(sinhala).pdf - poa-iss

62 iq¿ wú msgq oelSfï l%shdud¾.

iq¿ wú msgq oelSfï l%shdud¾.Action Against Small Arms

iïm;a f;dr;=re w;afmd;A Resource Handbook

63iq¿ wú msgq oelSfï l%shdud¾.

fia*¾j¾,aâSaferworld

fia*¾j¾,aâ" cd;Hka;rj rdcHhka iy isú,a iudch iuÕ m¾fhaIK lsÍu"udkj wdrlaIdj m%j¾Okh i|yd kj Wmdh ud¾. Èh;a lsÍu iy ikakoaOm%pKav;ajh je<elaùu i|yd ls%hdlrk iajdëk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhls'

ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh - Y%S ,xldjSouth Asia Partnership - Sri Lanka

YS% ,xldfõ uQ,sl jrm%ido wju jq yd wysñ jQ m%cdjf.a iudÔh" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl

ixj¾Okhg iyfhda.h ,nd oSfï wruqKska ,dN fkd,nk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhlaf,i 1981 j¾Ifha§ ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d ixúOdkh fkdfyd;a iema-YS% ,xldwdh;kh ìysúh'

fuu wdh;kh ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d ixúOdk cd;Hka;r cd,fha tla idudðlrgla jYfhka lghq;= lrhs' iema-YS% ,xld hy md,kh" udkj wdrlaIdj yd udkjwhs;sjdislï úIh fCIa;%hkays fmrgq.dñ fufyjrl fhfoñka ish yjq,aldr m%cdjkata i|yd iÔùlrKh lrhs' iema-Y%S ididfkÜ cd,fha iudrïNl idudðlfhls'

This publication is a translated extract from ‘Action Against Small Arms’, originallypublished by International Alert, Oxfam GB and Saferworld in 2003. This translatededition is published with permission by Saferworld and South Asia Partnership SriLanka in August 2006.

This edition has translated relevant sections of ‘Action Against Small Arms’ andhad updated these sections to reflect developments that have occurred since2003. The Sinhala and Tamil translations have also been adapted to better reflectthe needs of those working to combat the problem of small arms in Sri Lanka


iq¿ wú msgq oelSfï l%shdud¾.Action Against Small Arms

iïm;a f;dr;=re w;afmd;A Resource Handbook

ðï flda iy fykaß iañ;aJim Coe and Henry Smith


mgqk

fmrjok

iA;=;sh

flá fhÿï

ye|skaùu 1

wka;¾.;h( m%;sm;a;s ixhq;sh

1' w¾: oelaùu yd ixLHd f;dr;=re 4

2' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO j, n,mEu 8

3' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,n ùu yd wksis Ndú;h md,kh i|yd 19ks¾foaY

4' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wksis Ndú;h yd iq,n ùu md,kh i|yd 37oekg ord we;s m%h;akhka

