singing in tune: insights from music educators and psychological researchers, by ana luisa santo,...

7/23/2019 Singing in Tune: Insights from Music Educators and Psychological Researchers, by Ana Luisa Santo, York University

1/173

\NDONDO ND QYDI5

ND\NOCQ\ F[JH HY\NL IAYLBQJ[\ BDA

W\^LCJ@JONLB@ [I\IB[LCI[\

BDB @YN\B @JY[J \BDQJ

B QCI\N\ \YKHNQQIA QJ

QCI FBLY@Q^ JF O[BAYBQI \QYANI\

ND WB[QNB@ FY@FN@HIDQ JF QCI [IRYN[IHIDQ\

FJ[ QCI AIO[II JF

HB\QI[ JF B[Q\

O[BAYBQI W[JO[BH ND HY\NL^J[M YDNVI[\NQ^,

QJ[JDQJ, JDQB[NJ

BW[N@ ;72;


2/173

\NDONDO ND QYDI5ND\NOCQ\ F[JH HY\NL IAYLBQJ[\ BDA W\^LCJ@JONLB@[I\IB[LCI[\

k~ Bdb @yn|b @jy{j \bdqj

b qci|n| |ykhnqqia qj qci Fbly`q~ jf O{baybqi \qyani|jf ^j{m Ydnvi{|nq~ nd wb{qnb` fy`fn``hidq jf qci {iryn{ihidq|fj{ qci aio{ii jf

HB\QI[ JF B[Q\

Wi{hn||njd cb| kiid o{bdqia qj5 b. ^J[M YDNVI[\NQ^ @NK[B[NI\ qj ìdaj{ |i`` ljwni| jf qcn| qci|n| nd wbwi{ hnl{jfj{h j{ iìlq{jdnl fj{hbq| bda k.@NK[B[^ BDA B[LCNVI\ LBDBAB qj {iw{jayli ìda an|q{nkyqi j{ |i``

ljwni| jf qcn| qci|n| bd~ci{i nd qci j{à nd hnl{jfj{h wbwi{ j{ iìlq{jdnlfj{hbq| bda qj byqcj{nui j{ w{jly{i qci {iw{jaylqnjd `jbd an|q{nkyqnjd j{ |bìjf ljwni| jf qcn| an||i{qbqnjd bd~ci{i nd qci j{à nd hnl{jfj{h wbwi{ j{iìlq{jdnl fj{hbq|$

Qci byqcj{ {i|i{vi| jqci{ wyk`nlbqnjd {nocq| bda dinqci{ qci qci|n| dj{ isqid|nviisq{blq| f{jh nq hb~ ki w{ndqia j{ jqci{n|i {iw{jaylia nqcjyq qci byqcj{|{nqqid wi{hn||njd$


3/173

BK\Q[BLQ

Qcn| qci|n| n| bd ndqi{an|lnw`ndb{~ isbhndbqnjd jf qci {ib|jd| wijwì

hb~ |ndo jyq jf qydi$ Qci fn{|q lcbwqi{ n| bd bdb`~|n| jf ndqi{vni| nqc fjy{

|ndondo qiblci{|$ Ljhhjd qcihi| ndl`yai b |q{jdo fjly| jd an|ljvi{ndo b~|

qj {ihia~ qci w{jkìh bda b ki`nif qcbq ivi{~jdi lbd ki qbyocq qj |ndo nd qydi

nqc idjyoc iffj{q bda qci {nocq hiqcja|$

Qci |iljda lcbwqi{ hbmi| b lb|i fj{ vn|yj|wbqnb` aifnlnq| b| jdi

wj||nkì lby|i jf jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo bda ai|l{nki| qci {i|y`q| jf b {i|ib{lc

iswi{nhidq qcbq isbhndi| qcn| c~wjqci|n|$ [i|y`q| |cj qcbq qcj|i nqc bhy|nb

bwwib{ qj cbvi b aifnlnq nd vn|yj|wbqnb` j{mndo hihj{~ bda qcbq jyq(jf(qydi

|ndoi{| cj `blm qci wnqlc(wi{liwqnjd aifnlnq w{i|idq nd bhy|nb aj djq cbvi qcn|

aifnlnq cnoc`nocqndo qci |iwb{bkn`nq~ jf qci qj ljdanqnjd|$

Qci qcn{a lcbwqi{ isw`j{i| qci anffi{idli| kiqiid ryb`nqbqnvi bda

rybdqnqbqnvi {i|ib{lc bda hbmi| |yooi|qnjd| fj{ k{naondo qci obw kiqiid

hy|nl {i|ib{lci{| bda hy|nl iaylbqj{|$


4/173

Qj B`isbda{b bda Hb~b


5/173

BLMDJ_@IAOIHIDQ\

Fn{|q bda fj{ihj|q N jyà `nmi qj isw{i|| h~ qcbdm| qj h~ |ywi{vn|j{ [jk vbd

ai{ K`nim$ ^jy{ oynabdli b`jdo qci idqn{i w{jli|| b| ndvb`ybkì i|wilnb``~ ndqci ib{`~ |qboi| jf j{obdnundo bda w`bddndo$ B`|j N o{bqify``~ blmdjìaoi~jy{ ailn|njd qj |ywi{vn|i |ylc b hy`qn(fbliqia bda ndqi{an|lnw`ndb{~ j{m ndqci fn{|q w`bli i|wilnb``~ cid dj jdi i`|i jyà ljhi dib{ nq"

\nhn`b{`~ N jyà b`|j `nmi qj qcbdm qci jqci{ hihki{ jf h~ ljhhnqqii Hb{~Ai|{jlci{$ ^jy{ mnda |yooi|qnjd| bda bavnli jd qci w|~lcj`jo~({i`bqiab|wilq| jf qcn| qci|n| i{i vnqb` nd ci`wndo hi isw`j{i isblq`~ cbq N bdqia qjnqcjyq cbvndo qj ljhw{jhn|i$

N jyà b`|j `nmi qj qcbdm Dnlcj`b| Liwiab bda Ebhi| Kikmj fj{ qcin{ljd|y`qbqnjd ay{ndo qci ib{`~ |qboi| jf qcn| j{m$ ^jy{ ljhhidq| bda|yooi|qnjd| w`b~ia bd nhwj{qbdq {jì nd ci`wndo hi oiq |qb{qia$

Qj [ina J`|id K{nbd Wnwi{ bda \cbdi Hyi`ì{qcbdm ~jy fj{ ~jy{isq{bj{andb{~ wbqnidli bda dyhi{jy| kblm(bda(fj{qc i(hbn`| nd ci`wndo hifnoy{i jyq cj qj y|i qci WIK@ |jfqb{i$ N bh vi{~ o{bqify`"

Qj Cyoc HlLboyi bq qci Nd|qnqyqi fj{ \jlnb` [i|ib{lc qcbdm ~jy fj{ ~jy{lb`h wbqnidq bda aiqbnìa ci`w nqc qci |qbqn|qnlb` bdb`~|i|$ ^jy{ ljdq{nkyqnjd|b{i o{ibq`~ bww{ilnbqia$

Qj Eiddnfi{ Bda{nlj`b [jki{q Bkkjqq bda i|wilnb``~ B`~lnb Wbdbojwjy`j|qcbdm ~jy fj{ ~jy{ hiqnly`jy| ci`w nd w{iwb{ndo qci hbdy|l{nwq fj{ kindo h~cbda| bda fj{ divi{ kb`mndo bq ~iq bdjqci{ |l{nkkìa wboi nd y{oidq diia jfq{bd|l{nwqnjd$ N ljyà djq aj cbq N aj nqcjyq ~jy kicnda qci |lidi|$

Qj Kb{kb{b Hy|mbqqcbdm ~jy fj{ ~jy{ ydryi|qnjdndo fbnqc nd hi fj{lcii{ndo hi jd bda fj{ |ywwj{qndo hi qc{jyoc qci hj{i anffnly`q qnhi|$ Nqhibd| |j hylc qj hi$

N jyà b`|j `nmi qj isw{i|| h~ bww{ilnbqnjd bda qcbdm| qj qci ndqi{vniiaqiblci{| cj |cb{ia qcin{ qcjyocq| bda iswi{nidli|$ ^jy{ ljhhidq| b{i bdndvb`ybkì wb{q jf qcn| j{m bda N bh vi{~ o{bqify` fj{ qci qnhi ~jy qjjm jyq jf


6/173

Qj Lbqci{ndi Ab~ [idbqb Qja{j| Mb{id [~hb` Lbqci{ndi [jkknd Dj{hbKy{{ji| bda @n|iqqi Lbdqjdiblc jf ~jy cb| dy{qy{ia bda q{bndia h~ vjnlind ~jy{ jd b~$ ^jy cbvi b`` nd|wn{ia hi onvid hi ljdfnaidli bda qbyocqhi qj divi{ ki ljdqidq nqc hianjl{nq~$ N qcbdm b`` jf ~jy f{jh qci kjqqjh jfh~ cib{q kilby|i iblc jf ~jy cb| ydljvi{ia bd b|wilq jf h~ vjnli N divi{

mdi b| qci{i$

Qj @by{b Hbqqci B`~lnb @by{ni I`vn{b bda Lbqc~qcbdm ~jy fj{ b`` ~jy{|ywwj{q ay{ndo qcn| w{jli|| bda fj{ kindo qci{i cid N diiaia ~jy$ ^jy{f{nida|cnw bda ydai{|qbdando jf hi hibd| hj{i qj hi qcbd N ljy`a ivi{ wyqndqj j{a|$

Bda fndb``~ qj Hbqqci Minquh~ jyq`ni{$ _nqcjyq ~jy N divi{ jy`a cbviivid qcjyocq qj q{~$ Qcbdm ~jy fj{ ki`nivndo nd hi$


7/173

QBK@I JF LJDQIDQ\

BK\Q[BLQ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ NN

BLMDJ_@IAOIHIDQ\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ NV

QBK@I JF LJDQIDQ\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ VN

@N\Q JF FNOY[I\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ VNNN

@N\Q JF QBK@I\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ NS

NDQ[JAYLQNJD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2

Iswi{nidli jf hy|nl iaylbqj{| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;

Bhy|nb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

LCBWQI[ ;5 B L@NDNLB@ @JJM BQ JYQ(JF(QYDI \NDONDO $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;>

Dj{hb` aivi`jwhidq jf hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;>

B n B a fn n n n c n


8/173

\wily`bqnjd bkjyq bhy|nb |ykq~wi| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

[i|y`q| bda An|ly||njd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 67

LCBWQI[


9/173

@N\Q JF FNOY[I\

FNOY[I 25 LJ[\N F_*K_ \QB[Q \L[IID $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 91

FNOY[I ;5 L@JLM QI\Q \QB[Q \L[IID $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 99

FNOY[I 5 \LJ[I AN\Q[NKYQNJD JF HI@JANL #QB\M 2. BDA [C^QCH #QB\M ;.

\YK\LB@I\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2


10/173

@N\Q JF QBK@I\

QBK@I 25 JYQ(JF(QYDI BDA ND(QYDI [BQNDO\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 212

QBK@I ;5 LJD\J@NABQIA WB[QNLNWBDQ LCB[BLQI[N\QNL\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 21;

QBK@I 5 HY@QNW@I LJHWB[N\JD\LJ[\N KBLM_B[A\ #K@JLM \WBD. $$$$$$$$$ 21>

QBK@I 275 HY@QNW@I LJHWB[N\JD\LJ[\N KBLM_B[A\ #QJQB@ LJ[[ILQ. 297

QBK@I 225 HY@QNW@I LJHWB[N\JD\LJ[\N KBLM_B[A\ #HIHJ[^ \WBD. $$ 292

QBK@I 2;5 HY@QNW@I LJHWB[N\JD\LJ[\N KBLM_B[A\ #QJQB@. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29;

QBK@I 2


11/173

QBK@I 2?5 HKIB [C^QCH \YK\LB@I \NODNFNLBDQ LJ[[I@BQNJD\ _NQC

VN\YJ\WBQNB@ QB\M\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 296

QBK@I 235 HIBD \LJ[I\ JD B@@ QB\M\ K^ OIDAI[ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29?

QBK@I 2>5 Q(QI\Q FJ[ IRYB@NQ^ JF HIBD\ K^ OIDAI[ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29?

QBK@I ;75 [B_ WB[QNLNWBDQ QB\M ABQB $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 293


12/173

NDQ[JAYLQNJD

Qci hy|nlnbd hb~ |ndo qj ~jy jf qci {c~qch cnlc n| nd b``

|wbli kyq ci lbddjq onvi ~jy qci ib{ cnlc b{{i|q| qci {c~qch

dj{ qci vjnli qcbq ilcji| nq$ Mbc`n` Onk{bd

_i lbd w{jkbk`~ b`` lb`` qj hnda b {idanqnjd jf Cbww~ Kn{qcab~ qcbq

hbai y| l{ndoi cid |jhijdi b| |ndondo rynqi jkvnjy|`~ jyq jf qydi bda

|iihia djq qj lb{i qcbq qcin{ wnqlci| ana djq hbqlc qci ndqidaia djqi| j{ ivid

qci wnqlci| jf qcj|i b{jyda qcih$ Q~wnlb``~ i {ifi{ qj |ylc wjj{ |ndoi{| b|

qjdi(aibf bda |jhi jf qci|i ndanvnayb`| ivid w{jya`~ ail`b{i cj

ydhy|nlb` qci~ b{i$ \q{bdoi`~ jqci{| |iih qj ki ljhwìqi`~ ydbb{i qcbq

qci~ lbddjq |ndo nd qydi$

Jyq jf qydi |ndondo n| djq jd`~ b w{jkìh ay{ndo qci jllb|njdb` kn{qcab~

obqci{ndo cjivi{$ Iìhidqb{~ |lcjj` qiblci{| cbvi qj aib` nqc qcn| w{jkìh

jd bd ivi{~ab~ kb|n| i|wilnb``~ nqc vi{~ ~jydo lcnà{id cj b{i djq ~iq bkì

qj ljd|n|qidq`~ |ndo nd qydi fj{ b vb{niq~ jf {ib|jd|5 qcin{ wb{idq| ajdq |ndo bq

cjhi qcin{ hy|nl iswj|y{i n| `nhnqia qci~ `blm ljdfnaidli qci~ b||jlnbqi

qn qn nqc n n a q k n n` a k a `q q #\ nqc


13/173

aifnlnq qci ndbkn`nq~ qj |ndo nd qydi hb~ lby|i hnà ihkb{{b||hidq nd |jhi

ndanvnayb`| bda |nodnfnlbdq an|q{i|| nd jqci{|$ Wijwì cj |ndo jyq jf qydi b{i

jfqid b|mia djq qj |ndo bq b``$ Qcn| n| i|wilnb``~ an|q{i||ndo qj |jhi lcnà{id

cj fii` |ndoìa jyq bhjdo qcin{ wii{|$ \jhi qiblci{| ivid oj |j fb{ b| qj qi``

lcnà{id qj ey|q hjyqc qci j{a| {bqci{ qcbd q{~ qj |ndo #\hnqc ;776 ;3.$

Iswi{nidli jf hy|nl iaylbqj{|

Hy|nl iaylbqj{| bda {nqi{| jd hy|nl iaylbqnjd cbvi bqqihwqia qj

o{bwwì nqc qcn| w{jkìh k~ {i`~ndo jd qcin{ wi{|jdb` qiblcndo iswi{nidli|$

Hbd~ |b~ qcbq |ndondo nd qydi aji| djq nd fblq ljhi dbqy{b``~ bda qcbq b``

lcnà{id diia qj ki qbyocq qj |ndo nd qydi$ Jdi {nqi{ {iwj{q| qcbq nd cn|

iswi{nidli yw qj qj(qcn{a| jf lcnà{id lbddjq |ndo nd ydn|jd #@~jd 2>>6? 1


14/173

lcnà| `blm jf hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ nd|qiba jf {i|wjdando nqc ljdli{d b| qci~

jyà fj{ jqci{ |ykeilq| bda idljy{bondo qci lcnà qj q{~ cb{ai{ #j{ jkqbnd

{ihianb` ci`w. #K{bai`~ 2>69 1>.$

Jqci{| cbvi |yooi|qia hiqcja| fj{ qyqj{ndo qci|i jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{|$

