simple eutectic system(pb ag)
TRANSCRIPT
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SIMPLE EUTECTIC SYSTEMAND
ENZYME CATALYSIS
By-ANEETTA DAVISM15NT01
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SIMPLE EUTECTIC SYSTEM (PB AND AG SYSTEM)
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SIMPLE EUTECTIC SYSTEM
Eutectic comes from a Greek word EUTEKTOS
EU TEKTOS
GOOD MELTING
EASILY MELTING
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TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM
o A two component system can be defined as one in which it is possible to express the composition of all the phases in terms of two substances.
o In a two component system, solid – liquid equilibria is considered as they are unaffected by the changes in pressure; such systems are called condensed system which are studied at one atmosphere.
Therefore, for condensed state the phase rule equation is F’=C-P+1
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oIf two substances are completely miscible in liquid state but immiscible in solid state forms a simple eutectic system.The mixture that has the lowest melting point is called eutectic mixture and the temperature at which it crystallizes as a whole is called eutectic temperature.
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LEAD AND SILVER SYSTEMo Lead and silver are completely miscible
in liquid state.o Molten Pb and Ag are miscible in all
proportion a homogenous solution is produced. The four possible phases are:
Solid Ag Solid Pb Solution(Ag + Pb) Vapor
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A
O
B
L N
LIQUID MELT (Pb+Ag)
LIQUID+SOLID Ag
LIQUID + SOLID Pb
EUTECTIC + SOLID Pb
EUTECTIC + SOLID Ag
Composition
Temperature
327
303
Freezing or melting point curve of lead
961
Freezing point or melting point curve of silver
Eutectic point
2.5% Ag and 97.5% PbThe phase diagram for Pb-
Ag system
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ENZYME CATALYSIS
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Catalysts CatalysisThe substance that can alter The phenomenon or the rate of a reaction. process is called catalysis.
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PROPERTIES OF CATALYSTS It alters the rate of reaction. It remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition after the completion of the reaction. A small amount is enough to bring about a reaction between large reactants. It is very specific.
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TYPES OF CATALYSIS
CATALYSIS
Homogenous Heterogeneous
The catalysts and reactants are in the
same phase.
The catalysts and reactants are in different phases.
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ENZYME CATALYSIS
Enzyme is a biological catalyst which is a protein.
The increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein is called enzyme catalysis.
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THE ACTIVE SITE
o Enzymes are typically HUGE proteins, yet only a small part are actually involved in reaction.
o The active site has two basic components.
catalytic site binding site
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Catalytic siteWhere reaction
occursBinding
Siteholds
substrate in
place Substrate
Enzyme
THE ACTIVE SITE
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CATALYTIC POISONING
o It is the substance that reduces the effectiveness of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
Example: Carbon on silica-alumina catalyst in
the cracking of petroleum
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AUTOCATALYSIS
o If one of the reaction products is also a reactant and therefore a catalyst in the same reaction then the chemical reaction is said to be autocatalytic.
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THEORIES OF CATALYSIS
o The two main theories of catalysis are;
Intermediate compound formation theory
Adsorption theory
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INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND FORMATION THEORY
A + [CATALYST] [INTERMEDIATE][INTERMEDIATE] + B PRODUCT +
CATALYST
2SO2 + O2 [NO] 2SO3
Example:2NO + O2 2NO2
NO2 + SO2 SO3 + NO
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ADSORPTION THEORY
A(g
)
+ B(g) C(g
)
+D(g)
CATALYST
BAA B
A- - ->B
C
D
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THEORIES OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
o The two main theories of enzyme catalysis are:
Lock and key model Induced fit model
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LOCK AND KEY THEORY
This model was given my Emil Fischer.Enzyme is “lock” and Substrate is the “key”.
Substrate structure must fit into enzyme’s structure.
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INDUCED FIT MODEL
Active site may not fit substrate.
Site must change in order to form the complex.