5' idrdxYh 56

miq igyka 57


flá fhÿï

ATT: Arms Trade Treaty

BASIC: British American Security Information Council

CEDE: Centre for Democratic Empowerment

COIB: Conscientious Objectors in Bosnia

DDR: Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration

DRP: Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme

ECOSOC: Economic and Social Council

ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States

EU: European Union

FIQ: Forumi I Iniciatives Qytetare

FOSDA: Foundation for Security and Development in Africa

IANSA: Interntional Action Network on Small Arms

ICBL: International Campaign to Ban Landmines

KYPPEDE: Kibera Youth Programme for Peace and Development

LPO: Licensed production overseas

MALAO: Mouvement Contre les Armes Legeres in Afrique de I’Oest

NISAT: Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers

OAS: Organisation of American States

OAU: Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe

POA: UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the

Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects

PPDI: Pastoralist Peace and Development Community

SADC: Southern African Development Community

SALW: small arms and light weapons

SIPRI: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

SSRP: Security Sector Reform Programme

SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

UKWG: United Kingdom Working Group on Arms

UNDDA: United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs

UNDIR: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research


fmrjok

zzÈfkl ysre Wodfj;au yÈis oeä m%ydrhlg .ulg lvd jeÿk ler<slrefjda ìfhka.il ieÕjqk l=vd <uqka lsysm fofkl= oel Tjqka urd oeóug ierfi;s' ta ÿgqTjqkaf.a uj Tjqka urd fkdouk f,i;a" wjeis kï ;ud urd ouk f,i;a wdhdpkhlrhs' ler<slrefjda bka tla <ufhl=g hqo wúhla § ;u uj fj; t,a, lr fldldwÈk f,i wK flfr;;a Tyq th ;rfha m%;slafIam lrhs' bka WrK jQ ler<slrefjdaTyqf.a mdohlg fjä ;n;s' bka fkdkej;=k Tjqyq nd, <uhdg ;u uj urd oukf,i wK lr;s' Tyq ;u uj fjä ;nd urd ouhs' thska Woaodu jQ ler<slrefjda Tyqfkdief,k oeä igkaldñfhl= f,i ;u yuqodjg n|jd .ks;s'

zishrd,sfhdka ys *S%-gjqka k.rh fj; t,a, jQ ìysiqKq m%ydrfhka mkaoyilg jeämsßila ureuqjg m;ajQy' u<jqka ñysoka lsÍug k.rfha lsisfjl= fkdjQfhka" u<ñkSksr;=reju .scq ,sysKshkaf.a f.dÿre njg m;aúh' wú wfudard.;a ler<slrefjdak.rjdiSka ksjdi ;=<g nf,ka we;=,a lr fmg%,a oud .sks;enQy' Èú fírd.ekSugmek hdug ;e;al<jqkag ÿgq ;ek fjä ;enQyZZ1'whsiela ,emshd-weïfkiaá bkag¾keIk,a" ishrd,sfhdka'

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fld*S wkakka uyf,alï tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh'

ksis md,khlska f;drj idjoH f,i mßyrKh flfrk f,dj jgd me;sÍ we;s iq¿wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO fya;=fldgf.k iEu jirla mdidu ureuqjg m;ajk <uqkaf.ayd ldka;djka we;=¿ ish oyia .Kkla ñksia Ôú; wo uq¿ uy;a f,dalh jid isákne?reï m%Yakhla ù we;' wka; ÿ.S nj" W!K ixj¾Okh" udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh"wmrdO" hqO .egqï yd iïm;a ysñlr.ekSfï wêl ;rÕldÍ nj hqO wú i|yd we;sb,a¨u u; n,mdk idOlhka w;r fõ' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ñ,shk 639 lgjvd jeä m%udKhla f,dj jgd ixirKh fj;ehs .Kka n,d we;33333' wo f,dalfhafj<| iud.ï 1000lg jeä m%udKhla iq¿ wú ksmoùfï fhfoA' hg;a msßfika rgj,a98 la" ;uka i|yd fujeks wú yd ta i|yd wjYH WKav ksmoùfï yelshdfjka hqla;h'

iq¿ wú ms<sn| f.da,Sh fj<|du b;d úYd,h' tys uq¿ jákdlu weußldkq fvd,¾ñ,shk 335la blaujd h;ehs .Kkh lr we;' f,dj jgd úúO mqoa.,fhda" iud.ï ydrdcHhka tys ksr; fj;s44444' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO nyq, f,i ksIamdokfhka ydtajd wksis mßyrKfhka isÿjk ñksia iïm;a ydksh ^msßjeh& .Kkh lsÍu wiSreh'fïjdhska hqO .egqï yd wr., È.a.eiaiSu yd ÈhqKq ;shqKqùu isÿjk w;r ;=jd,lrejka yd urK ixLHdj jeäfjñka uq¿ uy;a ñksia iïm; úkdY flf¾' oY ,laI.Kka ck;djlg ;u jdiia:dk w;yer oud hdug isÿfjhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.aixúOdkfha uy f,alï fld*S wkakka 2001 jif¾§ m%ldYhla ksl=;a lrñka" iq¿wú... hqO .egqï ;j-;j;a ;Sj% lsÍug;a" irKd.;hkaf.a ixLHdfõ ksr;=re