\jhi cbvi w{jwj|ia o{baybqia hiqcja| #K{naoicjy|i 2>?3 969 939 16= \hnqc ;776 39

1?.$

Bhy|nb

Qci qi{h qjdi(aibf n| y|ia lj``jrynb``~ qj ai|l{nki wjj{ |ndoi{|$

_cnì qcn| qi{h |yooi|q| qcbq qci|i ndanvnayb`| cbvi fby`q~ wnqlc wi{liwqnjd nq n|

q~wnlb``~ y|ia qj hibd qcbq qci~ cbvi fby`q~ wnqlcw{jaylqnjd #n$i$ qci~ lbddjq

w{jayli qci lj{{ilq djqi| cid qci~ |ndo. #Wfj{a{i|ci{ bda K{jd ;77? >9.$


15/173

wi{liwqnjd #Fjsqjd iq b`$ ;771.$ Bhy|nl ndanvnayb`| cbvi anffnly`q~ djq jd`~

|ndondo nd qydi kyq b`|j {iljodnundo fbhn`nb{ qydi|$ Qcn| an|j{ai{ jlly{| nd qci

w{i|idli jf jqci{n|i ndqblq ljodnqnvi bkn`nqni| bda bwwib{| qj cbvi b oidiqnl

j{nond #Wi{iqu bda C~ai ;77


16/173

oidi{b` mdjìaoi jf hy|nl iaylbqj{| wj||nk`~ kilby|i qci {i|ib{lc n| |qn``

vi{~ di$ Qcn| |yooi|q| qj ydai{`~ndo w{jkìh|$ Qci fn{|q n| qcbq ljodnqnvi

aifnlnq| #|ylc b| bhy|nb j{ jqci{ ìb{dndo an|bkn`nqni|. b{i djq |jhiqcndo qci

bvi{boi hy|nl iaylbqj{ n| ljdli{dia nqc cid qiblcndo hy|nl$ \lcjj`| bda

qiblci{| b{i oidi{b``~ ydbb{i qcbq hy|nlb` an|bkn`nqni| hnocq isn|q #Wi{iqu

bda C~ai ;77


17/173

aji| djq cbvi hylc jf bd iffilq jd blqyb` qiblcndo w{blqnli|$ Fj{ isbhw`i

Cb|qjd {iwj{q| qcbq b`qcjyoc qci{i n| bd bkydabdli jf `nqi{bqy{i cnoc`nocqndo qci

kidifnq| jf wi{fj{hbdli |mn`` hjai`ndo qiblci{| jd`~ y|i hjai`ndo bkjyq 27(;9

wi{lidq jf qci qnhi #;77? ;6.$ Qci w{jk`ih jf k{naondo qci obw kiqiid

{i|ib{lci{| bda iaylbqj{| n| ljhwjydaia k~ qci fblq qcbq qci qb|m| y|ia nd

w|~lcj`jonlb` {i|ib{lc b{i |iid b| anvj{lia f{jh blqyb` hy|nl(hbmndo |j qci{i

hb~ ki b hn|q{y|q jf {i|ib{lci{| hbmndo ljdl`y|njd| bkjyq hy|nl i|wilnb``~ nf

qci~ b{i djq hy|nlnbd| qcih|i`vi| #Wcn``nw| ;773


18/173

bda {nqi(yw n`` b`|j |i{vi b| b lb|i |qya~ jf {i|ib{lc iswi{nhidq| nd

oidi{b`$

Lcbwqi{ < n`` w{i|idq bd isbhndbqnjd jf qci fndando| f{jh kjqc jf qci

bkjvi qj vi{~ anffi{idq bqqihwq| qj obqci{ abqb$ Anffnly`qni| idljydqi{ia

ay{ndo qci w{jli|| n`` ki baa{i||ia$ Nq n`` b |j ndl`yai b an|ly||njd jf cj

hy|nl {i|ib{lci{| bda hy|nl iaylbqj{| lbd kiqqi{ ljhhydnlbqi nqc iblc jqci{

fj{ qci wy{wj|i jf bnando jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{|$


19/173

LCBWQI[ 25 \NDONDO B\ B WIABOJONLB@LJDLI[D

Qci cyhbd vjnli n| {ihb{mbk`inq idbk`i| y| qj ljhhydnlbqi djq jd`~

nqc j{a| bda `bdoyboi kyq b`|j nqc vb{njy| djd(vi{kb` |jyda| |ylc b|

`byocqi{ l{~ndo |noc| bda jf ljy{|i hy|nl$ Hy|nl nq|i`f |iih| qj ki nddbqi

#Wbqi` ;773


20/173

w{nvbqi vjnli qiblci{$ Qci qiblci{| i{i {il{ynqia qc{jyoc wi{|jdb`

ljddilqnjd| bda b`` qiblc nd qci lnq~ jf Qj{jdqj Jdqb{nj Lbdbab$ Qiblci{|

i{i b|mia b vb{niq~ jf ryi|qnjd| bkjyq qcin{ iswi{nidli| nqc jyq(jf(qydi

|ndoi{|$ Qci~ i{i b|mia qj aiqbn` |wilnfnl iswi{nidli| isw`bnd qiblcndo

hiqcja| bda w{jvnai qcin{ qcjyocq| jd qci ljdliwq jf qjdi(aibfdi||$ Qci~

i{i b`|j b|mia bkjyq qci ib|i jf blli||ndo ly{{idq {i|ib{lc kindo ajdi nd

hy|nl iaylbqnjd$

Bwwidans B ndl`yai| q{bd|l{nwqnjd| jf qci fjy{ ndqi{vni| b|

i`` b| fy{qci{ aiqbn`| bkjyq iblc qiblci{$ Ryjqi| f{jh iblc jf qci fjy{ qiblci{|

#naidqnfnia nd qci qisq k~ qci ìqqi{| B qc{jyoc A. b{i isli{wqia f{jh qci|i

ndqi{vni|$

[i|y`q|

Qci fj``jndo w{jvnai| b ljdaid|bqnjd bda |yhhb{~ jf hbd~ mi~

jk|i{vbqnjd| bda nd|nocq| oìbdia f{jh qci fjy{ qiblci{ ndqi{vni|$

QIBLCNDO HIQCJA\Ivid qcjyoc qci|i fjy{ qiblci{| qbyocq b vb{niq~ jf boi| #f{jh fjy{(

~ib{(jà| qj bay`q|. qci~ |cb{ia hbd~ jf qci |bhi qcjyocq| jd qci w{jkìh jf


21/173

|ndondo qjoiqci{ nqc jqci{| n| nhwj{qbdq fj{ ci`wndo qcj|i cj |q{yooì nqc

wnqlc(hbqlcndo$ Jdi jf qci cnoc |lcjj` qiblci{| #Qiblci{ L. qjà qci |qj{~ jf b

~jydo kj~ cj |q{yooìa |ivi{i`~ djq jd`~ nqc hbqlcndo wnqlc kyq b`|j nqc

cib{ndo anffi{idli| kiqiid wnqlci|= jdi jf ci{ hiqcja| fj{ ci`wndo cnh b| qj

{il{ynq b f{nida jf cn| jf qci |bhi vjnli wb{q bda cbvi cnh |ndo b`jdo nqc qci

jqci{ kj~ ay{ndo cn| {ihianb` |i||njd| nqc ci{$ Qci iìhidqb{~ |lcjj` qiblci{

#Qiblci{ B. qjà b |nhn`b{ |qj{~ jf b `nqqì on{` cj bdqia |j hylc qj nhw{jvi

ci{ |ndondo qcbq |ci jyà |wida ci{ {ili||i| nqc b f{nida bda w{blqnli |ndondo

nqc ci{$ Qci jqci{ cnoc |lcjj` qiblci{ #Qiblci{ K. ki`nivi| qcbq qcn| n| |ylc

bd nhwj{qbdq hiqcja qcbq |ci {b{i`~ j{m| nqc qci|i |qyaidq| ndanvnayb``~

bd~hj{i bda nd|qiba idljy{boi| qcih qj ejnd qci lcjn{ bda wb{qnlnwbqi nd

|ilqnjdb`| ci{i qci~ |ndo qjoiqci{ nqc qcin{ jd vjnli wb{q$ \ci ivid

{ilj{a| ci{|i`f |ndondo iblc vjnli wb{q #f{jh b lcj{b` wnili. ndanvnayb``~ bda i(

hbn`| ci{ |qyaidq| qci anonqb` fnì |j qci~ lbd w{blqnli bq cjhi$ \ci |b~| qcn| n|

vnqb` i|wilnb``~ |ndli hbd~ jf ci{ ly{{idq |qyaidq| lbddjq w`b~ qci wnbdj j{

|nocq({iba hy|nlb` djqbqnjd$

Bdjqci{ hiqcja qcbq hj|q jf qci qiblci{| cbvi ihw`j~ia nqc jyq(jf(

qydi |ndoi{| n| w`b~ndo djqi| jd qci wnbdj bda b|mndo qci |qyaidq nf qci~ lbd


22/173

qci jqci{ ivid cid qci ndqi{vb`| b{i |ivi{b` qjdi| bwb{q$ Qci qiblci{|

ai|l{nkia qci wbnd|qbmndo`~ |`j w{jli|| jf nhw{jvihidq #|ivi{b` hjdqc| j{

`jdoi{. |qb{qndo nqc vi{~ nai ndqi{vb`| bda q{bndndo qci |qyaidq qj cib{ qci

anffi{idli bda qcid o{bayb``~ hjvndo jd qj ndqi{vb`| qcbq b{i l`j|i{ qjoiqci{$

Qiblci{ B b| b qiblci{ jf ~jydoi{ lcnà{id cba hbd~ naib| fj{

j{mndo nqc qcn| wjwy`bqnjd$ \ci |bna qcbq ìqqndo lcnà{id wc~|nlb`nui hy|nl

ci`w| qcih f{ii qcin{ |ndondo vjnli| bda {i`bsi| qcih5 $$$cid ~jy oiq fbk{nl

bda ~jy ìq qcih abdli b{jyda bda |ndo qci~ `jvi qcbq$ \ci b`|j djqia qcbq

i|wilnb``~ fj{ lcnà{id nqc ìb{dndo j{ {ibando an|bkn`nqni| qci vn|yb`

{iryn{ihidq| jf ailnwci{ndo djqbqnjd jd b hy|nlb` |qbff lbd ki rynqi anffnly`q$

\ci cb| fjyda qcbq y|ndo onbdq |qbff wbwi{ bda hb{mndo qci hnaaì `ndi nd {ia n|

b cyoi kidifnq qj qci|i lcnà{id nd ci`wndo qcih |nocq({iba hy|nl$

Ndqi{i|qndo`~ Qiblci{| K bda L wjndqia jyq qcbq jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{|

jfqid kidifnq f{jh kindo qbyocq cj qj `n|qid fj{ bda fnda qci fn{|q djqi$ Jfqid

nf qcbq djqi n| jff qci {i|q jf qci |jdo n| jff= nf qci fn{|q djqi n| lj{{ilq qci {i|q

qida| qj fj``j$

FBLQJ[\ BFFILQNDO QCI \NDONDO VJNLI

Qci oidi{b` ljd|id|y| bhjdo qci qiblci{| ndqi{vniia b| qcbq qci~


23/173

ndqj bnando |qyaidq| qcbq |q{yooì qj |ndo nd qydi$ Qci~ cbvi b`|j ljhi yw nqc

hbd~ anffi{idq c~wjqci|i| qj isw`bnd c~ |jhi wijwì hb~ |q{yooì hj{i qcbd

jqci{| nqc wnqlc(hbqlcndo$

Jdi wjndq hbai k~ b`hj|q b`` jf qci qiblci{| b| qcbq |ndoi{| |jhiqnhi|

cbvi q{jykì w{jaylndo qci {nocq djqi| kilby|i qci~ lbdqfnoy{i jyq cbq

qcin{ |ndondo vjnli n|$ B| Qiblci{ B wjndq| jyq lcnà{id cbvi anffnly`q~

anffi{idqnbqndo bda ljj{andbqndo kiqiid qcin{ |ndondo vjnli bda qcin{ |wibmndo

vjnli$ Qci~ b`|j {yd ndqj anffnly`qni| k~ q{~ndo qj ljw~ qci |ndondo vjnli| jf

jqci{| #n$i$ wjwy`b{ hy|nl idqi{qbndi{|. cj|i |ndondo {bdoi| aj djq hbqlc qcin{

jd hbmndo nq ivid cb{ai{ qj w{jayli qci lj{{ilq djqi|$ Qiblci{ L hidqnjdia

|jhiqcndo |nhn`b{ bkjyq qci kj~ |ci |q{yooìa nqc |b~ndo Hb~ki ci ey|q

aji|dq mdj cj qj y|i cn| vjlb` bwwb{bqy| qj |ndo qci {nocq wnqlc= qci w{nvbqi

vjnli qiblci{ #Qiblci{ A. isw{i||ia qci |bhi ljdli{d| b| i`` bda j{m|

isqid|nvi`~ nqc ci{ |qyaidq| qj ci`w hbmi qcih bb{i jf qci b~ qci~ b{i

|cbwndo qcin{ hjyqc| bda y|ndo qcin{ fbli qc{jbq bda anbwc{boh hy|lì|$

B`` jf qci qiblci{| hidqnjdia lj{{ilq k{ibqcndo bda wj|qy{i qilcdnryi|$

Qci~ cnoc`nocqia qci nhwj{qbdli jf qcn| cid j{mndo nqc qcin{ |qyaidq| nqc

Qiblci{ K hbmndo b ci`wfy` ljhwb{n|jd5 \ndondo n|dq ey|q jwidndo ~jy{


24/173

w{iwb{bqnjd n| w{jwi{ k{ibqcndo$ Qci~ b`|j lnqia ihjqnjdb` |q{i|| b| b fblqj{

qcbq lbd bffilq ljdq{j` jf qci vjnli bda qci{ifj{i qci w{jwi{ w{jaylqnjd jf djqi|$

Qiblci{ A |wjmi isqid|nvi`~ bkjyq qci nhwj{qbdli jf kindo bb{i jf

wc~|nlb` w{jkìh| qcbq lbd ljdq{nkyqi qj jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo$ Nd ci{ w{blqnli |ci

