én lMhUrsklelak mkelI RbB&n§ TIRkúg Edr... >

enA kñúg CMBUk en¼ eyIgsUmelIkeLIgkarviPaKEvkEjkrbs eyIg tamlMdab dUc xag eRkam...> ... BIr Epñk

xag edIm BiPaKßa GMBI karBiBN’na segçb én kar vivDÆCaRbvtþisa®sþéndMeNIr nKrUbnIykmμ enAenAGasIu GaeKñy_

taMgBIsm&y mun GaNaniKm... nigsm&y eRkay s®g:amBI cenøa¼ ÌñaM .. 1945.. nig.. 1990...> .. CaBiess .eyIg nwg

bgHaj GMBI dMeNIr kar én kar eFVI smahrNkmμ rbs tMbn eTA kñúg sklelak Edl man snÞú¼ xøaMg cab BI Tsvtß

ÌñaM .. 1960 .. mk(2).. >. .. eTa¼ bICayag Nak¾eday .dMeNIrkarnKrUbnIykmμ man TMnak TMng yagc,as CamYy nwg

kar eFVI sklPavUbnIykmμ Epñk skmμPaB esdækic©taMgBIstvtßÌñaM.. 1990 .. >. .enAEpñkbnÞab eTotenAkñúg CMBUk

en¼ . eyIg nwgbgHaj GMBI RTg´ RTay PUmisa®sþ mYy cMnYn EdldMeNIrkaren¼ ánbeg;IteLIg.. >..b¨uEnþ .. edIm,I [

yl ánfa.dMeNIr kar nKrUbnIykmμnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. .. CalT§pl én sklPavUbnIykmμena¼ .eKRtÚv emIl eTA

elI karsnñidæanlkçN£ CaRTwsþI... niglT§pleKal neyaáymYycMnYnCak´ lak´ .. > ..enA kñúg Epñk TI .. 5 . eyIg

nwg eFVIkarbgHajBI... ²TIRkúg EdlkMBugEteFVI ´ sklPavUbnIykmμ³ ... kñúg tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl rYm man.. (1) . Rkúg

lMdab´ BiPBelak .(2).. TIRkúg rIk lUtlas´ Ebb BhuekaN .. nig .. (3). TIRkúg rNb.. nig rebog.. > .. xN£ Edl viFI

sa®s þ TaMgen¼ pþl´ Ca cMeN¼ dwglð@[yl´ BIdMeNIrkarnKrUbnIykmμena¼ . eyIg nwgbkRsay enA kñúg Epñk

TIbnÞab mkeTot fa .eyIgRtÚv yl fa dMeNIrkar nKrUbnIykmμ minEmnRKan EtCakarRbRBwtþeLIg enA kñúg tMbn

Ca kRmit sklena¼ eT...>.. .pÞúyeTAvij .eKRtÚvyl´ fa dMeNIrkarnKrUbnIykmμ Ca Gnþrkm μ Edl man lkçN £

sμúK sμaj én bNþa dMeNIrkar sg:m kñúg kRmitCaeRcIn..> ... dUecñ¼ eyIg nwg dak ecj nUv Tsßnvis&y xø¼ @ sRmab

kar eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ kñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ .. nig CeRmIs Epñk eKal neya áy EdlKYrT TYl yk sRmab´

GnaKt..>

karvivDÆ CaRbvtþisa®sþ én dMeNIrkarnKrUbnIykmμ enAGasIuGaeKñy_ (3)

tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ Etg man RbéBNI x<g´ x<s´ xag nKrUbnIykmμ... > ... muneBl man TMnak´ TMng CamYy BYk ela k

xag lic .TIRkúg BIr sNæanán rIk lUtlas eLIg... > ... karrIklUtlas en¼ TMng Ca ekIteLIg edaysar }T§iBl

rbs´ cin ... nig }NÐa kñúg kar RKb´ RKg neyaáy Edl rIk sayPay mk kñúg tMbn´ taMg BI stvtß TI .1 .én RKisþ

skraC.> .TIRkúg BIr RbePT án elc ecj CarUb rag eLIg..> .. TIRkúg RbePT TI ...1 .. KW Ca TIRkúg CMnYj man dUc Ca Rkúg

emLaka ...nig á¨Lwmág (Palembang).. Edl Bwg Epðk elI CMnYjGnþrtMbn´ rvagbNþa GaNacRk kñúg tMbn´ .. nig

mha GriyFm’ BIr enA GasIu rYmman }NÐa ... nig cin..> ... TIRkúg RbePT TI ..2.. Ca TIRkúg sk;ar£ Edl sSabna eLIg sRmab

160 CMBUk TI 3

Ca... ²nimitþrUb x<g x<s rbs rdæ tam Ebb sklsa®sþ Edl P¢ab TMnak TMng rvag PBEpndI ... nig zan eTvta³ . ehIy

kar eFVI ksikmμ ... KWCa mUldæan esdækic© sMxan´ bMput rbs´ TI RkúgRbePTTIBIren¼ ... >. .TIRkúgsk;ar£ TaMg en¼ man

CaGaT#Rkúg Gg:rFMrbs Exμr ... Edl Ca Rkúg sag eLIg sRmab RB¼ GaTieTB .Edl PaKeRcIn sag eLIg enA stvtß

TI .. 12.. >

eTa¼ Ca y¨ag en¼ k¾ eday ... KWBYkmhaGMNac GWr¨ubena¼ eT... Edl Ca Gñk elIk km<s´ kar sSabna bNþaj

mUldæan enA TIRkúg cab´ BI stvtß TI.. 16 . rhUtmk...> ... kñúg cenøa¼ ÌñaM .. 1500-1800 .mhaGMNac Gwr¨ub CaTUeTA cab´

GarmμN_ Et eTA elI kar deNþIm RKb´ RKg Epñk CMnYj kñúgRsúk Etb¨ueNÑa¼ .ehIy BMu man kar ykcitþ Tukdak´ eRcIn

elI kar BRgIk GMNac kñúg kar kan´ kab´ dI FøI ena¼ eT .elIk Elg Et BYk eGs,¨aj enA hVIlIBIn nig BYk hULg´ enA CVa

Edl án ksag bNþaj TIRkúg y¨ag eRcIn .. > .. eKal bMNg cm,g rbs´ mha GMNac GaNaniKm KW deNþIm RKb´

RKg elI pøÚv smuRT... nig cab´ GarmμN_ eRcIn elI kar sSabna kMBg´ Ep dUc Ca Ep enA emLaka .. á¨tanIy¨a .(Batavia) .

nig m¨anIl (Manila) sRmab´ eFVI Ca mUldæan... nig eFVICaEp pøas´ bþÚr TMnijsRmab´ skmμPaB CMnYj rbs´ eK..>

enA cug stvtß TI .. 18 .sSanPaB án cab´ epþImERbRbÜl.. > ... bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ enA GWr¨ub xaglic Edl

CMruj [ man tRmÚvkar xag TI pßar.. nig vtSúFatuedIm án naM [mankar pøas bþÚr BI kar RKb RKg pøÚv smuRT eTA kar RKb

RKg dI eKakvij.. >. .karpøas´ bþÚr en¼ CMruj [ man kar BRgIk bNþaj én kar taMg lMenA kan´ Et FMTUlay Cagmun.>

kMBg Ep . RbB&n§dwkCBa¢Ún .. nig mCÄmNÐl rdæálfμI@ beg;It án Ca bNþajrbs rcnasm<&nRkm RkúgfμI@... > . .Ca

TUeTA kar taMg lMenA kñúg RTg´ RTayePøa¼ ..(rYm).. án ekIt eLIg .ehIy kartaMg lMenA man }T§iBlelIseK bgðs´ KW

Rkúg kMBg´ Ep Edl man muxgar eRcIn.dUcCa .RkúgkMBugEp sigHburI ... á¨tavIy¨a.. (sBVéf¶Ca .. cüakata) . . Rkúgm¨anIl

.rugh:Ún (sBV éf¶ Ca.yagh:Ún) .. sayh:n-cULn.. (RkúghUCImij sBVéf¶) .. nig Rkúg ágkk..> .. mkdl edIm Tsvtß

ÌñaM .. 1940 Rkúg TaMg Gs en¼ án cab epþIm edIr tYnaTI yag sMxan kñúgrcnasm<&nTIRkúgenAtamtMbn rbs BYkeK..>

kar taMg TIlMenA lMdab´ TI ..2.. rYm man mCÄmNÐl tUc@ xag Epñk rdæál .. tMbn´ rukrk Er¨ ...nig Epñk esvakmμ Edl

man enA kñúg RbeTs PaKeRcIn... b¨uEnþ cMnYnRbCaCn .. nigmuxgarrbs´ kEnøgtaMg lMenA TaMg en¼ man cMnYn tic tYc

Cag Rkúg FM@ xag elI q¶ay Nas´ ... > .elIs BI en¼ eTot . .eTa¼ tMbn´ taMg lMenA TaMg en¼ man tYnaTI sMxan´ kñúg TMnak´

TMng Ca mYy tMbn dac Rsyal tam Cn bTk¾eday .. k¾tMbn TaMg en¼ min sMxan dUc mCÄmNÐl Rkúg FM@ ena¼ Edr..>

Rkúg FM@ TaMg en¼ man cMnYnRbCaCn rs enA eRcIn.. nig man TMhM dI FMCag.2.eTA.3.dgén RkúgFMlMdab bnÞab

en¼ eTot pg.. >. .mk dl edIm Tsvtß ÌñaM. 1940 .Rkúgrugeh:an.man TMhMFMCagRkúg. man daLay..3..dg .ehIy enA

}NÐÚcin .sayh:n-CULúg.. ánkøayeTACa Rkúg d¾ FM man RbCaCn eRcIn Cag Rkúghan NUceTAeTot.. > ... RbeTs

hVIlIBIn k¾ man lMnaM dUc Kñaen¼ Edr.eday Rkúg manIlFMCagCit . 5 .dgén Rkúg esb‘U ... >. .enA «bTVIb maeL.vij Rkúg

sigHburI ... (Edl CaRkúg FMbMput enA Edn GaNaniKm maeLrbs´ Gg eKøs).. man RbCaCn eRcIn Cag Rkúg KYLa LaMBY

d¾ sem,Im.> .. man EtenA RbeTs }NÐÚensIumYy eT Edl minman RTg´ RTaykarlUtlas´ RkúgEbben¼ .eday

ehtu fa Rkúg hßakarta man RbCaCn Rbhak´ RbEhl nwg Rkúg FM@ enA CVa Edr.dUc Ca Rkúg s‘ur¨aáy¨a ... nig eyaK

y¨akar ta Ca edIm..>

rcnasm<&n§ Rkúg Biess rbs´ tMbn´ ... KW Ca Rkúgd¾ FM mYy man RbCaCn rs´ enA Cag ..1.. lan nak .. nig mankar

160 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 161

taMg lMenArag tUc@ Edl minmanmuxgareRcIn..> . . skmμPaB kñúg Rkúg TaMg en¼ rYm man skmμPaB FM@ xag rdæál

esdækic© .. nig sg:m rbs mhaGMNacGaNaniKm.>.CMnYj man enABaseBjkñúg TIRkúg TaMg en¼ . .EdledIr tYnaTI

Ca kEnøg sRmbsRmÜl kar naM TMnij ecj cUl .. > .. eday sar Et «sßahkmμ RTg RTay FM man tictYc . rcna sm<&næ

kargarenATIRkúg TaMg en¼ án bgHaj tamry£ RbCaCn PaK eRcIn Biess BYk GenþaRbevs }NÐa ... nig cin Edl

eFVI kar xagEpñk esvakmμ ... >. .dUecñ¼ .eK án á¨n´ sμan fa .mk dl´ cug Tsvtß ÌñaM ..1930 ... CnCati cin. . enA sigHburI

man . 77% .enA ágkk man Cag. 50% . enA sayh:n-cULn man.. 30% . nig enA m¨anIl .. nig hßakarta man BI .5-

10% . > .enA Rkúg r¨ugh:Ún man CnCati }NÐa Cag .. 70% .. (sUmGanÉksarrbs´ ®hVayGW ... Fryer K¿s¿.1979)...>

sSanPaB en¼ án beg;It [ man Ca sg:m TIRkúg Ebb Bhuniym... nig man CnCatiPaKtic xus@ Kña yageRcIn .(eyag

tam Ésarrbs .hVWnIvl Fur .K¿s¿.1948).. . > .. dUecñ¼ .RbCaCn Edl Ca Gñk Rsúk Gay PaK eRcIn rs enA tam TI CnbT

nig BMu án cUlrYm kñúg skmμPaB esdækic© enA TIRkúg Edl manRák cMNUl eRcIn ena¼ eT...> eTa¼ Ca yag en¼ k¾ eday

.RbCaCn RsúkGay en¼ ehIy Edl man GMNac xag neyaáy.. >

rcna sm<&næ sg:m kñúg TIRkúg Edl ekIt ecj BI lMnaM neyaáy ... nig esdækic©xagelIen¼ ...KW Ca kar cmøg

tam rcnasm<&næ GMNac rbs´ BYk GaNaniKm .. > . .CnmYy Rkúm tUc Edl rYm man Gñk RKb´ RKg BaNiC¢kmμ ... nig Gñk

rdæál CnCati GWr¨ub .. nig CnGenþaRbevs rYm man QμÜj kNþal cin ... BYk Gñk CMnaj Cati CVIs .Gar¨ab´ ... nig }NÐa

nig BYkGPiCn Rsúk Gay mk BI RtkUl x<g´ x<s´ BIrbI Gñk... KWCaBYkman vNÑ£ Can´ x<s´ sSitenA kñúglMdab´ x<s´ bMput

én rcna sm<&næsg:m en¼ ... > . .mnusß mYy PaK FM Edl sSit kñúg vNÑ£ kNþal ...KWCa Gñk TI Rkúg Ca Cn breTs.. > ... eRkA

B I en¼ .manRbCaCn Gñk Rsúk Gay Edl eFVI kar kñúg CYrkgT&B ... rdæaPiál.. nig kargar Edl min RtÚv kar CMnaj.. >

nKrUbnIykmμenA GasIuGaeKñy_ sm&y eRkay s®g:am .1945-1990karbnßl´ TukBIsm&yGaNaniKm[dl´ nKrUbnIykmμGasuIGaeKñy_ ... man}T§iBly¨ag sMxan´ elI RTg´ RTay

EdlekIt eLIg eRkay s®g:am elak elIk TI.. 2.. > .. Et eTa¼ Ca y¨ag Na .. .karbnßl´ Tuken¼ min Emn Ca }T§iBl

Rbvtþi sa®sþ Et mYy ena¼ eT ... eRBa¼ fa dMeNIr kar vivDÆ Epñk neyaáy.. .esdækic© ... nig sg:m eRkay BI bNþa

RbeTs Ca eRcIn enA GasIuGaeKñy_ TTYlánÉkraCü... k¾ man }T§iBlmk elI karkMNt RTg RTay én kar eFVI nKrUb-

nIykmμena¼ pgEdr...> ... karvivDÆ Epñk nKrUbnIykmμ Gac yk mk BiPakßa Ca BIr dMNak´ kal.. (sUm Gan Éksar

rbs´ . Emkh:I . (McGee.K¿s¿.1997).. >

dMNak´ kalTI1..½ .. nKrUbnIykmμ nig Cati niym fμI enA GasIuGaeKñy_ ... 1945-60

dMNak kal TI ..1. .en¼ Ca dMNak kal én kar erI xøÜn [ rYc put BI GaNaniKm xag neyaáy eday kñúg dMNak k al

en¼ RbCaCati mYyPaK FM yk citþ Tukdak elIkar TamTar ÉkraCü BI GtIt mhaGMNac GaNaniKm.. nig sSabna Cati

xøÜn [eTACa RbCaCatiRsbc,ab´ ...> .. .cMENk eKal bMNg xag Epñk esdækic© Ca TUeTA ... . KW Ca kar cab´ GarmμN_

bnÞab´ bnßM b¨ueNÑa¼ .. >

mkdl ÌñaM ...1960... (sUmemIl tarag.. 7¿1) ... manEtRbeTssigHburI ... nig Rb‘úyeN... bueNÑa¼ Edl man kRmit

162 CMBUk TI 3

én kar eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ Rbhak RbEhleTA nwg bNþa RbeTs GPivDÆTaMgLay .. > . . RbeTs TaMg BIr... KWCa rdæ tUc

eday kñúg ena¼ sigHburI .. CardæEdl TTYlán cMNUl BI kar gar xag Epeda¼ dUrTMnij «sßahkmμ... nig eTscrN_

cMENkÉ Rb‘úyeNvij ... KW Ca RbeTs sm,Úr eRbg ehIy man RbCaCn RbmUl pþMú Kña eRcIn enA tMbn´ ándar esrI

ebh;a v¨an. Bandar Seri Begawan... >.. .man Et «bTVI bm¨aeL mYy Kt´ Edl xit eTA Cit RbeTs BIr eTot Edl enA

sm&y eRkay s®g:ameday man kRmitkareFVI nKrUbnIykmμ ekIneLIgelOn dl´ eTA Cit ..30 .% .. mk dl´ ÌñaM

1960..>.. Ca EpñkmYysSanPaB en¼ bgHaj BIkar rIk ceRmIn enA cug Tsvtß ÌñaM ..1940 .. nig edIm Tsvtß ÌñaM ... 1950..

enA eBl Edl RbCaCn Cag..1.. lan nak án taMg lMenA tam PUmi fμI@ ... Edl eKcat Tuk fa CaTIRkúg...> ... dUecñ¼ . enA

«bTVIb maeLsIu cMnYn én tMbn taMg lMenA Edl man RbCaCn cab BI .. 1 .. Ban nak eLIg eTA ekIn eLIg BI .. 163.. kñúg ÌñaM

1847 ...dl .. 401 .. kñúg ÌñaM ... 1957..> . .RbeTs déT eTot man kar eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ kñúg kRmit Tab Nas .Cak Esþg

dUc enAevotNam xag eCIg ... nig xagt,Úg ...nig RbeTs hVIlIBIn .. Edlman RbCaCn RbmaN . 1..PaK..4.. én cMnYn

RbCaCn srub..> ... cMENk RbeTs déT eTot man RbCaCn rs enA TI Rkúg min dl .. 1 ..PaK ..5.. pg..> .c,as Nas

fa .RbeTs }NÐÚensIu ... Edl man RbCaCn swg Bak´ kNþal én RbCaCn srub én tMbn´ TaMgmUl... KW CamUl ehtu

cm,g Edl eFVI [ kRmit én kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ TUeTA kñúg fñak tMbn Føak cu¼ ..> ..dUecñ¼eTa¼ Ca GasIuGaeKñy_ man kar

eFVI n KrUbnIykmμ kRmit Tab k¾Bit Emn .... k¾ kñúg dMNak kal en¼ RbeTs TaMgGs´ man lkçN£ xus@ Kña eRcIn..>

mk dl nwg ÌñaM ... 1960 .ktþa TaMg Lay Edl naM [ man kar ekIn eLIg én cMnYn RbCaCn kñúg TIRkúg enA kñúg tMbn

TaMg mUl man lkçN£ dUcKña eRcIn...> ..kMeNIneday FmμCati ... nig kar BRgIk RBMRbTl Rkúg man tYnaTI yag sMxan..>

buEnþ ktþa sMxan bMputEdlnaM[mankMeNInEbben¼ ... KW kar eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ kñúgRsúkmk BI tMbn CnbT... > ..eTa¼

Ca y¨ag en¼ k¾eday . .. kar eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ BI CnbT mk TI Rkúg en¼ man mUl ehtu eRcIn Nas´ ... ehIy mUl ehtu

TaMg en¼ xusKña BI RbeTs mYy eTA RbeTs mYy eTot pg.ehIyGñkniBn§PaKeRcInTMngCasg;t´ F¶n ´ eTA elI mUl

ehtu cm,génkarpøas´ bþÚr lMenAmkBICnbT..fabNþalmkBIkgV¼ xatEpñkesdækic©... > ... b¨uEnþ.Gsnþisux enA

tam CnbTena¼ vijeT.. .EdlCa ktþa sMxan mYy Edl CMruj [ RbCaCn eFVI dMeNIr mk TI Rkúg edIm,I EsVg rk snþisux

k¾ dUcCamk EsVg rk kargar eFVI pgEdr... > .enARbeTs }NÐÚensIu ... m¨aeLsIu ... PUma... nig }NÐÚcin .ktþa Gsnþisux

en¼ KW Ca ktþacm,gy¨agCak´ c,as´ ...> . .elIs BI en¼ eTot .. .eKeXIjmankMeNIncMnYnRbCaCnCn Cati edIm mk

kan´ TI Rkúg kan´ EteRcInedIm,I eFVIkarenA kñúg CYr kg T&B... eFVI Ca Qøb ... nigm®nþIraCkar Edl eK án BRgIk kan´ Et

F M eLIg kñúg ry£ eBl y¨ag qab´ rh&s .. >

rhUt mk dl´ edIm Tsvtß ÌñaM ..1960 .. rcna sm<&n§ esdækic© enA tam TIRkúg FM@ BMu sUv xus Kña BI sm&y GaNa

niKm b¨unμanena¼ eT...> ...dMNak´ kal dMbUg én sm&y ÉkraCü beg;It[man }riyabf fμI eTAelI kar GPivDÆ Epñk

esdæ kic© edayeBlena¼ eK epþat Ca sMxan elI kar GPivDÆ Epñk «sßahkmμ tam ry£ eKalneyaáy mYy cMnYn

dUc Ca beg;In kar naM ecj .karbeg;IttMbn´ esdækic© fμI@ .... nig CMruj [ man kMeNIn xag Epñk «sßahkmμenA tam TI

Rkúg eTa¼ bICa mk dl ÌñaM .. 1960..kareFIVEbben¼ CaTUeTAmin man dMeNIkaráneRcInk¾eday...> ... tMbn «sßahkmμ

fμI@ dUcCa ebtalIgCVa. (Petaling Java).. enA eRkA Rkúg KYLaLaMBYr.(Kuala Lumpur) RtÚv án eKbeg;It eLIg buEnþ kar

rIk lUt las´ vis&y «sßahkmμ Bit Ca BMu Gac pþl´ kargar RKb´ RKan´ dl´ RbCaCn.. enA tam TI Rkúg Edl kMBug Et

162 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 163

ekIn eLIg y¨ag rh&s ena¼ eT... > . .ehtudUecñ¼ ehIy .Gñk rs´ enA TIRkúg y¨ag eRcIn RtÚv bgçM citþ eFVI kar gar kñúg Epñk

esva kmμ Edl manGtiprNax<s´ bMput... > ... kargarTaMgena¼ rYmman dUc Ca kareFVI CMnYj ... nig BaNiC¢kmμ tUc@

.kardwk CBa¢Ún.. n ig kargar Edl man Rák´ cMNUl Tab epßgdéTeTot...> .. enAkñúgEpñkkargarRbePTen¼ . y¨ag

ehac Nas k¾ án pþl kargar eFVI sRmab mnusß mYy cMnYn Edr eTa¼ CaGRtapþl kargarTab Bit Emnena¼ cMENk

kar gar Epñk sIu Rák Ex vij man Gñk Gt kargar eFVI eRcInNas ...> ... mk dl Bak kNþal Tsvtß ÌñaM .. 1950. GRta

Gñk Gt´ kargar eFVI .. . nig Gñk TTYl án Rák´ cMNUl tic RCúl man kRmit x<s´ Nas´ ..> . .Cak´ Esþg enA TIRkúg m¨anIl

kñúg ÌñaM . .1955 .. mnusß RsI .. 14/6% ..nig mnusß Rbús..14/1% .. Gt kargar eFVI .ehIy enA TIRkúg déT eTot dUcCa Rkúg

hßakarta ... nig ágkk k¾ man sSanPaB dUcKña Edr>

bBaHa Edl bNþal mk BI kar rIkceRmIn elOn kñúgTIRkúg FM@ kñúg ry£ eBl .. 15 ..ÌñaM dMbUg rab cab BI ÌñaM ...1945

mk man ekIt eLIg eRcIn enA kñúg TIRkúg Et mþg... > .. ehdæarcna sm<&n§ xag Epñk lMenA sSan .pøÚvfñl´ .karp:t´ p:g´ Twk .

nig GK:isnI kñúgRkúgmankMNt Edl sm&y GaNaniKm án bnßl Tuk[ena¼ BMu RKb RKan sRmab kar eRbIRás

rbs´ RbCaCnEdlmancMnYnekIneLIg x<s´ án eT... > ... kMeNIn RbCaCn x<s´ án bNþal [ man kar taMg TIlM

enA GaNaFibetyü enA tam Rkvat Rkúg .. ¦ kEnøg TMenr enA TIRkúg ... ¦ kEnøg Edl man RbCaCn kkkuj Rsab eTA

ehIy kñúg Rkúg Et mþg...>.. .kar p:t p:g tRmÚv kar Epñk rUbvnþ caM ác dUc Ca karp:t p:g Twk .. nig RbB&n§ kaksMNl .. nig

RbB&n§ dwk CBa¢Ún saFarN£ man kar xV¼ xat y¨ag xøaMg .. > .. kñúgdMNak´ kal dMbUg én sm&y ÉkraCü .karTamTar [

rdæaPiál f μI Eck rMElk FnFan kRm man eRcIn elIs lub ...> ... b¨uEnþ tRmÚv kar xag Epñk rUbvnþ kñúg TIRkúg hak´ man

sar sMxan min dl tRmÚv kar rYm Edl cg [ man snþi sux kñúg RbeTs ena¼ eT...> ...dUecñ¼ .TIRkúg án edIr tYnaTI xag

Epñk neyaáy xN£ Edl rdæaPiál Cati fμI@ mYy cMnYn án beg;It [ man Ca rebob vinieyaK xag Cati niym..( dUc

Gñk niBn§ mñak´ án BiBN’naEdr)... > ... tamrUbPaB xø¼ .TIRkúg án køay Ca kar rMlwk nUv Rkúg skiþsiiT§ iBIGtItkal

eday man taMg Ca viman . .. nig nimitþsBaØaEdl sag GMBI fμ rIks:ús s:ay sMedACYy[TIRkúg edIrtYnaTI Ca eb¼ dUg

rbs´ bCa CatifμI... >

mkdl Tsvtß ÌñaM ... 1960 . .eK án bEnSm Fatu fμI@ dl bNþa TIRkúg enA kñúg tMbn ... > ... kñúg krNI xø¼ .T IRbCMuCn

fμI@ án ekIt eLIg enA tMbn CayRkúg dUc Ca makaTI.. (Makati) enA CayRkúg manIl... nig ebtalIg CVa .. enA Cab Rkúg

KYLaLaMBYr... > ... elIsBIen¼ eTAeTot .kartaMgTIlMenA GnaFibetyü ... k¾ rIksayPay RKb TI kEnøg Edr.. > .. buEnþ

eRkABI Fatu TaMgBIr en¼ .dMeNIr kar én kar sSabna Rkúg enA kñúg dMNak kal en¼ .yagehacNas kñúg cMeNam raC

FanI enA GasIu... (Rkúgágkk RbEhl Ca krNI elIkElg) .. án beg;It ánRTg RTay mYyEdl rYm pßM eday Fatu

tUc@ dUckalenA sm&y GaNaniKm Edr.. >

dMNak´ kal TI . 2. ½ .smahrNkmμ saklelak ... nig nKrUbnIykmμ .1960-90

BI ÌñaM. 1960. dl´ Tsvtß ÌñaM . 1980 .RTg´ RTay énkar GPivDÆ TIRkúgenAGasuIGaeKñy_ kan´ Et man lkçN£ eday

ELk@ BIKña eday sar mUl ehtu eRcIn yag.. > ... mUlehtu TI... 1.. KW edaysar lkçxNÐ PUmisa®sþ neyaáy rbs

tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl kan Et man sPaB xusKñaCagmun...> .. karelcecjrbs RbeTs cin eTA C a mha GMNac

164 CMBUk TI 3

sg:m niym FMmYy .... nig sPaBtantwgén s®g:am RtCak´ enA GasIu CaBiessCamYy s®g:am evotNam .án

EbgEck bNþa rdæsg:m niymenA kñúg tMbn´ .. (dUcCa evotNam ... km<úCa .. nig Lav) ... Edl man esdækic ©Edl án

eRKag [ dac ecjBI bNþa rdæ déT eTot Edl man esdækic© Ebb mUl Fnniym ... (dUcCa.RbeTs PUma .. C a RbeTs

Edl man lkçN£ edayELk BIeK)..>. .enA kñúg esdækic© Ebb sg:m niym .kar put rlut eTA én s®g:am tRmÚv [

man kar sSabnaeLIgvij...> .. .ehIyen¼ man n&yfa ... kRmit én kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ eRkay ÌñaM ..1975 .enA man

kRmit Tab enA eLIy..> .. enA tam RbeTs Edl man esdækic© Ebb mUlFn niymvij Edl man TMnak´ TMng CamYy

bNþa RbeTsmUlFnniym rIkceRmInCamYy kar vinieyaKTun breTsekIneLIg Biess kñúg Epñk plit .kar Taj

yk vtSúFatuedIm.. nig ksi-BaNiC¢kmμ. án naM [mankar beg;In kargar xag Epñk minEmn ksikmμ .. nig karekIn

eLIg xøaM g xag Epñk nKrUbnIykmμ... > .. enAtam bNþa RbeTs TaMg en¼ .Cak´ Esþg enAkñúgRbeTs m¨aeLsIu .kRmit

én kMeNIn TIRkúg ekIn eLIg swg eTV dg ebIeRbób nwg kMeNIn RbCaCn srub.. > .

mUlehtu TI ... 2 .. KWfa bNþa rdæ kñúg tMbn cab epþIm Gnuvtþ viFI «sßahUbnIykmμ Edlmankar eBj niym sRmab

karerobcMeLIgvij.. enA tam RbeTsnana dUcCa RbeTs Cbun .. shrdæGaemrik .. nig GWrub..>. .RbeTs sigHburI ..nig

eRkay mk RbeTs maeLsIu .. éf... nig }NÐÚensIu án køay Ca mUldæan sMxan kñúg karTak Taj vinieyaKTun breTs

kñúg Epñk «sßahkmμ minfasRmab kar eRbIRás kñúg Rsúk ..¦ k¾sRmab kar naM ecjena¼ eT..> ..dMeNIr kar en¼ án

beg;It [ man Ca tMbn «sßahkmμ .tMbn naM ecj esrI .RBlan ynþeha¼ .. nig XøaMgpÞúkTMnij .nig ehdæarcna sm<&n§

déT eTotenAtamRkúgFM@..> ..Cak´ Esþg .mk dl´ ÌñaM ..1985. .karplit eRkABIeRbg Cit.. 60% . enA }NÐÚensIu man

mUldæan enA tMbn´ cabUtaebk. (Jabotabek)..> ... mk dl´ ÌñaM .. 1990 .. RbeTs m¨aeLsIu án beg;It tMbn´ «sßahkmμ

RbmaN .. 90.. Edlbeg;ItCa kargar Cit ..40% ..én kargar enA rebog Rkúg . KYLaLaMBYr-ekLag. >. .mkdl´ ÌñaM ..

