simplified punctuations

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Punctuation

Dennis LingFirdaus

Javerico

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Punctuation

Is the system of symbols that writers use to

make their writing clear and to add emphasis,intonation, and pause to a work.

Marks of punctuation are traffic signs for

readers. They guide us through the maze of words and

ideas that any piece of writing presents.

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Writers punctuate sentences for two reasons;

1. To provide order and structure to anotherwise dark and disorganised stream of

words.

Without punctuation mark to indicate starting andstopping points, pauses, and other breaks, most

readers would drown in a sea of undifferentiated

thought, facts, and ideas.

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2. To add style to writing.

Speech is punctuated with hand gestures, pauses,tone changes, breathing, and facial expressions.

Each of these adds a subtle meaning to the

spoken sentence that it accompanies, but all of

them disappear when words are put to the page

Writers sometimes use punctuation in place of the

natural styling.

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Types of punctuation

Types Symbol

The Period .

The Comma ,The Colon :

The Semicolon ;

The Apostrophe

The Question mark ?

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Type Symbol

The Exclamatory mark !

Parentheses ( )Brackets [ ]

The hyphen -

The Dash -

Quotation marks

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The period

To present a strong pause or a break.

Used with:

Imperative and declarative sentences

No entrance. Alarm will sound.

Ellipses

Give me a dozen healthy infantsand Ill

guarantee to take any one at random and train

him to become any type of specialist I mightselect-J.B. Watson

Abbreviations

E.g.Made by Echo


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The comma

Is a mark of separation.

Divides items in a series, distinguish subordinate

from the main clause, and insert stylistic pauses,

among other thing. Used with:

Adverbial clauses

Until we have your final report, we cannotmake a decision

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Verbal

To win this competition, we must trust each

other.

Conjunctive adverbs Eventually, the truth will prevail.

With numbers 1, 927

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Preposition phrases

After the concert, we stopped for a cup ofcoffee.

With negative and affirmative adverbs

Yes, I have the dog with me.

No, it definitely will not going well.

With names

Kent, Clark.

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With nouns in direct address

I have told you, Ms. Stevens, that we no longer

sell coconut shakes.

With interjections

Oh, I didnt expect to see you here.

Appositives

Jennifer, the consummate hostess, puttogether another staggering dinner party.

Thats Herbie, my dog.

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Adjectives

Our chicken dinner benefited from those large,

aromatic cloves of garlic.

To set off phrases of contrast

Aaron told her to chop the onion, not dice it.

To set off interrogative clauses

This is the place, isnt it?

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Three or more items in a series

I need you to buy olive oil, sun dried tomatoes,and paprika for me.

To indicate omissions Frank is a strong man, and Hank, a clever man.

With quoted material

Terry said, Bring me the flashlight.

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To set off phrases of contrast

Aaron told her to chop the onion, not dice it.

To set off interrogative clauses

This is the place, isnt it?

With dates

September 9, 2011

With number

1,872

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With salutations Dear Wendy,

thank you so much.

With addresses and location His address is Vern Nutley, 57 Hawthorne Way,

Rockford, IL 61114.

With titles John Addison, Ph.D., M.D. has agreed to consult on

a research project.

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The colon

Often indicate a strong break in a strong break in a

sentence and mean as follows.

Used with:

Appositives

I have only one thing to say to you: Get a life.

Lists

Mom asked us to get these things from thegrocers: bread, milk, and cheese.

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To introduce a long quote.

The first page of the novel reads as follows:

It was a dark and stormy night.

To separate the pieces of a page specification. Chapter 8: Section 7.

To separate the number in a ratio. Combine the three chemicals in a 3:5:1 ratio.

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To separate the elements in written time.

By Greenwich mean time, it is 22:34:56:05.

To separate the title and subtitle of a book.

I just read a book called Too Many Hats: A Man

and His Compulsions.

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The semicolon

Indicates a stronger pause than the comma but a

weaker pause than the period.