cb| idljydqi{ia wijwì nqc cib{q w{jkìh| qc~{jna n``di|| w{iodbdl~(ndaylia

cj{hjdi lcbdoi| blna {if`ys b`ì{oni| bda w{ihid|q{yb` qid|njd b`` jf cnlc

cbvi lby|ia a{bhbqnl iffilq| jd qcin{ |ndondo vjnli$ Fj{ ~jydoi{ kj~| qci

cj{hjdi| b||jlnbqia nqc wyki{q~ b`|j cbvi jkvnjy| a{bhbqnl iffilq| jd qci

vjnli b| nq lcbdoi|$ Qiblci{ L |bna qcbq jqci{ qiblci{| {iljhhida djq |ndondo

ay{ndo qcn| wi{nja bq b`` |j b| djq qj lby|i vjlb` abhboi= |ci wi{|jdb``~ aji|dq

bo{ii nqc qcn| bda |b~| qcbq nq n| kiqqi{ qj ey|q cbvi bd bb{idi|| jf qci n||yi

bda blljhhjabqi qci kj~| cid dili||b{~ y|yb``~ k~ isihwqndo qcih f{jh

|ndondo wb{qnly`b{ djqi| qci~ b{i cbvndo q{jykì {iblcndo j{ ljdq{j``ndo$

_cnì qci|i wc~|nlb` fblqj{| bffilqia wnqlc w{jaylqnjd nd hj|q lb|i| qci

|ndoi{ b| bb{i jf qci anffnly`qni|$ Divi{qciì|| nf wc~|nlb` ljdli{d| lbd

{ibm cbvjl ivid nqc b ojja |ndoi{| ki|q ndqidqnjd| nq n| ib|~ qj nhbondi

cj b wjj{ |ndoi{| anffnly`qni| jyà jd`~ ki ljhwjydaia k~ b `blm jf

bb{idi|| jf cj qj ljdq{j` qci kja~ fj{ lj{{ilq vjlb` w{jaylqnjd$ Nq n|


25/173

w{jwj|ia k~ Wfj{a{i|ci{ bda K{jd #;77? >9.$

Qiblci{| L bda A cbvi |ylliiaia nd oiqqndo bd jyq jf qydi |jyda qj

|yaaid`~ kiljhi nd qydi |nhw`~ k~ b|mndo qci |qyaidq qj lcbdoi qci vji`

qci~ i{i |ndondo$ \jhiqnhi| b anffi{idq vji` wyq| b djqi qjqb``~ jff wnqlc

|bna Qiblci{ A$

Qci nhwj{qbdli jf oiqqndo b |qyaidq qj |qjw bda kiljhi bb{i jf qcin{

vji`| hjyqc |cbwi k{ibqcndo wj|qy{i bda qid|njd n| |jhiqcndo b`` qiblci{|

hidqnjdia$ Qiblci{ A qjà qci |qj{~ jf b ~jydo jhbd |ci j{mia nqc fj{ b

`jdo qnhi= qci |qyaidq cba |ivi{i anffnly`qni| hbqlcndo wnqlc bda |ndondo nd

qydi$ Qiblci{ A j{mia nqc ci{ isqid|nvi`~ jd |ndondo qilcdnryi bda kja~

bb{idi|| bda ojq qj qci wjndq ci{i nqc ljd|qbdq vnon`bdli ay{ndo ì||jd|

bda |qjwwndo ci{ ivi{~ qnhi |ci |id|ia |jhiqcndo b| bkjyq qj oj {jdo |ci

ljyà oiq ci{ qj |ndo fbn{`~ i``$ Cjivi{ nq |iihia qj ki rynqi anffnly`q fj{

qci on{` qj aj qcn| jd ci{ jd5 qbmi ci{ jyq nd wyk`nl j{ oj qj aj bd isbh

bda |ci jyà hi{{n`~ ey|q lb{{~ jd qcndm bkjyq cbvndo fyd nqc qci |jdo bda

ey|q |`nw ivi{~ qnhi|ci ljyàdq oiq {na jf nq$ Nq n| isq{bj{andb{n`~ anffnly`q qj

wb~ bqqidqnjd qj ivi{~ hjhidq jf |jyda w{jaylqnjd i|wilnb``~ cid |jhijdi

cb| b`{iba~ qbyocq qcih|i`vi| qj |ndo jdi b~ bda diia| qj ydìb{d nq$ Qiblci{


26/173

lj{{ilq`~ bda oiq qci j{a {nocq kyq qj aj |j ljd|n|qidq`~ jyà qbmi b vb|q

ndvi|qhidq jf qnhi bda idi{o~$ Wi{cbw| |jhi |ndoi{| fnda qcn| w{jli|| hj{i

anffnly`q qcbd jqci{| ey|q b| |jhi wijwì cbvi b dbqy{b` bffndnq~ fj{ `bdoyboi

bda jqci{| aj djq= qcn| ljyà isw`bnd qcin{ anffnly`q~ {i|wjdando qj qcin{

qiblci{| nd|q{ylqnjd|$

Qiblci{ K q{ni| qj |`j ajd qci |ndondo w{jli|| bda b``j |qyaidq| qj

kiljhi blyqi`~ bb{i jf cbq qci~{i ajndo$ Qcn| w{jli|| cnlc |ci ìb{dia

f{jh bdjqci{ qiblci{ bq b ljdfi{idli n| lb`ìa byanbqndo5

jfqid nf ~jy |b~ ~jy{i djq nd qydi fns nq qci~ miiw|ndondo$ Qci~ ajdq |qjw bda |qb{q bobnd qci~ ey|q miiw |ndondobda oiq `jyai{$ \j N |b~ \qjw |ndondo$ \qiw dyhki{ jdi jfbyanbqndo ~jy cbvi qj `n|qid$ Bda N`` w`b~ qci djqi b fiqnhi|$ Bda qci~ cbvi qj `n|qid\jhiqnhi| N`` hbmi qcih aj nqnqc qcin{ i~i| l`j|ia$ \j qci~ {ib``~ cib{ qci djqi$ Bda qcidN`` |b~ \qiw qj k{ibqci bda w{iqida ~jy b{i |ndondo kyq ajdq

|ndo$ Oj qc{jyoc qci w{jli|| jf |ndondo kyq ajdq aj nq bda N``w`b~ qcbq djqi nd|qiba$\j nq| `nmi qci~ oj qc{jyoc qci hjqnjdbda qci~ ajdq |ndo kyq qci~ cib{ hi w`b~$ Bda qcid qci qcn{a|qiw n| qj |ndo$ Ivi{~ |ndoì qnhi nq j{m|$ Qci~ oiq qci djqi$

Qcn| blqnvi `n|qidndo w{jli|| b| i`` b| blqnvi idoboihidq nqc bda

bb{idi|| jf cbq jdi| kja~ n| ajndo |iih| qj ki bd nhwj{qbdq wjndq fj{ b``

qci qiblci{|$

FBHN@NB[NQ^ _NQC HY\NL


27/173

hb~ cbvi anffnly`qni| w{jwi{`~ cib{ndo j{ |ndondo hy|nl kb|ia jd _i|qi{d

hbej{ bda hndj{ |lbì| nf fj{ isbhwì qci~ o{i yw |ndondo bda `n|qidndo qj

hy|nl qcbq ljdqbnd| ryb{qi{ qjdi |qiw|$

Qiblci{ B b`|j wjndqia jyq qcbq |jhi wb{idq| |nhw`~ aj djq |ndo bq

cjhi nqc qcin{ lcnà{id j{ iswj|i qcih qj hylc hy|nl bq b``$ Qcn| lbd bffilq b

lcnà| bkn`nq~ qj w{jayli lj{{ilq djqi| cnì |ndondo i|wilnb``~ cid qci~ b{i

|qn`` vi{~ ~jydo$

CJ_ JYQ(JF(QYDI \NDONDO BFFILQ\ QCI ID\IHK@IHbd~ bay`q| cj cbvi q{jykì |ndondo nd qydi cbvi b |nhn`b{ bdilajqi5

cid qci~ i{i nd |lcjj` qcin{ qiblci{| qjà qcih qj |nq nd qci kblm {j jf qci

lcjn{ j{ ivid j{|i |ndo fn|c #hjyqc qci j{a| nqcjyq |jyda.$ Qiblci{|

B bda K kjqc hidqnjdia cj q{byhbqnl qcn| lbd ki i|wilnb``~ fj{ b ~jydo

lcnà$ _cid b|mia cj qci~ aib`q nqc jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{| nd b wi{fj{hbdli

|nqybqnjd iblc qiblci{ cba ci{ jd b~ b{jyda qci w{jkìh$ Qiblci{ K |wjmi

jf qci b~ |ci hjvi| ndanvnayb` |ndoi{| b{jyda kb|ia djq jd ci{i qci~ n``

ki cib{a ì|| kyq {bqci{ jd cbq n`` ki ki|q fj{ qci ndanvnayb`$ Fj{ isbhwì

cid |ci cba bd b`qj cj cba q{jykì |qb~ndo nd qydi |ci hjvia ci{ qj qci

vi{~ iaoi jf qci b qj| bb~ f{jh qci |jw{bdj| bda qci hid$ _nqc bdjqci{


28/173

qcbq kifj{i b ljhwiqnqnjd j{ |jhiqcndo ]nfX ~jy ajdq cbvi qnhi qj j{m

nqc qci wi{|jdN cbvi qj bahnq qcbq N n`` |b~ Hjyqc qcn| fj{ b hjhidq$

Qcn| b``j| qci |qyaidq qj ki ndvj`via nd qci wi{fj{hbdli kyq blmdjìaoi|

qcin{ anffnly`qni|$

^jydoi{ |qyaidq| {bn|i anffi{idq ljdli{d|$ Qiblci{ B cj j{m| nqc

vi{~ ~jydo lcnà{id cj b{i ey|q oiqqndo qj mdj qcin{ vjnli| an|hn||i| qci

ljdli{d idqn{i`~ |b~ndo qcbq qci hj|q nhwj{qbdq qcndo fj{ qci lcnà{id n| qj fii`

qci idej~hidq jf |ndondo5 @iq qcih ey|q |ndo cj lb{i|:

QCI @IB[DNDO IDVN[JDHIDQ

Qcn| fjly| jd qci idej~hidq jf hy|nl {bqci{ qcbd jd l{ibqndo b

wi{filq`~ wj`n|cia wi{fj{hbdli n| |jhiqcndo b`` jf qci |lcjj` qiblci{|

ihwcb|nuia$ B| Qiblci{ K wyq nq5

Nh vi{~ wb||njdbqi bkjyq ]idej~ndo hy|nlX bda N qcndm hb~kikilby|i Nh |j wb||njdbqi qcbq wb||i| jd qj qci mna| bda qci~ydai{|qbdaqcbq qcn| n| b ej~ qj ki ci{i |ndondo bda cj lb{i|:_i ajdq diia qj ki qci ki|q bq nq$ \j `jdo b| ivi{~jdi n| cbww~bda idej~ndo cbq qci~{i ajndo Nh cbww~$

Qci qiblci{| |wjmi jf qci nhwj{qbdli jf hbmndo |y{i qci l`b||{jjh

idvn{jdhidq n| b |bfi w`bli ci{i |qyaidq| fii` ljhfj{qbkì qbmndo {n|m| bda

kindo vy`di{bkì$ B| Qiblci{ K wjndqia jyq ]Jy{ vjnli n|X qci jdi nd|q{yhidq


29/173

qci |lcjj` ~ib{ qj hbmi |y{i qci~ b`` fii` vi{~ ljhfj{qbkì nqc iblc jqci{$

\ci isw`bndia qcbq |jhiqnhi| |qyaidq| nqc wnqlc(hbqlcndo w{jkìh| n`` djq

|ndo jyq bda qcbq hbmi| nq anffnly`q qj lj{{ilq qci w{jkìh$ K~ hbmndo nq fii`

vi{~ |bfi qj |ndo |ci ljydqi{blq| qcn| qidaidl~$ \ci n`` ivid b|m jdi jf qci|i

|qyaidq| nf qci~ jyà `nmi qj ci`w aihjd|q{bqi qci w{jkìh qj qci {i|q jf qci

l`b||$ K~ baa{i||ndo qci w{jkìh nd qcn| b~ |ci b`ìvnbqi| qci ihkb{{b||hidq

bda w{jvnai| ljdfnaidli fj{ qci |qyaidq$ Djq jd`~ aji| |ci qbmi qci qnhi qj ki

bb{i jf qci w{jkìh |ci b`|j dj{hb`nui| nq k~ isw`bndndo qcbq nq n| b

ljhhjd w{jkìh bda {ib||y{ndo qci |qyaidq| qcbq nq n| fnsbkì$

Qiblci{ B b`|j q{ni| qj hbmi qci l`b||{jjh idvn{jdhidq b vi{~

ljhfj{qbkì bda |bfi w`bli fj{ ci{ ~jydo |qyaidq|$ \ci isw`bnd| qj qcih qcbq

|ndondo n| `nmi qbmndo b lcbdlicid ~jy qbmi b lcbdli ~jy qbmi nq nqc

ivi{~jdi qci{i nqc ~jy$ Nq| djq `nmi ~jy{i qci{i jyq jd ~jy{ jd i{i qci{i

qj |ywwj{q ~jy$ \ci |b~| qcbq hbmndo hy|nl n| b cyoi {n|m ivid fj{ lcnà{id

bda qcbq qiblci{| cbvi qj hbmi ]qci l`b||{jjhX b |bfi w`bli fj{ qcih qj |cb{i

cj qci~ b{i$ ^jy{ vjnli n| b vi{~ wi{|jdb` qcndo$

Qiblci{ L |nhn`b{`~ |wjmi jf qci nhwj{qbdli jf b vi{~ ndl`y|nvi

l`b||{jjh bda cnoc`nocqia qci kidifnq jf ndl`yando jqci{ b|wilq| jf hy|nl nd qci


30/173

lcj|i cnlc b|wilq| jf hy|nl qci~ idoboi nqc$ \ci onvi| qcih qcn| f{iiajh qj

isw`j{i k~ w{jvnando b vb{niq~ jf nd|q{ylqnjdb` hiqcja| hy|nlb` isbhwì| bda

jwwj{qydnqni| qj {i|ib{lc hy|nl qcbq n| l`j|i qj qcih$ \ci b`|j wjndqia jyq qci

nhwj{qbdli jf qci qiblci{| hidqb` |qbqi cnlc lbd bffilq qci |qyaidq|5 Jf

ljy{|i cid ~jy b{i qn{ia ~jy cbvi ì|| wb||njd fj{ ~jy{ |ykeilq bda qcn|

bffilq| qci |qyaidq| idoboihidq$ Ivid Qiblci{ A nqc ci{ w{nvbqi |qyaidq|

ydai{|qbda| qci nhwj{qbdli jf qci |jlnb` idvn{jdhidq jd |jhijdi| bkn`nq~ qj

|ndo nd qydi$ \ci |q{i||i| qcbq nq n| djq b`b~| n|i qj wy|c b |qyaidq cj n|

cbvndo bd ihjqnjdb``~ anffnly`q ab~ #n$i$ kilby|i jf b fbnìa isbh j{ k{ibmndo

yw nqc b kj~f{nida. bda qcbq nq lbd ki kiqqi{ qj bnq fj{ bdjqci{ ab~$

Qci qiblci{| |bna qci~ qbmi hib|y{i| qj hbmi |y{i qcbq qib|ndo n|

hndnhnuia j{ bvjnaia$ Qiblci{ K oji| |j fb{ b| qj nhw{i|| ywjd ci{ |qyaidq|

qcbq |jhiqcndo b| |ykqì b| o`bdlndo jvi{ bq b f{nida cid |jhijdi n| |ndondo

jyq jf qydi n` |qb~ nqc qcbq wi{|jd fj{ivi{$ B`` jf qci |lcjj` qiblci{|

{iwj{qia vi{~ `j ivi`| jf qib|ndo b{jyda jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo$ Qiblci{ B

isw`bndia qcbq k~ qci |iljda o{bai ivi{~jdi n| b`{iba~ y|ia qj iblc jqci{|

|ndondo vjnli| bda Qiblci{ L isw{i||ia ci{ ljdfnaidli qcbq jy{ |jlniq~ nd

oidi{b` cb| |cnfqia bb~ f{jh qcbq mnda jf idvn{jdhidq5 i b{i nd b


31/173

jf qib|ndo nd qci|i qiblci{| l`b||{jjh| n| q{y`~ b ly`qy{b` |cnfq j{ ey|q ivnaidli

jf qci qiblci{| wb||njd bda qjì{bdli {ifìlqia nd qcin{ |qyaidq| nq n| bd

idljy{bondo qcjyocq qcbq ai|wnqi qci ivi{ ndl{ib|ndo {iwj{q| jf |lcjj` ky``~ndo

qcbq i cib{ bkjyq nd qci hianb qci hy|nl l`b||{jjh hb~ ki jdi |hb`` w`bli

ci{i ivi{~jdi lbd {n|m isw`j{ndo qcn| b|wilq jf qcih|i`vi|qcin{ vjnli

nqcjyq fib{$

HY\NL IAYLBQNJD HJ[I QCBD EY\Q QCI [NOCQ DJQI\

_cnì b`` qci qiblci{| i{i vi{~ ndqi{i|qia nd ci`wndo qcin{ |qyaidq| |ndo

nd qydi |jhi b`|j isw{i||ia qci ki`nif qcbq hy|nl iaylbqnjd n| djq ey|q bkjyq

oiqqndo |qyaidq| qj |ndo wi{filq`~ j{ cbvndo wj`n|cia w{jfi||njdb` wi{fj{hbdli|$

Qiblci{ K isw`bndia qcbq nq n| {b{i nf ivid jdi jf ci{ |qyaidq| ida| yw |qya~ndo

hy|nl bq qci ydnvi{|nq~ ìvi` |j ci{ wy{wj|i n| djq wi{filqnjd nd wi{fj{hbdli

kyq |jhiqcndo i`|i5

Nh q{~ndo qj q{bnd h~ |qyaidq| cj b{i ojndo qj cbvi hy|nl nqcqcih fj{ qci {i|q jf qcin{ `nvi|$ \j qci~ lbd oj qj lcj{b` ljdli{q|bda `n|qid bda ki bkì qj |b~ Jc `n|qid qci qydndo b| djqrynqi {nocq qci{i j{ Jc `n|qid qj qcbq lcj{a nq| wi{filq`~ nd

qydi j{ ivid qj ey|q idej~ nq ey|q l`j|i qcin{ i~i|$ N cbvi bfj{hi{ |qyaidq cj {jqi hi qcbq ci aji|dq |ndo bd~hj{i kyqci oji| qj ivi{~ ]Ydnvi{|nq~X lcj{b` ljdli{q qci{i kilby|i ci|bna ci| hibdq qj ki nd qci byanidli bda ey|q mdj qci kibyq~ jfnq$