1989 . «sßahkmμ enAtam bNþa RbeTs Edl man esdækic© EbbmUl Fn TaMg .. 6. kñúg tMbn´ án cUlrYmcMENk.

GDP.. eRcInCag Epñk ksikmμ .. (sUmGanÉksarrbs´ .makh:I. K¿s¿. 1995x).. >

mUlehtu TI . 3 .. KW mkBIkMeNIn eTscrN_ kñúg tMbn´ .. >.enA edIm Tsvtß ÌñaM .. 1960... TIRkúg PaK eRcIn kñúg

tMbn´ TTYl án Gñk eTscr RbcaM ÌñaM min dl´ ..100¿000 .. nak´ eT ... b¨uEnþ mk dl´ Tsvtß ÌñaM ...1980 .. Rkúg Ca eRcIn

man Gñk eTscr elIs BI ..1 .. lan nak´ eTA eTot.. >. .}T§iBl elI TIRkúg Edl man kar hUr cUl xag eTscrN_ en¼

man lkçN£ FMeFgNas´ ... KW eFVI[ man kMeNIn x<s´ xag sNæaKar .. TIpßar FM@ .. sRmab´ ePJóveTscrN_ ... nig

{kas kargar eRcIn..>

plb¼ Bal én bERmbRmÜl TaMg en¼ KW beg;It [ manTRmgnKrUbnIykmμ mYyEbbenA GasIuGaeKñy_ mk dl

Tsvtß ÌñaM .. 1980.. > .TI .. 1.½ .sigHburI án BRgwg tYnaTI rbs´ xøÜn [ køay Ca eb¼ dUg.. rbs´ tMbn´ tam ry£ kar BRgIk

tYnaTI Ca mCÄmNÐl hirBaØvtSú .kardwkCBa¢Ún...B&t’man.. nig kar RKb RKg rbs tMbn ..> .. rdæaPiálsigHburI án Gnu-

vtþ nUv kmμviFI bec©kviTüa kRmit x<s FM@ Ca eRcIn ... Edl sSabna eLIg sMedAeFVI [ RbeTs en¼ køay Ca TIRkúg TMenIb

eRkay sm&y «sßahkmμ TI..1.. enAkñúg tMbn´ ... > .xN£ Edl sigHburI erobcMrcnasm<&n§ eLIgvij .... «sßahkm μ

Edl TamTar kmøaMg Blkmμ eRcIn kan Et eRcIn eLIg án dUr eTA taMg enA Crhr. (Johor.. - maeLsIu) ... nig tMbn rIyU.

(Riau‑ }NÐÚensIu) .EdlCa Epñk mYy én KeRmag Edl sSabna eLIg edIm,I beg;It [ man Ca RtIekaN rIk ceRmIn kñúg

164 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 165

tMbn´ eday yk cMeNj BI ktþa cRmú¼ én plitkmμ ... (sUmemIl m¨ak lIGUt Macleod.. nig m¨akh:I. K¿s¿. 1996).>

Kmøat xag Epñk esdækic© sg:m enA man kñúg RbeTs sigHburI enA eLIy .... b¨uEnþ kmμviFI rbs´ rdæaPiál kñúg kar sag

sg pÞ¼ sRmab Gñk man cMNUl Tab ... nig esvasg:m Edl pþl CUn kñúg RkbxNÐ .. ²lT§iRbCa Fibetyü pÞal ³ bNþal

[ rdæ en¼ man... ²sSirPaB³.. nig Gac Tak´ Taj kar vinieyaK breTs.. >

bNþa RbeTs Rkúm TI .. 2 . . Gnuvtþ kar eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ enA kñúg lkçxNÐ sg:m ... nig neyaáy Edl man

sPaB mineTogTat´ Cag en¼ q¶ayNas´ ... > .. RbeTs m¨aeLsIu enA rkßa mrtk BI sm&y GaNaniKm kñúgnam Ca

sg:m Bhu sasn_ EdlrYm man m¨aeL. .cin... nig }NÐa enA eLIy... > .. GMNac neyaáy sSit enA kñúg éd CnCati

maeL Edl PaK eRcIn rs enA Cn bT .. .cMENk GMNac esdækic© sSit kñúg éd CnCati cin enA tam TIRkúg.. > ... clacl

Epñk BUCsasn_ kñúg ÌñaM ... 1969.. án eFVI [ rdæaPiál bþÚr kar yk citþ Tukdak BI Epñk ksikmμ eTA rk kar GPivDÆ Epñk

«sßahkmμ tam TIRkúg ... nig eKal neyaáy esdækic© fμI Edl beg;It eLIg kñúg bMNg [ CnCati m¨aeL enA tam

TIRkúg man esdækic© RbesIr Cag mun ... >. .mkdl edIm Tsvtß ÌñaM .. 1990.eKal neyaáy TaMg en¼ TTYl án eCaK

C&y xø¼ eday cMnYn CnCati maeL enA tam TIRkúg án ekIn eLIg yag xøaMg... > .enA RbeTs hVIlIBIn... nig éf karERb

RbÜl Epñk neyaáy dUc Kña án ekIt eLIg ... ehIy xN£ Edl kMeNIn TIRkúg enA Et bnþ ... bBaHa cMeBa¼ mux KW RtÚv

beg;It [ án nUv rbb neyaáy smRsb mYysMedA GPivDÆ RbeTs Rbkb eday RbsiT§PaB... >

RTg RTayEbbTI.. 3..ena¼ KW ..lMnaM eday EL .. 1.. án rIk lUtlas enA }NÐÚensIu Biess enA eka¼ CVa... > eTa¼

Ca eka¼ CVa man kar rIk ceRmIn xag esdækic© elOn .. nig kar gar kñúg vis&y «sßahkmμ man kMenInk¾ eday.. .k¾ kar-

gar Edl man Rák´ ebovtß min smrmü enA Et Ca bBaHa tam tMbn´ TIRkúg... >.. .kar eFVI cMNak Rsúk BI tMbn´ CnbT k¾

man TMhM FMEdr .... Edl sSanPaB en¼ elak h‘uyh;Ú M ... (. Hugo.K¿s¿.1975).TTYl s:al´ mun eK..> .. kar sikßa rbs´

h‘uyh;Ú án [ dwg fa CncMNakRsúk dl eTA ..20% .. Edl eFVI kar enA Rkúg hßakarta Etg Rtlb eTA Rsúk kMeNIt

y¨ag ehac Nas´ .. 3.. eTA.. 4 ..dg kñúg mYy Ex...>. .BYk eK án Eck rMElk Rák´ cMNUl Edl eKrk án enA TIRkúg

sRmab´ p:t´ p:g ´ RKÜsar enA CnbT . (sUmGanCMBUkTI..6. rbs´ .rIh: .. (Rigg).enAkñúgesovePAen¼ ).. >. .lMnaM én kar eFVI

nK rUb nIykmμ enA CVa en¼ Rbhak RbEhl nwg RbB&n§ eTV niym Edl enA manGtSiPaB tam bNþa rdæ enA Gaemrik La

TIn dUcCa RbeTs eRbsIul CaedIm... (sUmGanÉksarrbs´ . h:Il Eb‘t_ . (Gilbert).. K¿s¿.1997).. >.. .TIRkúg m¨anIl

k¾ man lkçN£ dUc Kña xø¼ @ Edr... >

RTg RTayEbb cug eRkayen¼ .. KW cab BI Tsvtß ÌñaM ..1970.. mk bNþa rdæ sg:m niym man Lav. .evotNam

nig km<úCa án ecj put BI s®g:am evotNam...> ... eRkay BI TTYl yk nUv eKal neyaáy edIm,I karBar min [ man

kMenIn elOn enA tam tMbn´ Rkúg .. RbeTs TaMg en¼ cab´ epþIm ebIk cMh esdækic© rbs´ xøÜn Ca beNþIr@ . [ man kar

vinieyaK mk BI eRkA...>. .eKalkarN_ en¼ man eCaKC&y KYrkt´ sm:al´ enA RbeTs evotNamkñúgry£ eBl ..10

ÌñaM cug eRkay .. ehIy án naM [ man kar eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ elOn enA rdæFanI haNUy.. . nig Rkúg hUCImij. (sUm Gan

Éksar rbs´ .m¨akh:I . K¿s¿1995.a ..nig. hVbs_ .(Forbes) K¿s¿. 1996.b)..>

mkdl cug Tsvtß ÌñaM .. 1980 .TIRkúg enA GasIuGaeKñy_ man kar ERbRbÜl yag sem,Im eday mrtk BI sm&y

GaNaniKm RtÚv án eK eFVI [ reg:a¼ reg:I .eK Ekécä ... bMpøaj... nig sagsg eLIgvij... > .edayman karKaMRT.. nigKbKit

166 CMBUk TI 3

BI rdæaPiálCati ... Rkúmh‘un GPivDÆn_ dIFøI ... nig BYk mUlFn niym kñúg Rsúk cab´ epþIm EkERb Rkúg TaMg en ¼ [ man Ca

sg;at´ BaNiC¢kmμkNþal.. .tMbn´ «sßahkmμ ... nig tMbn´ rs´ enA tam CayRkúg..> .karEkERb c,as´ Cag eK man

enA sigHburI Edl Ca TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak FMCag eK enA GasIuGaeKñy_ ... >. .cenøa¼ TsvtßÌñaM ... 1960 .. nig Tsvtß

ÌñaM .. 1980. .sigHburI án eFVI karEkERb TaMg Rsúg nUv bridæan Edl sSabnaBImun sRmab´ sg´ pÞ¼ Tab @ enA tam tMbn´

Catisasn_ nana [ eTA Ca TidæPaB mYy Edl man sMNg GaKar x<s @ h‘um B&T§ edayBN’ exovRsgat .. (sUm Gan

Éksar rbs´ .dW.xUnIn X_ (De Koninck).. K¿s¿.1992... nig hU (Ho) K¿s¿.1997)..> .. eTa¼ Ca y¨agen¼ k¾ eday kar

GPivDÆ TaMg en¼ án TTYl nUv Rbtikmμ BI sMNak´ Rkúm mnusß kñúg Rsúk mYy cMnYn Edl RbwgERbg [man kareFVI

GPirkß kEnøg TaMg ena¼ tam ry£ kmμviFI Efrkßa ... ¦ BRgIk bEnSm elI GVI Edl man Rsab´ .. > . Rkúg mYy cMnYn enA GasIu

GaeKñy_ enA man kic©xitxM RbwgERbg mYy cMnYn kñúg kar rkßa [ án nUv Epñk cas @ .kñúg TIRkúg dUcCa sg;at áraMg enA

Rkúg haNUy .køÚduk (Glodok) enA hßakarta .... nig GinRtamUrus In .. (tramuros) enA Rkúg m¨anIl.. (sUmGanÉksar

rbs´ . Gas:Ú .(Askew).. nig LÚEh;n (Logan).K¿s¿.1994)>

viFI Kit GMBI dMeNIr kar TaMg Gs´ Edl elc eLIg kñúg cenøa¼ ÌñaM ...1950.. nig ..1990 .. KWRtÚv epþat elI rebob

Edl ... ²esdækic© neyaáy én lMh³ ... beg;ItCa TRmg sSabtükmμ ... nigrUbrag TIRkúg sRmab kareRbIRás .. nig

esaPN PaB... > ... dUecñ¼ tMbn´ TIRkúgTTYl nUv karrIkceRmIn y¨agelOn xag Epñk sNæaKar ... tMbn´ eTscrN_

sMNg´ pÞ¼ sRmab´ Gñk man Rák´ cMNUl x<s´ ... nig mFüm ..nig mCÄmNÐl BaNiC¢kmμ Ca eRcIn eTot..> .tMbn´ TaMg

en¼ Cab Kña BI ..1.. eTA.. 1 .. tam ry£ RbB&n§ dwkCBa¢Ún CaeRcIn Edl man RbsiT§PaB xus@Kña... > .. CalT§pl .kar GPivDÆ

TaMg en¼ beg;It án Ca bridæan fμI mYy Edl enA TIen¼ GtþsBaØaN rbs´ Rkúg... RtÚvRKbdNþb´ eday rUbPaB Gnþr-

Cati..>.. rUbPaBen¼ án mk eday kar bMpøaj .. nig biTáMg mrtk vb,Fm’ sm,ÚrEbb kñúgRsúk..> .kareqøIy tb enA

tam Rkúg. CaeRcIn enA GasIuGaeKñy_ cMeBa¼ karrIkceRmIn TaMg en¼ man sPaB mansPaBERbRbÜl xøaMgNas´ ...

elIkElg Et krNImYy cMnYn dUcCa sigHburI .... eRBa¼ fa sigHburIán biTáMgnUv shKmn_ GñkRkIRk FM@Edl BMu man

esvakmμ RKb´ RKan´ .. nig BMuman pÞ¼ sMEbg smrmüeRkamrUbPaBGPivDÆdUcKña.. >

nKrUbnIykmμ kñúgTsvtß ÌñaM . 1990 ½ .sklPavUbnIykmμ BMueTogTat´ nig

TIRkúg enA GasIuGaeKñy_ dMeNIrkarEdlánBiBN’naxagelIPaKeRcInenAbnþ ... nigkan EtmanlkçN£ xøaMgkøaenATsvtßÌñaM .. 1990..>

.buEnþ TsvtßcugeRkay ... k¾mansmahrNkmμGasIuGaeKñy_ ... nigTIRkúg eTAkñúgRbB&n§BiPBelak kan Et xøaMgkøa

Cag munEdr...>. .dMeNIrkarsmahrNkmμen¼ minEmn GaRs&yEtelI TMnak´ TMng esdækic©mYymuxena¼ eT..>

.tMbn´ TaMgmUl Biess bNþaTIRkúgTaMgGs´ suT§Et Føab´ man bTBiesaF cUlrYm eTA kñúgbNþaGg:kar FMCag fñak´

Cati . .. lMhUr Cn cMNakRsúk .GñkeTscr .. nig CnEsVgrk karRCkekan... nig karpßBVpßay B&t’man GnþrCati Ca

Rkdas .. nig eday eRKÓg m¨asIun y¨ag TUlMTUlay...> . .eTa¼ Cay¨agen¼ k¾eday .kñúgmYy Tsvtß cugeRkay en¼

kar vinieyaKTuk breTs kñúgEpñk plit ... nigesvakmμ k¾ Ca cMENk sMxan yag xøaMg mYy én lMhUr TaMg en¼ Edr .. >

karbeg;ItCaRTwsþI GMBI dMeNIrkar bBa©Úl TIRkúg eTA kñúg esdækic© BiPB elak man taMg BIyUr mk ehIy.. > ...Gñk

166 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 167

niBn§ Rbkan´ RTwsþI TMnak´ TMng ekgRbvBa©niym ánG¼ Gagfa ral´ bNþa mCÄmNÐlFM@ ... tamTIRkúg Etg beg;It

Ca TMnak TMng rvag TIRkúg nwg Cn bT Edl man lkçN£ ekg RbvBa© yageRcIn edaykñúge na¼ raCFanI Etg RsÚbyk

nUv mUlFn BITICnbT dac Rsyal..>. .en¼ ebIniyayBITMnak TMngenA kñúg RbeTs RkIRk...> ... buEnþ RbeTs RkIRk

RtÚv án RbeTs man«sßahkmμ rIkceRmIn ekgRbvBa© tamry£ TIRkúg rbs´ eK..> .. mkdl´ Tsvtß ÌñaM.. 1970.

ehIy Biess enA Tsvtß ÌñaM ..1980. .TMnak TMnak TMng rvagRbeTs Gñk man nwg Gñk Rk BMu Emn Ca meFüaáy RKb

RKan sRmab niyay bMRBÜj GMBI tYnaTI rbs TIRkúgGasIuGaeKñy_ . kñúg esdækic© BiPBelak eLIy .. > ... karvinieyaK

mUlFn án hUrcUl eTAkñúg esdækic© TIpßar kñúg tMbn´ Rsbnwg karrIkceRmIn esdækic© edIr TnÞwm Kña Edr.> .. enA

Tsvtß ÌñaM .. 199 0 .. karrIkceRmIn en¼ án ekIn eLIg KYr kt sm:al ... nig án BRgIk dl bNþa esdækic© Gnþrkal

enA }NÐÚcin eTotpg....>.. .Tinñn&y Edl elak .RTÚman .(Truman).kt Rta enA kñúg RBwtþibRt mUlFn bMrug rbs shB&n§

. (Federal Reserve Bulletin) án bgHaj fa .mUlFn srub TaMg Gs Edl hUrcUl eTA kñúg bNþa RbeTs kMBug GPivDÆ

án ekIn eLIg BI ... 54/1.. ekad ilan duløarGaemrik enA cenøa¼ ÌñaM ... 1973-89.. dl ...108/4 .. ekadi lan duløa renA

ÌñaM 1990-94..>.. 50% .. én mUlFn TaMg en¼ án mk RbeTs enA GasIu ... ehIy .. 30% . án mk GasIuGaeKñy_ ..> .dUecñ¼

enA kñúg esdækic© BiPB elak TaMg mUl .cab taMg BI Bak kNþal Tsvtß ÌñaM ...1980.. mk .karhUrcUl nUv mUl Fn man

cMnYn elIs kar rIk ceRmIn xagEpñk esdækic© Cati eRcIn Nas´ ... > .. eyagtamkareRbIRás´ Bakü rbs´ . mIEss

sþÚbePI .(Michael Stoper K¿s¿.1997).. ² esdækic© lMhUr mUl Fn³ .. cab epþIm eFVI [.. ²esdækic© EdndI³.. BMu sUv man

sar£sMxan´ .. > .enA GasIuGaeKñy_ karhUrcUl TaMg en¼ epþatsMxan´ elI Epñk TIpßarPaKh‘un ... sSab&n hirBaØ vtSú

.«sßahkmμ Ekéqñ ... nig RTBü enA tam tMbn´ Rkúg FM@ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ .. > .

majÚEGl .xaE®sþls_ (Manuel Castells K¿s¿.1996.nig .K¿s¿.1997) .RbEhl Cabeg;It nUv bBaØtiþkmμ

fμI@ lð CageK sþIGMBI lMhr esdækic© BiPB elak Edl CMruj eLIg eday bridæan xVat´ ExVg TaMg en¼ ... > .elak án

BiB’Nna GMBI sg:m bNþaj Edlkñúg ena¼ eK beg;It [ man Ca... ² TMnak´ TMngfμI³ .. rvag.. ² plitkmμ .kareRbIRás´

.karRKb´ Blkmμ nig mUlFn ... nig B&t’man³.. ( xaE®sþls_ .. 1989..TM¿. ..348)..> ... kñúg kal£ eTs£ en¼ .TItaMg man

sar£sMxan tic Cag tYnaTI enA kñúg bNþaj...> ... niyaymüageTot ... ²lMhr én lMhUrmUlFn³.. kñúg BiPB elak man

sar£sMxan Cag .. .²lMhr én TItaMg³.. > .. .dUecñ¼ ehIyeTIbmanelceLIg nUv karyl eXIj fμI mYy GMBI lMhr esdæ

kic© BiPB elak ... nig tYnaTI én TItaMg rab bBa©Úl TaMg TIRkúg enA kñúg ena¼ pg...> ... kñúg n&y eRbóbeFob .lMhr én lMhUr

ma nn&yfa TItaMgRtÚvedIrRsbeTAnwgTMnak´ TMng rvag.. ¦ bNþaj én karvinieyaK .plitkmμ ... nig{kas kñúg

TIpßar..> ... dUecñ¼ n&yeFob én bNþaj CMnYs [ n&y eFobén TItaMgxVat´ ExVg kñúg EdndI én RbeTs NamYy... (sUm

Gan Éksarrbs´ . .RsIuvt_ .(Thrift) nig. GUldß_ (Olds) K¿s¿.1996)... > ... n&yeFobénBakü lMhr dUecñ¼ án pþl´

nUv GVI Edl LWEhVbRv_ (Lefebvre) ehAfa .. ² karbgHaj GMBI lMhr³.. Edlman n&yfa .. Ca rebob Edl eyIg beg;ItnUv

kar yl´ dwg GMBI TMnak´ TMng rUbFatuniym qøgkat´ lMhr.. >. .elIsBIen¼ eTot .karekIteLIg nUv karyl´ dwg fμI@

GMB I lMhr esdækic© BiPB elakman bgHaj enA kñúg Rbvtþi én kar eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ ... (hVbs_ (Forbes)

K¿s¿.1997 ... nig.ExllI .. (Kelly) K¿s¿.1997)...>.. .kñúg kRmit eKal neyaáy .sSanPaB EdlCalT§pl én

kar yl´ dwg GMBI esdækic©BiPB elak dUecñ¼ KW kareFVI m¨aXItFIg GMBITIRkúg ..nigtMbn´ EdlCa eKaledAsRmab´

168 CMBUk TI 3

lMhUr Epñk mUlFn .. niglMhUrEpñk déT eTot(4)> .eTa¼ CayagNa .cMNucsMxan KWfa .. bc©úb,nñ eK yl fa esdæ-

kic© BiPB elak ... KWCabnÞat´ Em¨Rt cMác´ sRmab´ vas´ nUv dMeNIrkar énkareFVI nKrUbnIykmμ ... nigkar GPivDÆ kñúg

tMbn´ .. >

dUcEdleyIg án kt sm:al rYcmk ehIy .karbkRsay esdækic©GasIuGaeKñy_ CamYy lMhUr skl elak

dUcCakarbBa©Úlesdækic©rbs tMbn en¼ eTA kñúg bNþajsklelak ... KWeFVI eLIg tam ry£ TIRkúgFM@ kñúg tMbn ..>

.tam ry£ karhUrcUl mUlFn eyIg Gac emIl eXIj cMNucen¼ kan´ Et c,as´ ...> .. eBl eyIg sikßa elI tYelx én

kar hUr cUl énkarvinieyaK breTs E dlCaktþa naM [ man snÞú¼ xøaMg sRmab karGPivDÆ «sßahkmμ enA RbeTs

CaeRcIn kñúg tMbn´ .eyIg eXIj fa karvinieyaK RbmUlpþMú enA tMbn´ RbCMuCn FM@...> ... RbPBTinñn&y xusKña nig kar

kMNt´ PUmisa®sþ xusKña eFVI [ kar eRbóbeFob rvagRbeTsmYy nwg RbeTsmYy pÞal´ man karlMák ... b¨uEnþ sSiti

fñak Cati xø¼ Bit Caán bBa¢ak fa man karRbmUlpþMú tam tMbn BitRákd Emn...> ... DIexGay hßakarta man RbCaCn

4/6% . énRbCaCn }NÐÚensIu .. . buEnþ kñúg cenøa¼ ÌñaM ..1967-1991. TTYl témø vinieyaKbreTsán RtwmEt .17/2%

b¨ueNÑa¼ . (sUCIcUkU ..(Soegijoko) K¿s¿.1996) ... > ... Rbsin ebI eKbEnSm CVa xag lice Tot.. (rYmbBa©ÚlTaMg tMbn´ hßa

bUta Ebk ... nig RbCMuCn Cit@ EdlsSit kñúg Rkvat Rkúg hßakarta ).TIRkúg TaMg mUl TTYl án témø vinieyaK dl eTA

44/8% .. én vinieyaK Cati srub.. > .. cMnYn en¼ man n&yfa án beg;It kargar Cag .. 50% .. én kargar Edl beg;It .eLIg

eday karvinieyaK kñúg GMLúgeBl dUcKña en¼ . > . EmtDI (Medhi). (K¿s¿.1996) . án pþl nUv Tinñn&y GMBI cMnYn KeRmag

vinieyaK breTs Edl RkúmRbwkßa vinieyaK éf án Gnum&t kñúg cenøa¼ ÌñaM .. 1979-90.. >.. .KeRmag enA TIRkúg ágkk

man cMnYn esμI .. 15/7% .. én cMnYn srub rbs´ Cati .b¨uEnþeBl eK bBa©Úl extþ CMvij .. 5 ..eTot edIm,I beg;It Ca tMbn´

mhaRkúg ágkk .cMnYn en¼ ekIneLIg dl´ ...67/8% ..> ... esdækic© Gnþrkal rbs´ evotNam Edl Tak´ Taj mUl