j¾Okhlg;a" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh wj;lafiarejg ,laflfrk yd l,yldÍÿ¾.dka;hkaf.ka msß ixialD;Ska ksr;=re ìysùug;a fya;= fj;ehs wjOdrKh lrhs 55555'

wo udOHfõ§ka" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" m%cd ixúOdk" wd.ñl ixúOdk ydúoaj;=kaf.ka ieÿï,;a isú,a ixúOdk ksfhdacs;fhda iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO j,skaisÿjk úkdYldÍ n,mEï wju lsÍu i|yd ls%hd;aul ùug fndfyda fihska lem fj;s'iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdldÍ jevigyk jekscd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;Skaf.A j¾Okhg isú,a iudcfha iEu wxYhlskau ,enQ taldnoaOodhl;ajh fndfyda ÿrg fya;= úh' f,dj jgd .egqï wdidÈ; m%foaYj," m%pKavwmrdOhkaf.ka mSä; k.rj, iy iq¿ wú ksIamdokh yd wmkhkh fj<|fmd,md,kh lrk rgj,a j, wdh;k yd mqoa.,hska fjkila ioyd ls%hdldÍj isá;s'flfia jqjo wú úYd, f,i ksIamdokh" iq,nùu yd tajd wksis mßyrKh je,elaùugrdcH/wdKavq wfmdfydi;a ùu ksid tu m%h;akhka ieye,a¨jg ,la ù we;'

fuu lD;sfhys b,lalh ù we;af;a Wla; oefjk m%Yakh ksrdlrKh lrkq jia úúOwdKavqj,g yd wod< mqoa.,hkag n,mEï lsÍug yels jk fia isú,a iudc ixúOdkiy úoaj;=ka oekqj;a lr Yla;su;a lsÍuhs' tys,d mokï ù we;af;a tu .eg¿ ms<sn|f,dj jgd úoaj;=ka m%dfhda.sl yd ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdj,skaf.ka ,enQ w;aoelSï ydúfYaI{ oekqï iïNdrhhs'

fuu lD;sh m%;sm;a;s wka;¾.;h meyeos,s lsÍu i|yd ixfËAm lr we;'

fuu lD;sfha m%Odk wruqKq kï ls%hdldÍ jevigyka ieliSug wfmalaIs; úúOixúOdkhkag yd úoaj;=kag Wmfhda.Slr.; yels iïm;a f;dr;=re ,nd§u yd mqyqKqjevuq¿ weröug ie,iqï lrk yd tajd mj;ajdf.k hk ixúOdkj,g iïm;af;dr;=re ,nd§u hs'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO fya;= fldgf.k mekk.sk úúO m%Yak ms<sn|j ukdwjfndaOhlska hq;=j Wmßu n,mEula we;sjk whqre thg WÑ; ls%hdud¾. f;dard.;yelsjk fia iqÿiq mshjr iuQyhla fuhska bÈßm;a flf¾' úl,am l%shdud¾.hlajYfhka fuys wka;¾.;h fjk;a m%h;akhka fuf;la ,nd we;s yelshdjka ydw;aoelSï jeäÿr j¾Okhg fhdod.; yelsh'


ia;+;sh

iq¿ wú ms<sn| .eg¿j úi£u wrNhd úúO ixúOdk u.ska ilia lrk ,o M,odhSl%shdldÍ jevigyka mokï fldg .;a w;aoelSï yd isoaê wOHhkhka (Case Studies)fuu ix.%yhg we;=,;a fõ' Tjqkaf.a uyÕ= odhl;ajhg tajdfha l¾;Djreka ydm%ldYlhkag wmf.a lD;{;djh m,flf¾' ;jo" fuu lD;sh iïmdokfha§ yd uq,amsgm; iudf,dapkfhys fhÿk ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hskag wmf.a ia;=;sh msßkefï'

fuu iïm;a f;dr;=re w;afmd; mrsj¾;kh iy m%ldYhg m;alsÍu Wfoid ÿka odhl;ajhi|yd YS% ,xldfõ ì%;dkH uy flduidßia ld¾hd,hg fia*¾j¾,aâ ia;=;sh msßkefï'