32/173

qj bww{ilnbqi bda idej~ hy|nl$ \ci iswj|i| qcih qj anffi{idq nd|q{yhidq|

hy|nlb` ly`qy{i| abdlndo ljhwj|nqnjd iql$ b| i`` b| qiblci| qcih cj qj

{iljodnui ndqi{vb`| bda cj qj {iba hy|nlb` djqbqnjd5

Idej~hidq jf hy|nl n| fj{ ivi{~kja~$ Nq| djq ey|q fj{ wijwì

nqc o{ibq vjnli|qci{i| b hy|nlb` |jy` |j qcbq| cbq ~jybdq qj fiia$ Nq| qci wjiq{~ qci~{i |iindo qci j{à qci~{iisw{i||ndo nq qc{jyoc hy|nl bda ivi{~kja~ lbd aj qcbq$

\ci b`|j ki`nivi| qcbq oiqqndo lcnà{id ndvj`via nd wi{fj{hbdli| n| nhwj{qbdq

|j qci~ lbd |ii qci j{m qcbq oji| ndqj qcih bda fii` b |id|i jf

blljhw`n|chidq$ \jhiqnhi| nf |ci mdj| b lcnà {ib``~ diia| nq |ci n`` qbmi

qcbq ndqj ljd|nai{bqnjd cid qci~ byanqnjd fj{ b wi{fj{hbdli kilby|i |ci

qcndm| nq n| nhwj{qbdq qj onvi mna| b lcbdli qj fiia qcbq hy|nlb` |jy`= |ndondo

b`` qci {nocq djqi| n| djq b| hylc jf b ljdli{d$

Ivid Qiblci{ K| hb{mndo |lcihi {ifìlq| qcn| wcn`j|jwc~$ \ci o{bai|

|qyaidq| jd |ivid lbqioj{ni| #anlqnjd k{ibqc ljdq{j` wj|qy{i iql$.$ \jhijdi

lbd ljhi nd bda djq ki bkì qj hbqlc wnqlc ]kyq nf |ci n|X ajndo ci{ vji`|

idydlnbqndo iblc jf qci ljd|jdbdq| cb| ci{ {c~qch| bda lyq(jff| vi{~ w{iln|i

]aji|X qci a~dbhnl| b| hb{mia ]cb|X ojja wj|qy{i |ci lbd |qn`` |lj{i ]b cnoc

hb{mX ib|n`~ nqcjyq |ndondo qci {nocq djqi|$

Qiblci{| K bda L kjqc hidqnjdia qci nhwj{qbdli jf qci hy|nl


33/173

y|yb``~

$$$ey|q |nqqndo qci{i nd b hbqc l`b|| nqc wijwì qci{i wyqqndo ywqcin{ cbda| bda bd|i{ndo bda fj{ qcih nq| `nmi cib{ndo qciqiblci{ |wibm b anffi{idq `bdoyboi$ Qcin{ |i`f(ljdfnaidli qbmi||ylc b kibqndo$ ]Kyq qcidX qci~ ljhi ci{i bda qci~ lbd aj|jhiqcndo$ Nq hbmi| b j{à jf anffi{idli fj{ |qyaidq|$

\ci b`|j ki`nivi| hy|nl n| b {iw{nivi fj{ |qyaidq| cj cbvi q{byhbqnl qcndo|

ojndo jd nd qcin{ `nvi|$ Qiblci{ L ilcji| qcn| ki`nif5 Hy|nl n| rynqi b

wcidjhidjdN qcndm hy|nl ci`w| nd b`` mnda| jf |nqybqnjd| hidqb` wc~|nlb`

bd~qcndo$

WB[IDQB@ BDA \JLNIQB@ VNI_\ QJ_B[A\ HY\NL

IAYLBQNJD

Qci nhwj{qbdli jf hy|nl iaylbqnjd nd qci wyk`nl| hnda cb| lcbdoia

ljd|nai{bk`~ |ndli W`bqj {jqi jf qci dili||nq~ jf ydnvi{|b` hy|nl iaylbqnjd

#Cjffi{ ;77> >.$ Bq w{i|idq jdi n| hj|q nmi`~ qj cib{ hy|nl iaylbqnjd kindo

hidqnjdia b| qci fn{|q lcjnli fj{ fydando lyq|$

Nq n| ivnaidq qcbq qci|i qiblci{| cbvi b wb||njd djq jd`~ fj{ qci qiblcndo

jf |ndondo kyq fj{ hy|nl iaylbqnjd b| b cjì$ Qci~ |iih qj bww{jblc qcin{

|ykeilq ciqci{ ljd|lnjy|`~ j{ djq f{jh qci wcn`j|jwcnlb` vniwjndq jf

iaylbqndo qci cjì wi{|jd #Oi{ki{ E{$ ;772


34/173

\jhi |qyaidq| ivid qcj|i id{j`ìa nd vjlb` l`b||i| aj djq qbmi qci |ykeilq

|i{njy|`~ bda ivid nf qci~ aj cbvi w{jkìh| hbqlcndo wnqlc nq n| b `j|q lby|i

q{~ndo qj ci`w qcih djq kilby|i qci~ b{i ydqiblcbkì kyq |nhw`~ kilby|i qci~

aj djq wyq nd qci iffj{q$ Hbd~ wb{idq| aj djq |cj qci |bhi ndqi{i|q nd qcin{

lcnà| |ndondo bkn`nq~ b| qci~ aj nd qcin{ {ibando j{ hbqcihbqnlb` bkn`nq~=

cjivi{ nd |lcjj`| ci{i wb{idq| aj vb`yi qci nhwj{qbdli jf hy|nl iaylbqnjd

b| bq Qiblci{ B| |lcjj` qci w{jo{bh aifndnqi`~ kidifnq| kilby|i qci wb{idq|

aihbda nq$ Qiblci{ B b`|j hidqnjdia qcbq cid qci |lcjj` n| b fiiai{ |lcjj`

fj{ cnoc |lcjj`| nqc kno hy|nl w{jo{bh| nq b`|j q{bd|`bqi| ndqj b knooi{ bda

kiqqi{ iìhidqb{~ |lcjj` w{jo{bh$ Qiblci{ L |bna qcbq cnì |jhi wb{idq|

ajdq cbvi bd ndqi{i|q nd cbq qcin{ lcnà n| ajndo nd qcin{ hy|nl l`b|| hbd~ aj

bda b{i islnqia qj cib{ qcbq qcin{ |jd j{ abyocqi{ lbd |ndo {ib``~ i`` j{ aji|

djq |ndo i`` ~iq kyq cb| b `jq jf wjqidqnb`$ \ci |b~| qcbq |ci jdq qbmi dj fj{

bd bd|i{ nf qci{i n| b |nqybqnjd ci{i b wb{idq hnocq an|bo{ii nqc qcin{

lcnà| lcjnli qj lcjj|i hy|nl b| b ljy{|i$

CJ_ QIBLCI[\ BLLI\\ LY[[IDQ [I\IB[LC

Qci hj|q w{jhndidq ljdli{d vjnlia k~ b`` jf qci |lcjj` qiblci{| cid

b|mia bkjyq qcin{ bkn`nq~ qj blli|| ly{{idq {i|ib{lc b| qcbq qci~ |nhw`~ ana djq


35/173

qcbd qiblci{| jf jqci{ |ykeilq|$ Ki|nai| qiblcndo bda jqci{ vb{njy| w{jeilq|

qiblci{| b{i {iryn{ia qj ki ndvj`via nd qci{i b{i b`|j wi{fj{hbdli|

ljhwiqnqnjd| bda lcj{b` {icib{|b`|$ \jhiqnhi| hy|nl qiblci{| b{i ivid b|mia

bq qci `b|q hndyqi nf qci~ lbd w{iwb{i b wi{fj{hbdli fj{ b |lcjj` b||ihk`~$ B``

jf qci|i qcndo| hibd qiblci{| y|yb``~ oiq cjhi `bqi nd qci ividndo| bda bfqi{

qidando qj qcin{ fbhn`ni| cb{a`~ cbvi bd~ qnhi fj{ qcih|i`vi| `iq b`jdi fj{

isw`j{ndo {i|ib{lc$

Bdjqci{ ljdli{d isw{i||ia k~ qci |lcjj` qiblci{| b| qcbq qci~ ana djq

ivid mdj ci{i qj oj qj blli|| qci mnda jf {i|ib{lc qcbq hnocq ki kidifnlnb` qj

qcih$ B`` fjy{ qiblci{| ana hidqnjd ljdfi{idli| b| b w{nhb{~ |jy{li jf

ndfj{hbqnjd bda ndqi{blqnjd nqc jqci{ qiblci{| kyq qci|i w`bli| |iih qj cbvi

hj{i jf b fjly| jd w{blqnlb` |mn``| bda qilcdnryi|$ Di|wbwi{| bda qi`ivn|njd

w{jo{bh| i{i hidqnjdia b| w`bli| qci~ |jhiqnhi| {bd bl{j|| {ilidq {i|ib{lc$

Bd jd(`ndi ljhhydnq~ fj{ hy|nl qiblci{| b| hidqnjdia k~ Qiblci{ K kyq |ci

`bhidqia qci lcbdoi| {ilidq`~ hbai qj qci |nqi cnlc hbai nq hj{i anffnly`q qj

blli||$ Qiblci{ L hidqnjdia b ejy{db` qcbq |ci y|ia qj {ilinvi nd qci hbn` qcbq

|ci fjyda vi{~ ndfj{hbqnvi kyq b| {ilidq`~ lcbdoia qj i(hbn` jd`~ cnlc

hbai nq hj{i anffnly`q fj{ ci{ qj blli||$


36/173

qci fjy{ qiblci{| ndqi{vniia fj{ qcn| w{jeilq$ Qci nhwj{qbdli jf ndanvnayb`

blljhhjabqnjd cid qiblcndo lcnà{id qj |ndo cb| kiid {nqqid bkjyq #Hi{{n``

;77; 97. b| i`` b| qci ki`nif qcbq b`` bay`q| bda lcnà{id lbd ki qbyocq qj |ndo

nd qydi nqc idjyoc fjly|ia iffj{q #@~jd 2>>.$

Qci |qbqi jf hy|nl iaylbqnjd nd |lcjj`| n| b`|j b qjwnl jf o{ibq ljdli{d

nqc b ;779 Lbdbanbd {iwj{q fndando qcbq ;7 wi{lidq jf qci hy|nl w{jo{bh| nd

Ryikil bda ;2 wi{lidq jf qci hy|nl w{jo{bh| nd Jdqb{nj cba iswi{nidlia

ail`ndndo id{j``hidq| nd qci wb|q qj qj qc{ii ~ib{|$ #M{bqy| ;77? 1;.$

Qci{i |iih| qj ki b oidi{b` fii`ndo bhjdo hy|nl iaylbqj{| qcbq qjdi(

aibfdi|| aji| djq {ib``~ isn|q bda qcbq b`` lcnà{id bda bay`q| lbd ki qbyocq qj

|ndo nd qydi #i$o$ Mbuiu 2>39 16= @~jd 2>>= \hnqc ;776 ;3.$

Ndfj{hbqnjd bkjyq ljdoidnqb` bhy|nb aji| djq |iih qj cbvi ~iq hbai nq| b~

ndqj hj|q {nqndo| bkjyq |ndondo iaylbqnjd #qj qci byqcj{| mdjìaoi.

b`qcjyoc qci w{jkìh b| {iljodnuia bda {nqqid bkjyq nd Hy|nl Iaylbqj{|

Ejy{db` b| ib{`~ b| 2>13 #Ljs 2>13 6;.$ Qcn| n| ydai{|qbdabkì b| qci {i|ib{lc

jd bhy|nb n| |qn`` rynqi di$ Cjivi{ nq jyà ki kidifnlnb` fj{ hy|nl

iaylbqj{| bda {nqi{| jd hy|nl iaylbqnjd qj ki bb{i jf qcn| hy|nl({i`bqia

an|j{ai{$


37/173

ndqi{vni|`blm jf iswj|y{i qj hy|nl nhw{jwi{ |ndondo qilcdnryi iql$ #\hnqc

;776 ;3.$

B ljhw{icid|nvi {ivni jd {i|ib{lc {i`bqia qj qci qiblcndo jf |ndondo

b| ajdi k~ Wcn``nw| nd 2>>;$ Ci {nqi| jf qci nhwj{qbdli jf k{ibqc ljdq{j`

bda wj|qy{i bda hbmi| ljhhidq| |nhn`b{ qj cbq qci ndqi{vniia qiblci{|

|wjmi jf #96>.$ Ci b`|j an|ly||i| qci nhwj{qbdli jf wnqlc an|l{nhndbqnjd b| b

w{i{iryn|nqi qj |ndondo bda hidqnjd| qcbq |jhi jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{| hb~ cbvi

aifnlnidlni| nd qjdb` hihj{~ #99>?. a ` #K a ` a


38/173

Cjivi{ qci{i b{i |qn`` |qj{ni| jf ljydqì|| bay`q| cj obvi yw jd

hy|nl bda |ndondo `jdo boj kilby|i qcin{ anffnly`qni| i{i qjj hylc fj{ qcin{

qiblci{| j{ kilby|i ai|wnqi qcin{ qiblci{| ki|q iffj{q| qci~ i{i ydbkì qj

fnoy{i jyq cj qj ci`w$ Ivid qci qiblci{| ndqi{vniia ci{i cba b fi |qj{ni| jf

qcin{ jd5 Qiblci{ A |wjmi jf b on{` cj |ci j{mia an`noidq`~ nqc fj{ rynqi

|jhi qnhi ~iq nd qci ida ci{ wnqlc w{jkìh| {ify|ia qj oj bb~$ Qiblci{ K

j{mia w{nvbqi`~ nqc b f{nida cj {ib``~ bdqia qj |ndo bda ai|wnqi

nhw{jvihidq ci divi{ ojq qj qci wjndq ci{i ci ljyà hbqlc wnqlci| b`` qci

qnhi$ Bda qcid qci{i b{i |qj{ni| cnlc aif~ isw`bdbqnjd `nmi Qiblci{ B|

fbqci{ cj lbddjq |ndo nd qydi bq b`` kyq lbd divi{qciì|| cn|qì wi{filq`~ nd

qydi$

Ndanvnayb``~ qbn`j{ia q{nb`(bda(i{{j{ ndqi{vidqnjd| |iihia qj j{m fj{

hbd~ jf qci|i qiblci{| |qyaidq| bda qci qiblci{| b`` cba vi{~ nd|nocqfy`

oyi||i| bkjyq c~ qcin{ jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{| cba |j hbd~ anffnly`qni|$

Divi{qciì|| qci w{jkìh jf jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo wi{|n|q| fj{ hbd~

bay`q| cj i{i inqci{ djq |j `ylm~ b| qj cbvi b ljdli{dia hy|nl qiblci{

|qyhkì jd qci {nocq b~ qj ci`w qcih j{ cj obvi yw jd hy|nl idqn{i`~ ayi qj

isq{ihi an|ljy{boihidq j{ f{y|q{bqnjd$ Nf qci j{nond| jf jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo


39/173

bda qcid isbhndi jdi wj||nk`i {ib|jd fj{ jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo$