FnbreTs xøaMg kñúg eBl fμI@ en¼ ... (eRkayRbeTsEdl man esdækic© TIpßar).. bgHaj nUv lMnaM Rsedog Kña Edr..>

eNsþÚ . (1997) .. bgHaj fa sRmab´ ry£ eBl .. 1988-93 .RkúghUCImij TTYl án karvinieyaKshBaNiC¢

breTs.. 45/9% .. cMENk Rkúg haNUy án .. 21/1% . >

sRmab´ RbeTs hVIlIBIn eK man Tinñn&y Bisþar fμI@Cag (sUmGanÉksarrbs´ . ExllI K¿s ..1999).. >

.ebI yk karbeg;Itkargar Edl Ca karvas Evg nUv kRmit énkarvinieyaK .tarag .7¿2 .. bgHaj GMBI karcUlrYm cMENk

rbs tMbn TIRkúg Cati ... (rYm manbNþaRkúgenA rdæFanImanIl) .. nig tMbn rdæálCab KñaBIr man lUsunkNþal ...nig

takaLÚk xagt,Úg..> .. lMnaM én karvinieyaKenA RbeTs hVIlIBIn manelcecj cMNucsMxan´ BIr..> ...TI...1 . .kar

vinieyaK RbmUlpþMúeRcIn enA tMbn sMxan rbs Cati... (rYmman tMbn TaMg bIen¼ )... dUc RbeTs déT eTot Edr.. >. . tMbn

TaMg bI en¼ rYm Kña beg;It kargar BIvag ..50 % ..eTA ..90 % .. énkargar beg;Itkñúg ry£ eBl .. 10.. ÌñaM man kñúg tarag ..> eTa¼

Ca y¨agNa .bERmbRmÜl TI.. 2.. enA kñúg tarag ..7¿2 .. KWCakarFøak´ cu¼ nUvsar£sMxan´ rbs´ rdæFanIxøÜn Ég ... ehIy

nig kar ekIn eLIg nUv kRmit kargar beg;It enA tam bNþaextþ CMuvij.. > ... lMnaM en¼ bgHaj [ eXIj nUv dMeNIrkar én

kar BRgIk rdæFanI Edlkñúg ena¼ kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ RbRBwtþ eTA tamtMbn NamYy minEmn Et enA TIRkúgeT.. >

168 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 169

tarag .. 7¿2..½.. kargar Edl beg;IteLIg eday karvinieyaK enA RbeTs hVIlIBIn .. 1986-96

*mkra-kBaØa

RbPB..£ ... Tinñn&y EdlminTan eá¼ Bum< sþIBI kmµviFI Gnum&t Rsbtam c,ab sþIBIkarelIkTwkcitþ vinieyaK epßg@

.RkúmRbwkßavinieyaK .m¨anIl .. 1996.. >

dUecñ¼ .kardak´ bBa©Úl esdækic©Cati eTAkñúg lMhUr sklelak Etg eFVIeLIg tam ry£ tMbn´ RkúgsMxan´ enA

TUTaMg tMbn GasuIGaeKñy_ ... > .. karRbmUlpþMú enA tamtMbn en¼ RbEhlCaman ¬sßKl enA kñúg RbB&n§ TIRkúg BI sm&y

GaNaniKm ... b¨uEnþ eKkt´ sm:al´ eXIjfa karRbmUlpþMú enA kñúg lMnaM bc©úb,nñ én kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ ... KW GaRs&y

elI mUlehtumYycMnYn... > ... minfa eKsagsg eragcRk sRmab plit TMnij naMecj ... ¦ sRmab beRmITIpßar enA

ÌñaM hVIlIBIn.. (srub)

% . én cMnYn srub

enA Rkúg m¨anIl

% . én cMnYn srub enA eRkARkúg m¨anIl..

(lUsunkNþal .. nig ta ka LÚk xag

t,Úg)

% ..én cMnYn srub enA tMbn sMxan Cati ..

(m¨anIl .lUsun kNþal . . nig takaLÚk

xag t,Úg)

1986 26/287 73/5 12/2 85/7

1987 82/101 66/4 20/2 86/6

1988 128/052 50/5 26/0 76/5

1989 153/490 48/5 34/6 83/1

1990 113/290 40/6 39/7 80/4

1991 60/068 20/2 49/4 69/6

1992 49/483 16/7 45/4 62/1

1993 59/106 21/0 42/7 63/7

1994 148/630 16/9 45/3 62/2

1995 80/401 11/6 40/8 52/4

1996* 58/764 26/9 30/3 57/2

170 CMBUk TI 3

kñúg Rsúk eT.. .tMbn TIRkúg fñak Cati man karTak Taj RbkbedaykmøaMg xøaMgNas .. . > .. .kñúgkarGeg;tel I Rkúmh‘un

cMnYn.. 100.. enA RbeTs hVIlIBIn ... EhrIn .. (Herrin)... nig EBeno (Pernia)... (K¿s¿.1986) .. án rkeXIjfa .tRmÚvkar

el I Epñk TItaMg sMxan´ bMput ... KW enACit kEnøg dwkCBa¢Ún .. (EpsmuRT .beBaØItamynþeha¼ .nig mhavifI).kar p:t´ p:g´

GK:isnI lð .bNþaj TMnak TMng .. nigmandITMenreRcIn ... nigsmÖareragcRk..> .. EBeno. nig áedragh;a.. (Paderanga)

(K¿s¿.1983) .. k¾án sg;t F¶n elI PaBcaMác én TItaMg EdlenACit kariyal&yrdæaPiál .FnaKarFM@ ... nig esva

kmμ GaCIB epßg@Edr.. > . . edaysar Et ehdæarcnasm<&n§ TaMg en¼ rYmTaMg tRmÚvkarTIpßarpg RbmUlpþMúenA TIRkúg

manIl .tMbn sñÚl en¼ man PaBTak TajyagxøaMg..> . ktþaTaMgen¼ mansar£sMxan eRcInCag karpþl nUv kar GnueRKa¼

Epñk sareBIBn§ EdleKpþl´ dl´ GñkvinieyaKbreTs EdltaMg enA tMbn´ q¶ay@ ... (hVúcn_ (Fuchs).. nig EBeno..

K¿s¿. 1989)...> .. EBnEvl (Parnwell)... nig vgßsupasavtS (Wongsuphasawat).. (K¿s¿.1997) .. k¾án [dwg fa

erag cRk enA tMbn´ BRgIk raCFanIágkk k¾ man tRmÚvkarelI Epñk TItaMgnig dMeNIrkar rt´ Éksar dUcKña Edr.. >

eyIgKYr bEnSmeTot fa .karbnþ ksag ehdæarcnasm<&n§ sMxan @enA tMbn sñÚl rbs RbeTs min RKan Et

Ca mrtk én kar [ témø elI TIRkúg bueNÑa¼ eT .. > .eKalneyaáy Ebben¼ k¾ bgHaj [ eXIj BI karvinieyaK rbs

rdæaPiálkñúg Epñkehdæarcnasm<&n§ Edl epþat sMxan´ elI tMbn´ en¼ Edr... > .ebIyk RbB&n§ dwkCBa¢Ún mk eFVI Ca

«TahrN_ eyIg eXIj fa ... KeRmag GPivDÆ rbs hVIlIBIn sRmab ry£ eBl mFüm .. (1993-98) .án kMNt yk

KeRmag dwkCBa¢Ún FM@ cMnYn .. 11 .. eRkam KeRmag FM..1.. Edlman eQμa¼ fa.. .²ksag -dMeNIrkar -pøas bþÚr³. .EdleK

á¨n´ sμanfa nwg RtÚvkarTwkRák´ srub .. 82/1. ekadi eb¨sU (RbEhl . 4/1. lan duløaGaemrik ebIKit tam GRta bþÚr

Rák´ ÌñaM .. 1995).. ( enda .. 1995)..> . .KeRmag TaMg . 11.. sSitenA TIRkúg m¨anIl ¦ enA tMbn´ Cab´ Rkúg ..> .. KeRmag TaMg

ena¼ rYm man bNþaj rfePøIg dwkCBa¢Ún Fn Rsal .pøÚv Rkvat´ Rkúg m¨anIl .nig pøÚv elI kñúg Rkúg m¨anIl. .. > ..vismPaB

xag Epñk ehdæarcnasm<&n§ .. nig karpþl´ esvakmμ tam tMbn´ en¼ bgHaj [ eXIj BI ectna eqøIy tb nwg tRmÚv kar

én mUl Fn breTs.. .EdlCaehtu eFVI [ man karvinieyaK saFarN RbmUl pþMú enA kñúg tMbn´ sñÚl en¼ y¨agelIs

lub ..>

karbgHaj GMBI TIRkúgEdlkMBugeFVIsklPavUbnIykmμ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ tYnaTI én mUlFn GnþrCati enA kñúg dMeNIr kar nKrUbnIykmμ ... nig PaB smRsb én kareFVI TIpßartMbn Na mYy man

n&yfa . mnusß kan´ eRcIn man kar cab´ GarmμN_ Kit fa TIRkúg ... KW Ca Exñg enAkñúg ... ² lMhr én lMhUr³.. > .dUecñ¼ .eyIg

KYr eFVIkarsikßaelI viFIsa®sþ mYycMnYn EdleFVI [ eK yk... ²karbgHaj GMBI lMhr³.. en¼ mk Gnuvtþ enA GasIu

GaeKñy_..> .. edIm,I yl [ án GMBIkar dak bBa©Úl TIRkúg ... nigtMbn mYy cMnYn enA GasIuGaeKñy_ eTA kñúg esdækic© BiPB

elak eK án eRbI Rás nUv Bhu RkbxNÐ ... buEnþ eK án kMNt fa kar GPivDÆ TIRkúg . . nig tamtMbn enA GasIu GaeKñy_

bc©úb,nñ RtÚvánsSabnaeLIgtamTRmgFM@..3.. EdlrYmman. ½.TIRkúg lMdab BiPBelak .. TIRkúg rIklUtlas tam

Ebb BhuekaN ... nig TIRkúg lUtlas tamkarBRgIkRBMEdn .. nig rebogRkúg.. (sUmemIl .hVbs_ .. 1997.. nig yuWg

1995).. > . eTa¼ bICa karsSabna en¼ man RbPB mkBIkar CECk EvkEjk kñúg f ñak RsavRCa vCan x<s k¾eday... k¾kar

sSabna nImYy@ suT§ Etman plviák sMxan´ elI kareFVIeKal neyaáy sRmab´ kar eFVIKeRmag ... nig kar RKb´

170 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 171

RKg TIRkúg ... nig tMbn´ mYy cMnYn enA GasIuGaeKñy_ .. >

TIRkúg lMdab´ BiPBelak

Bakü TIRkúg lMdab´ BiPBelak man RbPB enA kñúg sñaéd rbs´ elak cn .®hVaym¨g´ . (John Friedmann)... nig Gñk

sikßa mYy cMnYn eTot Edl G¼ Gag fa .eKGac kMNt tMbn TIRkúg fasSitenAkñúgzananuRkm lMdab BiPB elak eday

sMGag elI kareRbóbeFob GMNac esdækic© .. (RhVaym¨g´ .(Friedmann) . nig v¨UlV (Wolfe).. 1982 .RhVaym¨g´ .

K¿s¿.1986 saEsßn ..(Sassen) ..K¿s¿.1991-1994).. >. .niyaymü¨agvijeTot .TIRkúg man tYnaTI mYy cMnYn dUc

Kña nwgtYnaTI én tMbn RbCMuCnRkúg... nig kEnøg déT eTot Edl man tYnaTI lMdab x<s dUcCa bNþaj dwkCBa¢Ún tam

Gakas... nig Lan seNþag Evg@. .tYnaTI Epñk hirBaØvtSú saklelak . .Epñk c,ab´ .. nig Epñk RKb´ RKg.. nig lMdab´

sarsMxan Epñk neyaáy GnþrCati enA lMdab x<s CageK kñúg zananuRkm... > .. .zan£ Ca TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak

min caMác man RbCaCn eRcIn ena¼ eT .. Cak Esþg sigHburI man cMnYn RbCaCn tic Cag TIRkúg manIl ... ¦ TIRkúg hßakarta

q¶ay Nas buEnþ Rkúg.. en¼ sSitenA lMdab x<s enA kñúg zananuRkm TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak. . > ... tam elak RhVIEmnn_

. (1986) sigHburI man naTI Ca TIRkúg FM lMdab TI.. 1 . . kñúg RbeTs GPivDÆ fñak kNþal .cMENk Rkúg ágkk ... nig manIl

Ca TI Rkúg FM lMdab´ TI ..2.. > ..mkdl´ ÌñaM .. 1997. . RhVIEmnn_ án kMNt´ RbeTs sigHburI Ca .. ²cMNuc Tak´ Tg RbeTs

cMru¼ ³ (EdlCa RbePT lMdab´ fñak´ TI.. 2 .. rbs´ elak) ... b¨uEnþ BMu man TIRkúg enA GasIuGaeKñy_ Na epßg man lkçN£

sm,t þi RKb´ RKan´ sRmab´ dak´ bBa©ÚleTA kñúg zananuRkm rbs´ elak eTot eLIy. . >

karsikßa mun@elI TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak EtgEt BMu yk citþ Tukdak GMBI tYnaTI rbs TIRkúg enA kñúg bribT

Cati ¦ tMbn´ eT.. > .Nk´ s_ án yl´ eXIj dUecñ¼ ehIy... án bgHaj BI PaBpÞúy Kña rvag.. ²BiPB yWty¨av³ .. én Civit

Bit RbcaMéf¶ nwg ... ²BiPB elOn³ .. én karP¢ab´ TMnak TMng kRmit BiPB elak. ½.

bg;b´ enA kñúg TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak man cMNucExñg rbs .. ²BiPB elOn³ . Ca eRcIn én RbB&n§ plitkmµ bt´ Ebn

nig lMnaM eRbIRás´ lMdab´ x<s´ . > . BiPB elOn sBVéf¶ en¼ BRgIk xøÜn BI tMbn´ sñÚl Epñkesdækic© bI rbs´ BiPB elak

eTA dl´ tMbn´ RkIRk eRkA@Edl kMBug GPivDÆ enA kñúg raCFanI én bNþa RbeTs kMBug GPivDÆ kRmit kNþal nig

RbeTs RkIRk Cage K. >. .sSanPaB en¼ beg;It án Ca.. ²BiPB yWt³. enA tam tMbn dac Rsyal Edl min gay ERb

RbÜl .tMbn eragcRk sRmab plit man kar Føak cu¼ ehIy... nig man kartaMglMenA min Rsbc,ab eRcIn.. > .. TaMg

Gs en¼ kan Et Xøat cak q¶ay BI vb,Fm’ nig rebob rbb rs enA rbs TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak (Nk s _ .(Knox)

1995 .TM¿. 232-33). >

dUecñ¼ .Tsßn£ Ebb TIRkúglMdab BiPB elak sMu[ man kar EbgEck [ dac Kña rvag tYnaTI lMdab BiPB elak

rbs´ TIRkúg . nig CIvit Bit rbs´ RbCaCn kñúg Rkúg..>.. Tsßn£ Ebb en¼ man n&yfa .kareFVIeKal neyaáy sg;t´

F¶n elI karP¢ab TMnak TMng rbs TIRkúg CamYy saklelak CaCag epþat elI tYnaTI rbs TIRkúg kñúg lMdab mUldæan

lMdab tMbn .. nig lMdab Cati... > .. sSanPaB dUecñ¼ CMruj [ man Ca kmμviFIFM@ kñúg kar eFVInKrUbnIykmμ xñatFM kñúg bMNg

sMedA CMruj TIRkúg [ eLIg eTA lMdab x<s enA kñúg zananuRkm TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elak..> .. GaKarePøa¼ .. (tYbm. ebRtÚ

Nas ) .. raCFanIrdæál BuRTaC&y ... nig GakasyandæanGnþrCati kULaLaMBYrfμI ... KWCa«TahrN_ Cak Esþg.. > .

172 CMBUk TI 3

b¨uEnþ eK.. k¾ Gac elIk yk RbeTssigHburI Edl man kariyal&ykNþalRkúmh‘un BhuCati CaeRcIn .. (EBrI ..

1992 .1995).. nig RbeTs hVIlIBIn Edl man kar GPivDÆ eLIgvij nUv hVtbUnIhVasüÚxñat FM mk eFVI Ca«TahrN_

GMBI yuT§sa®sþ én kar eFVIKeRmag. nig karRKb RKg TIRkúgEdl Epðk elI Tsßn£ Ebb TIRkúg lMdab BiPB elakEdr..>

TIRkúg rIklUtlas´ tam Ebb BhuekaN

Tsßn£ TI.. 2.. én karbkRsayTIRkúg enA GasIuGaeKñy_ CamYy esdækic© BiPB elak ... nigEdlCaTsßn£ mYy eBj

niym eRcIn enA kñúg rgVg Gñk eFVI eKal neyaáy . KW kar kMNt [ eXIj nUv TIRkúg rIklUtlas tam Ebb BhuekaN.>

karrIkceRmIn Ebb BhuekaNen¼ beg;It [ man Ca kar cgKña rvag tMbn´ Rkúg ... ¦ rvag tMbn´ Rkúg FMmYy CamYy nwg

tMbn´ dac´ Rsyal enA Cit .EdlPaKeRcIn qøgkat´ RBMEdn neyaáy rbs´ RbeTs.. > ...eyOg (Yeung.1995)

.án elIkeLIgfa TaMgen¼ ... KW Ca átuPUt Biess mYy rbs RbeTs enA GasIu .Ca«TahrN_ tMbn GPivDÆ RtIekaN

rvag sigHburI ... maeLsIu ... }NÐÚensIu.. (sUmemIl EpñkTI .. 10 ..kñúg CMBUk en¼ ).Edl P¢ab Rkúg sigHburI nwg rdæcUh‘r rbs

m¨aeLsIu Edl enA Cab´ Kña .. nig RbCMueka¼ erov rbs´ }NÐÚensIu... > .. «TahrN_ epßg BIen¼ rYmman tMbn´ BhuekaN

mas rvag PUma ... Lav .. .éf .. . nig cin ... nigtMbn´ GPivDÆ GasIuxagekIt CamYy nwg hVIlIBIn.. (mIndaNav). Rb‘úyen ..

maeLsIu .. (saá.. nig saravak) ..nig RbeTs}NÐÚensIu .. (s‘ulLaevsIu).. > .. kñúg krNInImYy@ .eKal bMNg yuT§sa®sþ

... KWedIm,I bgHaj ... ¦mindUecñ¼ eT edIm,I beg;It CatMbn´ Rkúg mYy Edl GacdMeNIrkar án ... nig Gac Bwg Epðk elIKña

án... > .eTa¼ Cay¨agen¼ k¾eday. .ebIniyayBIbBaHaeKal neyaáyvij .karcgRkgfñak´ tMbn´ dUecñ¼ Etg man

eKalbMNg elIksÞÜy karvinieyaK Cacm,g CaCag KeRmagTIRkúg.. ¦KeRmagtamtMbn .. >

tMbn´ TIRkúg BRgIk.. nigRkúg rebog

Tsßn£ TI .. 3.. edIm,I[yl GMBITIRkúg enA GasIuGaeKñy_ enA kñúg esdækic© BiPB elak KWtamry£ karviPaK elI TI Rkúg

rIklUtlas´ tamkarBRgIkTIRkúgFM ... ¦ rebogRkúg... > .. lkçN£ Biess sMxan´ mYy én karGPivDÆ TIRkúg FM@ enA

GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúg bunμan Tsvtß cugeRkayen¼ ... KW karelceLIg nUv TRmg TIRkúg Edl án mkBIkarBRgIkRkúgFM...>

kar rIkceRmIn en¼ Xøatcakq¶ayBI lMnaM énkareFVInKrUbnIykmμ kñúgtMbn´ kal BImun .... nig Xøat q¶ay BI KMr U Gnþr

kal CnbT -TIRkúg rbs´ elakxaglicEdr... (lIn Lin.. 1994)..> .. elak m¨akh:I.. (1989) .. án ehA TIRkúg rIk

lUt las´ tam kar BRgIkRkúg FMen¼ fa ... ²edsakUta (desakota)³ .. edayelak pßM BaküPUmi.. (edsa) .. kñúgPasa

}NÐÚensIu ... nigBakü RbCMuCn... (kUta).. edIm,IbgHajnUv smahrNkmμ rvag tMbn´ TaMgBIr TaMg kñúgEpñk tYnaTI TaMg

TidæPaB .. nig edIm,I bBa¢ak´ GMBI sar£ sMxan én kareRbIbec©ksBÞ CaPasaGñkRsúkGay CaCag bMENgEck rbs

elak xag lic kñúgkar EsVgyl GMBI kar eFVInKrUb nIykmμ enA GasIu ... (mak h:I ... 1991 .sUmGanÉksarrbs . hVbs_

Forbes K¿s¿.1997 .. pgEdr)... > .eyagtam m¨akh:I .tMbn edsakUta KWCa

tMbn´ BiessEdlman skmµPaBxag ksikmµ nig minEmnksikmµ¿.¿.¿¿ekIteLIgedayenA Cab´ .. ¦enAcenøa¼

tMbn´ TIRkúg sñÚl... >.. tMbn´ en¼ ekIteLIg edaysarEt lkçxNÐ Edlman BImunmk .. kaleTs£ .. karpøas´ bþÚr

Epñk esdækic© .karGPivDÆEpñk bec©kviTüa .nig karpøas´ bþÚr xagkmøaMgBlkmµ EdlekIteLIg tamlkçN£

172 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 173

xus@Kña .pßM nwg clna én ktþaTaMgGs en¼ enA kñúgbNþaRbeTs «sßahkmµ elakxaglic enA stvtß TI .. 19 ..

nig edIm stvtß TI .. 20. (m¨akh:I .. 1991.£ 4. )>

dUecñ¼ .lMnaM én kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ tamEbb edsakUta ... KWCakarbeg;ItCa tMbn Biess mYy Edl minRKan

Et Bak´ B&n§ nwg sm<aFRbCaCnenAtMbn´ RkúgsñÚl ... ¦ karrIkceRmInCayRkúg mkeRkA ena¼ eT.... b¨uEnþ edsakUta

Ca lMnaM én kareFVI nKrUbnIykmμ tamtMbn edIm,I beg;It Ca tMbn RkúgFM..> . . enAtMbn xø¼ minRKan Et man karpøas bþÚr

elIkareRbIRás´ dIFøI .. nig rcnasm<&n§ esdækic©b¨ueNÑa¼ eT ... b¨uEnþ k¾ man kar pøas´ bþÚreRcIn elI rcnasm<&n§ RKÜsar

CIvitsg:m.. nigRKÜsar .. neyaáy enA mUldæan .. nig TMnak TMng GMNac RBmTaMg bridæan ehdæarcnasm<&n§ .. (sRmab

ágkk sUmemIl EstEql . 1995 . .r¨Us .. nig BYgsmlI ..1995).. > ... «TahrN_ KMrU GMBI TRmg TIRkúgFM@ TaMg en¼

man enA TIRkúg ágkk .. hßakarta .. nigmanIl ... .buEnþ sUm,ITIRkúg lMdab TI.. 2 .. dUcCa án Dug .hßkefan.. .nig Qag

ém k¾ Føab TTYl nUvkar BRgIktamlMnaM Rbhak RbEhlKñaen¼ Edr ... .ehIykñúg krNIxø¼ án beg;ItCa Epñk mYy én

kar BRgIkrebogén kareFVInKrUbnIykmμman pøÚvdwkCBa¢Ún FM@ eRcIneTotpg... >

ktþasSanPaB... nig ktþaRbvtþisa®sþán eFVI[ kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ kñúg TRmg en¼ xus BI bTBiesaFn _ enA

elakxaglic...> . . ktþaTI.. 1. KW TItaMg TIRkúgFM@ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ sSitenA kñúg tMbn Edl man tugsIuet RbCaCn x<s

nig Edl BwgEpðk . elIkmøaMgBlkmμdaMdu¼ RsÚv .. > . .TMnak´ TMng en¼ man n&yfa ... skþanuBl kmøaMgBlkmμ y¨ag

eRcIn. . (nigTIpßar) .. sRmab´ vis&y «sßahkmμ .. nig esvakmμ man enA hYsBI RBMEdn pøÚvc,ab rbs´ TIRkúg Edl Ca

ehtu eFVI[ kar RbmUlpþMúCaTIRbCMuCn man enA Et CMuvij tMbn TaMgen¼ ... >. .ktþaTI .. 2.. EdlPaKeRcIn man RbPB ecj

BI dugsIuet RbCaCn x<s´ KW ... ²sSanPaB Tak´ Tg nwg kareda¼ dUr³... F¶n´ F¶r enA tam tMbn´ ksikmμ Edl eRbIRás´ nUv

meFüaáy dwkCBa¢Ún eRcIn Ebb Et efak@ .. .dUcCa rm¨kkg´ bI ... ebkak ... sIukøÚ .. rfynþdwkCBa¢ÚntUc@ ... LanQñÜl

tUc@ .. .nig kaNUt..> .. cMNucTaMg en¼ án eFVI [ cracrN_ TMnij .mUlFn.. nigBiess kareFVIdMeNIr rbs´ mnusß

man kargayRsÜl Edl Ca ehtu eFVI [ karRbmUlpþMú beg;ItCa TIRkúg min man kar caMác´ .. >

GVIEdl eFVI [ kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ bc©úb,nñ ... xus BI bTBiesaFn_ BI mun enA kñúg tMbn´ KWfa

kmøaMg rujRcan sMxan bMput enA BIeRkay kar BRgIkTIRkúg ... KW kar ekIneLIg nUv «sßahUbnIykmμ Edl án mk BI

tRmÚvkar sRmab naM ecj .. nig vinieyaK breTs enA tam tMbn sñÚl rbs CatiEdl ánB&t’na xagedImrYcehIy.>

xN£ Edl TIRkúgPaKeRcIn... enA kñúg tMbn Ca kar bnþ mrtk BI mUlFn GaNaniKm ... lMhUr én karvinieyaK bc©úb,nñ

pþl´ Ca karrIkceRmIn eRcIn Cag karekg RbvBa© pÞal @... >

dUecñ¼ eKGacbgHaj án fa ... karrIklUtlas´ tam Ebb BRgIkTIRkúg ... KW Ca sSanPaB xagPUmisa®sþ mYy

Edl Ca lT§pl én karhUrcUl nUv mUlFn BiPB elak ... mk kñúg bridæan Edl man Rsab rYm nwg ktþa sSanPaB ... nig

Rbvtþi sa®sþ Edl beg;It tMbn BRgIk Biess mYy elI tMbn ksikmμ [ køay CaTIRkúg enA kñúg tMbn sñÚl rbs Cati...>

pl viák elIEpñk eKalneyaáy én Tsßn£ en¼ PaKeRcIn man TMenar eTA elI kar RKb´ RKg... nig kareFVI

