single-row functions

IT Program Portfolio-Class of 2013-Battlefield High School

IT Portfolio, Class of 2013

A single row function is when a function is applied to only ONE row of data, and there is only ONE output.


UPPER makes the selected data in upper-case.

SELECT UPPER(last_name) This could make Potts, POTTS


LOWER makes the selected data lower-case SELECT LOWER(last_name) ‘Potts’ to ‘potts’


INITCAP makes selected data proper-case SELECT INITCAP(job_title) ‘manager’ to ‘Manager’.


CONCAT brings together selected data SELECT CONCAT (‘Hello’,’World’) FROM dual


SUBSTR is used to find a specific output based on a definite amount of values

SUBSTR(‘HelloWorld’,1,5)


LENGTH will give you the amount of characters on a specified value

LENGTH(‘HelloWorld’)


INSTR will give you a numerical amount from one point to another

INSTR(‘HelloWorld’, ‘W’)


LPAD fills unused space with specified character, to the left of the selected value.

SELECT LPAD(salary,10,’$’) FROM employees


RPAD fills unused space with specified character, to the right of the selected value.

SELECT RPAD(salary,10,’$’)


TRIM removes characters at the beginning or end of a string.

TRIM(‘H’ FROM ‘HelloWorld’)


Replaces a specified character with another SELECT REPLACE('Brian','Brian', 'Awesome') FROM dual


Rounds value to specified amount. SELECT ROUND(5.657, 1)


To truncate is to shorten or cut off a number. TRUNC(5.657, 1)


MOD = remainder of one value/another value MOD(700,200)


Functions pertaining to dates ◦ MONTHS_BETWEEN ◦ ADD_MONTHS ◦ NEXT_DAY ◦ LAST_DAY ◦ ROUND ◦ TRUNC

The SYSDATE used is 06-FEB-12 The date format is DD-MON-YY


Number of months between two dates. MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, ‘06-JAN-12’)


Add calendar months to date ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,6)


Next day of the date specified NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'FRIDAY')


Last day of the month LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)


SYSDATE returns the current date SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual


Rounds date ROUND(sysdate, 'MONTH')

ROUND(sysdate, ‘YEAR’)


Truncates date select trunc(to_date('22-AUG-12'), 'YEAR') from dual


TO_CHAR is used to convert dates and numbers to an alternate specified format.

select to_char(sysdate, 'fmMonth dd, RRRR') from dual select to_char(1234, '00999') from dual


This converts a character string back to a number

select to_number('1210.73', '9999.99') from dual


Converts character string to date format TO_DATE(‘character string’, ‘format model’) select to_date('June 22, 1995', 'Month dd,

RRRR') from dual


NVL NVL2 NULLIF COALESCE


NVL detects if a value is null, and then replaces it if it is.

NVL(possibly null value, value to replace null) SELECT NVL(comments, 'no comment') from d_play_list_items


This has 3 expressions. If the first value is not null, then the second is returned. If the first value is null, the third expression is returnded.

SELECT last_name, salary, NVL2(commission_pct, salary + (salary*commission_pct), salary) AS income

FROM employees


This compares two expressions. If equal, the function returns null. If not equal, the function returns the first expression.

SELECT first_name, length(first_name) "Length FN", last_name, length(last_name) "LENGTH LN", NULLIF(length(first_name), length(last_name)) as "Compare Them"

FROM d_partners


If the first expression is null, the function goes down the line until the first not null function is found.

SELECT last_name, COALESCE(commission_pct, salary, 10) FROM employees ORDER BY commission_pct


CASE DECODE


The CASE is the SQL version of an “if-then-else” statement SELECT id,loc_type, rental_fee,

CASE loc_type WHEN 'Private Home' THEN 'No Increase' WHEN 'Hotel' THEN 'Increase 5%' ELSE rental_fee END AS "Revised Fee" FROM d_venues


Similar to the CASE function with the “if, then, else” intention SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,

NVL(DECODE(department_id, 10, 1.25*salary, 90, 1.5*salary, 130,1.75*salary), salary) AS "New Salary" FROM employees


single-row functions

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