Used with:

Compound sentences

to separate main clauses in a compound

sentence when no coordinate conjunction is

used. I woke up; I got out of bed.

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To separate main clauses in a compoundsentence when a conjunction adverb

introduces the second clause.

Your plan is insane; nevertheless, it is our

only hope.

Items in a series

The guest list includes Bill, my cousin; Susan,my best friend; and Arnold, my brother.

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The apostrophe

To indicate possessive nouns

with singular and plural nouns that do not end in

s

Singular: boyboys

Plural: womenwomens

With singular nouns that ends in s, add

apostrophe s (s) classs

bosss

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With plural nouns that end in s, just add an

apostrophe.

tigerstigers

girlsgirls

With missing letters

going goin buying buyin

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With plural of letters and abbreviations

rrs

AAs

Ph.D.s

With contractions

is notisnt

he ishes

With missing digits

198181 Made by Echo


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The question mark

With direct interrogative sentences What did you order?

With imperative sentences written as questions Would you fetch the paper, please?

With interrogative sentence element are you sure of her loyalty? her skills? her

determination?

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Exclamation Marks

An exclamation mark is used to demonstrate an emphatic statement, an

interjection or a command.Eg:

Yay! We Won!Oh no!Stop!

Mild commands or interjections take commas or periods, as appropriate,instead of exclamation points.

It is a good idea to remain prudent(sensible/careful) and selective with theuse of exclamation marks.

Too many can make your writing look unprofessional.

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Quotation Marks

The main function of quotation marks (alsoreferenced as quote marks) is to envelop direct

quotations, whether from spoken or written word.

Quote marks must always be used in pairs,regardless of whether the quote marks aredoubles or singles. If there an open-quote mark,

there must be a close-quote mark.

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Double Quote Mark

Double quote marks ( ) are used to

enclose a direct quotation.

As Mel Brooks is noted to have said, Anybody

can direct, but there are only eleven good

writers.

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Single Quote Marks

Single quote marks ( ) are used to hold a quote within a quote.

And then she said, As Mel Brooks is noted to have said,

Anybody can direct, but there are only eleven good writers.

As we can see here, if there is concluding punctuation followedby single quotes and double quotes, the sequence is: punctuation,then single quotation mark, then double quote mark.

Between each there is only small space left. This spacing is oftenreferenced as a hair space.

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Use with Titles

Song titles, book chapter or section titles within

newspaper and magazines, and the titles of episodes

of television or radio programs are all treated in

roman type within quotation marks.

As long as it is not a quotation within a quotation,

these titles are in double quotation marks.

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Examples:Title Type

Copacabana (At the Copa) Song title from Ultimate

Manilow

Punctuation Chapter title from Grammar

and Style at Your Fingertips

Graphic Novels New

Readers

Newspaper article from New

York Times

The Next Act Magazine article from the

New Yorker

Sales Resistance Television program episode

from I Love Lucy

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Hyphens

Hyphens are punctuation marks used todivide;

o Compound words

o Various elements of words

o Numbers.

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With Compound Words

Hyphens are used with hyphenatedcompound words and names.

More and more often hyphens are beingremoved and the words are being re-formed

as close compound.Eg:

post-Einsteinian

non-Indo-European

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For Syllabic Division

Hyphens are used to provide syllabic breaks in

words that fall at the end of lines.

For compound words, the division should be

made only between the words that create the

compound or at the fixed hyphens that create

the compound.

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Examples:

There were many people in townwith concentrated and deter-mined sales resistance.

Many other people in townthought this was the most-

determined sales force ever.

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Single-syllable words should not be broken, no

matter where they fall.If a single-syllable word will not fit on a line,

the type should be reflowed or rearranged to

fit.If you are uncertain where a words syllables

break properly, please check your dictionary.

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For Letter-to-Letter

Hyphens are used whenever words are

supposed to be spelled out letter by letter.