KeRmag sRmab TIRkúg. ½.. TI..1 .eda¼ Rsay CamYy tMbn BRgIkTIRkúg tamry£ karpþl esvakmμ [RbesIrCagmun

Edl man CaGaT# xagEpñk sMNl rwg ... nig kareFVI KeRmag xag Epñk KmnaKmn_ ... > ... TI.2 .sMedA sRmÜl nUv sm<aF

sRmab´ kar rIk ceRmIn tam ry£ yuT§isa®sþ Edl man eKalbMNg EckrMElk nUv mUlFn sRmab´ karvinieyaK

174 CMBUk TI 3

elI Epñk ehdæa rcna sm<&n§ TIRkúg eTA [ tMbn´ Citxag... (eyIg nwg BiPaKßa BIbBaHa en¼ xageRkameTot).. > .

nKrUbnIykmμ ... nig ynþkmμ BhukRmiteTa¼ Ca Tsßn£ karbgHajGMBITIRkúg... nig plb¼ Bal elI Epñk eKalneyaáy.bkRsayxagelI xus Kña BI mYy

eTA mYyTaMg k¾eday... .k¾Tsßn£ TaMgGs´ án yl´ RsbKñakñúg kRmit mYy fa nKrUbnIykmekIteLIg eday

dMeNIrkar kñúg kRmit lMhr esdækic©BiPBelak ... > .... karsikßa CaeRcIn BMusUv bgHaj fa TIRkúg Ca sSab&n.. sg:m

rwg maM Edlman enA kñúg RbéBNIkñúg tMbn´ eT...> .. .b¨uEnþeKeRcIn bgHaj fa TIRkúg KWCa Exñg enA kñúg TMnak´ TMng én

lMhUr mUlFn BiPBelak... > .. eyIg G¼ Gagfa .eTa¼ Ca kmøaMg esdækic©BiPB elak... KWCa ktþarujRcan sMxan bMput

enA BI eRkay dMeNIrkar nKrUbnIykmμ k¾BitEmn .... k¾dMeNIrkaren¼ ekIteLIg kñúg kRmit eRcIn ehIy kar epþat

kar viPaK Ca GaTiPaB eTA elI esdækic© saklelak án biTáMg nUv dMeNIr kar saMjúaM CaeRcIn Edl ekIteLIg enA

kñúg Epñk déT eTot én CIvit sg:m ... nigEdlGacekIteLIgtamkar viPaK kñúg kRmit epßgeTot...> .. karG¼ Gag en¼

minman n&y fa . .. ²RsúkGay³.. mandMeNIrkarsg:m dac´ edayELk BI ... ²BiPBelak³.. ena¼ eT... > . .b¨uEnþkarG¼

Gagen¼ RKan Et CakarG¼ Gag sMu[ man kar TTYl s:al fa .... dMeNIrkar én karpøas bþÚr esdækic© nig sg:m ekIteLIg

kñúg kRmit eRcIn kñúg eBl RsbKña..>.. .elak hVbs_ án elIkeLIg fμI@ en¼ fa.. ½

enAkñúgkarbgHajxñatFM@TaMgen¼ .. mankEnøgtUccegðótNas´ sRmab´ PaBedayELk@ ... nigktþaepßg@.. >

karsnñidæan xage sdækic©neyaáyrab bBa©Úl edayGectna nUv ynþkmµxagkñúg ... ¦karGPivDÆ TIRkúg .PaB tUc

lðit én neyaáy kñúgRbeTs .. sar£sMxan én lMnaMCIvit EbbTIRkúg .PaBtantwg enAkñúg rcnasm<&n§sg:m Edl

eRb¼ RsaM .. vb,Fm’ TMenIbniym eRcInEpñk ...nigkarRbqaMg nwg bmøas´ bþÚr.. (hVbs_ . 1997 ..£ . 462)(5)>

eyIg yl Rsb CamYy elak hVbs_ Edlfa .. .Epñkén CIvit enATIRkúg Edl elak erobrab xagelI min RtÚv

án eK ykmkbkRsayena¼ eT ... nig fa karEsVg rk nUvviFIbkRsaydéTeTot Gac pþl´ CaTsßn£ epßg@ GMBI

dMeNIrkar ... nig bTBiesaF kñúg kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ BitCamansar£sMxan ... > .. .buEnþ eyIg nwg

G¼ Gag fa .viFIsa®sþEbb.. ²esdækic© neyaáy³.. mincaMác ekItmunsRmab viFIsa®sþepßg@eToteT. ... pÞúy eTA

GVI Edl caMác´ ena¼ .. KW esdækic©neyaáy mYy én kareFVInKrUbnIykmμ Edl man eRcInkRmit ... nigTak´ Tg eTA

nwg ktþasSanPaB ...nigRbvtþisa®sþepßg@ én CIvit enATIRkúg .. >

enA kñúg karsikßa GMBI nKrUbnIykmμ GñkniBn§CaeRcIn BiessPUmiviTüaviTUr ánykcitþ Tukdak elI sarsMxan

kñúgkar ecosvag min pþl kar cab GarmμN_ eRcIn eBk elI dMeNIrkar kRmitFM (6) .>... kñúgkrNItMbn lUtlas tam

karBRgIkTIRkúgenA m¨anIl .. elakExlI .. (1998-1999) .. án bgHajGMBI karcUlrYmcMENk én kareFVIsakl

Pa vUbnIykmμ esdækic©hVIlIBIn .. enA kñúg karBRgIkTIRkúg .... buEnþkarcUlrYmen¼ ekItmankñúgdMeNIrkarsg:m tam

kRmit CaeRcIn...> .. .kñúgkRmit fñak´ Cati .. eKman RkbxNÐ eKalneyaáy c,as´ las´ sRmab´ RKb´ RKg kar eRbI

Rás´ .. nig pøas´ bþÚrdI .. .b¨uEnþCajwkjab´ eKal neyaáy TaMg en¼ eK minykmkGnuvtþ ... nigRtÚvbMpøaj eday

yuT§sa®sþ GPivDÆ EdlsMedA eTArk kar eFVI«sßahUbnIykmμ CaCag kareFVI TMenIbkmμ xag Epñk ksikmμ...> ...

174 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 175

kñúgkRmit rdæaPiál fñak Rkúg enA kñúg extþ kavIt .. (Cavite) .. EdlenACab TIRkúgmanIl .c,ab GnuBaØati [ man PaBbt

Ebn kñúg kar b k Rsay c,ab sþIBI karEbgEck CatMbn .... nigkñúg kar kMNt elI kareRbIRás dI...> .. sMxan Cagen¼

eTot .PaB bt´ Ebnen¼ RtÚv án eKyk mkGnuvtþ enAkñúg bribT mYy Edl BMuman RBMEdn c,as´ las´ rvag tYnaTI

saFarN£ ... nig tYnaTI ÉkCn .... nig rvag karTTYl xusRtÚv xag kar tak Etg c,ab .... nig plRbeyaCn_ ÉkCn..>

cMENk enA kRmit buK:l én TMnak´ TMng rvag m©as´ dI .GñkCYldI ... nig Gñk man }T§iBl xagneyaáy enA mUldæan

vij .ksikrCYl dI eK mankarlMák sUm,IEt kñúg kar TamTarsiT§iRsbc,ab [ man CasMNgRKb RKan ... ¦ Ca kar

pþl´ dI tam ry£ kMENTRmg´ dIFøI... > ..ktþasSanPaBTaMgGs´ en¼ beg;It án Ca dMeNIrkarsg:m saMjúaM y¨ageRcIn

Edl Bit Ca án CMruj [ man dMeNIrkar nKrUbnIykmμ enA m¨anIl... (kar bMRBÜj ktþaTaMgGs´ mk Ca kar p:Úp:g .. kñúg

kRmit x<s´ én mUlFn saklelak [ RtÚv nwg bridæan Rkúg ...KW eFVI [ eyIg ePøc Kit nUv cMNuc CaeRcIn).. >

dMeNIrkar dUcKñaen¼ RtÚván eKrkeXIj en A kñúgkarsikßaCaeRcIn GMBI TIRkúg hßakarta ... nig karBRgIk

Rkúg en¼ eTA kñúg tMbn´ hßabUtaEbk.... nig eq<a¼ eTA tMbn´ edsakUta. enA CMuvij án´ Dug tRmg´ eTA TisxagekIt ...

(hVWEmn 1995 .-1996)..> .. lIhV .. (1994 -1996)sikßa elI kmøaMg vb,Fm’ ... ¦menaKmviC¢a ... nig ktþa esdækic© Edl

ruj Rcan [ man kar GPivDÆ enA hßabUtaEbk...>. .elakán G¼ Gagfa .kñúgnamCanimitþrUb xag menaKmnviC¢a .kar

BRgIk tMbn CayRkúg eTA kñúg tMbn edsakUta bgHaj nUv TMenIbkmμ ... nig karGPivDÆ Edl pþl nUv FmμanurUbPaB dl

eKalneyaáy esdækic© rbs´ s‘Uha tU...>.. .CamYy Kña en¼ .kmøaMg esdækic©enA BIeRkay edsakUta ... KW BYk vNÑ£

kNþal enA }NÐÚensIu EdlmancMnYn kan Et eRcIn... nig «sßahkmμ xag karGPivDÆ RTBüsm,tþi Edl man nirnþr

PaB án edaysar cMNg neyaáy... nig bridæan eKalneyaáy GnueRKa¼ ... (sUmemIl DUkøas .. 1989 .. nig

hindWsun .l¿ .. 1996)..>.. .sñaéd en¼ eFVI [ eyIg man sMNYr sMxan @ CaeRcIn GMBI tYnaTI én ktþa sg:m ... neyaáy

. nig sSab&n én dMeNIrkarksagTIRkúg ... enA kñúg Rkúg... nig enA tam tMbn .. > .. eyIg emIl eXIj fa .dMeNIrkar én kar

P¢ab TMnak TMng eTAnwg lMhUr rbs sklelak enA tam tMbn Rkúg mYy cMnYn... (nig Rkúm sg:m)... nig kar pþac TMnak

TMng enA tam tMbn Rkúg déT eTot .... minEmnRKan Et Ca karbgHaj GMBI dan én... ²mUlFnsaklelak³... dUc Edl

Tsßn £ mYy cMnYn G¼ Gagena¼ eT... > ... eBlEdltMbn TIRkúg FM@ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ rIk ceRmIn ... lmH TIRkúg RtÚv pøas

bþÚrrUbrag eTACa bNþajTMnak´ TMng rvag GñkTIRkúg vNÑ£ fñak´ x<s´ .. nigfñak´ kNþal ... b¨uEnþ k¾ án eFVI [ .. . ² lmH

CaeRcIn Edl enA Cayxag min Gac cUlrYm enA kñúg bNþaj en¼ ánEdr . ...BIeRBa¼ bNþajTaMg en¼ qøgkat´ lmH

eday BMu GnuBaØat [ Gñk mUl dæan cUldl´ án³... (Rkaham 1997..£ .112).. >

TisedA eTAGnaKt. ½.. nKrUbnIykmμ ..nig saklPavUbnIykmμ Edlgaynwg

ERb RbÚl dUecñ¼ .etIdMeNIrkarRKb kRmit én karGPivDÆ Ebb mUlFnniym nignKrUbnIykmμ nwgekIteLIg yagNa enAéf¶

GnaKt? .etI eKRtÚvRKb´ RKg ... ¦sRmbsRmÜl dMeNIrkarTaMgen¼ y¨agNa edIm,I beg;ItCabridæanTIRkúg Edl

Gacrs enAán enAGasIuGaeKñy_ ?.. .vibtþiesdækic© Edlcab epþIm enAÌñaM ... 1997 .. nigkarFøak cu¼ enAGasIuGaeKñy_

bgHajnUv karpøas bþÚr nUvtYnaTI rbs RbB&n§ TIRkúg mYy cMnYn...>.. .eyIg nwg bgHaj nUv TisedAcMnYn.. 5 .. sRmab kar

176 CMBUk TI 3

eFVI nKrUbnIykmμ eFVIdMeNIreTA enA kñúg bribTsm&y saklPavUbnIykmμd¾ puyRsÜy.. >

TI. 1. ½ .karFøak cu¼ Epñkesdækic© enAGasIuGaeKñy_ BitCa án eFVI [KeRmag beRgIkTIRkúg FM@ enA kñúg tMbn [

køay CaRkúg lMdab BiPB elak Elg sUv man sar£sMxan ...> ... Cak Esþg .eKeXIj man kar lubecal nUv KeRmag

sag sg ehdæarcnasm<&n§FM@ enATUTaMg tMbn TaMg mUl...> ... xN£ Edl kic©xitxM RbwgERbg dUcCa Gakasyanþdæan

GnþrCati KYLaLaMBYr ... nig rebog pßarTMenIb enA m¨aeLsIubnþdMeNIrkar.. .KeRmagcMNay epßgeTot rYmman

bNþaj pøÚv EdkfμI mYy eTA Gakasyanþdæan GnþrCati nig eTA Gakasyandæan mYy epßgeTot enA rdæPaKxag eCIg

KW rdæ ekdah_ RtÚv pðak(7). >...CamYyKña ena¼ .RbB&n§ pøÚvCan´ elI enA ágkk ... nig eka¼ CVa RtÚv án KaMg.. > ... bUkrYm nwg

karKaMgsÞ¼ xag karvinieyaKkñúgEpñk ÉkCn .sm<aF [ man karBRgIkRkúgRtÚvRsakRsanþ.. >

TI.2.½ .karFøak´ cu¼ xagEpñk esdækic© án eFVI [ vis&yGclnRTBüKaMg.. > .karFøak´ cu¼ TIpßar GclnRTBü

Edl man GtiprNahYsehtu ... KWCabuBVehtucm,gmYy Edl naM[ man karFøak´ cu¼ témø luy át éf enA Bak´

kNþal ÌñaM ...1997 .. ehIy vis&yGclnRTBü enA kñúg tMbn´ TaMgmUl RtÚvTTYl rgeRKa¼ y¨agxøaMg..> .eday sar

karFøak´ cu¼ enA TIpßar... nig karRbúgRbytñrbs´ FnaKar kñúgkarBak´ B&n§ nwg karvinieyaKxag Gcln RTBü Gac

mann&yfa .sm<aF[man nKrUb nIykmμ enA tMbn´ BRgIkRkúgRtÚvfycu¼ CaBMuxan... > ... karpøas´ bþÚr kar eRbIRás´

dIksikmμ enA tamtMbn´ BRgIkRkúg enAGasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg en¼ k¾ fmfy Edr.. > .

TI.3.½ .bERmbRmÜl BIRbqaMg Kña Gac elcecj CarUbragenA kñúg karvivDÆén RbB&n§ TIRkúg.. nig kar GPivDÆ

tMbn´ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ ...>. .eTa¼ CamanlMnaM RbmUlpþMú én karGPivDÆ«sßahkmμ ehIy TIRkúg bnþ man sarsMxan´

Cag e K k¾ eday ... k¾ man sBaØa xø¼ bgHaj GMBI kar gak eTA rk kar eFVI vimCÄkarEdr.. > . .dUcEdl án BiBN’na mk BIxag

elI TidæPaB cm,g én kar rIkceRmIn Ebb TIRkúg enA tMbn´ TIRkúg BRgIk enA GasIuGaeKñy_ ... KW kar ksag nUv ehdæa

rcna sm<&n§ dwkCBa¢Ún .. nig KmnaKmn_ Edlpþl´ nUv bridæan gayRsÜl dl´ esdækic© Ebb TIRkúg... >. . eTa¼ Cay¨ag

en¼ k¾ eday .xN£ Edl dMeNIrkar saklPavUbnIykmμ enA bnþ ... lmH esdækic© enAEt bnþ ERbRbÜlEdr...> .. Rbkar

en¼ án eFVI [ Tsßn£ mYy Edl niyay fa ... ²manEttMbn Biess bueNÑa¼ Edl man sar£sMxan xøaMg CageK xag

Epñk esdækic© Cati ³ .. . Gac Qb eBj niym eTotehIy...> ... karerobcMesdækic© enA kRmit epßgeTot kan Et man

sarsMxan xøaMg eLIg @ ... ehIy zananuRkm TIRkúg fñak Cati Gac nwg Qb Ca lMnaM én esdækic© enA GasIuGaeKñy_ eTot

ehIy.. > .enA eBl GnaKt .tMbn´ tUc@ enAGasIuGaeKñy_ k¾ Gac nwg P¢ab´ xøÜn eTA nwg esdækic© saklelak án lð

dUcKña Edr ... (DUkøas .. 1998).. > .. .Cak´ Esþg enA RbeTs hVIlIBIn ... cMnYn kargar enA rdæFanI mankarfycu¼ enA

Tsvtß ÌñaM ...1990.. dUcmanbgHaj enA kñúg tarag.. 7¿2.. > .Tinñn&y déT eTot k¾ KaMRT cMeBa¼ bERmbRmÜl en ¼ Edr...>

enA Ex mifuna ÌñaM .. 1992 .. kñúg cMeNam Rkúmh‘un «sßahkmμ cMnYn . 32 .Rkúmh‘un.. 28.. dMeNIrkar enA rdæFanI..> .. mk

dl Ex mkra ... ÌñaM ...1998 .kñúg cMeNam tMbn esdækic© cMnYn ..80 . . man Et ..46 . eTEdl dMeNIr kar enA TIRkúg manIl.

. nig tMbn Ek,r@ Rkúg..>.. .dUecñ¼ .eKseg;teXIj fa .sarsMxan Gac RtÚvrIksayPayeTA tamtMbn déT ehIy zanu

Rkm TIRkúg Gac nwgRtÚv lubbMát´ edaysar Rkúg dUcCa ccefan... ¦ át´ fWv¨s .. á¨tay¨a... nig esb‘U kan´ Et man

sar£ sMxan´ eRcIn eLIg@.. >

enAeBl CamYy Kña en¼ .karFøak´ cu¼ Epñk esdækic© ... k¾ án beg;It nUv ninñakar GPivDÆ b®Ba©as vij xø¼ Edr ..>

176 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 177

.«TahrN_ ... enARbeTs éf kmμsiT§isRmab´ Rkúmh‘unbreTs enA TIRkúg ágkk... nig tMbn´ CMuvijRkúg man Et

sRmab «sßahkmμ mYy cMnYn bueNÑa¼ .... buEnþ enA tMbn q¶ay@ c,ab sþIBI kmμsiT§iman lkçN£ esrICag en¼ . .. > .. eTa¼

Ca yag en¼ k¾ edayenA ÌñaM ..1998 .edIm,I eqøIy tb nwg kar Føak cu¼ én karvinieyaK... nig tRmÚv kar bnÞan xag mUlFn

fμI eTot .rdæaPiál éf án GnuBaØat [ man kmμsiT§i eBjelj sUm,I Et enA kñúg raCFanI ... >.. .dUecñ¼ pÞúy nwg bERmb

RmÜl Edl bgHaj BI xagelI .eKal neyaáy en¼ Gac naM [ man sm<aF CafμIelI kar GPivDÆ enA kñúg tMbn´ TIRkúg

BRgIk.. nig kar Føak cu¼ nUv karcab GarmμN_ elI kar GPivDÆenA tMbn q¶ay@(8). >.. niyaymüageTot ... vibtþiesdækic©

Gac naM [ man kar yk citþTuk dak´ eRcIn CafμImþgeTotelI TIRkúg... edaysarEt Pñak´ gar eFVIKeRmag esdækic©

Büayam Tak´ Taj karvinieyaK fμI @edayykcitþTukdak tictYc b¨ueNÑa¼ elI karGPivDÆ enA tMbn déT... >

TI.4½ .eBl Edl esdækic© enA GasIuGaeKñy_ rIkceRmIn xøaMg.. .TIRkúgán køay Ca mCÄmNÐl Edl man kmøaMg

Tij x<s´ ... nig karsayPayxag Epñk vb,Fm’.. >.. .b¨uEnþ eTa¼ Ca y¨agen¼ k¾eday .xN£ Edl karF©ak´ cu¼ xag Epñk

esdækic© án eFVI [ vNÑ£ kNþal rgeRKa¼ .. .TIRkúg mYy cMnYn enA kñúg tMbn án køay Ca cMNuc sñÚl én clacl sg:m

nig Cmøa¼ Catisasn_ ...> ... karlMák Edl kan´ Et ekIn eLIg ... nig kar min eBj citþ Cab´ rhUtmk án bNþal [

man PaB CasRtÚv nwg Kña enA tam tMbn TIRkúg enA TUTaMg RbeTs }NÐÚensIu ... nig kñúg cMeNam Gñk TIRkúg enA kñúg raC-

FanI ágkk... > ... enA RbeTs éf .rdæaPiál fμI mYy án ekIteLIg enA Ex kBaØa ... ÌñaM.. 1997 ... e hIy enA RbeTs

}NÐÚensIuRbCaCn xwg sm,a nwg elak s‘UhatU ... nig CnCati}NÐÚensIu GMbUr cin Edl Ca eKaledA én GriPaB kñúg

Rbvtþisa®sþ...> ... kartvaRbqaMg enA tam TIRkúg enA TUTaMg RbCMueka¼ án naM eTA rk Cemøa¼ hwgßa... > .. .RbPB mYy cMnYn

án á¨n´ sμan fa .. manmnusßCag .. 1000 .. nak´ án søab´ enA kñúg eBl eFVI kartv¨a .kareFVIkUdkmμ ... nig kar lYc bøn´

enA kñúg Ex emsa ... nig «sPa ..ÌñaM . 1998...>. .kartvaRbqaMg TaMg en¼ dwknaM eday Rkúm nisßit mkBI tam mha viTüal&y

kñúg Rkúg ... nig man karcUlrYm BI vNÑ£ kNþal kñúg Rkúg... ehIy án CMruj [ s‘UhartU cu¼ ecj BI tMENg enA éf¶ TI ...

21 ..«sPa ÌñaM ...1998 .. >. .dUc RBwtþikarN_ enA hVIlIBIn kalBI ÌñaM ... 1998 .. Edr .Gñk TIRkúg .. (min Emn Gñk enA tam

TICnbT Edlman cMnYn eRcIn eT) ... nwg bnþ CMruj [ man kar pøas´ bþÚr xagEpñksg:m ... nig neyaáy enA GasIu-

GaeKñy_ .. >

TI.5.½.. vibtþi esdækic© enA ÌñaM ... 1997-98... án naM mk nUv kar pøas bþÚr sMxan @ dl Tsßn£ elI lmHTIRkúg nig

esdækic© enA GasIuGaeKñy_ .. > .enA kñúg kMlug eBl én karFøak cu¼ .kar RbKYtRbECg sRmab karvinieyaK xag mUlFn

enA kñúg tMbn´ kan´ Et man lkçN£ RsÜcRsav...>.. .CamYy Kña en¼ . eK k¾ kan´ Et emIl eXIj nUv PaB xusKñ a rvag lmH

esdækic© Cati rbs RbeTs mYy nwgRbeTs mYyeTot...> .. «TahrN_ .elak naykrdæm®nþI sigHburI ... h;Ú cuk tug án

eFVIkarkt sm:al fa ... ² TIpßar Edl kMBug ekIt eLIg caMác RtÚv Et Eck [ dac BIRbeTs mYy eTA RbeTs mYy³ ...>

karkt´ sm:al´ en¼ án bgHaj fa ... eBl eK sikßa BI {kas vinieyaK eK Elg Kit fa ... GasIuGaeKñy_ Ca krNIrYm

eTot ehIy ... > ... niyaymüageTot .kar cgCaRkúm dUcCa.. ²esdækic© GasIu³ ... nig.. ²bBaHa rbs GasIu³ ... (Edl Ca kar

Gnuvtþ naM [ man kar rIksayPay nUv eRKa¼ fñak xagEpñk hirBaØvtSú) .... bc©úb,nñ kMBug Et ebIk Rck [ man kar EbgEck

[dac BI Kña kñúgEpñk lmH esdækic© ... nig Gac bNþal [ man kar RbKYt RbECg kan Et xøaMg rvag TIRkúg TaMgGs enA

kñúg tMbn´ ...>.. .kartamdan elI}T§iBl én dMeNIrkaren¼ elI Epñk ... ²karrIkceRmIn Ebb Bhu ekaN³ ... Edl

178 CMBUk TI 3

BiBN’na mk BI xagelI Edl ekIteLIg BI kar yl fa .karrIkceRmIn Edl án mk BI kar shkar Kña Gac ekIteLIg

án BI tMbn´ esdækic© Gnþr RbeTs Ca kar Geg;t KYr [ cab´ GarmμN_ Nas´ ...> ... eyIg RbEhl Ca nwgeXIj nUv

dMeNIrkar én kar bMEbk CabMENktUc@... (dMeNIrkarrYmKña rvag saklPavUbnIykmμ ... nig mUldæan nIykmμ) enA

kñúg lmH esdæ kic© enA GasIuGaeKñy_ edaysar mUlFn breTs... emIleXIj kan´ Et c,as´ GMBI PaB xus Kña rvag

Rkbx&NÐ c,ab Cati rbs RbeTs nI mYy@ ... ehIy tMbn Rkúg lMdab TI..2.. rbs Cati nImYy @ kan Et RtÚv RbkYt RbECg

kan´ Et xøaMg sRmab´ mUlFn kRm... >

esckþIsnñidæan½ .}T§iBl elI eKalneyaáykaregIbeLIgvij xagEpñkesdækic© enA GasIuGaeKñy_ nwgbNþal [ man karpøas´ bþÚr xag Epñk sSab&n...> ..cn

RhVIútEmn... (1997k)... án kMNt´ nUv «bsK:cMnYn bI Edl man cMeBa¼ karRKb´ RKg GnþrkalenA TIRkúg.½ ..TI.1. K W

PaBcaMác kñúg kar beg;It [ man Ca RbB&n§ GPiálkic© Rbkb... eday RbsiT§PaB sRmab tMbn TIRkúg Edl kan ´ Et

rIkceRmIn... nig Edl Gac pþl´ xagEpñk c,ab´ ... sareBIBn§ .. nig bec©keTs dl´ RkbxNÐ sSab&n edIm,I RKb´ RKg

Gnþr kal TIRkúg..> ..TI.. 2 .KW PaBcaMác´ kñúg kar yk citþ Tukdak´ elI nirnþrPaB kñúg kar RKb´ RKg Gnþrkal en¼ . .nig

TI..3.. KWfa . ²kareFVIKeRmag KYr Et [ køay Ca dMeNIrkarmYy Edl man lkçN£ ebIkcMh... nig Rbkb eday kar cUl

rYm eRcIn Cag bc©úb,nñ ... nig man lT§PaB RKbdNþb elI kmøaMg rbs Rkúmsg:msIuvil Biess Rkúm mnusß Edl eK

min yk citþ Tuk dak´ ¿.¿.¿¿³ (... RhVIútEmn ..1997.. k£ 4).. >

kñúg cMeNam «bsK:TaMg bIen¼ .karKitKUr BI bBaHa GPiálkic© TIRkúg enA kñúg bribT tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ ... KW Ca

kic©kar saMjúaM CageKbMput kñúg rUbPaB eRcIn yag .. > ..TI..1. edaysar bBaHa en¼ man kb yag eRCA enA kñúg esdækic©

neyaáy rbs´ bNþa RbeTs enA GasIuCaeRcIn...>.. .niyay [ Bit eTA .bBaHa en¼ ... k¾ RtÚv án eK eFVI smahrN

km μ yag eRCA eTA kñúg dMeNIrkar saklPavUbnIykmμ Edl eyIg án BiBN’naBIxagedIm mk..> .TMnak TMng en¼

ekIt eLIg k¾ edaysar vrCnxagneyaáy man Tsßnvis&yfa TIRkúg ... KW Ca tMbn´ RbCMuCn Edl man lkçN£

