simulation software discrete-event system simulation 5 th edition chapter 4 1
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Simulation Software
Discrete-Event System Simulation
5th Edition
Chapter 4
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World Views of Simulation Model Event-Scheduling View
As with our project 1 Focus on processing each event
Process-interaction View View model as a set of processes
through which an entity “flows” Life-cycle approach – time-sequenced
list of events, activities, & delays Common in simulation environments
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World Views of Simulation Model
Activity Scanning Approach Focus on activities & conditions that allow
it to begin At each clock advance, scan conditions to
start any activity that can begin Approach is simple, but scan is slow New 3-phase approach includes some
event scheduling – somewhat more complex but more efficient
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Categories of Simulation Software General Purpose Languages
C, C++, Java Simulation Languages
GPSS, SIMAN, SLAM, SSF Simulation Environments
Enterprise Dynamics, Arena, SIMUL8
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Features of Simulation Languages Some focus on a single type of
application Built in features include
Statistics collection Time management Queue management Event generation
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Features of Simulation Environments Some focus on one type of application Icon based Analysis of I/O Advanced Statistics Optimization Support for Experimentation
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History of Simulation Software(Nance 1995) 1955-60 Period of Search 1961-65 Advent 1966-70 Formative Period 1971-78 Expansive Period 1979-86 Period of Consolidation &
Regeneration 1987- 2008 Period of Integrated
Environments 2009 + The Future
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Simulation Languages
1981 – 137 Simulation languages reported
More have be developed since Now Simulation Environments
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The Search:: 1955 - 60
FORTRAN – one of a few languages Focus on unifying concepts & reusable
functions General Simulation Program – first
effort at “language” which as a set of functions
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The Advent:: 1961-65
GPSS – 1961 @ IBM Based on block diagrams Well-suited for queuing models Expensive at first
SIMSCRIPT – 1963 – Rand Corp. US Air Force – government is biggest user FORTRAN influence Owned by CACI in CA.
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The Advent:: 1961-65(continued)
GASP – 1961 Based on Algol, then Fortran Collection of Fortran functions
SIMULA – extension of Algol Widely used in Europe
CSL (Control & Simulation Language)
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Formative Period:: 1966-70 Concepts caused major revisions of
languages Languages gained wider usage GPSS (several variations) Simscript II – English-like ECSL – Europe SIMULA – added classes & inheritance
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The Expansion Period:: 1971-78 GPSS/H – 1977 GASP IV – 1974 – Purdue SIMULA
Attempt to simplify the modeling process Program generators – severe limitations
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Consolidation & Regeneration::
1979-1986 Movement to mini and PC computers SLAM II (descendant of GASP)
3 world views Event, Network, Continuous
SIMAN (descendant of GASP) General Modeling + Block Diagrams 1st first major language - PC & MS-DOS Fortran functions w/ Fortran programming
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Integrated Environments::
1987 - 2008 Growth on PC’s Simulation Environments
GUI Animation Data analyzers
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The Future :: 2009 - 2011
What can we expect in the future? (2008) Virtual Reality Improved Interfaces Better Animation Agent-based Modeling
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Agent-Based Software AnyLogic Ascape MASON NetLogo StarLogo Swarm RePast
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Evaluating Software
Consider multiple issues Ease of use, support, applicability
Speed of execution Experimental runs – Debugging
Beware of demos & advertising Will focus on strengths only Ask for demo of YOUR problem
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Evaluating Software
Carefully consider comparison checklists with yes/no answers
Can software link to external languages Carefully consider trade-off between
graphical model building & simulation programming language
Costs – one-time vs. licensing
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Simulation Software FeaturesSee the following tables in text: Model-building features
P. 123 – Table 4.1 Runtime Environment
P. 124 – Table 4.2 Animation & Layout features
P. 124 – Table 4.3
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Simulation Software Features Output features
P. 125 – Table 4.4 Vendor Support - Documentation
P. 125 – Table 4.5
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Example SimulationCheckout Counter – Single Server QueueConsider at standard checkout counter
environment with on clerk and one queue. Interarrival times are exponentially distributed with mean 4.5 minutes; service times normally distributed with mean 3.2 and standard deviation 0.6 minutes.
Simulate for 1000 customers.