E.g:

l-e-t-t-e-r

Pronouncing is one thing, but please at least

spell my name correctly: L-a-r-a.

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Numbers Separation

Numbers use hyphens to separate numbers thatarent inclusive.

Some of these sorts of numbers are

ISBNs(International Book Numbers used for books),

Social Security numbers, and telephone numbers.

Eg:

ISBN: 978-1-59257-657-9

Phone: 1-300-88-2525

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En Dashes

En dashes are lines that are larger than

hyphens but smaller than em dashes.

The en dash can be used to mean to, up to

and including, or up to and through, and

most often used to join numbers, dates, and

words.

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Examples:

His years as principal: 19861996Reference pages: 345376

Bob Smith (1946)

When a spread of information is introducedwith the wordfrom, use to and not an en dash

to demonstrate the spread.

He was principal from 1986 to 1996.

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En dashes can be used with compound words that arenot equal on both sides of the dash.

One of the elements of the compound word might be acompound in itself and the other not.

Or both sides might be carrying compound words.

In either case, an en dash is used instead of a hyphen.

Eg:

As soon as we entered the postCold War era..

State University of New YorkStonybrook.

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Em Dashes

Em dashes are very versatile in their use. Theycan be used within a sentence to indicate anaside or to further explain something not directlyin line with the rest of the sentence.

Eg:

My boss was in a less than jollymoodhe had just been told to fire threepeople.

Bobher truest of true lovesdied in a tragicaccident.

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With Sudden Breaks

Sudden breaks in dialogue, thought, or other

sentence structure should be indicated by an

em dash.

Eg:

I cant go until The immediate silence that

followed instantly caused grave concern.

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With Other Punctuation

Em dashes can be used with exclamation

marks or question marks, but not with any

other punctuation.

Eg:

Hey! Stop!

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Two- and Three-Em Dashes

The two- and three-em dashes are used to showthat a word, a big part of a word, or a name ismissing.

When a two-em dash is used to replace a word,

be sure a space separates the dash from the texton both sides.

However, when a two-em dash replaces letterswithin a word, it should be closed to the

surrounding text.

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Examples:a) Her stream of words embarrassed even the

sailors.b) Gnarls By [Barkley?]...

Three-em dashes, often used in bibliography citationto indicate a missing name or repeat of theproceeding author, should be closed to the followingperiod.

Eg:

. Today, Tomorrow, and Forever. NewYork: Berkley Books, 2007.

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Slashes

Slashes are used between two or more words

that are alternating options.

Eg:

This is a pass/fail class.

That was a yes/no question.

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Slashes are also used to show the separation of

poetry or song lines that are placed within text.

Note that the slashes are separated from the

surrounding text with spaces.

Eg:

The saddest poem Please God, let me see the

sunset. / Please God, let me see another

morning. / Please God, let me see my friend again

/ with both eyes intact / and no gaping holes inhis body. Was cited simply as being by A

Soldier.

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Parentheses

Parenthesis are punctuation marks used to

isolate elements within sentences that are not

exactly necessary but that add to the readers

understanding.

These parenthetical expressions include

examples, explanation, and digressions.

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Examples:a) She loved her first brand-new car ( a 2000 Ford Escort

ZX2) and ignored those who would mock her choice.

a) The population growth rate dropped(-0.3 percent) in2006.

Parenthesis can also be used to enclose numbers or letters inlistings within sentencesor as a design element for listextracts.

Eg:

a) They decided (1) to stop watching TV and (2) to stop stayingup late at night.

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Brackets

Brackets are used within quotations to identify andseparate your own commentary from the words thatcome from the one being quoted.

Eg:

Once in awhile [sic] even she misspelled an easyword or two.

Sic (adv): Used after a word that you have copied in order

to show that you know it was not spelled or usedcorrectly.

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Brackets can also be used within parentheses,

just as when single quotes are placed within

double quotes.

Eg:

Sometime before ( before the race [ to the

top of the volcano] began), he had already

decided to lose.

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