RbkYt RbECg kRmit BiPBelak.. > . . . karRsavRCav elI bBaHa GPiálkic© enA tam RbeTs eCOnelOn epþatsMxan

elI kar ekIt eLIg raCFanIFM@ EdlCa TRmg´TIRkúgman «tmþPaB CageK enA cug stvtß TI.. 20 . b¨uEnþenA tam

RbeTs kMBug GPivDÆ PaKeRcIn GMNacneyaáy sSit enA kRmit Cati ... nig extþ enA eLIy ehIy bBaHa GPiál-

kic© tam raC FanI FM@ enA BMuTan´ Ca GaTiPaB enA GasIuenAeLIy eT..> . .vrCnxagneyaáy man kar cab´ GarmμN_

elI kar rkßa TaMg GMNac neyaáy TaMg GMNac esdækic© ... nig cab´ GarmμN_ elI kar CMruj [ man yuT§sa®sþ

²GPivDƳ.. Edl beg;IteLIg edIm,I eFVI [ TIRkúg kan´ Et man lkçN£ RbKYt RbECg enA kñúg tMbn´ b¨ueNÑa¼ ... > ... eTa¼

Cayag Na . eday sar kar Føak cu¼ Epñk esdækic .kardak sm<aF CMruj [ man kareFVI vimCÄkar GMNac en¼ man kan

Et eRcIn eLIg@.>

bBaHa én kar eFVI vimCÄkarGMNac en¼ Bit Ca ktþa sMxan´ kñúg kar kMNt´ nUv eCaKC&y kñúg GPiálkic© TIRkúg

eRBa¼ fa ... eCaKC&yen¼ GaRs&yTaMg Rsúg elI suc¢nÞ £rbs´ rdæaPiál Catikñúg kar GnuBaØat [ rdæaPiál TIRkúg

TTYlán nUv kar TTYl xus RtÚv kan EteRcIn Cag mun elI kar yk Bn§ ... karRKb RKg dIFøI ... ehdæarcnasm<&n§ TIRkúg

178 CMBUk TI 3

bERmbRmÜllMhTIRkúg ..îareFVInKrUbnIykmµ GasIuGaeKñy_ kñúgyuK sm&y sklÔavUbnIykmµd¾gaynwgERbRbÜl 179

nig kardwkCBa¢Ún.. > .. .TIen¼ man bdimti eRBa¼ fa... xN£ eBl Edl rdæaPiál Cati cg ekþabGMNac neyaáy elI

TIRkúg FM@ ... RkbxNÐeKalneyaáy bc©úb,nñ kñúg kar kat bnSyc,ab ... ÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ ...nig karkat bnSy

cMNay rbs´ rdæaPiál Edl CaEpñk mYy én KeRmagGPivDÆ .. (Edl KaMRT eday TIPñak´ gar hirBaØvtSúGnþrCat i

dUcCa mUlniFIrUbIvtSúGnþrCati) .tRmÚv [ rdæaPiál Cati pþl GMNac en¼ dl Pñak gar rdæaPiál epßg @ .. nig Pñakgar

ÉkCn fñak´ Rkúg..> .. enA kñúg bribT tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ ... el,Ón én karpþl´ GMNac en¼ man PaB BMueTotTat´ xøaMg

Nas .. >

«bsK:TI.. 2.. Edl karrIkceRmIn én tMbn TIRkúg FM@beg;IteLIg ... KW kar eFVI [ TIRkúgman karrs enA kan Et

RsÜl..> .. karniyay Ebb en¼ GacTTYl yk án eRcIn Cag kar eRbI Bakü .. ²nirnþrPaB³ ... eRBa¼ fa ... tMbn´ TIRkúg

Bwg EpðkelI FnFan mk BI xageRkAticbMput...> ... CaTUeTA .bBaHa nirnþrPaB EdlepþatsMxan´ elI karricril Epñk

bridæan enA kñúg tMbn TaMg en¼ (9).karbMBul briyakas ... nig bMBulTwk .bBaHa smðat kaksMNl ... nig smðatdI RtÚv

án eK yl fa Ca bBaHa cMeBa¼ nirnþrPaB TIRkúg FM@.. >.. .CaerOy@ .bBaHa bridæan TaMg en¼ RtÚv án eKyl fa Ca lT§pl

én kar rIklUtlas rbs TIRkúg CaCag edaysar braC&y kñúg kar RKb RKg.. > .. eyIg yl Rsb CamYy cn RhVIúEmn

fa viFIsa®sþ kñúg kareFVI [ man nirnþrPaB en¼ BMu Tan RKb RKan enAeLIyeT.. .ehIy fa eKKYr yk citþ Tuk dak [ kan

Et eRcIn Cagmun elI kar GPivDÆ FnFanmnusß Rbkb eday nirnþrPaB...> ... CacugeRkay ..kar beg;It [ m an birdæan

mYy Rbkb eday nirnþrPaB min GaRs&y Et elI kar kMNt xag bec©k viTüa ena¼ eT . ... buEnþ GaRs&y elI kar seRmc

yk eKalneyaáy sþIBI karGPivDÆFnFanmnusß.. > .. eKalkarN_ RKw¼ bc©úb,nñ kñúg kar sikßa BIkar GPivDÆ edIm,I

dak bBa©Úl bBaØtþi .. ²mUlFn sg:m³ .. Ca FatumYy sMxan caMác sRmab kar GPivDÆ án TTYl yl Rsbfa mUlFn

xagmnusß.. nig xagsSab&n KWCatRmÚvkarsñÚl sRmab karGPivDÆ.. > ... niyay GMBI tMbn TIRkúg FM@ vij .. .eKG¼ Gagfa

tMbn´ TaMg en¼ CaTUeTA man... ²mUlFn sg:m³ .. kñúg kRmit x<s´ Cag Cati TaMg mUl eTot Biess xag Epñk FnFan

mnusß..> eTa¼ Cay¨ag Na k¾eday .tRmÚvkarcaMác´ bMput KW RtÚv GPivDÆFnFansSab&n Edl Gac CMruj [ man kar

RKb´ RKg Rbkb eday RbsiT§PaB elI tMbn´ TIRkúg FM@.. >

tRmÚvkar en¼ mYyEpñk... KW Ca «bsK:TI . 3 . Edl elak cn RhVIútEmn dak´ ecj edIm,I eFVI [ RbB&n§ GPiál

kic© TIRkúg kan´ Et GaceqøIy tb eTAnwg tRmÚvkar . nig karcg´ án rbs´ RbCaBlrdæ> .enA kñúg bribTxø¼ ... eK ehA

yuT§isa®sþ en¼ fa Ca ... ²yuT§isa®sþpþl GMNac³ .. Edl eFVI [ RbCaCn enA kñúg mUldæan kan Et man kar cUlrYm eRcIn

enA kñúg kar eFVI KeRmag sRmab´ mUldæan rbs´ xøÜn.. > .yuT§sa®sþ pþl´ GMNac en¼ Gac man RbsiT§PaB eTA án lu¼

Rta Et eK pþl´ GMNac dl´ shKmn_ xag Epñk sareBIBn§ CaedIm edIm,I Fana[ án fa esckþI seRmc citþ rbs´

RbCaCn mUl dæan RtÚv án eK yk eTA Gnuvtþ .. (RhVIútEmn .. 1992 .DUkøas .. nig RhVIútEmn .. 1998).. >

eyIg Gac eFVI esckþIsnñidæan án tamry£ kardkRsúg BI sñaéd rbs elak Dins_ .. hVbs_ Edl niyay fa

² cMNuc Edl Ca«bsK: KWfa... eyIgRtÚv rukrk bEnSmeTot elI dMeNIrkar Edl beg;It Ca TRmg´TIRkúg fμI@ eday

epþat CaBiess elI karRbKYt RbECg xag vb,Fm’ Edl CaGñk kMNt´ nUv kar RsemIlRsémTaMg en¼ ... nig epþat

elI dMeNIrkar.. . nig ynþkmμ xag nKrUbnIykmμ kñúg RbeTs nImYy@ Edl TTYl yk ... ¦ RbqaMg nwg bmøas bþÚr cMeBa¼

CIvit rbs´ Gñk TIRkúg³ ... (hVbs_ .. 1997. £ . 466)..> .. dUecñ¼ .ktBVkic© bnþeTA eTot KW eyIg RtÚv TTYls:al´ fa kar

180 CMBUk TI 3

RsemIl Rsém beg;It Ca dMeNIrkar nKrUbnIykmμ EdleKeFVI eLIg .. eKCMruj [man ehIy eKGnuvtþ enA kñúg kRmit

eRcIn .. nig Rt Úv Fana fa lmHTIRkúg fμI enA GasIuGaeKñy_ nwg kan Et pþl´ PaB gayRsÜl dl kar rs´ enA.. ^

c,ab´ edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg´ eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ “Demographic Forces Shap‑

ing Youth Populations in Asian Cities” ...>

GtSbT en¼ ..dkRsg ´ ecjBIe soveÔA...½.yuvCn...ÔaBRkIRk ..ehIynigCemøa¼kñúgTIRkúgGasIuGaeKñy_..>

rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 2004 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< ..vUtRtÚ..vIlsun.>

CHAPTER 4:

Demographic Forces Shaping Youth Populations in Asian CitiesXenos, Peter

Youth, Poverty and Conflict in Southeast Asian Cities

Copyright © 2004, Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

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184 CMBUk TI 4

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enAkñúg kmøaMg kargar..>.. xJúMsUmeFVIkarBinitüeTAelI viFankarEdlGacmanénbERmbRmÜlTaMgen¼ ... nig eFVI kar

bgHaj fa man tMbn´ TIRkúg.. nigsUm,IEtTIRkúgFM@.sRmab karERbRbÜlTaMgena¼ .. >

CaTUeTA . Ps¹útagsRmab kMeNInyuvCnáneFVI[mankarcab GarmμN_ KYr[kt sm:al .edaymanviFan

vas sÞg kMeNInyuvCneFVICasUcnakrénbBaHa..>. .tamKMnitrbs .han TIgTugHun‑tington (K¿s¿.1996). s¹IGMBI.

²kar b¼ Tg:icKñaénGriyFm’³.. EdlRtÚv ánBiPakßaEvkEjkyagTUlMTUlayena¼ .karpÞú¼ eLIgén cMnYn yuvCn

man tYnaTIyagsMxan mYy.CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn mCÄwmbUBa. . ’( han TIgTug CMBUkTI.5..Ca Biess tarag elx .2

. eá¼ Bum<.enAK¿s¿.1996)(2)>.dUcGñkniBn§déTeTotEdr.han´ TIgTug .ykbmaNPaKyuvCn..20% . ¦ eRcIn

Cagen¼ CasUcnakrénkrNI«Rkidækmμ.karrMxanEpñksg:msIuvil. . nigsUm,I EtPaB tantwg xag neyaáy

d¾RCaleRCA.. >. .. han TIgTug .cat Tuk... ²karbUkbBa©ÚlKñarvagTMhMcMnYnyuv Cn... nigcl&tPaBsg:m³ ehIy yl

fa yuvCnCa.²KaMRTkarRbqaMgtva. GsSirPaB.kMENTRmg... nigbdivtþn_ ³... (eyagtamÉksar dEdl TM¿.TI. 117).>.

karvaytémøfμI@epßg@eTotRsbeTAnwgkarRBÜyármÖTUeTArbs . han TIgTug .Edr.fVIebIminEmnRsb

tam n&yvinaskmμrbs Kat k¾eday.. >.. enAedImK¿s¿..1989.. .KN£ kmμkareda¼ RsayvibtþicMnYnRbCaCná n

sikßa GMBIkarTak´ TgKñarvagkMeNInyuvCn... nigGsSirPaBsg:m(3)>.. fμI@en¼ eTot. TIETbüÚm. Teitelbaum.

(K¿s¿2000) .áneFVIkarBN’naBIbursenAlIvEdlmanGayuBI.15..dl´ .25. q ñaM. fa Camnusß man sk¹anuBl .

²d¾ eRKa¼ fñak´ dl´ sN¹ab´ Fñab´ sg:m³.. >. elakánsYrEdrfa.. .etIkarekIneLIg éncMnYnyuvCn Gac beg;It[

man sPaB Tn exßayyagelIslubánEdr¦ eT?.Kat niyayfakt¹aen¼ GacekIteLIgenAeBlEdl cMnYn

yuvCn burs@... ²minmankargareFVI.minánTTYlkarGb´ rMBIsalaeron.. ¦ Tah‘an... ¦ k¾minsSiteRkamkar RKb´

RKg rbs´ GaNaBüaál... ¦ shKmn_ ³.. >..fμI@en¼ .eyIgmanTIPñak´ garB&t’mankN¹alrbs´ shrdæGaemrik

(Central Intelligence Agency).(2001).. Edlp¹l karvaytémøelIninakar.. ¦ TMenarRbCasa®s¹BiPBelak eRbI

ry£ eBlEvgmYy.Edlsrub.esck¹ImkdUcKñaen¼ Edr..>.. sUm,IEtenAeBlfμI@Cagen¼ eTAeTotena¼ .viTüa sSan

viTüa sa®s ¹ Catirbs´ .shrdæGaemrik (U.S. National Academy of Science).ánp¹l´ karviPaK mYy edIm,I eqøIy

tb eTA nwg RBwt¹ikarN_ éf¶TI.. 11.ExkBaØa... K¿s¿..2001... EdlCaéf¶vayRbharrbs Pavrkr.( EsμlsW. (Smelser

nig Huntington. Mitchell.K¿s¿2002).. >.EpñkmYyénkarviPaKen¼ mancMNgeCIfa.. ²karBicarNareLIg vij eTA

elIEpñkesdækic©.. nigRbCasa®s¹ ³... ehIynigmanesck¹IbEnSms¹IGMBIRbCasa®s¹ d¾Evg Gnøay mYy eTot pg

Ed r. ( haEm¨l.(Hammel)... nig sμitß (Smith) K¿s¿2002)..>.. ráykarN_ cm,gena¼ eFVI kar BiPaKßa eTAelI.

²Gnuát én Pa BBwgEpðkrbs yuvCn³... faCakt¹amYyEdldak ... ²sm<aFd¾F¶n eTAelIRbB&n§Gb rMrbs sg:mTaMg

ena¼ ehIy k¾Cakt¹aEdleFVI[smamaRtRbCaCnCayuvCnmanGRtax<s xagEpñkesdækic©plit³. (eyagtam

Éksar d Edl.TM¿.TI. 29). >.

G ñkRsavRCavPaKeRcInTaMgen¼ ec¼ KitKUránRKb´ RKan´ kñúgkarBicarNare T Ae lI kenßam kt¹a Ca eRcIn

Edl GacCMruj[manGsSirPaBsg:m... ehIyBYkGñkRsavRCavTaMgena¼ eFVIkarBinitüy¨aglðitlðn´ eTA elI

lkçxNÐ Cak´ lak´ edIm,I[kMeNIncMnYnyuvCnmYyGac[eKcat Tukfa.mansar£ sMxan .. >. . xal. (Kahl K¿s¿.

184 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 185

.2000) .. min yl eXIjfasm<aFxagRbCasa®s¹ CalkçxNÐsMxan .. ¦ RKb RKan sRmab karts‘Urbs RbCa Cn

sIuvil eLIy. .. dUcEdl.righ:inß. ..(Wriggins K¿s¿1988.. nig K¿s¿.1989).ánelIkeLIgBIyUrmkehIy fa cMnYn

yuvCn KWCa.²karp¹l´ [nUvPaBhiinehac³. EdlCa bBaHamYyGacRtÚv áneKeda¼ Rsayy¨agRbesIr... ¦ min

ena¼ ... KW GaRs&y eTAelIfaetImankMeNIn yuvCneRcIn¦ k¾Gt´ ?.. .karviPaKrbs´ .KIhViTß. .(Keyfitz K¿s¿1971.

K¿s¿ 1973 .. nigK¿s¿1986)... k¾ánbgHaj.BIninñakardUcKñaen¼ Edr.. > .. kgkmøaMgBiesseda¼ RsayPaB braC&y

rbs´ rdæ .. (rbs´ eGsÞI.(Esty et al).. nigGñkRsavRCavÉéTeTot .K¿s¿1995).. EdlKaMRTedayPñak´ gar B&t’man

kN¹al rbs´ shrdæGaemrik... áneFVIkarsnñidæanfakMeNInyuvCneRcInRKan´ EtCasUcnakr d¾ exßay

mYybueNÑa¼ kñúg kar án sμanBIPaBbraC&yrbs rdæ.. >.. karsnñidæanen¼ eFVIeLIgedayEpðkeTA elI kRmg Tinñn&y

ánBITUTaMg BiPB elakd¾FMmYy.. nigedayEpðkelIxñatTRmgsRmab karvas sÞg´ TMnak TMng Bhukt¹a.. >

KYr[cab GarmμN_ pgEdrfa.RkúmPñak garB&t’mankN¹alánbgHajBIkarRBÜyármÖelI.²{nPaBrbs

yuvCn³.EdlCabBaHamYyRbePTepßgeTotEdlGackøayCakt¹amYyenAeBlEdl.bmaNPaKrbs yuvCn

Føak´ cu¼ mkeRkam.. 15% .bn¹bnÞab´ .( Pñak´ garB&t’mankNþalrbs´ shrdæGaemrik.K¿s¿1990)..>. .bBaHamYyen¼

k¾ beg;It [manGñkcUlrYmkñúgkmøaMgBlkmμminRKb´ RKan´ ..>.enAkñúgkarbgHajxageRkamen¼ .eyIgGac eFVIkar

eRbób eFob sucnkrénkMeNInyuvCnenAGasIusRmab´ {nPaByuvCn.. nigkarekIne LIg d¾mhima én cMnYn

yuvCn eday eRbIkRmit.Xñat. 15%. nig20% . >

edayseg;temIl[suICeRmAeTAelIcMnYnsrubTaMgen¼ ...eXIjmankarcab´ GarmμN_ eTA.elIeKal

neyaáy ...nigkmμviFIenAkñúgRkúmCak lak mYycMnYnrbs yuvCn..>.RkúmTaMgena¼ RtÚv áneK .Kitfa man {kas

eRcIn kñúg karCYbRbT¼ nwgbBaHa.... ehIynigBak B&n§eTAnwgskmμPaBhigßa...¦k¾skmμPaB rMxan..>. Ca tYyag Rkúm

yuvCnCnCatiPaKticsigh:alIs. .(Singalese).. nigtamil . (Tamil).enARb eTs RsIlg;a.RtÚv áneFVIkar sikßa

Rsav RCav eday .hVÚlW. .(Fuller K¿s¿1995). >..rWÉ.RbInan´ .h:alvin. (Brennan‑Galvin K¿s¿2002).áneFVIkar

Bicar Na eTA elIGRtaGMeBIhigßaeLIgx<s enAkñúgcMeNamyuvCn .ehIyCaBiess kñúgcMeNam yuvCn enAlIv

ekμg@..> ehIy .eh:alsþÚn.(Goldstone K¿s¿.1991.nigK¿s¿2002.TM¿.TI10). rkeXIjbBaHaCaeRcInenAkñúg. . ²kar

ekIneLIg yag rh&s éncMnYnyuvCnEdlmankarGb rMx<s .. EdlsSitenAkñúgsg:mEdlmanrcnasm<&n§d¾man

kRmit mYy rbs´ RkúmvrCn³ > .

karviPaKxagelIen¼ KUsbBa¢ak GMBIEpñkxø¼ @éncMnYnRbCaCnEdlGacmaneKcab GarmμN_.. >.EpñkTaMg

en¼ rYmman½.RkúmyuvCnbursminTan´ erobkar.RkúmyuvCncu¼ eQμa¼ cUleronfñak´ «tþmsikßa.nigRkúmyuvCn

TaMgBIrePTEdlenAlIvbuEnþmincUlsalaeron.. .>.. CatYyag.eyIgnwgeXIjfakñúgcMeNamyuvCnburs enAkñúg

RbeTs }NÐÚensIukñúgkMlugTsvtß.. 70.manGRtaekIneLIgrYmman½.. 23% .sRmab cMnYnRbCaCnsrub.36%

sRmab bursv&yekμgGayucab BI. 15. dl .19. ÌñaM ..54%. sRmab bursekμgTaMg.ena¼ Edlrs enA TIRkúg yakata

(Jakarta) .EdlCaTIRkúgFMmYymanRbCaCnrs enAeRcIn..56%. sRmab bursenAlIvekμg@enAkñúgTIRkúg yakata

nig..121% .. sRmab´ bursenATIRkúg. y¨akata. .EdlenAlIvekμg@áncu¼ eQμa¼ cUleron.. >

EpñkÉeTotenAkñúgCMBUken¼ nwgerobrab´ GMBIcMNucdUcxageRkam..½..1).xJú MnwgeFVIkarsikßaBIlMdab´

186 CMBUk TI 4

lMeday fñak´ Catiénkarpøas´ bþÚrRbCasa®sþEdlmanlkçN£ CaRbB&n§.. >.. karpøas´ bþÚren¼ .. KWCakar bBa©ÚlKña

xagRbCa sa®sþ d¾sMxan enATUTaMgGasuI.kñúgkMlugeBlcugeRkaysTvtßTI.. 20.( mCÄmNÐlbs©wmbUBa’.(East‑

West Center). K¿s¿2002.CuMvijbnÞat´ .. 15).. >.RTg´ RTay sMxan´ @fñak´ CatiénPaBdUcKña nigxusKña.ekItecjBI

eBl evla én karpøas´ bþÚrRbCasa®sþepßg@Kña enARKb´ TIkEnøgenAGasIu.ehIybBaHaen¼ man}T§iBl eTA elI

eBl evla énr lkGayukMBugekItman. rYmman rlkGayuEdleyIgehAfakarpÞú¼ eLIgéncMnYnyuvCn.( Tulca..

Bulkar Tulja.pulkar kMBugeá¼ Bum<pßay)(4)>

bnÞab mkeyIgnwgeFVIkarsikßaeTAelIkarbMEbkecjnUvcMnYnyuvCntamCnbT.. nigcMnYnyuvCn enA TI

Rkú g . .ehIynigkarbMEbkecjnUvEpñkEdlmanRbCaCnrs enAeRcInéncMnYnyuvCnenA.TIRkúg.. >... karbMEbk

ecj en¼ nwgpþl´ [nUvTRmg´fñak´ CatiCak´ lak´ énkMeNInyuvCn... nigGRtakMeNIn.yuvCn.k¾dUcCakarpþl´ [

nUv cMNuc sMxan´ tamtMbn´ EdlCaPsþútag.. >. . dUcen¼ eyIgGaceFVIkar eRbób eFob rvag kmøaMg RbCasa®sþ én

kar pøas bþÚr RbCasa®sþCatimYy.eTAnwgdMeNIrkarcMNak RsúkBICnbTeTAkan TIRkúg .enAtam bNþa RbeTs

nImYy@..> .. eyIg k¾GaceFVIkareRbób eFobrvagTMhM... nigsar£ sMxan rbs ktþaTaMgBIren¼ .kñúgkarkMNt bmaN-

PaKyuvCn nig GRtakMeNInyuvCnEdl.Ca sUcnakrbzmBIrcMeBa¼ karekIneLIgéncMnYnyuvCn.. >

edayánBinitüeTAelIRbCasa®sþsMxan EdlCamUldæanénkarekIneLIgényuvCnTIRkúgen¼ rYc mk

eyIg nwgeFVIkarBinitüeLIgvijeTAelIRbCasa®sþsg:mEdlmankarpøas bþÚrcMeBa¼ yuvC nenAGasuI.. >.ehIy

eyIg k¾BinitüyagCak lak eTAelIninakarcm,gBIr½.1).karpøas bþÚrBIkarerobkar.eBlmanGayuekμg.eTAkar

erob kareBlmanGayueRcInvij... nigcMnYn%rbs yuvCnenAlIv.. . EdlekIneLIgx<s eBldEdlKña en¼ Edr..>.

2). karpøas´ bþÚreTArkkarcu¼ eQμa¼ cUleronfñak´ «tþmsikßa.enAkñúgcMeNamyuvCn.. >.. ninakar TaMg BIr en¼

k¾áneKcgRkgCaÉksarsRmab´ RKb´ RbeTs.enA.tMbn´ GasuIen¼ .ehIyk¾CaÉksarsRmab´ yuvCn TaMg BI r

ePT enAkñúgRbeTsnImYy@pgEdr..>

.(eyagtam.tarag .1£ .sUcnakr énbERmbRmÜl TI Rkúg enAtamRbeTs GasIu mYy cMnYn .BI. K¿s¿.1950-2000.(%)

186 CMBUk TI 4

RbeTs 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

éf

tMbnTIRkúg 10/5 12/5 13/3 17/0 18/7 21/6

GRtakMeNIntam tMbn´

.. tM bn´TI Rkúg 4/4 3/5 5/5 2/8 2/3 2/7

tMbnCnbT 2/4 2/9 2/5 1/6 0/8 0/3

smamaRt én cMnYn RbCaCn TI Rkúg fñakCati

éncMnYnsrub. 750¿000 .. ¦k¾ eRcInCagen¼64/9 65/1 65/5 59/3 56/7 54/9

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 187

sm:al £ .(b) nig.(c).CaGRtaRbcaMÌñaM kñúgkMlug..5.. ÌñaM dMbUgénkMlugeBlEdlánbgHaj/.(d).karkMNt TMhM

rbs´ TIkEnøg KWeFVIeLIg enAkñúg. K¿s¿. 1995 . eyag£

(a).Gg:karshRbCaCati.. (K¿s¿.2001) .tarag.A¿2/.