40/173

LCBWQI[ ;5 B L@NDNLB@ @JJM BQ JYQ(JF(QYDI \NDONDO

Qci ndqi{vni| w{jvnaia b {nlc |jy{li jf ndfj{hbqnjd jd ndanvnayb`

isbhwì| jf jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{| bda qci vb{niq~ jf ndqi{vidqnjd| nhwìhidqia

k~ qcin{ bqqidqnvi qiblci{|$ _cnì qcn| ndfj{hbqnjd n| ndvb`ybkì nq n| b`|j

nhwj{qbdq qj isw`j{i qcn| qjwnl nd qci bvbn`bkì {i|ib{lc `nqi{bqy{i b| i``$ Qci

fj``jndo n| b {ivni jf {iìvbdq {i|ib{lc {i`bqia qj jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo bda

bqqihwq| qj ydai{|qbda qci w{jkìh qc{jyoc b {i|ib{lci{| wjndq jf vni$ B

w|~lcj`jonlb` iswi{nhidq qi|qndo b wb{qnly`b{ c~wjqci|n| {i`bqia qj jyq(jf(qydi

|ndondo n| ljdaylqia isw`bndia bda an|ly||ia$

Dj{hb` aivi`jwhidq jf hy|nlb` bkn`nq~

B ljhhjd hn|ljdliwqnjd bkjyq hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ n| qcbq nq n| jfqid

qcjyocq qj ki |jhiqcndo nddbqi wj||i||ia k~ b |wilnb` fi$ Nq n| b |j ljhhjd

qj cib{ wijwì lb|yb``~ |b~ qci~ b{i ìfq(k{bndia bda qcbq n| c~ qci~ b{i djq

hy|nlb` j{ b{qn|qnl$ Qci|i qj b||yhwqnjd| cbvi b`hj|q dj |ywwj{q nd qci

`nqi{bqy{i= hy|nl wi{fj{hbdli b`jdi ljdqbnd| hbd~ anffi{idq ljhwjdidq| `nmi


41/173

b`$ ;77> ;761.$

B cyhbd kindo ljhi| ndqj qci j{à nqc b k{bnd qcbq n| ivj`yqnjdb{n`~

w{iwb{ia qj ìb{d hbd~ qcndo|= dbhi`~ `bdoyboi #F{jhmnd ;776 1.bda b{i lbwbkì jf

idobondo nd q{nbanl #qc{ii(wi{|jd. ndqi{blqnjd| b| ib{`~ b| qc{ii hjdqc|

#@ioi{|qii ;77> 11.$

@nmi `bdoyboi |jlnb` ndqi{blqnjd bda ìb{dndo qj b`m hy|nlb`

mdjìaoi b`|j aivi`jw| nd ndfbdl~$ Dbqy{b``~ ndfbdq| aj djq ljhi ndqj qci

j{à mdjndo cj qj w`b~ qci wnbdj j{ |nocq({iba hy|nlb` djqbqnjd kyq dinqci{

aj qci~ ljhi nd mdjndo cj qj {nqi b |qj{~ |cb{i nqc |nk`ndo| j{ w`b~

cjlmi~qci|i b{i |wilnfnl |mn``| qcbq hy|q ki qbyocq bda w{blqnlia kyq qci~

jyà djq ki wj||nkì nqcjyq qci aivi`jwhidq jf qci hj{i kb|nl ydai{`~ndo

|mn``| #`bdoyboi |jlnb` bb{idi|| hjqj{ ljj{andbqnjd. cnlc qci ndfbdq

aivi`jw| nqcjyq |wilnfnl qiblcndo hi{i`~ iswj|y{i$


42/173

hjdqc| |cj b w{ifi{idli fj{ hy|nlb` |lbì| nqc ydiryb` |qiw| bda |iih qj

ìb{d qcih fb|qi{ qcbd |lbì| nqc iryb` |qiw|$; Ydiryb` |qiw| n| b ydnvi{|b`

w{jwi{q~ jf b`` |lbì| {iob{aì|| jf ly`qy{i j{ hy|nlb` |~|qih #Qcjhw|jd bda

\lci`ìdki{o ;776 >2.$ Ivid cid qci ydiryb` |lbì| y|ia nd qci iswi{nhidq|

b{i ndvidqia #djq {i`bqia qj bd~ {ib`(`nfi |lbì|. ndfbdq| |iih qj w{ifi{ qcih bda

b{i bkì qj naidqnf~ hn|qydndo| nd qcih$

Iswi{nhidq| qj w{jvi hy|nl| nddbqidi|| cbvi b`|j kiid ajdi nqc

bay`q|$ Bay`q| nqcjyq bd~ hy|nlb` q{bndndo divi{qciì|| |cj bd bkn`nq~ qcbq n|

ljhwb{bkì qj fj{hb``~ q{bndia hy|nlnbd| nd aiqilqndo jyq jf qydi djqi| bda

b`|j cbvi iswilqbdlni| bkjyq cbq |iryidli| jf lcj{a| b{i ìob` nd bd~ onvid

wnili jf hy|nl #Wi{iqu iq b`$ ;773 ?9


43/173

;1


44/173

bqqihwq qj w{jayli b {jyoc i|qnhbqi jf cbq qci wnqlc |cjyà ki #n$i$ |ndondo

jdi djqi cnoci{ qcbd qci disq nf qcn| {i`bqnjd|cnw b| w{i|idq nd qci hi`ja~.

qcin{ blly{bl~ n| djci{i dib{ cbq n| blcnivia k~ dj{hb` ljdq{j`| #Cyqlcnd| iq

b`$ ;727 973.$

Qci|i anffnly`qni| b`` |iih qj |qih f{jh jdi hbnd aifnlnqqci ndbkn`nq~

qj wi{linvi anffi{idli| kiqiid wnqlci|= |wilnfnlb``~ wnqlc anffi{idli| qcbq b{i

|hb`ì{ qcbd qj |ihnqjdi| #C~ai bda Wi{iqu ;771 .$ B dj{hb` bay`q

ljdq{j` lbd wi{linvi anffi{idli| nd wnqlc qcbq b{i fjy{ qnhi| |hb`ì{ qcbd qj

|ihnqjdi| #C~ai bda Wi{iqu ;771 .$ Ivid hj{i |wilnfnlb``~ nq bwwib{| qj

ki |iryidqnb` wnqlc {i`bqnjd|cnw| qcbq qci bhy|nl k{bnd lbddjq w{jli|| #C~ai iq

b`$ ;776 ;96;.$ Qci aiqilqnjd jf wnqlc an{ilqnjd n| b`|j nhwbn{ia #Wi{iqu iq b`$

;773


45/173

idej~hidq f{jh hy|nl b| qci bkn`nq~ qj fj{h iswilqbqnjd| bda cbvi qcj|i

iswilqbqnjd| w`b~ia nqc n| jdi jf qci fydabhidqb` {ib|jd| qci k{bnd

iswi{nidli| hy|nl b| w`ib|y{bk`i #@ivnqnd ;77622


46/173

cib{ndo wnqlc anffi{idli| |hb`ì{ qcbd jdi |ihnqjdi cnì dj{hb` k{bnd| aj$

Qci~ b`|j fjyda qcbq bhy|nl k{bnd| blqyb``~ jvi{{iblqia qj `b{oi lcbdoi| nd

wnqlc #Wi{iqu K{bqqnlj bda Qi{vbdnihn ;779 137.$

Ndqi{i|qndo`~ b hj{i {ilidq |qya~ cb| |cjd qcbq bhy|nl k{bnd| aj nd

fblq |iih qj ki bkì qj wi{linvi wnqlc anffi{idli| b| |hb`` b| b ryb{qi{ jf b qjdi

#Wi{iqu iq b`$ ;77> 2;??.$ Bllj{ando qj qci byqcj{| qcn| n| nhwj{qbdq kilby|i

nq {ivib`| qcbq qci bhy|nl k{bnd n| irynwwia nqc qci i||idqnb` diy{b` ln{lynq{~ qj

wi{linvi fndi(o{bndia wnqlc anffi{idli|$ _cbq an|qndoyn|ci| qci bhy|nl f{jh qci

dj{hb` k{bnd n| qci bk|idli jf bb{idi|| jf qcn| bkn`nq~ #ihwcb|n| baaia.

#2;3


47/173

kiqiid wy{i qjdi| #Ejdi| iq b`$ ;77>b 6>. j{ q{jykì nqc qi|q| jf wnqlc

an{ilqnjd #@ny iq b`$ ;727 26>2.$

Ai|wnqi kindo bd ib|n`~ jk|i{via #j{ cib{a. w{jkìh jyq(jf(qydi

|ndondo nd djd(bhy|nl| cb| djq kiid onvid hylc bqqidqnjd k~ w|~lcj`jonlb`

{i|ib{lci{| #Cyqlcnd| iq b`$ ;727 979.$ Wi{iqu |b~| qcbq fyqy{i {i|ib{lc |cjyà

fjly| jd ljhwb{ndo qci wi{liwqnjd bda w{jaylqnjd |mn``| jf bhy|nl| #;773

.$ Qcn| n| hylc cnoci{ qcbd Mb`hy| bda F{~| 1)$ B

|qya~ qcbq y|ia qci An|qj{qia Qydi| Qi|q #AQQ. |l{iidia inocq cyda{ia bda

|nsq~(fjy{ wijwì bda fjyda 6> jf qcih qj ki qydi aibf #Ejdi| iq b`$ ;77>b

;;3.$ Qcn| n| 3$3)hj{i qcbd qnli b| cnoc b| qci jfq(ryjqia 1)$ Qci {ib|jd

fj{ qci|i anffi{ndo wi{lidqboi| n| djq lìb{$ Cjivi{ kilby|i hbd~ hj{i

wijwì qcbd bd~ jf qci ryjqia wi{lidqboi| qcndm jf qcih|i`vi| b| qjdi(aibf nq

n| rynqi wj||nkì qcbq qci anffi{idli n| hbai yw k~ wijwì cj lbddjq |ndo nd

qydi kyq b{i djq jqci{n|i aifnlnidq nd qcin{ bkn`nq~ qj qi`` wnqlci| bwb{q #Lyaa~


48/173

qid|j{ nhbondo #AQN. qj `jjm bq qci k{bnd| jf bhy|nl|$1 Qci~ fjyda qcbq qci

b{lybqi fb|lnly`y| #BF. #b diy{b` wbqcb~ qcbq ljddilq| qci f{jdqb` lj{qis bda

qci b{ib ci{i qci qihwj{b` bda wb{niqb` `jki| hiiq. cba hylc ì|| vj`yhi qcbd

ljdq{j`|$ Qcn| |yooi|q| qcbq qci diy{b` ljddilqnjd kiqiid qci|i qj nhwj{qbdq

k{bnd b{ib| n| nhwbn{ia$ Qci bkn`nq~ qj an|l{nhndbqi wnqlci| |iihia qj ki

lj{{i`bqia nqc qci vj`yhi bda |nui jf qci fnki{ q{blq| nd qci BF #@jyn B`|jw

bda \lc`byo ;77> 27;2?.$ Qci~ b`|j |yooi|q qcbq {bqci{ qcbd kindo b

rybdqnqbqnvi anffi{idli kiqiid bhy|nl| bda ljdq{j`| nq n| `nmi`~ b anffi{idli nd

ryb`nq~ ci{i qci vj`yhi nd bhy|nl| BF n| bq qci `j ida #27;2>.$ Kb|ia jd

qcn| ivnaidli qci byqcj{| w{jwj|i qcbq bhy|nb hnocq ki b an|ljddilqnjd

|~da{jhib an|j{ai{ ci{i qj wb{q| jf qci k{bnd fbn` qj islcbdoi

ndfj{hbqnjd$

Qcn| n| bd ndqi{i|qndo naib kilby|i nq nhw`ni| qcbq ivid bhjdo bhy|nl|

qci{i hnocq ki vb{~ndo aio{ii| jf aifnlnq$ Nq jyà b`|j nhw`~ qcbq |jhi djd(

bhy|nl| ljyà wj||nk`~ cbvi hnài{ hy|nlb` nhwbn{hidq$ Qci~ b`|j djqnlia

qcbq qci BF n| ndvj`via nd byanqj{~(hjqj{ kicbvnj{ #i$o$ cib{ndo b djqi j{

hi`ja~ bda qcid bqqihwqndo qj {iw{jayli nq k~ |ndondo.5 cnì qci |ywi{nj{

1 AQN n f n c a f H[N a n c n c k n c n


49/173

k{bdlc jf qci BF |iih| qj w{ianlq wnqlc an|l{nhndbqnjd bkn`nq~ nq| ndfi{nj{

k{bdlc |iih| qj w{ianlq |jyda w{jaylqnjdbkn`nq~$

Jdi b{qnlì ana isbhndi wjj{ |ndondo bkn`nq~ b| |iwb{bqi f{jh wnqlc

wi{liwqnjd aifnlnq|$ Qci byqcj{| |yooi|q qcbq qci ndbkn`nq~ qj |ndo nd qydi hb~ ki

lby|ia k~ |id|j{nhjqj{ ndqio{bqnjd n||yi| #Wfj{a{i|ci{ bda K{jd ;776 >9.$ Nq

b`|j |iih| qcbq kilby|i jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{| lbd wi{linvi wnqlci| nqcjyq

anffnly`q~ qci~ cbvi bd blly{bqi hidqb` {iw{i|idqbqnjd kyq fj{ |jhi {ib|jd b{i

ydbkì qj q{bd|`bqi qcn| ndqj blly{bqi |ndondo #22;.$ Qcn| hn|hbqlc kiqiid

blly{bqi wi{liwqnjd kyq ndblly{bqi w{jaylqnjd n| {ihndn|lidq jf @jyn bda

lj`ìboyi| an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi hjai` jf bhy|nb$ Nq n| wj||nkì qcbq

qjdi(aibfdi|| ljyà b`|j ki b anffi{idq mnda jf an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi

|ndli hidqb` {iw{i|idqbqnjd bda hjqj{ w{jaylqnjd |iih qj ki ndaiia

an|ljddilqia= qcn| wj||nk`~ cb| b`|j kiid |yooi|qia k~ Cyqlcnd| bda

lj`ìboyi| #;727 927.$

N| bhy|nb hy|nl(|wilnfnl:

\ndli bhy|nl ndanvnayb`| aj djq cbvi anffnly`qni| nqc jqci{ b|wilq| jf

ljodnqnvi fydlqnjdndo nq |iih| b| nf bhy|nb n| b an|j{ai{ qcbq bffilq| qci

w{jli||ndo jf hy|nlb` wnqlci| bda djqcndo i`|i$ Cjivi{ qci{i aji| bwwib{ qj


50/173

W[JK@IH\ _NQC W[J\JA^

Jdi b{ib ci{i bhy|nl| hb~ cbvi |ykqì anffnly`qni| n| nd qci

ydai{|qbdando jf w{j|ja~$ W{j|ja~ {ifi{| qj qci wbqqi{d| jf |q{i|| bda

ndqjdbqnjd nd b bdoyboi$ #Fj{ isbhwì nd Ido`n|c i y|yb``~ {bn|i qci wnqlc jf

qci `b|q j{a nd b |idqidli cid i bdq qj b|m b ryi|qnjd$. \ndli bhy|nl|

cbvi aifnlnq| nd wnqlc wi{liwqnjd nq jyà hbmi |id|i qcbq qci~ hnocq cbvi

anffnly`q~ an|li{dndo hibdndo nd |wiilc$ \qyani| jf |ykeilq| nqc k{bnd abhboi

cbvi |cjd qcbq hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ bda |wiilc w{j|ja~ aj |iih qj ki {i`bqia

#Ai``b Ki``b ;77> ;9>= Kbyqn|qb bda Lnbhwiqqn ;77


51/173

ndqi{vb`| bda qci |qya~ k~ @ny bda lj`ìboyi| nqc |hb`ì{ ndqi{vb`| |iih| qj

ljdfn{h qcbq$ Bdjqci{ |qya~ b`|j fjyda qcbq bhy|nl| |iih qj cbvi q{jykì

aiqilqndo qci an{ilqnjd jf wnqlc lcbdoi| nd |wiilc b| i`` #Wbqi` iq b`$ ;773


52/173

|ljà$ _nqc jqci{ qjdi vb{nbqnjd| nq lbd b`|j hibd hjqci{ bda cj{|i

#Aiyq|lc iq b`$ ;771.$ Ndfbdq| kj{d ndqj qjdi(`bdoyboi(|wibmndo ly`qy{i| cbvi

qj ki bkì qj naidqnf~ qci|i wnqlc lcbdoi| j{ qci~ jyà cbvi |ivi{i anffnly`qni|

ydai{|qbdando qcin{ jd `bdoyboi$ Nq cb| kiid c~wjqci|nuia qcbq bhy|nb hnocq

djq ki b| w{ivbìdq nd qjdi(`bdoyboi ly`qy{i| kilby|i ib{`~ bda ljd|n|qidq

iswj|y{i qj qjdi(an|l{nhndbqnjd hnocq ljhwid|bqi fj{ b wnqlc w{jli||ndo aifnlnq

#Wi{iqu ;773


53/173

qcn| wjndq| qj b an||jlnbqnjd kiqiid wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda wnqlc w{jaylqnjd nd

|wiilc$ #B an||jlnbqnjd kiqiid bdoyboi wi{liwqnjd bda w{jaylqnjd n| b`{iba~

i`` i|qbk`n|cia #Wndmi{ 2>>1


54/173

djq anffi{ jd blly{bl~ fj{ qcn| qb|m$ Qci~ qcid qi|qia qci qj o{jyw| nqc qci

|bhi hidqb` {jqbqnjd qb|m y|ia k~ Ajyo`b| bda Kn`mi~$ Qcin{ |qya~ fbnìa qj

{iw`nlbqi qci {i|y`q| jf Ajyo`b| bda Kn`mi~| iswi{nhidq |yooi|qndo qcbq

bhy|nb bda vn|yj|wbqnb` w{jli||ndo b{i djq {i`bqia$ Bdjqci{ {ilidq |qya~ y|ndo

|ivi{b` hib|y{i| jf vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ b`|j fbnìa qj {iw`nlbqi qci {i|y`q|

