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Simple, low-cost reservoirs to reduce vegetable
contamination In Lima, Peru
Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture International Wrap-up Event
26 – 28 June 2013, Tehran, Iran
Eng. Julio Moscoso Cavallini
National University of Agriculture La Molina - Peru
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The Cost Region:
• 55% of the country
population
• 42 rivers, most of them are
smolers and stacionalities
• Only recibed 1.8% of the
country water
• Near to hidric stress with a
bad tendency by the climátic
cheanges
• Only 10% is agriculture land
• 12 million hectars are arids
• Peruviam population: 30
millions (2012)
Peru:
Lima
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Map of the fecal
coliforms
contamination in
the hidric
resources of Peru DIGESA, 2004
Agriculture Production in
Peru:
• Total area: 2.3 million of
hectars
• Vegetables area: 164,000
ha
• Vegetables area with
indirected use of waste
water: 16,000 ha
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THE STUDY AREA IN
RIMAC RIVER BASIN
Agriculture areas in
Huachipa, Nievería and
Carapongo
They produce 15% of the
vegetables to Lima comsum
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Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms in the
water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa,
Nievería and Carapongo
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Levels of contaminatión with human parasites in
the water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa,
Nievería and Carapongo
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Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms
in the vegetables produced in Huachipa,
Nievería and Carapongo
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Levels of contaminatión with human
parasites in the vegetables produced in
Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo
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RESULTADOS DE LA EVALUACIÓN
DE CALIDAD SANITARIA
• Yet despite high levels of lead in the river basin, levels found in soils and crops were not high enough to pose a health risk
• More than 97% of water samples from irrigation canals were far above maximum permitted limits of faecal coliforms and some samples had higher than 5E+6/100 ml
• 30% of the vegetables in Carapongo and 70% in Huachipa and Nievería are not good for human consuption
• Rímac river is the main source of fecal contamination of the irrigation water
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SOLUTION: RESERVOIR
• Water retention to reduce contaminants in irrigation Use of irrigation methods more efficient
• Increased de agriculture productivity
• Added fishculture in order to compensate the land used for reservoir and diversify the production
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Criteria for
reservoirs
design
• Volume of reservoir
equivalent to
irrigated used in 2
weeks on summer
period
• Irrigation with only
50% of the volume
• Complete volumen
to get a minimum
retentión time of 7
days
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Radish and lettuce cultivated in Carapongo
Land irrigated with water of channels and reservoir efluentorio
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Increase
of
irrigatio
n water
quality
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Agriculture productivity in land irrigated with
channel and reservoir water (en US $)
Parámetro Agua de
canal
Agua de
reservorio sin
geomembrana
Agua de
reservorio con
geomembrana
Costo de Producción/ha 1,414 1,446 1,537
Producción lechuga
(docenas/ha)
4,595 7,326 7,326
Producción rabanito
(atados/ha)
3,779 4,213 4,213
Costo por docena lechuga 0.63 0.63 0.63
Costo por atado rabanito 0.23 0.23 0.23
Ingreso Total lechuga/ha 2,872 4,615 4,615
Ingreso Total rabanito/ha 869 969 969
Ingreso Total /ha 3,741 5,584 5,584
Utilidad/ha 2,327 4,138 4,047
Incremento en la utilidad por
el reservorio
1,811 1,720
Capacidad de pago de deuda
(campañas)
0.79 3.27
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Tilapia production in reservoirs
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Resultados del primer cultivo de tilapia
en el Reservorio de Nievería
Descripción Unidad P.U. Cantidad Total
Costo de producción: 471.00
Juveniles peces 0.16 1,450 232.50
Alimento kilos 0.53 450 238.50
Ingresos por ventas: 839.00
Pescado vivo kilos 1.67 254 424.00
Pescado frito kilos 5.46 76 415.00
Consumo familiar kilos 37
Utilidad: 368.00
Relación B/C 1.78
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RESULTS TO USE RESERVOIRS
• Retention times in reservoirs were 10- 27 days before irrigation
• Human parasites were eliminated in reservoir and fecal coliforms decreased to less 1000 NMP/100 ml in irrigation water
• Rservorirs increased the productivity and income of the local agriculture, geting compensate land used for reservoir
• Fish culture increaed income, key to promove new reservoirs
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Building of new reservoirs
Nievería 1: 700 m3 Nievería 2: 1,800 m3
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Reservoirs in Nievería
Impermeabilization
with geomembrane
(Nievería 1)
Impermeabilization
with soil-cement
(Nievería 2)
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Laguna-reservorio de Huachipa (2,400 m3)
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Cost of reservoirs building
Cost of impermeabilization
Lugar Volumen (m3) Costo (US$) US$/m3 Revestimiento %costo
Carapongo 200 2,200.00 11.00 Geomembrana 62
Nievería 1 700 5,538.00 7.90 Geomembrana 66
Huachipa 2400 10,106.00 4.21 Geomembrana 52
Nievería 2 1800 3,344.00 1.86 suelo-cemento 20
Opciones de impermeabilización Area (m2) US $/m2
Concreto simple, f’c=140 kg/cm2 232 7.97
Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 232 5.82
Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 714 5.13
Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 1350 3.76
Suelo-cemento, 0.06 bolsa de cemento/m2 1350 0.49
Arcilla compactada, 10 cm de espesor 1350 0.12
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• Reservoirs are a simple and cheap
technology to increased the vegetables
quality that actualy are irrigated with river
water contaminated with urban waster
water discharged in rivers
• We hope to promove this option in other
coutries, that the same of Peru, have
contaminated their water resources.
• Example: Haití have serius problems with
colera
LEARNING LESSONS
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Evaluación de la calidad del agua
y las hortalizas
Parámetro Riego con agua de canal Riego con agua de reservorio
Agua Rabanito Lechuga Agua Rabanito Lechuga
Coliformes fecales/100 ml 5000-13000 430-4300 10-7500 13-240 0.4-2.3 0.9-210
HELMINTOS:
Huevos Ascaris lumbricoides 5 0
Larva de strongyloides sp 9-14 4-8 0 0 0 0-2
Huevo de uncinaria 5 0
PROTOZOARIOS:
Quistes de Endolimax nana 9 4-13 0-9 0 0-4 0
Quistes de Entamoeba coli 18 11-27 0-3 0 0-2 0-2