RbeTs 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

}NÐÚensIu

tMbn´TIRkúg 12/4 14/6 17/1 22/2 30/6 40/9

GRtakMeNIntam tMbn

tM bn´TI Rkúg 3/3 3/7 4/9 5/3 4/6 3/6

tMbn´CnbT 1/4 1/8 1/8 1/0 0/04 -0/6

smamaRt én cMnYn RbCaCn TI Rkúg fñakCati

éncMnYnsrub. 750¿000 .. ¦k¾ eRcInCagen¼14/7 19/1 19/1 17/9 13/7 12/7

RbeTs 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

hVIlIBIn

tMbn´TIRkúg 27/1 30/3 33/0 37/5 48/8 58/6

GRtakMeNIntam tMbn

tM bn´TI Rkúg 3/7 3/8 4/2 5/2 4/4 3/1

tMbn´CnbT 2/2 2/6 1/9 0/6 0/2 -0/06

smamaRt én cMnYn RbCaCn TI Rkúg fñakCati

éncMnYnsrub. 750¿000 .. ¦k¾ eRcInCagen¼27/1 27/2 28/6 33/0 26/9 24/4

RbeTs 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

kUer¨xagt,Úg

tMbn´TIRkúg 21/4 27/2 40/7 56/9 73/8 81/9

G RtakMeNIntam tMbn

tM bn´TI Rkúg 3/7 5/7 5/3 4/0 2/1 1/4

tMbn´CnbT 0/2 1/3 -0/6 -2/8 -2/7 -2/6

smamaRt én cMnYn RbCaCn TI Rkúg fñakCati

éncMnYnsrub. 750¿000 .. ¦k¾ eRcInCagen¼23/5 34/1 40/9 38/2 33/3 25/8

188 CMBUk TI 4

(b).Gg:karshRbCaCati.(K¿s¿.2001).tarag.A¿6

(c).Gg:karshRbCaCati.(K¿s¿.2001).tarag.A¿15/

(d).Gg:karshRbCaCati.(K¿s¿.2001).tarag.A¿15

Éksarrbs .hßiNUs_ .. nigkaámaLan. (Kabamalan K¿s¿1998a.. nigK¿s¿1998b).. >.. kmøaMg rYm rbs

ninñakar TaMgBIren¼ . .EdlmantYnaTIkñúgkarkMNt´ RTg´ RTaysg:myuvCn.RtÚv ánelIkyk.mkbgHaj enA

kñúgCMBUken¼ sRmab RbeTssMxan @TaMgbYn.. >.enAeBlEdlktþaTaMgen¼ ekIteLIgdM Nal Kña. kar rYm bBa©Úl

Kña r v agkMeNInyuvCn... nigkarpøas´ bþÚrsg:mGacmanlkçN£ y¨agBiessEdl... facMnYnmankarekIn eLIg

CabnþbnÞab´ .eRbób dUcCaBaküEdlfa. rlkeRkayRcanrlkmux.. >.. .CafμImþg.eTot.eyIgeXIjfaninñakar

nImYy@ manPaBsem,ImNas .ehIyGacrYmbBa©ÚlKñayagxøaMgkøabMput... enAkñúgtMbn TIRkúg. . nigtMbn Edl man

RbCaCn rs´ enAeRcIn.. >.. b¨uEnþCadMbUgen¼ .eyIgRtÚvEteFVIkarrMlwkeLIgvijnUvvis&yBIrénkarpøas´ bþÚrRbCa

sa®sþ enAGasIu.. >.. vis&yTaMgBIren¼ rYmman½.. 1).nKrUbnIykmμy¨agrh&s.nig.2).cMNakRsúkrbs´ yuvCn

sMedAeTATIRkúg.. >

bERmbRmÜltMbn TIRkúg.. nigyuvCnenAGasIuesÞIrEtenACMuvijTVIbGasuI.cMnYnRbCaCnenAtambNþaTIRkúgTUeTA.. nigCaBiess enAtam TIRkúg FM@. man kar ekIn

eLIg yag xøaMg.. ( Gg:karshRbCaCati.K¿s¿.. 2001.. nigrbs mCÄ mNÐledIm,IkartaMg lMenArbs mnusß Cati

rbs Gg:karshRbCaCati. K¿s¿.1996).. >.. bdivtþn_ én cMnYnRbCaCnenAtamtMbn TIRkúgánekIteLIgenA kñúg

ry£ eBld¾xøIenAkñúgkMlugvK:Bak´ kNþalTIBIr.énstvtßTI.. 20.dUcEdlánbgHajedaysUcnakren A kñúg

tarag.. 1 .cMeBa¼ RbeTsTaMgbYnEdleyIg.kMBugeFVIkarBinitü emIlenATIen¼(5)>.enAkñúgRbeTséf.. . nig RbeTs

hVIlIBInkRmitnKrUbnIykmμán eLIgeTVdgkñúgkMlugeBl.50.. ÌñaM en¼ .edaycab epþImBIkRmitTabmYy enA kñúg

RbeTs éf..nigkRmitx<s´ mYyenAkñúgRbeTshVIlIBIn.dUcEdlánbgHajrYcmkehIyena¼ ..>. ehIykRmit

TaMg ena¼ ánekIndl . eTA.. 22%. enAtMbn TIRkúgkñúgRbeTséf.nig. 59% . enARbeTshVIlIBIn..>.. kRmit nKrUb-

nIykm μ enA RbeTs}NÐÚensIuk¾mankRmitTabEdrenAK¿s¿.1950..buEnþkRmiten¼ ánekIn eLIgbI dgmun K¿s¿.

2000..> .. nKrUb nIykmμBiessenARbeTskUer¨xagt,ÚgánctuKuNdl eTA.. 82% ..munK¿s¿.2000.. >

cMnYnCaPaKry énnKrUbnIykmμEdlekIneLIgCak EsþgNas .qøú¼ bBa©aMgGMBIGRtakMeNIn. cMnYn RbCa

Cn enAtamtMbn TIRkúgmanlkçN£ eRcInCagtMbn CnbT..>... CakarRbesIrmYyEdleyIgKYEtkt sm:al GMBI

RTg RTay TMhMTaMgen¼ .. .eRBa¼ eyIgGacnwgeFVIkareRbób eFobGRtakMeNInCaRkúmrbs yuvCnTIRkúgenA eBl

eRkayeTot.. >.. enATIEnøg.. nigry£ kalEdlxJúMkMBugeFVIkarBiBN’naen¼ . GRtaenACnbTEtgEt Tab Cag GRta

enATIRkúg.ehIyGRtaTaMgena¼ eLIg..¦ Føak´ cu¼ eTAtamkarpøas´ bþÚrRbCasa®sþCati.. >..CatYy¨ag.. GRta kMeNIn

tamCnbTenARbeTséf.ánekIneLIgdl´ cMNucx<s´ bMputenA.TsvtßTI..60. .kñuúgkRmit..2/9%.. kñúgmYy ÌñaM

ehIymankarFøak cu¼ mkvijenAeBlGRtakMeNItCatiFøak .cu¼ .( NUEdl.(Knodel camrat riTi§rug. (Chamrathrithi‑

rong) .nigedávalIy¨a. (Debavalya).K¿s¿.1987.nigÉksarrbs´ .cUn... nigGñkniBn§ÉéTeTot. (Jones et al)

188 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 189

K¿s¿. 1997).> .GVI. EdlKY[cab GarmμN_ ena¼ ... KWGRtakMeNIntamCnbT... suT§EtánekIneLIgdl kRmitx<s

bMput e nA tam bNþa RbeTsTaMgmUlen¼ enAkñúgstvtßEtmYy.. >.. b¨uEnþkRmiten¼ manlkçN£ TabeRcInenA

RbeTs }NÐÚensIu. .. nigkUer¨xagt,Úg.CagenARbeTséf. .nighVIlIBIn.. >

taragTI.. 2. £. .sUcnakr énkMeNIn TIRkúg .. nig tYnaTI cMNakRsúkenAtambNþaTIRkúg mYycMnYnenAGasIu .. K¿s¿

1950-2000

TIRkúg .. nigsUcnakr 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

TIRkúgágkk

(tYelx).. srubyuvCn(a) 1¿360

(b)

2¿151 3¿110

516

4¿723

1¿293

5¿901

1¿293

7¿281

GRtakMeNIn (PaKry RbcaM ÌñaM )

srubyuvCn(c)

(d)

cMNakRsúkKit CaPaK ry én kMeNIn

TIRkúg TaMg Gs (e) 501 592

.ágkk (f) 429 508

TIRkúg déT eTot (g) 501 458

PaKryéncMnYn RbCaCnEdleFIVcMNakRsúk (h) 203 207

TIRkúgy¨akata

(tYelx).. srubyuvCn(a)1¿452

(b)

2¿679 3¿916

946

5¿985

1¿560

7¿650

2¿035

11¿018

GRtakMeNIn (PaKry RbcaM ÌñaM )

srubyuvCn(c)

(d)

cMNakRsúkKit CaPaK ry én kMeNIn (e)

TIRkúg TaMg Gs (f) 35¿4

ágkk (g) 31¿2

TIRkúg déT eTot (h)

190 CMBUk TI 4

eyag .£ ..( a).1950-1980 ..ÉksarBIGg:karshRbCaCati (1985. ).taragTI1 .. ¦ ánBIráykarN_ CMerOn /.

(b).ykBIráykarN_ CMerOn/.(c).nig.(d).ánmkBIkareFVItYelxBI. (a).nig. (b)/. (e).1960-1970. nig .1970-

1980 . ánBI ESCAP.(1988)/. (f).nig. (g).1960-1970.ánBI. ESCAP (1988) .tarag17/. (h)

ánBI.ESCAP. (1988).tarag.2

sm:al´ £ . (e)/. (f).nig. (g).mankarERbRbÜltamkarkMNt´ saCafµI

eKalbMNgrbs eyIgKWeyIgcab GarmμN_ faGRtakMeNInenAtMbn TIRkúgáneLIgdl cMnucx<s bMput

enAkñúgTsvtßTI.. 60. (enARbeTskUer¨ xagt,Úg ).enAkñúg TsvtßTI..70 .(enA RbeTs éf). nig enA kñúg Tsvtß

TI..80.. (enA RbeTs}NÐÚensIu... nighVIlIBIn)..>.GRtakMeNInen¼ Gacqøú¼ bBa©aMgGMBIkarFøak .cu¼ énGRtapøas lMenA

enATIRkúgsrub.. dUcEdlnwgelIkykmkbgHajenAEpñkxageRkayeTotkñúg.CMBUken¼ .. >.. bu¨EnþGRta kMeNIn

en¼ BitCaqøú¼ bBa©aMgCacm,gGMBIkarGn fyénGRtakMeNItCatiTaMgmUl.. >.eyagtamkarBN’na.GRta kMeNIn

enA kñúgTsvtßTI.. 70. .nigenAkMlugeBlmunena¼ .eRBsÞún.(Preston.K¿s¿.1979).ánkt´ sm:al´ fa kMeNIn

cMnYn RbCaCnTUeTA.. . KWCaktþacm,gTak TgeTAnwgkMeNInTIRkúg.ehIyninakarEdlRtÚv ánbgHaj Ca bnþ bnÞab

BitCaKaMRTkarkMNt edayeRBsÞún .en¼ Emn.. >.. CacugbBa©b .eyIgkt sm:al faGRta kMeNIn enATI Rkúg RbcaM

ÌñaM x<s bMputekIneLIgeRcInCag.5%.ehIyenARbeTséf.. nigRbeTskUerxagt,Úg.GRtakMeNInen¼ ekIn dl

.. ¦ elIs.5/5 %.. >.. lkçN£ rbs´ tMbn´ TIRkúgTaMgen¼ manPaBxusEbøkBIKñay¨agKYr[kt´ sm:al´.. > .. Rbma N

Ca.BI.. 1. PaK. 8 .dl´ .. 1. PaK. 3énGñkrs´ enATIRkúg. KWrs´ enAkñúgTIRkúgFM@EdlmancMnYnRbCa Cn 750¿000 .¦

eRcIn Ca gen¼.. sUmemIltarag. 1.CYr(d). >.krNIelIkElgKWcMeBa¼ tMbn´ TIRkúgFM@énRbeTs éf .Edl.qøú¼

bBa©aMgBI}T§iBld¾xøaMgkøarbs Rkúgágkk.taMgBIburaN.. nignaeBlbc©úb,nñ.. (eyagtamÉksar rbs esÞIn-

sþaj. (Sternstein) K¿s¿.1982.nigrbs´ Gas:_ KU. (Askew) K¿s¿.2002). ehIynigqøú¼ bBa©aMg GMBIcMnYn RbmaN

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sRmab RbeTsTaMgen¼ .ehIyk¾sRmab RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGasuIEdr.. .kMNt sm:al d¾sMxan mYy. KW. kar ekIn

e LIgx øaMgrYcehIyFøak´ cu¼ mkvijénbmaNPaKnKrUbnIykmμenA. TIRkúgFM@.edaysarkarQan eTA mux én

stvtßTI20(6)>

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190 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 191

tarag. 3 . £ .pleFobrvagGRtacMNakRsúkBI CnbT eTA TI RkúgCamYy.. nigRkúmGayuCak lak . enAtambNþa GasIu

mYy cMnYn.. nigenAtamry£ kal.. nigePT

eyag. £ .tamÉksarrbs´ .sigEh:lEmn. (Singelman K¿s¿.1993).tarag.. 10

sm:al´ . £ .. taragen¼ bgHajEtGRtasRmab´ Rkúm Gayu. .15-19. .. nig.20-24.. b¨ueNÑa¼ . . ehIynigsRmab´

Rkúm epßg eTot EdlGRta esµI.. ¦ eRcInCagRkúm TaMgBIren¼ .. >.TaMgen¼.. KWCakará¨n´ sµaneday eRbI viFIsa®sþ

CMerOn eFob Gñk enA rs´ manCIvit.. >

RbeTs/. ry£ kal . . nig ePT 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

}NÐÚensIu

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1970-1980

Rbús 13¿615¿2 7¿3

RsI 7¿0 16¿2 10¿8 4¿1 6¿1 5¿0 4¿7

kUer¨xagt,Úg

1960-1970 30¿3 33¿1 29¿9 39¿9

1970-1980 34¿3 43¿5 31¿8 31¿8

hVIlIBIn

1970-1980 16¿4 13¿5

Rbús

RsI 20¿4 23¿1 9¿4

éf

1970-1980

Rbús 7¿8 10¿6 7¿4

RsI 9¿9 11 8¿2

192 CMBUk TI 4

GRtaCakEsþgénkarERbRbÜlcMnYnRbCaCnenAtMbn TIRkúgkñúgkMlugeBlEdlánbgHajmken¼ . min

kRmit esμInwgkMeNIncMnYnRbCaCnenATIRkúgEdlánbgHajmkena¼ ... (eyagtamÉksar rbs´ Gg:karsh

RbCa Cati . K¿s¿.1980.nigeyagtamkarBiPaKßaenAkñúgÉksarrbs´ .RbÚkXWhUv. (Brockerhoff) K¿s¿. 2000.

tarag1)(7).>. .mUlehtusRmab PaBminesIμKñaen¼ rYmman½.1). dMeNIredIrfy eRkayénmaRkÚesdækic©.eTAkan

kMeNIn «sßah kmμtamtMbm´ TIRkúg.. 2)karpøas´ bþÚrlkçnþik£ EdlmanPaBRbesIrsRmab´ vis&y ksikmμ. . . nig

3). karfycu¼ énGRtakMeNIncMnYnRbCaCnfñak Cati. EdlCaktþamYyd¾sMxan kñúgkMeNIntMbn TIRkúg mun K¿s¿.

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cMnYnRbCaCnenAtamCnbTman. eRcInRbhak´ RbEhleTAnwgTIRkúgEdrena¼ .. .sUm,IEtGRta cMNak RsúkBI

Cn bT eTATIRkúgd¾tUcmYy.. .k¾GaceFVI[mansmamaRtFMeTAelIcMnYnRbCaCnenAtamTIRkúgEdr..> .b¨uEnþ enA

eBl Edr bmaNPaK.TIRkúgekIneLIg.GRtacMNakRsúkeTAkan´ TIRkúgdEdlen¼ .. beg;It [ man }T§iBl sþÜc

esþIg eTA.elIcMnYntMbn´ TIRkúg.. >.

dMNak´ kalcugeRkayéndMeNIrkaren¼ KWkRmitefréncMnYnRbCaCnenAtamCnbT.sUm,IEtkar cab´

epþIménkarFøak cu¼ enAtamtMbn CnbTkþI.. >.. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdleyIgeFVIkarepþatsMxan ena¼ .mancMNuc

rbt CaRbvtiþsa®sþmYyEdlCakarFøak cu¼ yagxøaMgéncMnYnRbCaCnenAtamtMbn CnbT.cab epþImenAkñúg kMlug

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fa nwg ekIteLIgenA.. K¿s¿ .. 2000-2005.enARbeTshVIlIBIn .. nig K¿s¿.2010-2015.enARbeTséf(8)>.

yuvCnenAkñúgRbB&n§GenþaRbevsn_ Cati}LÚven¼ eyIgsUvbEgVrmkcMNucEdlmankarcab GarmμN_ KWelItMbn cMnYnbYnEdlmanRbCaCneRcInvij..>

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enA kñúg TIRkúgTaMgen¼ ... ehIynigGRtakMeNInéncMnYnyuvCnEdlBak´ B&n§.. >.. Tinñn&yTaMgena¼ TTYlán B I

ráy karN_ CMerOnsRmab kalbriecäTmYycMnYn.. >.. enAkñúgkalnImYy@.cMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCn enATIRkúg FM@

man kMeNIn yag qab rh&s.. .eRbób eTAnwgcMnYnRbCaCnsrubenA.kñúgTIRkúgFM@TaMgena¼ .Edlcab taMg BI eBl

ena¼ mk áncu¼ TabeTAehIy.. >.enARkúgágkk... nigy¨akata.ehtukarN_ en¼ ekIteLIg enAkñúg kMlug

192 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 193

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Rkúg manIl. ehtu karN_ en¼ e kIteLIgenAkñúgkMlug TsvtßTI.. 60.. muneBlEdlkMenInRbCaCnsrub enA Rkúg

án ekIneLIgdl kRmitx<s bMput.. >. .enA RkúgesG‘Ul.ehtukarN_ Ebben¼ minGac[eKemIlyl yagc,as

ena¼ eT... ebIeyag tamTinñn&y.Edlmanena¼ ... BIeRBa¼ faPaKeRcInénehtukarN_ en¼ GacekIteLIg.(rYcmk

ehIy).muneBlEdlkMrg Tinñn&y RtÚváneKRbmUlykmk.. >

karcUlrYmrbs cMNakRsúkeTAelIkarERbRbÜlcMnYnRbCaCnEbben¼ Gac[eK eFVIkar BN’na án Et

enAkñúg n&yTUlMTUlayEtb¨ueNÑa¼ . .. .dUecñ¼ ánedaysarEtkará¨n´ sμanEtb¨ueNÑa¼.. >.. . karvas´ sÞg´ sMNak

Rsúk .. nigkarbgHajBIcMNakRsúkCalkçN£ CaRbB&n§rbs´ RbCasa®sþCati.KWmin.manxñat .(sþg´ dar).dUckar

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eyIg eFVI kar sikßa.. >

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á¨n´ sμanTaMgen¼ .RtÚvánpþl´ [eday.sigEh:lEmn .(Singel‑man K¿s¿.1993)..>. .kará¨n´ sμanrbs´ Kat´

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eKal bMNg enAeBlen¼ .xJú M.sUmbgHajEtBIGRtaRkúm GayuBI15-19.nig. 20-24.sRmab´ ePTnImYy@ Et

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Edr ... buEnþedaymankarcUlrYmyagskmμBI bNþaRkúm GayuepßgeTot..>. Rkúm cMNakRsúkmk kan TI Rkúg enA

194 CMBUk TI 4

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.TilcüaBul kar. (Tuljapulkar). EdlkMBugeá¼ Bum<pßay).. >.

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enAkñúgstvtßTI.. 20. .nigenAkñúgRtImasdMbUgénstvtßTI.. 21. >.yuvCnGasuImancMnYn.. 239.. la nnak´ enA.

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194 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 195

tarag .. 4. £ .sUcnakr én RbCasa®sþyuvCn kñúg kMlug eBl dMeNIrkar pøas´ bþÚr RbCa sa®sþ enAtambNþa sg:m

eyag. £ .tamÉksarrbs´ .sigEh:lEmn (Singelman K¿s¿.1993).tarag. 10

sm:al . £ . taragen¼ bgHajEtGRtasRmab Rkúm Gayu.. 15-19.nig.20-24..bueNÑa¼ .. ehIynigsRmab Rkúm

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eFob Gñk enA rs´ manCIvit. >

tMbn´sg:m

ÌñaM énkar Føak

cu¼ GRta

kMeNIt

(kal briec©T)

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bERmbRmÜl

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(cMnYnÌñaM)

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x<sbMput én cMnYn

RbCa Cn

srub.(K¿s¿)

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PaKryén

kMeNIn RbCa Cn

Cayuvnkñúg kMlug

eBl bERmbRmÜl

RbCasa®sþ

saMg h:a BYr 1959 16 1969 1978 1980 112

hug kug 1960 20 1970 1950 1980 220

kUer¨ xag t,Úg 1962 23 1974 1980 1981 83

RsI lg;a 1962 43 1975 1980 2002 90

PIlI BIn 1963 66 1974 1977 2021 259

RBúyeN 1965 55 1970 1980 2012 443

ét v¨an´ 1965 18 1960 1980 1980 54

m¨ aeL sIu 1966 49 1970 1980 2015 194

éf Lg 1968 32 1973 1986 1992 109

cin 1969 21 1984 1987 1989 97

}NÐa 1973 47 1977 1984 2014 106

PUma 1976 49 1985 1994 2001 117

bgkøaeds 1981 34 1995 2002 2004 78

eNá¨l´ 1988 42 2001 2007 2032 127

á¨KIsSan 1990 40 2005 2010 2033 100

196 CMBUk TI 4

eLIgdl´ ... 3897.. lannak´ .esμInwg..39% .. en¼ ebIeyagtamkarsikßarbs´ Gg:kar shRbCaCati.>

TnÞwm .eBl en¼ Edr.cMnYnyuvCnGasuInwgekInRtwmEt. 25%. b¨ueNÑa¼.. >... bmaNPaKyuvCnéncMnYnRbCaCn

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2025..> .enAkñúgn&yCak´ lak´ bMputcMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCnenAGasuInwgekIneLIgdl´ cMNucx<s´ bMput rvag

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segçbtamtMbn´ en¼.. >.Rkúm rlkGayuRtÚvánkMNt´ edaykarERbRbÜlénGRtaekIt.. nigGRta.søab´ Pøam@

ehIy bTBiesaF énkarERbRbÜlTaMgen¼ manPaBxusKñaenAbNþaRbeTsenAGasuI.. > .enA kñúg cMeNam sg:m

TaMg..16.. EdlkarFøak´ cu¼ dMbUgénGRtaekItRtÚvánkMNt´ edaymankalbriecäT.c,as´ las´ ena¼(11).man

cMnYn .11.. EdlmanlkçN£ esμIKñakñúgkMlugeBlBIK¿s¿.. 1959... (enARbeTssigHburI). rhUtdl´ K¿s¿.1970

(enA RbeTs}NÐÚensIu).. >.ehIyeyIgmankalbriecäTdMbUgBIrenAkñúg TsvtßÌñaM . 70. .(enARbeTs}NÐa.. nig

mIy¨an´ m¨a. ¦ PUma).BIrenAkñúgTsvtßÌñaM.. 80.(enARbeTsbg´ køaeds.. nig ená¨l´ ). .nigmYyenAkñúgTsvtß ÌñaM

90.(enARbeTsbg køaeds).. >. .karC¼ }T§iBlrbs bERmbRmÜl RbCasa®sþmkelIkarbeg;ItRkúm rlk Gayu.

Epðk eTA el IfaetIGRtaekItFøak´ cu¼ xøaMgy¨agNa.(sMxan´ ena¼ .. KWEpðkeTAelIkRmitdMbUgrbs´ GRtaekItena¼ )

nig faetI GRtaekItFøak´ cu¼ elOny¨agNa.. >.enATUTaMg.GasuIGRtaekItFøak´ cu¼ BIkRmitepþImdMbUg¾x<s´ .. >. .sg:m

GasuI man PaBxusKñaenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénPaBERb RbÜlTaMgena¼ .manCatYy¨agBIkarERbRbÜly¨agelOn

enAtamtMbn .(dMbUgeLIyenARbeTskUerxag.t,Úg.. .RbeTssigHburI... TIRkúghugkug.... nigeka¼ étvan ... ehIynig

fμI@ en¼ enA.RbeTséf.nigRbeTscin). rhUtdl´ karERbRbÜlyWt@enARbeTs}NÐa.RbeTsm¨aeLsuI.nig

RbeTs hVIlIBIn.. >. .tamkarán sμanTaMgen¼ .kMlugeBlénGRtaekItrbs PaBERbRbÜlRbCasa®sþen¼ man

BI..16 .eTA .66..ÌñaM .(eday eRbób eFobRbeTssigHburI.CamYynwgRbeTshVIlIBIn)>

196 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 197

KMnUs.1.£ .dMNak´ kalénkarekIneLIgényuvCnkñúgbERmbRmÜl RbCasa®sþenAtamRbeTscMnYnbYn enA

GasuI

kMeNInyuvCneFVI[manTMhMd¾FMCageKenAeBlEdlkarERbRbÜlEdleTIbEteFVIkar BN’naen¼ .man

PaB rh&s.. nigsMxan´ .. >.. ehIybEnSmelIen¼ eTot.}T§iBlrbs´ kMeNInen¼ Cak´ Esþg bMputenAeBlEdl

kmøaMg raraMgeFVIskmμPaB.. >.. bTsegçbsþIBIbTBiesaF bEnSmeTot.manenAkñúg tarag.. 4.EdlBN’naBI RbeTs

sMxan´ bYnrbs´ eyIgenAkñúgKMnUs.. 1..>.enAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgbYn.. RbeTs kUer¨ xagt,Úg bgHaj y¨ag lð

Rb esIr CageKnUvbERmbRmÜlRbCasa®sþy¨agqab´ rh&sEdl bNþalmkBIkRmitGRtakMeNItx<s´ ... Edl

naM[ man kMenIn yuvCnKYr[kt´ sm:al´ EdlkMNt´ edaysUcnakrcMnYnBIrrYmmanGRtakMeNInyuvCn e kIn

eLIg .. nig bmaN PaKyuvCnéncMnYnRbCaCnsrub... ehIynigkMNt´ edayRBwtþikarN_ CaxñatKMrUcMnYnbI.. .> ...