#_n``nbh|jd Ljllcndn bda \qib{q nd w{i||.$

B| w{jwj|ia k~ Wbqi` bda lj`ìboyi| #;773


55/173

di$ B lj{{i`bqnjd cb| kiid fjyda kiqiid hihj{~ fj{ vn|yj|wbqnb` `jlbqnjd

bda hihj{~ fj{ wnqlc bda ljdqjy{ nd hi`ja~ #Hjundoj 2>3> 6?.$ Nd b |qya~

y|ndo lcnà{id nq b| fjyda qcbq l{ibqnvi hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ b| lj{{i`bqia qj

|wbqnb` j{nidqbqnjd nd kjqc kj~| bda on{`| bda qj |wbqnb` vn|yb`nubqnjd nd on{`|

#Cb||ì{ Kn{kbyhi{ bda Fin` 2>39 222.$ Qci an{ilqnjd jf qcn| {i`bqnjd|cnw n|

djq lìb{ cjivi{$ Nq n| nmi`~ qcbq nq oji| kjqc b~| nqc hy|nlb` q{bndndo

idcbdlndo vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ bda vnli vi{|b$ Qcj|i nqc cnoci{ nddbqi

vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ b{i wi{cbw| hj{i `nmi`~ qj ljdqndyi nd hy|nl ì||jd| bda aj

i``$ Nq n| wj||nkì qcbq kjqc |mn``| |cb{i b ljhhjd diy{b` {iw{i|idqbqnjd bda

qcy| ndf`yidli iblc jqci{ #Ajyo`b| bda Kn`mi~ ;77? >2>.$ \ivi{b` |qyani| cbvi

b`|j |cjd qcbq wnqlc cinocq n| {iw{i|idqia vn|yb``~ nd qci k{bnd #[jffì{ bda

Kyqì{ 2>63= [y|ljdn iq b`$ ;776. bda qcbq |wbqnb` {jqbqnjd bda hy|nlb`

wi{hyqbqnjd| |cb{i ydai{`~ndo w{jli||i| #Lywlcnm Wcn``nw| bda Cn`` ;772.

bobnd |yooi|qndo b {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda vn|yj|wbqnb`

bkn`nq~$

WJ\\NK@I WB[B@@I@\ KIQ_IID B VN\YJ\WBQNB@ @IB[DNDOAN\BKN@NQ^ BDA BHY\NB

Djd(vi{kb` ìb{dndo an|bkn`nq~ #D@A. n| b qi{h w{jwj|ia k~ |ivi{b`


56/173

w{jkìh |j`vndo vn|yj|wbqnb` hbqi{nb` |jlnb` bkn`nq~ hjqj{ ljj{andbqnjd.$

Hbd~ hianlb` ljdanqnjd| #hiqblc{jhbqnl ìymja~|q{jwc~ vi`jlb{anjfblnb`

|~da{jhi wi{nvidq{nly`b{ ìymjhb`blnb bda isli||nvi {banbqnjd q{ibqhidq fj{

k{bnd qyhj{|. b`` w{i|idq nqc b l`y|qi{ jf djd(vi{kb` ìb{dndo aifnlnq|$ Kilby|i

qci|i ljdanqnjd| b`` cbvi cnqi hbqqi{ aifnlnq| nd ljhhjd [jy{mi #2>3>. cb|

w{jwj|ia b cnqi hbqqi{ c~wjqci|n| fj{ qcj|i cj cbvi djd(vi{kb` aifnlnq| nd

qci bk|idli jf bd~ naidqnfnbkì wc~|nlb` ljdanqnjd l`bnhndo qcbq qci D@A

|~da{jhi n| `nmi`~ lby|ia k~ cnqi hbqqi{ aifnlnq| i|wilnb``~ nd qci {nocq

cihn|wci{i$ Kilby|i qci {nocq cihn|wci{i ljdqbnd| hj{i cnqi hbqqi{ nq n|

qcjyocq qcbq oidi{b` cnqi hbqqi{ abhboi n`` cbvi hj{i jf bd iffilq jd {nocq

cihn|wci{i fydlqnjd|$ _cnqi hbqqi{ wbqcb~| i|wilnb``~ nd qci lj{wy|

lb``j|yh cbvi kiid |cjd qj ki aifnlnidq nd qcj|i nqc B|wi{oi{| \~da{jhi

#@ndlj`d iq b`$ 2>>3. cnlc |cj| b l`j|i {i`bqnjd qj qci D@A |~da{jhi$6

Qci `nqi{bqy{i jd D@A n| ndqi{i|qndo cid ljhwb{ia qj bhy|nb$ _cnqi

hbqqi{ bkdj{hb`nqni| nd qci {nocq cihn|wci{i cbvi b`|j kiid b||jlnbqia nqc

bhy|nb #C~ai iq b`$ ;776.$ \wilnfnlb``~ bhy|nl k{bnd| cbvi kiid fjyda qj cbvi

ì|| cnqi hbqqi{ nd qci {nocq ndfi{nj{ f{jdqb` lj{qis #Wi{iqu ;773


57/173

cbvi kiid {i`bqia qj kjqc vn|yj|wbqnb` aifnlnq| bda bhy|nb #Cjffhbdd ;773 36.$

Ndanvnayb`| nqc iwn`iw|~ cj i{i ojndo qj cbvi qcin{ qihwj{b` `jki|

{ihjvia i{i bahndn|qi{ia wb{q| jf b hy|nlb` bwqnqyai qi|q kifj{i bda bfqi{

|y{oi{~$ Qcj|i cj cba qcin{ {nocq qihwj{b` `jki| {ihjvia wi{fj{hia

|nodnfnlbdq`~ j{|i jd qci |ykqi|q hib|y{ndo qjdb` hihj{~ #_nddi{ 2>>3


58/173

{nocq cihn|wci{i n| `b{oi`~ {i|wjd|nk`i fj{ w{jli||ndo w{j|janl ndfj{hbqnjd

#i$o$ [j|| bda Hi|y`bh 2>?>.$ Fy{qci{hj{i b lb|i |qya~ jf |jhijdi nqc

{nocq cihn|wci{i |inuy{i| |cjia qcbq qci~ lby|ia kjqc bw{j|ja~ bda bhy|nb

#Kbyqn|qb bda Lnbhwiqqn ;77


59/173

îq cj cbvndo b ìb{dndo an|bkn`nq~ hnocq bffilq ìb{dndo qj w`b~ bd

nd|q{yhidq |ndondo |nocq({ibando j{ ivid {ihihki{ndo hy|nl cb| cb{a`~ kiid

isw`j{ia nd qci `nqi{bqy{i #|ii Ki{oidab` bda Qb`j 2>6> Lb{`|jd 2>36 Fj{oib{a

iq b`$ ;773 Cki{q bda Lyaa~ ;776 Hjundoj 2>>? bda \`jkjab 2>?3 fj{

n|j`bqia kyq djqbkì isliwqnjd|.$

Qci w{jkìh jf ìb{dndo an|bkn`nqni| bda hy|nl ìb{dndo hb~ oj

yddjqnlia fj{ b vb{niq~ jf {ib|jd|$ Nq n| wj||nkì qcbq @A |qyaidq| hb~ ndnqnb``~

ki ndqi{i|qia nd hy|nl kyq rynlm`~ kiljhi an|ljy{boia kilby|i jf qcin{

lcb`ìdoi| bda qci `blm jf bb{idi|| jf qci w{jkìh$ Qci `nqi{bqy{i |cj| qcbq

|wilnfnl ljodnqnvi aifnlnq| aj ndaiia ndqi{fi{i nqc qci ìb{dndo jf hy|nl f{jh

wcjdihnl bb{idi|| #O{jhmj ;779. qj a~|ìsnb #Fj{oib{a iq b`$ ;773. qj

w{jli||ndo |wiia #Mjwniu bda @ii ;776 223. qj vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ #On``hbd

Ydai{jja bda Hjj{cid ;77;.$ Qj ki y|ify` jf ljy{|i bd~ bqqihwq| qj

isw`bnd cj hy|nl ìb{dndo hnocq ki bffilqia k~ ìb{dndo an|bkn`nqni| |cjyà

`jjm bq |wilnfnl ljodnqnvi w{jli||i| bda ljhwb{i qcih qj |wilnfnl hy|nlb` qb|m|$

Kilby|i bhy|nb n| b mdjd ljdanqnjd qcbq bffilq| hy|nl w{jli||ndo nq

w{jvnai| bd jwwj{qydnq~ qj `jjm bq b |wilnfnl hy|nlb` qb|m #|ndondo nd qydi. qj

|ii nf nq n| {i`bqia qj bd~ jqci{ ljodnqnvi bkn`nq~nd qcn| lb|i vn|yj|wbqnb`


60/173

c~wjqci|i| qcbq ljyà ki isbhndia qj isw`j{i qci {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid ìb{dndo

an|bkn`nqni| bda hy|nl$

C~wjqci|n|

Qci w{i|idq c~wjqci|n| n| b| fj``j|5 kjqc qcj|i nqc wnqlc wi{liwqnjd

aifnlnq| #bhy|nl|. bda qcj|i nqc wnqlc(w{jaylqnjd aifnlnq| nd qci bk|idli jf

bhy|nb #qjdi(aibf. n`` wi{fj{h |nodnfnlbdq`~ wjj{i{ qcbd q{bndia |ndoi{| bda

ljdq{j`| jd |ns hib|y{i| jf vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~$ Anffi{idli| kiqiid qcj|i

nqc bhy|nb bda qcj|i nqc +qjdi aibfdi||+ n`` ki isw`j{ia wj|q(cjl$

Hiqcja|

WB[QNLNWBDQ\

B`` wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i {il{ynqia vnb djqnli| wyq yw bq ^j{m Ydnvi{|nq~ qci

Ydnvi{|nq~ jf Qj{jdqj l{bno|`n|q$j{o mnenen$lb bda j{a jf hjyqc$ Qci{i i{i

qc{ii q~wi| jf djqnli|5 |jhi b|mia fj{ wijwì cj cba ivi{ kiid qjà j{

ljd|nai{ia qcih|i`vi| qj ki qjdi(aibf |jhi b|mia fj{ djd(hy|nlnbd| bda qci

jqci{| b|mia fj{ q{bndia |ndoi{|$ Qci boi {bdoi jf wb{qnlnwbdq| b| 23(?7 nqc

qci hianbd boi kindo ;;$ Qci{i i{i ;> hbì| bda ;> fihbì| nd qci |qya~$

HBQI[NB@\


61/173

#HKIB. i{i y|ia qj |l{iid wb{qnlnwbdq| fj{ bhy|nb$?

Qci|i qi|q| ndvj`vi

`n|qidndo qj wbn{| jf |cj{q hi`jani| bda ailnando ciqci{ qci~ b{i qci |bhi j{

anffi{idq$ Qci anffi{idq hi`jani| ljdqbnd b jdi djqi hn|qydndo cnlc n|

jkvnjy| qj dj{hb` `n|qidi{| kyq ydaiqilqbkì k~ bhy|nl|$ B |lj{i jf qj

|qbdab{a aivnbqnjd| ki`j qci hibdydai{ ;; fj{ qci hi`janl |yk|lbì bda

ydai{ ;< fj{ qci {c~qchnl |yk|lbì #Wi{iqu Lcbhwja bda C~ai ;77


62/173

byqcj{5 Bhy|nl Qjdi Aibf Djd(hy|nlnbd bda \ndoi{$ B fnfqc o{jyw #Bhy|nb(

{c~qch. b| baaia `bqi{$

O{jyw 25 Bhy|nl

Qcj|i cj |lj{ia ;; j{ ki`j jd qci HKIB hi`janl |yk|lbì bda ;

O{jyw ;5 Qjdi Aibf

Qcj|i cj |lj{ia dj{hb``~ jd qci hi`janl |yk|lbì kyq ljyà djq |ndo

nd qydi i{i wyq ndqj qcn| lbqioj{~ {iob{aì|| jf qcin{ wi{fj{hbdli jd qci

{c~qchnl |ykqi|q$ Qci{i i{i > wijwì nd qcn| o{jyw$

O{jyw


63/173

nd qcn| o{jyw$

O{jyw 15 \ndoi{

Wb{qnlnwbdq| nd qcn| lbqioj{~ |lj{ia dj{hb``~ jd kjqc |yk|lbì| |bdo nd

qydi bda cba bq ìb|q < ~ib{| jf w{nvbqi vjlb` q{bndndo bda*j{ hihki{|cnw nd b

lcjn{ qcbq {iryn{ia byanqnjd|$ Qci{i i{i 26 wijwì nd qcn| o{jyw$

O{jyw 95 Bhy|nb({c~qch

Fnvi wb{qnlnwbdq| |lj{ia dj{hb``~ jd qci hi`janl |yk|lbì kyq ki`j ;6?.$ Hj|q bhy|nl| aj djq cbvi bd~ aifnlnq| nqc {c~qch

#C~ai bda Wi{iqu ;779.$27 Jqci{ |qyani| cbvi b`|j |cjd qcbq |jhi bhy|nl|

cbvi {c~qch aifnlnq| kyq qci|i bwwib{ qj ki lby|ia k~ ndqi{fi{ndo wnqlc lcbdoi|

cnlc hb~ an|q{blq f{jh qci {c~qch #Qn``hbdd iq b`$ ;727 2.$

Fy{qci{ qi|qndo jyà cbvi qj ki ajdi jd qci|i ndanvnayb`| cjivi{ qj


64/173

fnda jyq nf qci~ b{i q{y`~ kibq(aibf j{ nf qcin{ wjj{ wi{fj{hbdli jd qci {c~qchnl

|yk|lbì jf qci HKIB b| ayi qj |jhi jqci{ {ib|jd$ #Qci wb{qnlnwbdq nqc

kibq(aibfdi|| hidqnjdia bkjvi blqyb``~ wi{fj{hia dj{hb``~ jd qci {c~qchnl

|yk|lbì kyq wjj{`~ jd qci hiqi{ |yk|lbì$ Qci `bqqi{ b| djq bahndn|qi{ia qj

wb{qnlnwbdq| nd qci ly{{idq |qya~.$

Djd(o{jywia wb{qnlnwbdq|

Qj wb{qnlnwbdq| ana djq fnq ndqj qci|i lbqioj{ni|= jdi cba b |lj{i jf ;;

jd qci hi`janl |yk|lbì kyq b dj{hb` |lj{i jd qci {c~qchnl |yk|lbì kyq

divi{qciì|| ljyà |ndo nd qydi$

Bdjqci{ cba dj{hb` |lj{i| jd kjqc |yk|lbì| bda ljyà |ndo nd qydi kyq

b| isl`yaia f{jh qci djd(hy|nlnbd lbqioj{~ kilby|i qci~ cba qjj hbd~ ~ib{|

jf hy|nlb` iswi{nidli$ Kjqc jf qci|i wi{|jd| abqb i{i ndl`yaia jd`~ nd qci

lj{{i`bqnjdb` bdb`~|i|$

Vn|yj|wbqnb` qb|m|

\nshib|y{i| jf vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ i{i bahndn|qi{ia jd qci ljhwyqi{

#Hyi`ì{ ;727.$22 Qci|i hib|y{i| i{i lcj|id kilby|i qci~ i{i ib|n`~

bvbn`bkì bda qi|q b nai vb{niq~ jf vn|yj|wbqnb` fydlqnjd|$ Qci j{ai{ jf qci

qb|m| b| ljydqi{kb`bdlia kiqiid wb{qnlnwbdq| y|ndo b {bdajh |iryidli


65/173

oidi{bqj{$

Lj{|n Fj{b{a| n| b qb|m y|ia isqid|nvi`~ qj b||i|| ndvi|qnobqi bda

hib|y{i vn|yj|wbqnb` |mn``| djdvi{kb` hihj{~ bda vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~