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Java Model
Section 4.4 – p.126
Note similarity to our process in project one
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GPSSGeneral Purpose Simulation System
Highly Structured Process Approach Queuing Systems Block Diagrams
40 standard blocks Block corresponds to a statement
Transactions FLOW through the system
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GPSS Block Diagram for Example Figure 4.10 – p. 138 Each entity has a name
Name each queue, server, etc. In rectangle, parameters (as necessary) Right attachment, name of entity Far right column – GPSS Command
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GPSS Syntax Assembly-like
Label OpCode Subfields ; comment Label: col. 1, <= 9 alphanumeric, alpha
start OpCode: 4+ characters of command Subfields: as necessary, separated by
commas Comment: after ; or with * in column 1
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GPSS Program
Figure 4.11 – p. 139 Declaration Section Customized vs. Standard Output Code Section
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Generate rvexpo (1,&IAT)
Queue Systime
Queue Line
Seize Checkout
Depart Line
Advance rvnorm(1,&mean,&stdev)
Release Checkout
Depart Systime
Test_GE M1, 4, Term
Blet &Count = &Count +1
Ter Terminate 1
Start &Limit
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GPSS Output
Customized Figure 4.12 – P. 141
Standard Figure 4.13 – P. 142
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Other Simulation Software SSF – Scalable Simulation Framework Application Program Interface (API) Object-oriented, process view 5 Base Classes
Process, Entity, Event, InChannel, OutChannel Designed for high-performance computers Bridges pure Java & simulation languages Figures 4.14 & 4.15
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Simulation Environments ~~Common Features GUI
Animation Automatic statistics Output (tables, graphs, custom) Analysis Process world view
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Common Features (# 2)
Some allow Event Scheduling Mixed continuous-discrete models
Animations – 2D & 3D Business Graphics
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Simulation Environments AnyLogic Arena AutoMod Enterprise
Dynamics
ExtendSim Flexsim ProModel SIMUL8
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AnyLogic
Supports: discrete event, agent-based, system dynamics (& combination)
Hybrid: discrete & continuous Object library Java models, publish as applets Animation, Statistics, optimization,
debugger
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Arena
Discrete & Continuous systems Object-based; GUI 2D, 3D Animation Business & Manufacturing processes Supports Analysis OptQuest for optimization Based on SIMAN; embedded Visual Basic
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AutoMod
Manufacturing & Materials handling Detailed large models for planning,
decision support, control systems AutoStat - Experimentation & analysis AutoView - Make movies of 3D
animations Full simulation language included
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Object oriented Discrete Events Open GL 3D visualization engine 4D Script programming language Interfaces with databases OptQuest optimization
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ExtendSim
Block-diagram approach Versions for mixed and for continuous
only Includes C-like programming language Supports linking to external languages
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Flexsim
Dynamic-flow systems - manufacturing Discrete-event, Object-oriented
simulator; developed in C++ using Open GL
Animation: 2D, 3D, Virtual reality Drag & Drop
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ProModel
Manufacturing Systems Simulation & Animation (2D & 3D) Output viewer – graphs, tables SimRunner – optimizer based on
evolutionary algorithm technique OptQuest is also available MedModel, ServiceModel
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SIMUL8
Service industries, transaction processing Drop & Drag model development Saves in XML format Pre-built templates for common
applications 3D virtual reality graphics Links to database
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Experimentation & Statistical Analysis Tools
Included in most all simulation systems Add-ons also available Features
Optimization – define fitness or cost function
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ArenaOutput & Process Analyzer
Confidence intervals Comparison of systems Warm-up determinations Graphs (all types) – 2D & 3D Scenario definition
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AutoStat (from AutoMod)
Warm-up determination Steady state determination Confidence intervals Sensitivity analysis Optimization via evolutionary strategy
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OptQuest
Based on scatter search, tabu search, linear-integer programming, data mining, neural nets (evolutionary)
Uncertainty problems Global optimums Handles non-linear and discontinuous
relationships
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SimRunner (from ProModel) Based evolutionary models & genetic
algorithms Optimizations 3D graphics Warm-up (steady state) determination
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Conclusion
Many simulation software environments available
Many do have trial versions to download for trying
Before deciding, consider the features and the add-ons available that will suit your particular environment
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