198 CMBUk TI 4

RBwtþi karN_ xñatKMrUTaMgbIen¼ rUmman.½.. 1).. kar dl cMNucx<s bMputénGRtakMeNInyuvCn.(enAK¿s¿.1974)..2)

kar eLIgdl´ cMNucx<s´ bMputénbma NPaKyuvCnéncMnYnRbCaCnsrub.(enAK¿s¿.1980).nig.3).. kareLIg

dl´ cMNuc x<s´ bMputéncMnYnbribUr rbs´ yuvCn.(enAK¿s¿.1981).. >.tamTsßn£ neyaáy.mankar sRmbd¾

rdib rdb´ mYy enA.kñúgtYelxTaMgen¼ ... BIeRBa¼ karERbRbÜly¨agrh&sTaMgen¼ mankarcMNayeTAelIsg:m

nig ehdæa rcna sm<&n§. . (man Ca tYyag dUcCa.karekIneLIgrYcFøak cu¼ vijnUvtRmÚvkarénkarsagsg sala eron)

b¨uEnþ BitCa rkßa án nUvcMnYn yuvCn [enAkñúgkMNt´ mYy.. >. .dUcen¼ ehIycMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCnenA. RbeTs

kUer ¨xag t,Úg ekIn eLIg RtwmEt.83% .b¨ueNÑa¼ enAkñúgkMlugeBlERbRbÜlRbCasa®sþrbs´ . RbeTsen¼.. >

bTBiesaF pÞúyBIen¼ énbERmbRmÜlyWt@RtÚvánbgHaj[eXIjenAtambNþaRbeTs. dUcCa RbeTs

m¨aeLsuI... nigRbeTsená¨l´ ... ehIynigenAkñúgcMeNambNþaRbeTsTaMgbYnrbs´ eyIgKWbgHajtamry£

RbeT s hVIlIBIn.. >. .RbeTshVIlIBIncab´ epþImmanbERmbRmÜlGRtakMeNItrbs´ xøÜndMbUg.. .taMgBIyUmkemø¨¼ .

en¼ ebIeyagtamkará¨n´ sμanEdlmankarTTYls:al´ y¨agTUlMTUlayEdlxJúMkMBugEtykmkeFVICaGMN¼

GMNag. b¨uEnþ cMnYnényuvCnEdlmankRmitx<s´ bMputena¼ nwgminmanena¼ eT..>. .CatYy¨agenAkñúgkMlug eBl

TaMg mUl én kar ERbRbÜl en¼ .cMnYnyuvCnenARbeTshVIlIBIn.nwg ekIneLIgdl eTA... 259%.. >

en¼ KWCakMeNInyuvCntammaRtdæanfñak CatienATUTaMgGasuI..>. .CYnkalGRtakMeNInényuvCnekIn dl

kRmitd¾x<s´ .EdlGaccat´ Tukfax<s´ CagGRtakMeNInéncMnYnyuvCnTaMgmUl.. >..mü¨agvij eTot.bmaNPaK

yuv Cn EdlánbgHaj[eXIjenAkñúgKMnUs.. 1... CaTUeTAsSitenAkRmitx<s Cag. bmaNPaKyuvCnenATUTaMg

mCÄwm bUBa’.EdlánTTYlkarcab GarmμN_ yageRcIn.. >. taragsþIGMBI bmaNPaKyuvCnsRmab bNþaRbeTs

enA mCÄimbUBa’rbs´ .han´ TIgTn´ . . bgHajGMBIkRmit x<s´ bMputEdlsSitenAelIbnÞat´ .. 20% . y¨agBiák.(sUm eFVI

kar eRbób eFobÉksarrbs .han TIgTn .K¿s¿.1996.KMnUs.. 5.BITM¿.TI1-5)..>. buEnþRBwtþikarN_ énkMeNInyuv

Cn TaMg en¼ áncb´ ... ¦ k¾esÞIrEtcb´ sBVRKb´ ehIy.. enAtambNþaRbeTsPaKeRcInenAGasuInaeBlbc©úb,nñ

en¼..> . sar£ sMxan´ CaRbvtþisa®sþrbs´ RBwtþikarN_ TaMgen¼ .RtÚvánP¢ab´ CamYykarERbRbÜlRbCasa®sþdéT

eTot..>.. eday man lMnaMRbCaCatiCasMGagenAeBlen¼ .eyIgGacgakeTAbkRsayGMBIRbCasa®sþyuvCn

enA tam TI Rkúg FM@.tamtMbn TIRkúg...nigtamtMbn CnbT.EdltMbn TaMgen¼ TTYl}T§iBlBIninñakarRbCasa®sþ

Cati pg.nig BI karhUrcUlCaRbvtþisa®sþrbs´ yuvCnmkkan tMbn TIRkúgpg .. >

karhUrcUlrbs´ yuvCnmkkan tMbn´ TIRkúgenAxagedIménCMBUken¼ .eyIgánbkRsayBIbERmbRmÜltMbn TIRkúgCatienAGasuI.EdlbERmbRmÜlTaMg.ena¼

cMeBa¼ RbeTsPaKeRcIn .. ekIteLIgenAeBldMNalKña.CamYynwgbERmbRmÜlRbCasa®sþCati... ehIynigán

TTYl }T§iBlBIdMNak´ kalkMeNInd¾qab´ rh&s rbs´ dMeNIrkarbERmbRmÜlTaMgena¼ .. >. . eyIgk¾ánbgHaj

Edrfa bNþa tMbn´ TIRkúgCaTUeTACYbRbT¼ GRtaGenþaRbevsn_ kñúgRsúkx<s´ CageK bgðs´ . . y¨agCak´ lak´ ena¼ ..

KWcMeBa¼ Kmøat GayuyuvCn.. >. .CaEpñkmYyénRbCasa®sþrbs´ yuvCnTIRkúg. . eyIgmanbMNg elIg bgHaj GMBI

}T§iBl RbCa sa®sþxø¼ @énkarhUrcUltMbn TIRkúgrbs yuvCn.. >.. CMhandMbUgKW.RtÚvemIleTAelIEpñktUc@én

198 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 199

tMbn CnbT. tMbn TIRkúg... nigtMbn TIRkúgFM@.edIm,IeFVICasUcnakrénkMeNInyuvCn..>. Tinñn&yEdlmanGac[

eK bMEb k viFankarTaMgen¼ CaEpñktUc@sRmab´ . RbeTssMxan´ TaMgbYnrbs´ eyIg enAkñúgkMlugeBl BI .K¿s¿

1970 . rhUt dl K¿s¿.1990. ¦.. 1995.nigsRmab RbeTskUerxagt,Úg.. nigRbeTshVIlIBIn mun K¿s¿.1970..>

sUcna k r TaMgena¼ manenAkñúgtarag.5..>

manRTg´ RTayCaTUeTAxø¼ @enAkñúgtarag.. 5.en¼ .k¾dUcCamanlT§plBiessxø¼ @pgEdr..>.. Ca TUeTA

sUcna k r cm,génkMeNInyuvCn TaMgBIren¼ sSitenAkRmitx<s CagenAtMbn TIRkúg.. ehIykRmitx<s . TaMgena¼

KW enA kñúgtMbn´ TIRkúgFM@.. >.. .niyayrYmTaMgtMbn´ TIRkúgFM@.. nigTaMgtMbn´ TIRkúg.KWsuTV EtbgHaj BIPsþútag énk M

eNIn yuvCn xN£ eBlEdlenAtamtMbn´ CnbTkMeNInen¼ sSitenAkRmitTabfVIebIman.k¾eday..>.. KYrkt´

sm:al ´ famanEt mþg Kt .(KWenARbeTséf.K¿s¿.. 1980). .EdlbmaNPaKyuvCnenA CnbTmaneRcInCag..20%.

xN£ eBl Edl bmaN PaKyuvCnEtgEtelI..20%.. enAtMbn TIRkúgFM@... nig tMbn TIRkúgÉéTeTot.. .ehIynig

Ca Fmμta elI. . 23%. enAtamtMbn´ TIRkúgFM@.(edaymankrNIelIkElgmYy.. KWenA RbeTs kUer¨xagt,Úg .enA

K¿s¿.1995. EdlenAeBlena¼ cMnYnyuvCnmansPaBrayáy Rbhak RbEhlKñaRKb TIkEnøg).. >...enAkñúg

tarag..5.. min man k EnøgNaEdlbgHajfabmaNPaKyuvCnsSitenAeRkamkRmit. .²{nPaB³. .15%. ena¼

eLIy..>.. eyIgKYr kt sm:al fakRmitEdlenAeRkam..15% .. RtÚv áneKán sμanecjBIxñatKMrURbCasa®sþ fa

Ca sPaBFmμta én rcna sm&<n§Gayu.TaMgmun.. nig eRkayeBlERbRbÜlRbCasa®sþ.. >.. tamkarBinitüBic&y[hμt

ct´ eTA.ral´ bmaN PaKyuvCnTaMg Gs´ EdlbgHajenAkñúgtarag.5. .mankarekIneLIgx<s´ .. >

bmaNPaKyuvCnenAtamtMbn TIRkúgFM@CamFümKW..28% .. x<s CagenAtamtMbn CnbT.enA TUTaMg RbeTs

TaMg bYnEdleyIgeFVIkarsikßa..>. .en¼ qøú¼ bBa©aMgy¨agc,as GMBIkarpøas´ bþÚrmkkarhUrcUl ..>

200 CMBUk TI 4

tarag.5.£. .sUcnakr én karekIneLIgcMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgtMbn TIRkúgFM@.tMbn TIRkúgÉéTeTot... nigtMbn CnbT

enARbeTscMnYn bYn enA GasuI.tamK¿s¿.EdlmanTinñn&y.. nigBIK¿s¿.1925-1995

200 CMBUk TI 4

RbeTs ..

nig RKis:raC

bmaNPaKyuvCnéncMnYnRbCaCn GRtakMeNInéncMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCn

TUTaMg

RbeTs

tMbn´

TIRkúgFM@

tMbn´TIRkúg

ÉéTeTot

tMbn

CnbT

TUTaMg

RbeTs

tMbn

TIRkúgFM@

tMbnTIRkúg

ÉéTeTot

tMbn

CnbT

kUer¨

1925 0/176 0/213 NA NA 2/07 4/49 NA NA

1930 0/183 0/235 NA NA 1/00 2/36 NA NA

1935 0/178 0/237 NA NA -0/23 17/73 NA NA

1940 0/159 0/232 NA NA 1/43 1/13 NA NA

1945 0/169 0/227 NA NA 6/31 10/85 NA NA

1950 0/168 0/228 NA NA 2/04 1/78 NA NA

1955 0/193 0/225 0/209 0/186 1/88 7/98 1/68 2/33

1960 0/182 0/218 0/195 0/174 1/88 8/43 5/72 NA

1965 0/172 0/214 NA NA 2/28 9/12 5/99 NA

1970 0/178 0/232 0/215 0/148 5/18 5/33 7/95 -0/66

1975 0/210 0/243 0/240 0/180 2/64 3/53 5/92 -2/25

1980 0/222 0/239 0/244 0/194 0/64 1/34 3/21 -2/66

1985 0/212 0/222 0/223 0/191 0/65 0/95 3/36 -4/64

1990 0/204 0/211 0/204 0/196 -1/59 -1/98 0/60 -2/98

1995 0/183 0/199 0/184 0/165 NA NA NA NA

}NÐÚensIu

1971 0/164 0/209 0/202 0/155 4/23 5/52 7/04 1/68

1980 0/193 0/241 0/230 0/182 2/13 2/66 5/76 0/83

1990 0/196 0/247 0/229 0/180 NA NA NA NA

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 201

sm:al´ ½.cMeBa¼ B&t’mansRmab´ K¿s¿.1925-1945.sMedAeTAelItMbn´ EdlsSitenAeRkamkarRKb´ RKg

rbs´ CnCati Cb¨un.dUecñ¼ ehIysMedAeTAelI«bTVIbkUer¨¨TaMgmUl. >.na mann&yfa.minmanTinñn&y.>

eyag. ½.karKNnaTaMgen¼ eyagtamCMerOnEdlánecjpßay. >

kñúgtMbn TIRkúgBIsMNak yuvCn.. >.bmaNPaKyuvCn eRcInCageK.. KW enATIRkúgágkk. enAK¿s¿. 1980

(0/272 ) .Edlman.. 6.2% .. cMNuceBjeRcInCagtMbn CnbTRKb eBl... >

GRtakMeNInyuvCnmanRTg´ RTayRbhak´ RbEhlKñaTaMgGs´ ... eTa¼ bICaRTg´ RTayTaMgena¼ min man

sPaB eTogTat kñúgkarpøas bþÚrrbs BYkeKk¾eday.. >. .edayeyagtamlMdab dMeNIrénkar ERbRbÜlyuvCn

RbeTs ..

nig RKws:raC

bmaNPaKyuvCnéncMnYnRbCaCn GRtakMeNInéncMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCn

TUTaMg

RbeTs

tMbn´

TIRkúgFM@

tMbn´TIRkúg

ÉéTeTot

tMbn

CnbT

TUTaMg

RbeTs

tMbn

TIRkúgFM@

tMbnTIRkúg

ÉéTeTot

tMbn

CnbT

hVIlIBin

1903 0/180 0/249 NA NA 2/47 1/80 NA NA

1918 0/192 0/252 NA NA 2/66 3/48 NA NA

1939 0/199 0/239 NA NA 2/07 5/92 NA NA

1948 0/199 0.358 NA NA 2/66 1/18 NA NA

1960 0/195 0/257 NA NA 3/16 12/56 NA NA

1970 0/197 0/260 0/206 0/184 3/90 4/12 2/92 2/80

1975 0/209 0/254 0/221 0/198 2/27 2/98 6/55 0/94

1980 0/205 0/247 0/213 0/193 2/32 1/88 5/68 0/31

1990 0/205 0/224 0/210 0/197 2/03 3/41 NA NA

1995 0/200 0/222 NA NA NA NA NA NA

éfLg´

1970 0/182 0/239 0/212 0/180 4/39 9/19 3/58 2/20

1980 0/222 0/275 0/248 0/213 1/23 1/15 2/28 1/76

1990 0/206 0/247 0/211 0/200 NA NA NA NA

202 CMBUk TI 4

Edl ánBN’naBIxagelImk.eyIgdwgfaGRtakMeNInyuvCnx<s´ bMputekIteLIg enAmuneBlEdl man

bmaNPaK yuvCnx<s bMput.. >... CatYyag.bmaNPaKyuvCnx<s bMputén..0/222. .enAtMbn TIRkúgFM@enAkUer

xag t,Úg manenAK¿s¿.1980.. >.RbmaNBI.10.eTA..15.. ÌñaM munena¼ ... eKeXIj manGRtakMeNInéncMnYnRbCaCn

Ca yuvCnRbcaMÌñaM rbs RbeTsen¼ .sSitenAcenøa¼ BI.. 8% ..eTA.. 9% . . EdlCakRmitKYr[Kt sm:al Naas ..>..GRta

kMeNIn yuvCnRsedogen¼ mYyEdr manenARkúg. ágkkkñúgkMlugTsvtßTI.70.muneBlEdl bmaN PaK

yuvCn x<s´ bMputekIteLIgenAK¿s¿.1980.. >

manPaBxus@KñaKYr[cab´ GarmμN_ xø¼ Edr.kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgbYnen¼ ... >.. CatYy¨ag .. enA.RbeTs

kUer xagt,ÚgEdlkMeNInyuvCnekIteLIgenAkñúgTsvtßTI..70. .ehIysUcnakrmanlkçN£ x<s sRmab cMnYn

yuvCn rYmenAtMbn´ TIRkúgeRkABITIRkúgesG‘Ul .. >.. enAkñúgRbeTskUer¨.TaMgbma NPaKyuvCn.. . nigTaMg GRta

kMeNIn yuvCn.suT§EtmankRmitx<s´ enAtamtMbn TIRkúgEdlminmanmnusßeRcIn(12)>

KMnUs. 2. ½.sUcnakrénkMeNInyuvCnsRmab´ tMbn´ rs´ enA.edaymanB&t’manlmðitenAkUer¨xagt,Úg

BIK¿s¿.1970-1990

202 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 203

KMnUs.. 2.bgHajGMBITsßn vis&ymYyelIkmøaMgRbCasa®sþénbERmbRmÜlRbCasa®sþCati Edl RbqaMg

nwg dMeNIr karpøas bþÚrBIrCnbTeTAkan TIRkúgenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsnana.>.EpñkxagelI. énKMnUs.2. en¼ .bgHaj

[ eyIg eXIjBIcenøa¼ mYyrvagTisBIrEdlkMNt´ edaysnÞsßn_ kMeNIn yuvCnTaMgBIr CamYy.. nigB&t’man

bgHaj BItMbn nImYy@énRbeTsnImYy@.kñúgKmøatBI.K¿s¿.1970-71.rhUtdl .K¿s¿.1990.. >.. en¼ CakarCak

Esþg Nas EdlkRmitenAtMbn TIRkúgFM@enAelIsnÞsßn_ TaMgBIrx<s CagkRmitenAtamtMb CnbT yag xøaMg

eday kRmittMbn TIRkúgÉéTeTotsSitenAcenøa¼ kNþal.ehIyminmanlkçN£ xusBItMbn TIRkúgFM@bunμanena¼

eT.. >.. tMbn´ nImYy@enARbeTsnImYy@ edIrtamKnøgdUcKñaen¼ Edr... b¨uEnþtMbn´ enA kUer¨xagt,Úg.(dUcEdl án

bgHajenAEpñkxageRkaménrUb.KMnUs2).pþl´ B&t’manKYr[cab´ GarmμN_ CageKenA kñúg cMeNamRbeTs TaMg

bYnen¼ .. .BIeRBa¼ fabERm bRmÜlRbCasa®sþTaMgmUlrbs´ tMbn´ en¼ RtÚvánqøú¼ bBa©aMg TnÞwmnwgRTg´ RTayTaMg

mUl én RbCasa®sþyuvCnEdr.edayrYmTaMgRTg´ RTaytMbn´ énkMeNInRbCaCn Ca yuvCn.. >.. sBaØaRBÜjTaMg

ena¼ bgHaj GMBIKnøgéntMbn nImYy@éntMbn TaMgbI... >. . bmaNPaKyuvCnenA Cn bT mankRmitTabdUcKña. ehIy

GRta kMeNIn yuvCnenACnbTFøak´ cu¼ enAkñúgkMlugeBlBI. K¿s¿.1955-1990.(sUmeFVIkareRbób eFob ta

rag..5 sRmab´ kalbriecäTdMbUgeKbgðs´ ).. >.ehIyGRta kMeNInTaMgen¼ min mansPaBlðena¼ eTBIK¿s¿.

1970..mk. . >. TaMgtMbn TIRkúg.. nigTIRkúgFM@.manGRtakMeNInyuvCn ekIteLIgrYc ehIy Føak cu¼ vij... Edl GRta

TaMg ena¼ ekIn dl cMNucx<s bMputRbhak RbEhlKña.eTa¼ CaekIteLIgenA eBlxus@Kñak¾eday..>.. ehIy GRta

TaMgena¼ Føak cu¼ yagTab.. ¦ yagGaRkk enAeBlfμI@en¼ ..>... bmaNPaK yuvCn enAtMbn TIRkúg k¾ekIn eLIg ehIy

Føak´ cu¼ vij Edr. (cMNucx<s´ bMputrbs´ GRtaeLIg-cu¼ TaMgBIren¼ suT§EtekIteLIg enACMvijK¿s¿.1980)..>.

sRmab RbeTs bI eTot .dMeNIrRBwtþikarN_ en¼ minTan GaceFVIkar bkRsay [áneBjeljena¼ eT.ebIeyag

tam Tinñn&y Edl man Rsab´ TaMgen¼ ... b¨uEnþeyIgGacá¨nsμanfa RTg´ RTaydMeNIrkarRbhak´ RbEhlen¼

nwgekIteLIgcMeBa¼ RbeTs TaMgbIen¼ ..>

TRmgEbbbTsg:mmYyényuvCnTIRkúgenAEpñkxagedIménCMBUken¼ .eyIgánkt sm:al BIrninakarsg:mcMnYnBIrEdlmansar£ sMxan enAkñúg RbCa

sa®sþ ényuvCnGasuI...>... ninñakarTaMgBIrena¼ rUmman½.. .karpøas bþÚrTMenareTArkkarerobGaBah’ BiBah’eBl

man Gayu eRcIn.EdlTMenaren¼ eFVI[manPaKrykan EteRcIneTAelIcMnYnyuvCnenA lIv..>. .TMenar mYy eTot..

KW.kar pøas´ bþÚr e TArkkarcu¼ eQμa¼ cUleronfñak´ «tþmsikßakñúgcMeNamyuvCn..>. ..karRsavRCavmun@mkán

kt´ Rta BI ninñakar TaMgBIren¼ taMgBI.. K¿s¿.1950. .rhUtdl´ K¿s¿.1990... sRmab´ RbeTsTaMgGs´ kñúgtMbn´ en¼

.ehIyk¾ sRmab´ ePT TaMgBIrenAkñúgninñakarnImYy@Edr.(eyagtamÉk sarrbs´ .sßúikNUs . nig kaám¨aLan

.(Kabamalan)K¿s¿.1998.. nigÉksarEdlkMBugeá¼ Bum<pßayrbs GñkTaMgBIren¼ .. nigÉksar rbs .sßúikNUs

.nig h:ÚlTIyaNU.(Gultiano) K¿s¿.2002)..>.enAkñúgEpñken¼ .eyIgsUmeFVIkar BicarNa eTA elI ninñakar bERmb

RmÜl sg:m Cati TaMgBIren¼ . TTÞwmnwgkRmiténkarcUlrYmkmøaMgkargar.Edlktþa nImYy@ RtÚv EbgEcksRmab´

tMbn T I Rkúg FM@... TIRkúg ... nigtMbn CnbT.edIm,IbkRsay.. >.. tamTinñn&yEdleyIgmanGac[eyIgeFVIkar sikßa

204 CMBUk TI 4

Ebb en¼ eTA elIRbeTssMxan´ TaMgbYnrbs´ eyIg.. >.sUmemIn«bsm<&n§.A>

tarag. 6. ½.PaKrybERmbRmÜlcMnYnRbCaCnkñúgry£ eBl. 10. ÌñaM .BIK¿s¿.. 1970-80.. enAtamEpñk eday man

ktþa burskMNt´ RbeTs.. nigRkúm Gayu

eyag½.karKNnasSitiTaMgen¼ EpðkelICMerOnEdlecjpßay

Epñken¼ minEmnsRmab BiPakßa[lmðitelIB&t’manEdlánbgHajenAkñúg«bsm<&n§. A ena¼ eT.. >. .cMNuc

mYy cMnYnxageRkamen¼ Tak´ TgeTAnwgeKalbMNgrbs´ eyIgenAkñúgEpñken¼.. >.. man PaBxusKñamYycMnYn

Edl eyIgánrMBwgTukenAkñúgcMeNamRkúm Gayu.. nigrvagRkúm burs.. nig®sþI...>.. GRtacu¼ eQμa¼ cUleron.nig

PaKry enAlIvmankRmitx<s sRmab burseRcInCag®sþI... ehIyGRtaTaMgen¼ Føak cu¼ enAeBlEdlBYkeK man

Gayu eRcIn.. >..GRtacUlrYmkñúgkmøaMgkargarCaTUeTAx<s CagsRmab bursCagsRmab ®sþI.ehIyx<s Cag eBl

man Gayu kan´ EteRcIn..>.. PaKryenAlIv.. nigGRtacu¼ eQμa¼ cUleronekIneLIgCamYynwgeBlevla.xN£

eBl Edl GRtacUlrYmxagkmøaMgkargaredIrtamKnøgxus@Kña.eTAtamRbeTsnImYy@tam.eTAtamRkúm Gayu

nImYy@. nigeTAtamRkúm ePTnImYy@.. >

RTg´ RTayenAkñúgkarvas´ sÞg´ TaMgen¼ EdlCab´ Tak´ TinCamYykRmiténkarGPivDÆ .nwgGac [eK r k

eXIj tam ry£ PaBxusKña.tamtMbn´ .. nigtameBlevla.. >.enAkñúgcMeNamkarvas´ sÞg´ RTg´ RTaysg:mTaMg

bIr en¼ .kar cu¼ eQμa¼ cUleronhak dUcCamanRTg RTaymYyEdleFVI[eyIgemIl eXIj BIkarvivDÆERbRbÜl Ca

skl .edayRKb ktþaTaMgGs mankRmitekIneLIgeTAtamkRmitnKrUbnIykmμ.. .nigeTA tam eBlevla.eTa¼

bICa eBl evlaena¼ xus@Kñak¾eday.. >.. PaKryenAlIvk¾bgHajBI RTg RTaydUcKñaen¼ xø¼ @Edr.. .buEnþk¾qøú¼ bBa©aMg

GMBI ninñakaerobGaBah’BiBah’eBlmanGayueRcIn.CaTUeTA enAtambNþaRbeTsTaMgena¼ ..> ... GVIEdlKYr[kt

sm:al´ xøaMg bMput ena¼ KW.enAmanPaKryenAlIv TabenAtamtMbn´ CnbTxø¼ @... nigCaBiess enAkñúg cMeNam

narI Cn bT..> eyag tamkarbUkrYmbBa©ÚlKña rvagbBaHavas´ sÞg´ ... nigkaryl´ eXIj karBnül´ bk Rsay.. GMBI

204 CMBUk TI 4

cMnYnRbCaCntamEpñk}NÐÚensIu éfLg

15-19.ÌñaM 15-19ÌñaM 20-24ÌñaM

cMnYnRbCaCnsrub 25/0 30/4 30/4

cMnYnRbCaCnCa yuvCn 36/0 47/2 69/5

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@ 54/0 118/6 179/9

enAlIv 55/7 114/3 173/6

enAeRkAsalaeron 9/4 60/5 135/8

cu¼ eQμa¼ cUleron 121/3 171/0 327/3

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 205

kar cUlrYm én kmøaMg kargar. mansPaB lMákNas .CaBiesskareRbób eFobCaGnþrCati... ¦ kareRbób eFob

rvag Rkúm burs .. nig Rkúm narI.. >.enA kñúgbNþaRbeTsk.. nigRkúm ePT.kar eRbób eFob Gac[eCOTukcitþán

eRcIn..> ..pÞúy eTA vij. GRta cUlrYmkmøaMgkargarEdlRtÚvánpþl [enAkñúg«bsm<&n§ .A. ena¼ .bgHajGMBI ninñakar

y¨ag Biák sμúKsμaj sRmab´ RbeTsnImYy@..>. .CaGaT#.GRtaTaMgena¼ ekIneLIgCaerogral´ eBlcMeBa¼ narI

enA tMbn .TIRkúgFM@ .Edl man Gayu BI.15.eTA.19. ÌñaM enARbeTs}NÐÚensIu.xN£ eBlEdlmankarFøak cu¼ cMeBa¼

burs.(EdlCaRTg RTay mYy RtÚv ánKitTukCamun.. .en¼ ebIeyagtamÉksarrbs .DüÚrg .(Durand) K¿s¿.1975)

buEnþGRtaTaMg ena¼ pÞúy BIGRtaenARbeTshVIlIBIn.. >..cMeBa¼ krNImYyNak¾eday.Epñk en¼ eFVIkarBiPakßaepþat

eTAelIsUcnakr rbs´ ktþaerobGaBah’BiBah’... nigktþakarcu¼ eQμa¼ cUlrYm.. >

karrYmbBa©ÚlKñarvagkMeNInyuvCn.karpøas´ TImkTIRkúgFM@.. .nigbERmbRmÜlsg:m.GacRtÚván eK

elIkyk mk bgHaj ánxø¼ Edr..>. .tarag.. 6.BN’naGMBIyuvCnRbús@... ehIynigry£ eBlénkareFVI Gnþr CMerOn

kñúg kMlug K¿s¿. 1970. .eTAK¿s¿.1980EtbueNÑa¼.. >.. B&t’mansþIGMBIyuvCnv&yekμgCaburs CnCati}NÐÚeNs uI

bgHaj BI kMeNIn..25%.. kñúgmYyTsvtß.sRmab´ RKb´ bursTaMgGs´ .b¨uEnþman..36%.. kñúg cMeNamyuvCn burs

enAtMbn´ TIRkúgFM@.EdlmanGayuBI...15 .eTA..19..ÌñaM ..>.. kñúgcMeNambursenAlIvman. GayuBI.. 15.eTA..19. ÌñaM

Edl enA kñúg tMbn ´ TIRkúgFM@.kMeNInEdláncu¼ bBa¢ICapøÚvkarmankRmitdUcKña. Edlen¼ qøú¼ bBa©aMg BIkarBit

mYyfa .burs v&y ekμg TaMgGs en¼ suT§EtenAlIvtaMgBIedIm . K¿s¿..1970.. mkemø¼ .. >.GacmankarERbRbÜl bEnSm

eTot xø¼ @ Edr .. >.cMnYnbursv&yekμgTaMgen¼ EdlenAeRkAsala ánekIneLIgRtwmEt..9/4% . bueNÑa¼ .Edlen¼

qøú¼ bBa©aMg BI karBitmYyfa. smamaRtGñkcu¼ eQμa¼ cUl eronekInBI.. 40% .eTA.. 57% .ehIyGRtakMeNInen¼ PaK

eRcInKWánBI bursenAlIv EdlmanGayuBI ..15 . eTA..19.ÌñaM ..>. .cMnYnbursv&yekμgenAlIvEdláncu¼ eQμa¼

cUleronánekIn dl´. .121% .EdlkMeNIn x<s´ en¼ .ánmkBIkarrYmbBa¢ÚlKñanUvlT§plrbs´ kmøaMgclkr

TaMgGs´ enAkñúg kMlug eBlmYy Tsvtß.EdleyIgkMBugeFVIkarsikßaen¼ .. >

Tinñn&ysRmab´ Rkúm RbCaCndUcKñaen¼ enAkñúgRbeTséfmanTRmg´ep ßg.. >..enATIena¼ .kMeNIncMnYn

burs srub mankRmiteRcInCag.. .ehIykMeNInyuvCnd¾mhima... nigbERmbRmÜleTAkan TIRkúg.mansar£ sMxan

Cag..> cMnYn yuvCnbursv&yekμgenATIRkúgFM@ánekIneLIgdl´ ..119%.. >.. cMnYnGñkEdlenAlIv enAkñúgRkúm

en¼ ekIn tic Cag en¼ bnþic... enAeBlEdlPaKryenAlIvFøak´ cu¼ bnþicEdrena¼.. >.edayman karekIneLIg

CalMdab´ eTA elI PaKryGñkEdlcu¼ eQμa¼ cUleron. cMnYnGñkEdlcu¼ eQμa¼ cUleron ekIneLIgy¨agKYr[kt´

sm:al´ dl´ .171%.. >..enAkñúgKUeLancugeRkaykñúgtarag.6.mankarBN’na BIyuvCnbursCnCatiéfman

GayuBI.20. eTA 24.ÌñaM ..> .enATIena¼ .}T§iBléncMNakRsúkmkkan tMbn TIRkúgmanritEtxøaMgCagen¼ eTAeTot

eday man kMeNIn yuvCnenATIRkúgFM@EdlmanGayuBI..20 . eTA . 24. ÌñaM .ekIndl´ eTA..180% ..>.TItaMg RbCa

sa®sþ en¼ min man karERbRbÜleTAelIPaKryGñkenAlIv eT .b¨uEnþmankarekIneLIgéncMnYnGñkcu¼ eQμa¼

cUleron.(BI.16% eTA. .25% ).. >.CalT§pl. cMnYnGñkenA eRkAsalaenAkñúgRkúm en¼ manticCagmun.(Edlman.