#Ki{lc M{nmj{nbd bda Cycb 2>>3


66/173

vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nqni| #Hbhhb{i``b bda Lj{dj`an ;779 2761.$ Qci ljhwyqi{

b`|j ida| qci qb|m bfqi{ |ivi{b` ndlj{{ilq {i|wjd|i|$ Lj{|n Fj{b{a| bda Lj{|n

Kblmb{a| w{jayli fjy{ |lj{i| iblc5 k`jlm |wbd #qci `jdoi|q |q{ndo jf k`jlm|

{ihihki{ia lj{{ilq`~.= qjqb` lj{{ilq #qci dyhki{ jf lj{{ilq q{nb`|.= hihj{~

|wbd #qjqb` lj{{ilq - ; anvnaia k~ ;.= bda QJQB@ #k`jlm |wbd s qjqb` lj{{ilq.$

Fnoy{i 2 |cj| b |bhw`i jf qci |l{iid bq qci |qb{q jf qci Lj{|n qb|m| kifj{i qci

k`jlm| kiond qj `nocq yw$

Fnoy{i ;5 L`jlm Qi|q |qb{q |l{iid

Qci L`jlm Qi|q hib|y{i| vn|yb` bqqidqnjd #@nlc|qind [niai` bda

[nlchbd ;777 29


67/173

Fnoy{i ?2 ?7.

j{nondb` vi{|njd jf qcn| qb|m cnlc n| b hib|y{i jf |wbqnb` bkn`nq~$ Nd qcn| qb|m

wb{qnlnwbdq| |ii qj oijhiq{nl |cbwi| |nai k~ |nai$ \jhiqnhi| qci |cbwi| b{i

naidqnlb` kyq jdi n| b {jqbqnjd jf qci jqci{= jqci{ qnhi| jdi jf qci |cbwi| n| b

hn{{j{ nhboi #qcbq hb~ b`|j ki {jqbqia.$ Qci `bqqi{ n| ljd|nai{ia anffi{idq

cn`i qci fj{hi{ n| |bhi$ Fnoy{i < |cj| b |bhw`i jf b wbn{ jf |cbwi|$

Wb{qnlnwbdq| ndanlbqi qcin{ lcjnli k~ w{i||ndo qci A j{ \ mi~$ Nd qcn| lb|i

qci lj{{ilq {i|wjd|i n| Anffi{idq$ 2;

Qci Hbq{ns [jqbqnjd qb|m n| b hib|y{i jf |wbqnb` j{nidqbqnjd bda {jqbqnjd


68/173

bda |cj{q qi{h hihj{~ #@idqu 2>3> 23.$ Nd qcn| qb|m b wbqqi{d n| w{i|idqia

bda qci wb{qnlnwbdq n| nd|q{ylqia qj qbmi b| hylc qnhi b| qci~ diia qj hihj{nui

Fnoy{i 15 Hbq{ns [jqbqnjd2|q |l{iid bda ljhwb{n|jd isbhwì

nq bda w{i|| bd~ mi~ cid qci~ b{i ajdi$ Qcn| hbmi| qci j{nondb` wbqqi{d

an|bwwib{$ Bdjqci{ wbqqi{d nhhianbqi`~ qbmi| nq| w`bli bda wb{qnlnwbdq| b{i

{iryn{ia qj ndanlbqi ciqci{ qcn| |iljda wbqqi{d n| qci |bhi j{ anffi{idq k~

w{i||ndo qci ìfq j{ {nocq |cnfq mi~ {i|wilqnvi`~$ Qci wbqqi{d hb~ ki inqci{ b

{jqbqnjd jf qci jdi qci~ hihj{nuia #|bhi. j{ |jhiqcndo idqn{i`~ anffi{idq$

Qcn| qb|m w{jayli| b |lj{i jyq jf ;7$ Fnoy{i 1 jd qci ìfq |nai |cj| b q~wnlb`

wbqqi{d w{i|idqia qj qci wb{qnlnwbdq= qci {nocq |nai w{i|idq| b |bhwì jf b |iljda

wbqqi{d cnlc qci wb{qnlnwbdq n| b|mia qj eyaoi b| kindo qci |bhi b| #hi{i`~

{jqbqia. j{ anffi{idq f{jh qci fn{|q$ Nd qcn| lb|i qci bd|i{ n| \bhi$


69/173

Fnoy{i 95 Hbqlc qj \bhwì2|q wbqqi{d bda ljhwb{n|jd

#\b{qu iq b`$ 2>>9 ;79.$ Qcn| qb|m w{i|idq| wb{qnlnwbdq| nqc b |nhn`b{ |j{q jf

wbqqi{d b| nd qci Hbq{ns [jqbqnjd qb|m nqc qci |bhi nd|q{ylqnjd| fj{

hihj{nundo$ Bfqi{ qci mi~ n| w{i||ia qj lìb{ qci |l{iid b fi |iljda| i`bw|i

kifj{i qci w{i|idqbqnjd jf qj di wbqqi{d|$ Wb{qnlnwbdq| b{i {iryn{ia qj

ndanlbqi cnlc jf qci qj wbqqi{d| naidqnlb``~ hbqlci| qci fn{|q jdi qci~

hihj{nuia k~ w{i||ndo qci ìfq j{ {nocq |cnfq mi~$ Dj {jqbqnjd jlly{|$ Qcn| qb|m

w{jayli| b |lj{i jyq jf


70/173

W[JLIAY[IWb{qnlnwbdq| i{i onvid qci ljd|idq fj{h bda cba nq isw`bndia k~ qci

{i|iblci{ kifj{i qci~ |nodia$ Qci~ i{i qjà qci {i|ib{lci{ b| ndqi{i|qia nd

`jjmndo bq anffi{idli| nd |ndondo bkn`nq~ bda cj qcbq hnocq ki {i`bqia qj jqci{

ljodnqnvi |mn``|$ B`` wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i bahndn|qi{ia qci HKIB |yk|lbì| fn{|q$

Qci qi|q b| bahndn|qi{ia vnb ljhwyqi{ nd b ryniq {jjh nqc qci vj`yhi |iq qj

b ljhfj{qbkì ìvi`$ Qci wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i nd|q{ylqia qj l`nlm anffi{idq nf qci~

ki`nivia qci |iljda hi`ja~ nd qci wbn{ b| anffi{idq nd bd~ b~ bda |bhi nf

qci hi`jani| i{i naidqnlb $ Qci {i|ib{lci{ {ihbndia nd qci {jjh ay{ndo qci

qb|m ryniq`~ j{mndo bq bdjqci{ qbkì$

Bfqi{ qci HKIB |yk|lbì| wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i onvid qci |ns vn|yj|wbqnb`

qb|m| nd b ljydqi{kb`bdlia j{ai{$ Iblc qb|m b| isw`bndia vi{kb``~ bda qci{i

i{i b`|j {nqqid nd|q{ylqnjd| jd qci |l{iid$

B`` wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i qcid b|mia qj |ndo J Lbdbab #j{ jdi jf qci

|yk|qnqyqi |jdo|.$ Qci~ ana djq mdj kifj{icbda qcbq qcn| jyà ki qci |jdo

qci~ jyà ki {iryn{ia qj |ndo$ Qci `~{nl| i{i w{jvnaia jd qci ljhwyqi{

|l{iid$ Qci {i|ib{lci{ |qb{qia b qbwi {ilj{ai{ bda qcid ifq qci {jjh cnì qci

wb{qnlnwbdq |bdo qj hndnhnui i{{j{| lby|ia k~ di{vjy|di||$


71/173

[i|y`q| bda An|ly||njdQci abqb b| bdb`~uia y|ndo |qbqn|qnlb` |jfqb{i #\W\\.$ \wilnfnlb``~

jdi(b~ Bdb`~|n| jf Vb{nbdli #BDJVB. hy`qnw`i ljhwb{n|jd| Wib{|jd

lj{{i`bqnjd| bda q(qi|q| i{i wi{fj{hia$ Qci dbqy{i jf qci|i bdb`~|i| bda qci

anffi{idli| nd qci qi|q o{jyw| qcbq bwwib{ ydai{ qcih fj``j$ 2.$ \nodnfnlbdq o{jyw

anffi{idli| i{i djq fjyda fj{ Lj{|n Fj{b{a| k`jlm |wbd qjqb` lj{{ilq j{

hihj{~ |wbd$

2< H a a a a n n ` F ` a f `` m k f a


72/173

B cnoc`~ |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli kiqiid o{jyw| b| fjyda fj{ b`` qci

Lj{|n Kblmb{a| |lj{i|k`jlm |wbd qjqb` lj{{ilq hihj{~ |wbd QJQB@5

w8$772 $77; $77 {i|wilqnvi`~.$ Bhy|nl| b`|j |lj{ia

|nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd qci Qjdi Aibf o{jyw jd k`jlm |wbd #w8$72?.bda

QJQB@#w8$7


73/173

LJ[[I@BQNJD\Wib{|jd Lj{{i`bqnjd|26 i{i b`|j wi{fj{hia jd qci abqb$ #Wj|nqnvi

lj{{i`bqnjd| hibd |nhw`~ qcbq b| jdi vb{nbkì oji| yw |j aji| bdjqci{ bda vnli

vi{|b$. Ljhwb{ndo qci |lj{i| jd qci HKIB hi`ja~ |yk|lbì bda {c~qch

|yk|lbì qj iblc jf qci vn|yj|wbqnb` qb|m| |nodnfnlbdq lj{{i`bqnjd| i{i fjyda

nqc kjqc qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| |lj{i| bda qci Hbqlc(qj(\bhwì |lj{i|$ #Qci

vb`yi| b{i {iwj{qia nd Bwwidans L.$

Q(QI\Q\

Q(qi|q| i{i b`|j {yd qj aiqi{hndi nf qci{i i{i bd~ |nodnfnlbdq

anffi{idli| nd qci hibd |lj{i| jf hbì| bda fihbì| jd iblc jf qci qb|m|$

Hbì| cba b |nodnfnlbdq`~ cnoci{ hibd jd Lj{|n Fj{b{a| #qjqb` lj{{ilq.

#hihj{~ |wbd. bda #QJQB@. b| i`` b| Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #k`jlm |wbd. #qjqb`

lj{{ilq. #hihj{~ |wbd. bda #QJQB@.$ Fnoy{i 6 w{jvnai| bd isbhwì jf qci

oidai{anffi{idli f{jh jdi jf qci qb|m|$Cjivi{ b qj(b~ BDJVB b|

b`|j {yd bda qci |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli| kiqiid qci o{jyw| fjyda k~ qci

BDJVB| fj{ qci vn|yj|wbqnb` qb|m| lbddjq ki blljydqia fj{ k~ oidai{$


74/173

Fnoy{i 65 Hbì bda fihbì hibd| jd Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #QJQB@.

_CBQ AJI\ QCI ABQB HIBD:

[i|y`q| jd qci Lj{|n Fj{b{a| qb|m i{i djq b| c~wjqci|nuia$ Qci{i

i{i dj |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli| kiqiid o{jyw| fj{ qci `jdoi|q |q{ndo jf k`jlm|

wb{qnlnwbdq| ljyà {ihihki{ #k`jlm |wbd. j{ qci dyhki{ jf lj{{ilq q{nb`| #qjqb`

lj{{ilq.$ _cid qci|i qj |lj{i| i{i ljd|nai{ia qjoiqci{ #QJQB@. b

|nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli b| w{i|idq nqc \ndoi{| |lj{ndo cnoci{ qcbd qci

Bhy|nb({c~qch o{jyw= cjivi{ kilby|i qcn| anffi{idli b| ey|q jd qci lyq(jff

fj{ |nodnfnlbdli bda qci Bhy|nb({c~qch o{jyw jd`~ ljdqbndia 9 wb{qnlnwbdq| nq


75/173

bkn`nq~$ Qcn| n| ljd|n|qidq nqc qci {i|y`q| fjyda k~ _n``nbh|jd Ljllcndn bda

\qib{q #nd w{i||. cj |cjia qcbq djq jd`~ i{i qci{i dj anffi{idli| kiqiid

bhy|nl| bda ljdq{j`| jd qci Lj{|n Fj{b{a| qb|m qci~ i{i blqyb``~ qci |bhi qj

dndi ailnhb` w`bli| #Vnlqj{nb _n``nbh|jd nd bd ihbn` qj qci byqcj{ Jlqjki{ ;9

;727.$

Qcn| hbmi| qci {i|y`q| jd qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| qb|m b`` qci hj{i

ndqi{i|qndo$ Bhy|nl| |lj{ia |nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd \ndoi{| jd b`` fjy{ jf qci

|lj{i| fj{ qcn| qb|m$ Qcn| n| |iid vi{~ lìb{`~ k~ qci kjs w`jq| |cjd nd Fnoy{i

? cnlc onvi| qci qjqb` lj{{ilq |lj{i| jf iblc o{jyw fj{ qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a|

qb|m$ Bhy|nl| cba b hibd |lj{i jf ?$2> cnì |ndoi{| cba b hibd |lj{i jf >$?9$

Qcn| hb~ djq |iih `nmi b |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli kyq cbq n| nhwj{qbdq nd

aiqi{hndndo qci |nodnfnlbdli n| qcbq |ndoi{| b| b cjì |lj{ia hylc cnoci{ qcbd

bhy|nl| b| b cjì$ Qci |cbaia kb{| jd qci kjs w`jq||cj ci{i 97) jf qci

hnaaì |lj{i| `ni #nd qcn| isbhwì kiqiid 6$9(3$;; fj{ Bhy|nl|= kiqiid 3$??(

27$?< fj{ \ndoi{|. bda qci b{h| isqidando f{jh qci kb{| ndanlbqi qci `ji|q

#Bhy|nl|5 1= \ndoi{|5 6. bda cnoci|q #Bhy|nl|5 27= \ndoi{|5 2


76/173

cbvi b j{mndo hihj{~ aifnlnq b| i``$ Qcn| n| ljd|n|qidq nqc bdjqci{ |qya~

qcbq fjyda b |hb`` |yk|iq jf bhy|nl| qj cbvi aifnlnq| nd j{mndo hihj{~

#_n``nbh|jd ;727.$

Fnoy{i ?5 O{jyw kjs w`jq| fj{ Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #qjqb` lj{{ilq.

W{iln|i`~ cj qcn| bwwb{idq aifnlnq nd {ihihki{ndo djd(|iryidqnb`

vn|yj|wbqnb` ndfj{hbqnjd bffilq| bhy|nl| bkn`nq~ qj w{jli|| hy|nl lj{{ilq`~ n|

jwid fj{ aikbqi$ _i mdj qcbq bhy|nl| cbvi b aifnlnq nd fndi o{bndia wnqlc

an|l{nhndbqnjd bda qcbq qcn| hb~ an|{ywq qci dj{hb` blryn|nqnjd jf hy|nlb`

|~dqbs qcbq jqci{| blryn{i nhw`nlnq ~ |j`i`~ qc{jyoc iswj|y{i qj hy|nl$ Nd

jqci{ j{a| cid hj|q wijw`i cib{ hy|nl qcin{ k{bnd| w{jli|| nq cj`n|qnlb``~

29;. 2? Qc k n fn n n ` n cn #n ` . c n ` a


77/173

29;.$2? Qci k{bnd fnq| hy|nl ndqj djqi({i`bqnjd|cnw| #n$i$ |lbì|. qcbq nq b`{iba~

wj||i||i|$

Nq n| wj||nkì qcbq bhy|nl| aifnlnq nd djd(|iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb`

hihj{~ b`|j bffilq| qcin{ cj`n|qnl hy|nlb` w{jli||ndo b| i`` lby|ndo qcih qj

divi{ blryn{i qci qjdb` |q{ylqy{i j{ |~dqbs jf qcin{ hy|nlb` ly`qy{i qj kiond

nqc$ Qcn| hb~ ìba qcih qj cib{ hy|nl nd b wnilihib` fb|cnjd bda hb~ bffilq

|yk|iryidq hy|nlb` ìb{dndo$

Cjivi{ qcn| isw`bdbqnjd aji| djq qbmi ndqj blljydq bhy|nl| b`{iba~

i`` ajlyhidqia aifnlnq nd ljd|lnjy|`~ wi{linvndo vi{~ |hb`` wnqlc lcbdoi|$

Wi{cbw| bhy|nl| cbvi hj{i qcbd jdi ydai{`~ndo aifnlnq j{ wi{cbw| qci

anffnly`q~ nqc {ihihki{ndo cj`n|qnl vn|yj|wbqnb` {i`bqnjd|cnw| |jhicj

ndqi{fi{i| nqc ljd|lnjy| wnqlc(wi{liwqnjd #b| hidqnjdia ib{`ni{ bhy|nl|

k{bnd| blqyb``~ wi{linvi vi{~ |hb`` wnqlc anffi{idli| bq qci ydljd|lnjy| ìvi`.$

Nf bhy|nl| cbvi b aifnlnq nd vn|yj|wbqnb` j{mndo hihj{~ b| i`` qcn|

jyà ki ljd|n|qidq nqc qci naib jf bhy|nb b| b an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi$

_j{mndo hihj{~ aifnlnq| b{i jfqid fjyda nd jqci{ an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi|

|ylc b| a~|ìsnb #Wbyì|y iq b`$ 2>>6 291. onvndo |ywwj{q qj @jyn B`|jw bda

\lc`byo| an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi hjai` bda qcin{ fndando qcbq qci b{lybqi

f n ` n n c c ` ` qc q ` #;77> 27;2?.


