Similarities and Differences

• Comparing

• Classifying

• Creating Metaphors

• Creating Analogies

McREL’s Strategies

Marzano (1998) analyzed selected research studies on instructional strategies that could be used by teachers in K-12 classrooms.

Category Average Effect size (ES)

Percentile Gain

Number of Effect Sizes

Identifying similarities and differences

1.61 45 31

Summarizing and note taking

1.00 34 179

Reinforcing effort and providing recognition

.80 29 21

Homework and Practice .77 28 134

Nonlinguistic representation

.75 27 246

Cooperative learning .73 27 122

Setting objectives and providing feedback

.61 23 408

Generating and testing hypotheses

.61 23 63

Questions, cues, and advance organizers

.59 22 1,251

Comparingpp. 11 &14

Examine how things are alike and different based on common characteristics.

Recommendations for practice:

1.Give students a model for the process

Recommendations for practice:

2. Use familiar content to teach students the steps for comparing.

Recommendations for practice:

3. Give students graphic organizers for comparing

?

x

y

z

Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and

____________

How are they most alike?___________________________

What is the greatest difference between them?

_________________________________________

Compare Two Sources:Compare Two Sources:

A. How is what Talmadge wrote like the painting? How is it different?

B. Identify each as a primary or secondary source. Explain the reasons for your choices.

“Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.”

-Benjamin Talmadge

Classifying pp. 23-25

Consider how items are similar and different then group using similarities to define categories.

Metaphorspg. 34

Definition:

Figure of speech in which a word or phrase that literally denotes one object or ideas is used with or in place of another object or idea, to suggest a likeness between them.

is

Why Metaphors?

Think about a time when you used a metaphor to explain something that was otherwise difficult to explain.

Metaphors

• War is hell.• Love is a rose.• My brother is a killer whale.• No man is an island.

The pen is mightier than the sword

Graphic Organizer for Metaphors

War

Noun

Characteristics

Noun

Characteristics

Relationships

is hell.

Metaphors versus Similes

A metaphor states the comparison directly using “is”, for example, “He is a rock.”

A simile states the comparison using “like” and “as”, for example, “The stars were like jewels in the sky.”

Metaphors

1. A circle is____________.

2. A dandelion is _____________.

3. The internet is _____________.

4. The cafeteria is ____________ .

5. Love is ____________.

6. A school is ___________.

Metaphors (continued)

7. An airport is ____________.

8. A dictator is _____________.

9. My spouse is _____________.

10. A flute is ____________ .

11. A book is ____________.

Metaphor Websites

• http://www.sil.org/lingualLinks/lexicon/MetaphorsInEnglish/Index.htm

• http://www.stuntmonkey.com/metaphor/

• http://therussler.tripod.com/dtps/mixed_metaphors.html

Assessment:

No man is an island. In this metaphor, why is a

man compared to an island?a. Man is stronger than a lion.b. Man needs others to survive.c. Man has no feelings to share.d. Man is smaller than the

world.

Creating Analogies

• Involves relationships between pairs of elements

• Looking for similarities between pairs of elements

Ruler: length :: measuring cup: __??___

Creating Analogies

Analogies: It’s All About Relationships!

• help us make connections between things that are different;

 • help explain an unfamiliar concept by making a comparison to something we understand;

• most complex format for identifying similarities and differences.

Graphic Organizer for Analogies

 

 

 

Relationship: 

is to

is to

Number of casualties in Vietnam War= 50,000

How to make this number real to students?

Coors fieldseats

Vietnam Warcasualties

 

 

 

Relationship: 

is to

is to

Creating Analogies: Type 1

George Bush: the US :: Tony Blair: Great Britain

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Teacher Directed—students must explain the relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 2

Mitt Romney:MA :: _________: FL

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Teacher Directed—Present students with one missing element; students must

explain the relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 3

Happy: Sad:: _________: ________

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the

relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 4

Doctor: _______:: _________: ________

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the

relationship

Creating Analogies: Type 5

______: _______:: _________: ________

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Student Directed—Students must provide all elements and explain the relationship

Web sites for Analogies

• http://www.teachersdesk.org/vocabanal.htmlcard game

• http://www.infoplease.com/spot/analogy.htmlexplanation, examples, analogy of the day

• http://www.factmonster.com/analogies?month=Nov&day=30 analogy of the day

• http://www.wordmasterschallenge.com/more_samples.htm samples

• http://www.quia.com/cb/7146.html game, like Jeopardy

Similarities and Differences

• Comparing

• Classifying

• Creating Metaphors

• Creating Analogies