136% ) .. eday mankMeNInd¾mhimamYyéncMnYn Gñkcu¼ eQμa¼ cUleron.(KW.327% ).. >.cMeBa¼ Rkúm Gayu.. 20-24..

kMeNIn d¾ mhima en¼ qøú¼ bBa©aMgGMBIkar Gb rM fñak «tþmsikßa... EdlenAeBlena¼ ánebIk{kasyagTUlMTUlay

206 CMBUk TI 4

dl´ Rkúm yuv Cn v &y ekμg CnCati éf.. >.. RBwtþikarN_ en¼ GacCaGBHÚt ehtumYy... b¨uEnþkMeNIncMnYnRbCaCn enA

kñúg EpñkmYyen¼ ... KW Ca kar yk citþTukdak´ y¨agxøaMgenAkñúgskmμPaBneyaáyenAkñúgRbeTséf. .. taMgBI Ex

tula. .K¿s¿.1971 . mk emø¨¼ .. >

esckþIsnñidæaneyIgáneFVIkarbkRsayGMBIkMeNInd¾mhimarbs yuvCnenATUTaMGasuI.edayemIleTAelITMhMrbs .kMeNIn

ena¼ .}T§iBlRkúm GayuenAkñúgbERmbRmÜlRbCasa®sþCati... nigTMnak´ TMngd¾sMxan´ rbs´ kMeNIn en¼ CamYy

ktþa RbCasa®sþBIreTot.rYmman½.1)karhUrcUlmkkan tMbn TIRkúgrbs yuvCn.nig2)dM eNIrbERm bRmÜlkñúg

cM eNam yuvCn. .EdldMeNIren¼ beg;It[manRTg´ RTaysg:mfμImYy... >.. xJúMán eFVIkarbkRsaytaMgBIedIm

CMBUk en¼ ehIy fa kMeNInd¾mhimaéncMnYnyuvCnGasuImanPaBGs©arü edaysarkMeNInen¼ manTMnak´ TMng

CamYyktþa bERm bRmÜl sg:mTaMgBIren¼.. >. .kMeNInd¾mhimaéncMnYn.yuvCnenAtamRbCaCatimYy@rwtEt man

lkçN£ sMxan´ Cag en¼ eTAeTot... eRBa¼ faRBwtþikarN_ TaMgen¼ suT§EtánekIteLIgenAeBlCamYyKña.eday

manclna cMNak Rsúk rbs´ yuvCneTAkan´ tMbn´ TIRkúg. .nigedaymanbERmbRmÜlsg:msMxan´ @xø¼ rbs´

yuvCn..>... GRta kMeNIn yuvCn EdlemIleTAhak´ dUcCaekIneLIgx<s´ .manlkçN£ KYr[cab´ GarmμN_ Cag.

enAeBlEdleyIg BicarNa eTAelI cMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCnenAtamtMbn TIRkúg..>.. ehIyenAeBlEdl eyIg

emIl eTA e lIktþaCak lak én yuvCnenATIRkúgvij.eyIgCaerOy@eXIjfamanGRtakMeNInd¾Gs©arü Nas...>

bmaNPaKyuvCn .(enAkñúg cMeNam RbeTsTaMgbYnEdleyIgsikßaeTAelI).EdlminEdlelIsBI.. 20% .enA

kRmit fñak Catiena¼ .Etg Et ekIn elIsBIkRmit..20% . ena¼ .enAkñúgbNþaTIRkúgFM@cMnYnbYn.. >.ehIy enAkñúg GRta

kMeNInyuvCn enA tam TIRkúg FM@ TaMg en¼ .manRkúm Cak lak xø¼ CYbRbT¼ GRtakMeNInd¾Gs©arü..^

206 CMBUk TI 4

«bsm<&n§.A½.sucnkrénFatupßMERbRbÜlrbs´cMnYnRbCaCnCayuvCn.kMNt´edayRbeTs.Rkúm -Gayu.

tMbn´. nigePT .enAtamRbeTs}NÐÚensIu.. hVIlIBIn.. kUer¨xagt,Úg.. nigéfLg.. BIK¿s¿.. 1970-90

RbeTs. RkúmGayu . . nig tMbn´

burs narI

1970a 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

PaKryEdláncu¼eQμa¼

}NÐÚensIu..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

39/7

53/1

24/1

57/1

62/7

33/6

62/0

63/0

34/5

25/3

36/9

12/4

36/0

45/9

20/4

48/5

54/0

28/1

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

17/9

24/2

5/7

14/6

22/0

5/5

17/0

23/2

5/7

7/2

10/8

1/2

7/0

9/6

2/3

11/0

15/5

2/8

hVIlIBInGayuBI.15-19qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

67/8

54/9

32/4

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

57/4

48/6

32/6

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

33/5

22/9

9/8

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

27/2

19/2

9/2

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

208 CMBUk TI 4

RbeTs. RkúmGayu . . nig tMbn´

burs narI

1970a 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

PaKryEdláncu¼eQμa¼

kUer¨xagt,Úg..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

46/1

49/5

31/3

n.a

10/2

61/4

76/0

77/0

71/4

34/0

35/6

17/5

n.a

86/2

55/2

84/6

71/6

73/9

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

18/0

11/8

3/1

n.a

2/9

4/7

26/8

25/1

9/2

7/0

3/4

0/4

n.a

12/6

1/8

67/0

9/2

6/4

éfLg´..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

47/3

n.a

n.a

58/7

54/1

3/6

55/2

56/0

21/6

36/8

n.a

n.a

51/1

49/8

18/6

49/0

52/7

20/2

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

16/2

n.a

n.a

24/7

16/1

0/9

22/0

19/7

4/0

12/7

n.a

n.a

20/7

14/0

3/9

20/6

18/8

4/0

208 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 209

RbeTs. RkúmGayu . . nig tMbn´

burs narI

1970a 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

PaKryEdlenAlIv

}NÐÚensIu..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

96/1

97/5

94/3

97/1

97/8

95/8

98/7

98/5

97/0

68/5

79/0

58/9

78/9

82/8

65/6

91/6

90/8

76/5

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

70/7

75/7

53/5

91/5

75/0

53/5

83/8

82/3

64/7

26/1

36/3

14/5

35/7

37/0

17/2

55/7

52/9

25/3

hVIlIBInGayuBI.15-19qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

97/6

97/9

97/3

96/5

97/2

95/8

96/6

n.a

n.a

93/3

92/5

87/0

90/0

90/0

82/8

91/8

n.a

n.a

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

77/6

74/1

66/1

68/5

68/4

59/8

76/5

n.a

n.a

68/1

60/7

42/8

58/1

53/1

37/9

65/9

n.a

n.a

210 CMBUk TI 4

RbeTs. RkúmGayu . . nig tMbn´

burs narI

1970a 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

PaKryEdlenAlIv

kUer¨xagt,Úg..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

100/0

94/0

99/6

99/8

99/8

99/7

99/9

99/9

99/9

98/0

98/0

96/1

98/9

98/4

97/6

99/6

99/4

99/4

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

93/7

93/4

91/7

94/3

92/5

92/8

97/0

95/7

97/2

65/3

60/1

50/8

73/3

65/3

60/4

84/8

78/8

78/7

éfLg´..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

97/1

93/7

92/7

95/2

92/9

92/6

95/8

93/3

93/8

90/3

87/7

79/3

89/8

87/5

81/0

92/5

90/8

82/9

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

81/9

75/0

57/9

80/0

73/2

59/7

82/5

76/6

65/3

63/3

54/8

33/6

65/8

55/7

37/7

72/2

62/9

41/6

210 CMBUk TI 4

}T§iBl RbCasa®s¹kñúgkar kMNt´cMnYnyuvCnenAkñúgbN¹aTIRkúgenAGas Iu 211

RbeTs. RkúmGayu . . nig tMbn´

burs narI

1970a 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

PaKryEdlenAkñúgkmøaMgBlkmμ

}NÐÚensIu..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

40/0

31/2

58/2

54/5

20/9

54/8

28/8

28/6

57/5

20/9

18/8

33/8

26/9

21/1

34/4

35/1

26/0

37/2

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

73/4

65/0

83/0

70/8

66/6

84/2

73/5

67/7

87/3

21/9

25/0

35/8

28/4

26/6

35/4

46/6

39/9

44/9

hVIlIBInGayuBI.15-19qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

24/3

31/3

53/2

n.a

n.a

n.a

41/9

32/4

48/9

93/3

30/9

28/3

n.a

n.a

n.a

46/0

26/5

31/0

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

63/7

68/0

84/5

n.a

n.a

n.a

71/4

64/4

74/1

68/1

41/3

45/5

n.a

n.a

n.a

61/4

41/1

36/5

212 CMBUk TI 4

cMNaM½.n.a..mann&yfaminmanTinñn&y>. a cMeBa¼RbeTs}NÐÚensIu.kalbriec©tKWK¿s¿.1971>

eyag½.dkRsg´ecjBIráykarN_CMerOnCati.EdlmaneBlxø¼RtÚvkareFVIkarKNnabEnSm>

RbeTs. RkúmGayu . . nig tMbn´

burs narI

1970a 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

PaKryEdlenAkñúgkmøaMgBlkmμ

kUer¨xagt,Úg..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

31/0

31/8

54/2

4/4

23/6

28/9

6/7

7/5

6/6

39/5

34/6

41/1

34/8

37/5

29/8

14/4

16/9

10/8

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

tMbn´CnbT

41/2

43/1

51/5

47/1

50/8

53/0

29/1

29/9

22/4

38/0

36/4

49/2

53/6

49/6

56/7

50/7

49/6

40/5

éfLg´..(GayuBI.15-19qñaM)

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

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43/2

42/4

83/7

36/9

36/2

70/6

38/9

34/9

72/4

40/1

36/3

84/5

38/0

34/7

68/4

43/4

38/7

67/6

GayuBI.20-24qñaM

tMbn´TIRkúgFM@

tMbn ´TIRkúgÉéTeTot

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75/2

75/9

95/7

69/9

72/5

87/5

71/9

76/4

90/1

52/2

50/3

84/6

57/7

58/2

74/3

64/6

64/5

77/8

212 CMBUk TI 4

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kar bkRsaydMbUgbgðs.. KWrbs.Ebnda Benda.(K¿s¿.1962).. >.. Éksarrbs.. rIDReid.(K¿s¿.1988).nig.LMáD

Lombard.(K¿s¿.1990).ánbeg;Ityagc,asGMBIrwsKlrbsvb,Fm’ GasuIGaeKñy_. .. nigsmtSPaB sRmab RsUb

yk }TSiBlxageRkArbs´sasnahIunD UHinduism... GIusøam. .. nig.suInIsuIs. Sincization EdlC¼}T§iBlmk

elItMbnen¼.. >.sMrabkarBiPaKßaGMBIeKalKMnitedImén tMbn GasuIGaeKñy_eGayTUlMTUlayCagen¼.sUm Gan.

Éksar rbs´.EGmWsan´.Emerson(K¿s¿.1984) nig.DW.kUnIkx_.De Koninck.. (K¿s¿. 1994). >

2- .sMrab´karbkRsayGMBIkarERbRbYlTaMgen¼sUmGanÉksarrbs.DIEkn Dicken.(K¿s¿.1998)>

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sMrab´karbkRsayd¾lðmYykñúgkMlugqñaMrhUtdl´.1400ena¼.sUmGanÉksarrbs´.vItlI. Wheatley (K¿s¿.

1962)..> .karsikßaburaNénmCÆmNÐlmunsm&yGNaniKm.. RtUvánbgHajeday vUlETrs_.Wolters

(K¿s¿.1967 ).EdleFVIkarsikßaeTAelI.RsIv¨acüay¨a Srivajaya.eday.r¨abIádaNa Rabibhadan .(K¿s¿.1960)

Edl eFVIkarsikßaeTAelITIRkúgágkks m&yedIm.nigeday.kUeds_ Coedes.(K¿s¿.1963).EdleFVIkar sikßa

eTA elI.Gg:r..>.. karsikßalðitlðn´GMBInKrUbnIykmμsm&yGNaniKm .. KWmanenAkñúgÉksarrbs´.rID (K¿s¿.

1980). Etk¾sUmGanÉksarrbsmakh:I. (K¿s¿.1967)Edr..>.. manÉksar sikßa GMBI tMbn TIRkúg mYy@ enA sm&y

GaNaniKmeRcIn.EdlkñúgcMeNamena¼man.Éksarrbs.GabIcüaesEkr.(K¿s¿.1987).e nAcüakata.Éksar

rbs´.er¨d.(K¿s¿.1978).enATIRkúgmanIl.nigrbs´.s;IENr.(K ¿s¿.1957).enAágkk .. >

kMNt cMNaM 215

4- .. sMrabÉksarsþIGMBIkarelIksÞÜyvis&yeTscrN_sUmGanÉksarrbs.qag Chang. (K¿s¿.1998). sþI GMBI

sigHbUrI.. >

5- .hV&bs_ .. Forbes.xitxMEktRmÚvBaküfa., ²Tsßn£vis&yfñak´x<s´ Macro Vision³.edayeRbIBakü rbs´Kat´.

karbk Rsay enAsm&ymunGaNaniKmrbs´tMbn´TIRkúgFM@tamry£karbgHajenAkñúgExß PaBynþ..> .eday

eFVIkar viPaK eTAelIExßPaBynþcMnYnBIrrbsevotNam.(mancMngeCIgfa.køin RkGUbrbs lHúgBN’ébtg .nig

suIkøÚ) Edl dwknaMerOgeday.Rtan´.Gaj´.hUg Tran Anh Hung.hV&bs_. bgHajBIviFIsaRsþEdlGñnniBn§Gac yk

skmμPaBRbcaMéf¶éntYGg:kñúgerOgdak´kñúgRkbxNÐdUcdMeNIrkarvb,Fm’.neyaáy.. nigesdækic©skl

elak.Edlman}T§BlmkelIRkúghUCImij.. >

6-.«TahrN_énkarRsavRCavEdlepþaleTAel I.²skmμPaBRbcaMéf¶³.rbsGñkrsenATIRkúg. enAGasuI GaeKñy_

.man dUcCa.karRsavRCavrbs.EClIENkx_ Jellineck.(K¿s¿.1991).h:IneNs. Guiness (K¿s¿.1992) .nig.mu‘y

er¨. Murray(K¿s¿.1991 >

7-.RBwt þibt þisþIGMBIesdækic©enAcugbUBa’.eá¼Bum<enA.éf¶TI. 16...Exemsa...K ¿s¿.1998.. >

8-.sarB&t’man. Traits Times(enAsigHbUrI).eá¼Bum<enAéf¶TI17.Ex«sPa.K¿s¿.1998.TMB&r.33.. >

9- .sUmGanÉksarrbs´.lI. Lee (K¿s¿.1997).TMB&r.140-60.sMrabbTsegçbd¾manRbeyaCn_mYy .. >

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• GasþÚv.Gwm.nig daáyU.EGs.LÚEh:n.(Askew, M. and W. S. Logan).GñkEksRmÜl Cultural Identity and Urban

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gesckþIviPaKEvkEjk].eá¼Bum<enA.h:ILúg.(Geelong).edayeragBum<saklviTüal&yDIXIn.(Deakin).K¿s¿.19

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• bg´da.has´.(Benda H.) ”The Structure of Southeast Asia History“ [²rcnasm<&nrbs´RbvtþisaRsþ GasuI

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• RbU‘kx_.sßg.GU.Gwm.(Broeck, Jan O. M.) “Diversity and Unity in Southeast Asia” [²PaBepßg@Kñanig samK:IPaB

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(eyagtamÉksarrbs´.ESCAPK¿s¿.1997.CuMvij bnÞat´TI.. 7. .nig eyag tamÉksar rbs´. EsßNUs .nig

kaám¨aLa n .(Xenos and Kabamalan). K¿s¿.1998b.kMNtsm:alelx.7.. >

2-.cMeBa¼karsikßaBItMbn´bBa©wmbUBa’.sUmGanÉksarrbs´.k&reds_Emn. Cordesman.(K¿s¿. 1998). nig

Em¨ns_.Maynes(K¿s¿.1998)>

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cUns_.J ones(K¿s¿.1997).Éksarrbs´.hVÚsEsl.nigRh:In . Fussel and Greene.(K¿s¿. 2002).nig rbs´.

santa. m¨aero. Santa Maria (K¿s¿.2002)>

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eTA tam eBlevlaEdlmankarvivDÆn_elI. RTgRTayénnKrUbnIykmμ.. >

6- enAkñúgkal£eTs£CaeRcIn.(CaGaT#man RbeTshVIlIBIn... kUer¨xagt,Úg.. nigéfLg´).bBaHaen¼ekIt. sUm,IEt

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shRbCaCat i.K¿s¿.2001).. kareRbobeFobrvagtarag A15.nig. A16..>.. mankrNIsikßaGMBId¾lðmYyenA

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.EdlBN’naGMBI.²karfycu¼énnKrUbnIykmμ³.nig ²bERmbRmÜld¾sMxan³. >

7- .en¼KWCakarBitsMrabRbeTsTaMgbYnEdleyIgánbkRsayyaglmðitenATIen¼.. >.edayeRbob eFobkar

á¨n´sμan cMnYn RbCaCnenATIRkúgenAkñúgcugTsvtßqñaM..70. .(eyagtamÉksarrbs´Gg:kar sh RbCaCati

K¿s¿. 1980.taragTI. 48)..nigenAcugTsvtßqñaM.. 90. (eyagtamÉksarrbs Gg:karshRbCaCati. K¿s¿. 1980)

GRta Føak´cu¼mandUcteTA½.enATIRkúgágkkFøak´BI.11/9.lan mk.7/3lan .enATIRku g y¨akata .BI. 16/6.lan

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8- .RbPBénkará¨n´sμanTaMgen¼ánmkBIGg:karshRbCaCati.(K¿s¿.2001)>.karFøak´cu¼éncMnYn RbCaCn

enA CnbTdMbUgeKena¼RtÚváneKánsμaneLIgedayeRbIrUbmnþBiCKNitsamBaØmYyén bERmbRmÜl ksikmμ.

(eyag tamÉksarrbs´.Em¨lLW Mellor.. K¿s¿.1966.TM¿.25).. eTAelIbERm bRmÜltamtMbn´CnbT-TIRkúg.>

.kar EdlmanPaBfycu¼Cak´lak´mYyénnKrUbnIykmμdUcEdl ánBnül´ ena¼min mann&yfa biTáMgkar

ekIneLIg én tMbnTIRkúgkñúgTMrgepßgena¼eT.BIeRBa¼ fatMbnTIRkúgTaMgena¼rYmKñapþúMeLIgbeg;IteTACatMbnFM@

(eyag tam Éksarrbs.Emkh:I.McGeeK¿s¿.1995). ehIgRTgRTayfμIénTMnakTMngrvagtMbnCnbT-TIRkúg

ekIt ecj e LIgBI kardwgCBa¢ÚnnigRáRs&yTak´Tg m&yTMenIb..>. xJúMBuM Gac eFVIkar bkRsay eGay ek,a¼k,ay

enATI en¼ áneT.CatYy¨agdUcCakarQanmkdl´énkarRáRs&yTak´TgK ñaeTAtamtMbn´TIRkúgTMenIb@ kñúg

cMeNam yuvCnenATUTaMgGasuIena¼.. >

9-bEnSmBIen¼.. RBwtþikarN_cMNakRsukminmanKMnabBIktþaCIvsaRsþpþal´ena¼eT.. kñúgkarkMNt´RTg´ RTay

TaMg en¼.. >.RBwtþikarN_TaMgen¼k¾GacekIteLIgmþgehIymþgeTotenAeBlNamYy... ehIyk¾ GaceLIg Caclna

bRBa¢as mkvijEdr. >

10- .xJúMBuMGacrkánnUvGtSbTsikßaEdleFVIkarKNnaGRtaTaMgsMrabTsvtßqñaM.. 80.. edayEpðkelI. CMerOn

enAK¿s¿.1990ánena¼eT..>. .enACMvijGasuI.manBt’manPaKticNasEdlsþIGMBIcMNak RsukEdl RtÚv án

eK RbmUlmkBICMerOnenAK¿s¿.1990.CaCagBICMerOnenAK¿s¿.mun@ena¼mk. (eyagtamÉksar rbs´. Es:l

dug SkeldonK¿s¿.1986)..>

11- sMrabeKalbMNgenAkñúgCMBUken¼.RbeTsCbunRtÚvándkecj.BIeRBa¼RbvtþiRbCasaRsþ rbs RbeTs

kMNt cMNaM 225

en¼ manPaBsμúKsμajxøaMgNas.ehIyGRtasþIBIrlkGayuvijk¾manRbPBeRcIn.NasEdr..>. .RbeTs Edl

eyIgdkecjBIkarbkRsaymYyepßgeTot.. KWRbeTsevotNam. .BI eRBa¼minmanTinñn&ycaMác..>.. sUm Gan

Éksarrbs.b‘ugh:aGats_... nig hV&tkIns_.Bongaarts and Watkins(K¿s¿.1996)sMrabkarPiKßaelIPsþútag sM

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12-.Gg:karshRbCaCati.(K¿s¿.1985.taragTI. 6).. bgHajGMBIkarcUlrYmyagsRsaksRsaMBI cMNak Rsuk

sMrub enAkñúgkMeNInTIRkúgCaeRcIn... bEnSmelITIRkúgesG‘Ul.(Tinñn&yTaMgen¼sRmab´ tMbn´.b‘Usan´.Busan .

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pßay enAkñúgesovePA.pllMákénRkúmCnCatiPaKticcMeBa¼sNþab´Fñab´Catinig GnþrCatienA kñúg Tsvtß

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eRán/.rId.daáyU¿.Lasan... nig.eT¿.ess¿. sarasV_TI. (B. Bradford Brown, Reed W. Larson, and T. S. Saraswthi)

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[faetIbERmbRmÜlRbCasaRsþGacnaMeGaymanCemøa¼hwgßaány¨agdUcemþc] ecjpßay enAkñúg RBwtþib&t

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kñúg esovePA .bBaÆbePvrkmμ½.}T§iBlxø¼@énRBwtþikarN_éf¶TI11.ExkBaØa .EksRmÜleday.nal.hßI¿. Esμl-

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RbÜl .vDÆnPaBénkarGb´rM.RTg´RTayGRtakargar.brisSan.cl&tPaB.nig}T§iBlrbs´ktþaTaMgen¼mk el I

ekμg CMTg´@]... ÉksarerobcMsMrab´Gg:RbCMuRkúmGñkCMnajxag ekμg CMTg´..½. .}T§iBlénninakarcMnYnRbCa Cn.

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Environment, and Development) RbRBwtþeTABIéf¶TI30.ExkBaØa.dléf¶TI2.Extula.enATIRkúgágkk. >

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sia) elx.13(1).TM¿.120.. >

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RbCa saRsþ]ecjpßayenAkñúg.RBwtþib&tcMnYnRbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_. elx.5(2) TM¿.195215. >

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BI K¿s¿.19601980.EksRmÜleday Gg:karshRbCaCati.eá¼BumÖenAbUrI jÚyk.edayGg:karshRbCaCati>

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nigEpnkartMbn´TIRkúg (Center of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, University of Hong Kong) EdlCa

GtSbT RsavRCav e lx.17.eá¼BumÖenATIRkúghugkug. edayeragBumÖsaklviTüa l&yhugkug>

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kMNt cMNaM 231

Table of Contents

Preface 07

Chapter 1: Material Culture 09

Light Houses, Noble Temples 11

Furniture and Lighting 25

The body beautiful 26

Hair 32

Clothing 37

Textile Production and Trade 44

Gold and Silver working 51

Craft Specialization 55

Ceramics 59

Metalwork: the Key to power 61

Iron 62

Copper, Tin, and Lead 70

Chapter 2: City and its commerce 75

Port‑cities and the Trade Network 79

Urban Dimensions 83

The structure of the Southeast Asian City 94

Market 108

Coinage and Commercialization‑ The Triumph of Silver 111

Financial Organization 126

Orangkaya‑ The Mercantile Elite 133

Commercial Minorities and Ethnicity 144

Urbanizm and Capitalism 151

Chapter 3: Changing Spaces‑Southeast Asian Urbanization in an Era of Volatile Globalization 155

Introduction 157

The historical Development of Urbanization in Southeast Asia 159

Post‑war Urbanization in Southeast Asia 1945‑90 161

Phase one: Urbanization and the New Nationalism in Southeast Asia 161

Phase two: Global Integration and Urbanization 1960‑1990 163

Urbanization in the 1990s: Volatile Globalization and the Southeast Asian City 166

Representing the Globalizing city in Southeast Asia 170

World Cities 171

Growth polygons 172

Extended Metropolitan Regions and Corridors 172

Urbanization and Multi‑Scalar Dynamics 174

Future directions: Urbanization and Volatile Globalization 175

Conclusion: Policy implications 178

Chapter 4: Demographic Forces Shaping Youth Populations in Asian Cities 181

Asia’s Urban Transformation and Youth 188

Youth in National Migration Systems 192

Demographic Transition and Youth Explosion 194

The Urbanward Press of Youth 198

The singular social profile of urban youth 203

Conclusion 206

Note 213

Chapter 2 213

Chapter 3 215

Chapter 4 223

232 kMNt´ cMNaM