78/173

fb|nly`y| nd bhy|nl| cb| hylc ì|| vj`yhi qcbd ljdq{j`| #;77> 27;2?.$

B`|j ndqi{i|qndo n| qcbq Bhy|nl| |lj{ia |nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd qci

Qjdi Aibf o{jyw jd Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #k`jlm |wbd. bda Lj{|n Kblmb{a|

#QJQB@.$ _cnì qci abqb |cj| qcbq qci Qjdi Aibf bda \ndoi{ o{jyw| i{i

b`hj|q naidqnlb` |qbqn|qnlb``~ qcn| aji| djq byqjhbqnlb``~ nhw`~ |bhidi||

kiqiid qci o{jyw|$ Nq n| wj||nkì qcbq nqc b `b{oi{ |bhwì |nodnfnlbdq

anffi{idli| ljyà ki fjyda$ Divi{qciì|| cid `jjmndo bq b vn|yb`

{iw{i|idqbqnjd jf qci abqb #|ii Fnoy{i ?. qci ndqynqnvi ljdl`y|njd n|

ljhwi``ndoqcbq \ndoi{| Djd(hy|nlnbd| bda qci Qjdi Aibf b{i b`` vi{~

|nhn`b{ qj iblc jqci{ cnì qci Bhy|nl o{jyw #bda qci |hb`` Bhy|nb({c~qch

o{jyw. |lj{i| rynqi jkvnjy|`~ `ji{ qcbd qci jqci{ o{jyw|$ _cnì qci anffi{idli

kiqiid qci Qjdi Aibf o{jyw bda Bhy|nl| onvi| |q{idoqc qj qci naib qcbq qci|i

qj hy|nlb``~(lcb`ìdoia o{jyw| b{i rynqi anffi{idq f{jh iblc jqci{ #nd qci

w{jli||ndo jf cj`n|qnl vn|yj|wbqnb` ndfj{hbqnjd. nq aji| djq ljdfn{h jdi jf qci

c~wjqci|i| fj{ qcn| |qya~ qcbq Qjdi Aibf ndanvnayb`| jyà b`|j ki nhwbn{ia nd

vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ ljhwb{ia qj Djd(hy|nlnbd| bda \ndoi{|$ Qcj|i cj

lbddjq |ndo nd qydi kyq aj djq cbvi bhy|nb hb~ cbvi b anffi{idq bda b| ~iq

ydnaidqnfnia j{nond jf qcin{ |ndondo anffnly`qni|$

{c~qchnl bhy|nb b`|j cbvi qci |bhi djd |iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~


79/173

{c~qchnl bhy|nb b`|j cbvi qci |bhi djd(|iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~

aifnlnq| qcbq bhy|nl| aj kyq |ndli qci |bhwì |nui n| |j |hb`` dj aifndnqi

ljdl`y|njd| lbd ki hbai$

Qci jqci{ qb|m cnlc |cjia |nodnfnlbdq o{jyw anffi{idli| b| Hbqlc(

qj(\bhwì$ Qci jd`~ |nodnfnlbdq o{jyw anffi{idli b| qcbq Bhy|nl| bobnd

|lj{ia |nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd \ndoi{| cnlc n| |nhn`b{ qj qci {i|y`q| fj{ qci

Lj{|n Kblmb{a| qb|m$ Ndqi{i|qndo`~ qci o{jyw ljhwb{n|jd| |cj qcbq fj{ qcn|

qb|m qci Bhy|nl bda Qjdi Aibf o{jyw| i{i blqyb``~ vi{~ |nhn`b{ qj iblc

jqci{ bda bq qci jqci{ ida \ndoi{| bda Djd(hy|nlnbd| i{i naidqnlb`$ Bq qci

vi{~ ìb|q qcn| qi``| y| qcbq qci |cj{q qi{h vn|yb` hihj{~ ndvj`via nd qcn| qb|m n|

b`|j aifnlnidq nd bhy|nl| #kilby|i qcn| qb|m ndvj`vi| {ihihki{ndo qci nhboi b|

b cjì nq qbw| cj`n|qnl j{ djd(|iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~ b| i``$.

Qci lj{{i`bqnjd| kiqiid wb{qnlnwbdq| |lj{i| jd qci HKIB |yk|lbì|

i{i bd ndqi{i|qndo bda wi{cbw| lìbdi{ b~ qj isbhndi qci abqb$ Nq ana djq

ndvj`vi anvnando qci wb{qnlnwbdq| ndqj o{jyw| bq b`` kyq {bqci{ `jjmia bq qci

wb{qnlnwbdq| wi{fj{hbdli jd qci hi`janl bda {c~qchnl |yk|lbì| bda ljhwb{ia

nq qj qcin{ |lj{i| jd iblc jf qci jqci{ qb|m|$ Djq |y{w{n|ndo`~ qci {i|y`q| jf

qci|i bdb`~|i| ilcjia qci o{jyw ljhwb{n|jd|$ B| qci |lj{i| jd qci HKIB

qci lj{{i`bqnjd| i{i cnoc`~ |nodnfnlbdq B hjai{bqi |q{idoqc qj qci {i`bqnjd|cnw


80/173

qci lj{{i`bqnjd| i{i cnoc`~ |nodnfnlbdq$ B hjai{bqi |q{idoqc qj qci {i`bqnjd|cnw

hibd| qcbq b| jdi oji| yw qci jqci{ b`|j oji| yw kyq jd`~ k~ b fi wjndq|$

Divi{qciì|| qci |nodnfnlbdli jf qci {i`bqnjd|cnw n| blly{bqi dndiq~(dndi qnhi|

jyq jf b cyda{ia cnlc hibd| nq n| b cnoc`~ ljd|n|qidq {i`bqnjd|cnw$ Fnoy{i 3

w`jq| iblc jf qci 93 ndanvnayb` wb{qnlnwbdq|$Qci oidi{b` q{ida ywb{a|

cnoc`nocq| qci hjai{bqi {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid qci |lj{i| jd qci HKIB hi`janl

|yk|lbì bda qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #qjqb` lj{{ilq. |lj{i|$ Qci fnqqia `ndi |cj|

qci ywb{a q{ida$ Qci lj{{i`bqnjd {i|y`q| b{i ndqi{i|qndo nd qcbq qci~ |yooi|q b

Fnoy{i 35 HKIB h$ |yk|lbì lj{{i`bqnjd nqc Lj{|n K_ #q$ lj{{ilq.

hj{i oidi{b` {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda djd(|iryidqnb`

b`|j wj||nkì qcbq |jhi cnoci{(ìvi` w{jli||ndo hilcbdn|h n| {i|wjd|nkì fj{


81/173

b`|j wj||nkì qcbq |jhi cnoci{ ìvi` w{jli||ndo hilcbdn|h n| {i|wjd|nkì fj{

kjqc wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~$

Fyqy{i |qyani| |cjyà fjly| jd isbhndndo ciqci{ bhy|nl| q{y`~ aj

cbvi b aifnlnq nd vn|yj|wbqnb` j{mndo hihj{~$ Jqci{ qb|m| ljyà ki y|ia nd

ljhkndbqnjd nqc qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| qb|m qj wndwjndq qci isblq dbqy{i jf qci

aifnlnq nf jdi ndaiia isn|q|$ Qci idqn{i HKIB kbqqi{~ |cjyà ki y|ia qj hbmi

|y{i b`` wb{qnlnwbdq| kindo qi|qia b{i q{y`~ bhy|nl$ Fyqy{i |qyani| |cjyà b`|j

fjly| jd qcj|i cj lbddjq |ndo nd qydi #l`b||nfnia b| qjdi(aibf fj{ qcn| |qya~.

b| qci ly{{idq |qya~ ana djq |cia hylc `nocq jd qci {ib|jd| fj{ qci|i

ndanvnayb`| |ndondo anffnly`qni|$ Djq hylc {i|ib{lc cb| kiid ajdi jd qci

hi{i`~ qjdi(aibf kyq |ndli qci~ aj djq bwwib{ qj cbvi b ljodnqnvi aifnlnq nd

wnqlc wi{liwqnjd b| bhy|nl| aj nq jyà ki i|wilnb``~ kidifnlnb` qj qci|i jyq(jf(

qydi |ndoi{| qj fy{qci{ |qya~ qci w{jkìh b| w{i|yhbk`~ nq jyà ki ib|ni{ qj

aivn|i ndqi{vidqnjd| qj ci`w qcih |ndo nd qydi$


82/173

LCBWQI[


83/173

e ~ w

cbvi b q{y`~ jkeilqnvi iswi{nhidq$

Qci{i n| b`|j qci ljdli{d qcbq qci abqb obqci{ia f{jh b q~wnlb`

iswi{nhidqb` |nqybqnjd n| anvj{lia f{jh qci |mn``| nq wy{wj{q| qj isbhndi$ \jhi

jf qci wb{qnlnwbdq| qcih|i`vi| {bn|ia qcn| wjndq= qci~ i{i ljdli{dia qcbq kindo

b|mia qj |ndo nd Ido`n|c #b |iljda `bdoyboi qj |jhi. j{ kindo b|mia qj |ndo

|jhiqcndo qci~ i{i djq idqn{i`~ fbhn`nb{ nqc jyà bffilq qcin{ bkn`nq~ qj |ndo$

#Jdi wb{qnlnwbdq |yooi|qia cyhhndo b| b b~ qj ln{lyhvidq qci w{jkìh kyq

qcn| {bn|i| b cjì jqci{ |iq jf ljdli{d|n$i$ ciqci{ cyhhndo ndvj`vi| qci

|bhi ljodnqnvi w{jli||i| b| |ndondo.$ Bda ai|wnqi qci i|qbk`n|cia {i`nbkn`nq~

bda vb`nanq~ jf qb|m| `nmi Lj{|n K`jlm| qci{i b{i b`b~| ljdli{d| qcbq qci

ydai{`~ndo ljodnqnvi w{jli|| ndvj`via nd b wb{qnly`b{ qb|m hb~ djq dili||b{n`~

ki qci hilcbdn|h bq j{m #Ki{lc M{nmj{nbd bda Cycb 2>>3 .$ Nd bd naib`

iswi{nhidqb` |nqybqnjd b`` fblqj{| isliwq qci jdi| kindo hib|y{ia jyà ki

ljdq{j`ìa fj{ bl{j|| wb{qnlnwbdq|$ Cjivi{ qci{i n`` ndivnqbk`~ ki w{blqnlb`

bda fndbdlnb` ljd|q{bndq|$ Qj jkqbnd hibdndofy` |qbqn|qnlb` {i|y`q| {il{ynqndo

idjyoc wb{qnlnwbdq| fj{ iblc iswi{nhidqb` o{jyw n| nhwj{qbdq$ Qcn| jfqid qbmi|

b ljd|nai{bkì bhjydq jf qnhi i|wilnb``~ nf jdi n| aib`ndo nqc {b{i wjwy`bqnjd|

b`|j `nhnq cj hylc jdi n| bkì qj isbhndi5 nd qci ly{{idq |qya~ qci idqn{i


84/173

HKIB b| djq bkì qj ki bahndn|qi{ia$

Jqci{ fblqj{| qcbq b{i anffnly`q qj ljdq{j` fj{ ndl`yai5 w{nj{ iswj|y{i qj

anffi{idq hy|nlb` ly`qy{i| ndiswi{nidli nqc |ndondo b`jya bhknidq djn|i|

bffilqndo ljdlidq{bqnjd ndiswi{nidli nqc y|ndo b ljhwyqi{ iql$

K{naondo qci obw kiqiid hy|nl {i|ib{lci{| bdahy|nl iaylbqj{|

Bdjqci{ n||yi qcbq lbhi qj `nocq b| qci vi{~ anffi{idq bww{jblci| qj qci

|bhi w{jkìh k~ {i|ib{lci{| bda iaylbqj{|$ Nd hj|q jf qci w|~lcj`jonlb`

`nqi{bqy{i {ivniia jd bhy|nb bda qjdi(aibfdi|| qci hbnd ljdli{d ciqci{

isw{i||ia jvi{q`~ j{ djq |iih| qj ki nqc isw`bndndo bda ydai{|qbdando qci

w{jkìh nd b| hylc aiqbn` b| wj||nkì$ Hy|nl iaylbqj{| #kjqc nd qci `nqi{bqy{i

bda qcj|i ndqi{vniia fj{ qcn| |qya~. jd qci jqci{ cbda |iih qj ki hj{i

fjly|ia jd {ihia~ndo qci w{jkìh bda fndando j{mbkì |j`yqnjd| {bqci{ qcbd

q{~ndo qj ydai{|qbda nq| j{nond|$

Kjqc jf qci|i ljdli{d| b{i nhwj{qbdq$ Nq n| jfqid dili||b{~ qj

ydai{|qbda qci j{nond| jf b w{jkìh #nd qcn| lb|i cbq hbmi| wijwì |ndo jyq jf

qydi. nd j{ai{ qj fnda b~| qj fns nq$ Kjqc iaylbqj{| bda {i|ib{lci{| jyà

Qci an|ljddilq kiqiid {i|ib{lc bda iaylbqnjd n| b w{jkìh qcbq bww`ni|


85/173

k{jba`~ qj b`` b|wilq| jf iaylbqnjd djq ey|q hy|nl #Lb|bdjvb 2>3>.$ B {ilidq

{ivni jf qci `nqi{bqy{i qcbq aib`| nqc qcn| w{jkìh naidqnfnia jdi jf qci hbej{

qcihi| b| qci diia fj{ |qiw(k~(|qiw w{jliay{i| fj{ ndqi{w{iqndo {i|ib{lc bda

nhwìhidqndo nq nd qci l`b||{jjh #_b{k~ iq b`$ 2>>> ;79.$ B Ydnvi{|b`

Q{bd|`bqnjd Fj{hbq n| w{jvnaia bda iswbdaia ywjd k~ qci byqcj{|$ Nq ljd|n|q|

jf |ivid |qiw| iaylbqj{| lbd fj``j qj ci`w qcih `jlbqi bda ydai{|qbda

{i|ib{lc$ Qci |ividqc |qiw fjly|i| jd q{bd|fi{{ndo qci {i|ib{lc ndqj w{blqnli$

_cnì qcn| n| b vi{~ y|ify` qjj` fj{ iaylbqj{| cj bdq qj ydai{|qbda qci

{i|ib{lc ly{{idq`~ bvbn`bkì nq n| djq hylc y|i qj iaylbqj{| cj |nhw`~ aj djq

cbvi qci qnhi qj isqid|nvi`~ {ivni qci bvbn`bkì `nqi{bqy{i$ Qcn| n| i|wilnb``~

q{yi fj{ hy|nl iaylbqj{| cj|i qnhi n| ivid hj{i `nhnqia kilby|i jf

wi{fj{hbdli| bda jqci{ hy|nlb` ividq|$ Nq b`|j wyq| qci {i|wjd|nkn`nq~ fj{

q{bd|fi{{ndo {i|ib{lc ndqj w{blqnli |jì`~ jd qci qiblci{| cid naib``~ nq |cjyà

ki b ljhkndia iffj{q kiqiid qiblci{| bda {i|ib{lci{|$

Jdi w{jkìh qiblci{| jfqid idljydqi{ nqc {i|ib{lc n| qcbq ivid cid

iswi{nhidq| oj ki~jda qcij{iqnlb` ydai{wnddndo| bda blqyb``~ isbhndi qci

iffnlbl~ jf b wb{qnly`b{ ndqi{vidqnjd {i|y`q| lbd jfqid ki bhknoyjy| ljdfy|ndo

j{qc nhwìhidqndo j{ ciqci{ nq diia| bhidahidq|$


86/173

Kjqc iaylbqj{| bda {i|ib{lci{| jyà kidifnq f{jh b hj{i lj``bkj{bqnvi

anb`joyi$ Nq |iih| cbq n| diiaia n| |jhi |j{q jf ndqi{hianb{~ kiqiid

iaylbqj{| bda {i|ib{lci{|$ [i|ib{lci{| diia qj ki bkì qj ljhhydnlbqi qcin{

{i|ib{lc fndando| bda {iìvbdl

singing in tune: insights from music educators and psychological researchers, by ana luisa santo,...

Documents