ye|skaùu

fuu w;afmd; u.ska iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO (SALW) zziq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;hZfya;=fldgf.k we;sjk m%;sM, yd n,mEu úu¾Ykhg Ndckh flf¾' tu.ska tajdfhaiemhqu yd b,aüg wod,j mek k.sk .eg¿ ksrdlrKhg iqÿiq l%shdud¾. iuqodhlabÈßm;a lrhs' tfukau fuu oefjk m%Yakh ksrdlrKfhys oemkg ls%hd;aul flfrkl,dmSh" nyq-md¾Yaùh yd cd;Hka;r uQ,drïNhkao iudf,dapkh flf¾'

1 fldgi - w¾: oelaùu yd ixLHd f;dr;=re

fuu fldgiska iq¿ wú m%Yakhg wod< ixLHdf,aLk fhdod.ksñka .eg¨j ms<sn|jeo.;a f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.aks¾jpkh ^w¾: ksrEmKh& yd tu ks¾jpkh wkqj thg we;=,;ajk m%Odk wúldKav ^j¾.& ,ehsia;=j o fuys ±la fõ' fuu.ska iq¿ wú yqjudre lsÍfï iajNdjhmeyeÈ,s lrk w;r" —wkjir˜ yd —wjir ,;a˜ yqjudre i|yd ks¾jpk o imhhs'

2 fldgi - iq¿ wú iy ieye,a wdhqO j, n,mEu

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;h ksid my; lreKq u; we;sjkn,mEu fuu fldgiska ú.%y flf¾'

• udkj ysñlï wmfhdackh yd wka;¾cd;sl udkqIsl kS;s lvlsÍu• ;%ia;jdohg tfrys hqoaOh• ysxidldÍ ixialD;Ska• m%pKav wmrdO• ia;%S-mqreI Ndjh îudcNdjh&• ixj¾Okh

3 fldgi - iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n ùu yd wksis Ndú;h md,khi|yd ks¾foaY

iq¿ wú m%Yakhg wduka;%Khg wjYH úúOdldr ms<shï fuu fldgiska ú.%y flf¾'iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO j,g we;s b,aü wvq lsßug wjYH ms<shï fuu.skam<uqj y÷kd.kakd w;r" fuu wú ksIamdokh yd m%jdykh md,kh lsßug wjYHms<shï úia;r lsÍfuka fuu fldgi wjika fõ'

b,a u md,kh lsßu i|yd fhdod.; yels mshjr'

• wdhqO tla /ia lsÍu iy wú yrKh" fiajd uqla;sh" iy iudc-m%;s.%yK(disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration) jevigyka

• iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd isú,a mqoa., whs;sh l%uj;a lsÍu• iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO yd wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixialrKh lsÍu


• fm!oa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud.ï yd iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùuyd wksis Ndú;h

• wú ixÑ; yd w;sßla; wdhqO l<ukdlrKh

iemhqu yd mejÍu (Transfer) md,kh lsßug mshjr

• läkï ;ykï kS;s• Ndú;hg wod< ;yxÑ• cd;Hka;r talu;slNdjh ,efnk wjia:d• wdo¾Y iïu; (normative framework) rduqjla ilia lsÍu• M,odhS l%shdldÍ l%ufõohka ilia lsÍu• ,shdmÈxÑhg wod, md,khka yd l%ufõohka• wjika Ndú; iy;slh yd wëËKh (end-use certification and monitoing)• i,l=Kq lsÍu yd fidhd .ekSu (marking and tracing)• ;e/õ ldrlï yd keõ tacka;jrekaf.a ld¾hhka md,kh lssÍu• wjir,;a úfoaY ksIamdok md,kh

4' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO wksis Ndú;h yd iq,n ùu md,kh i|ydoekg ord we;s m%h;akhka

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;h md,kh lsÍug ±kgfhdodf.k we;s m%Odk cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh tlÕ;djka iy m%fõYhka y\qkajd§uyd úYaf,aIKh fuu fldgi u.ska isÿfõ' iEu WodyrKhla u fya;= ;=kla u;fhdodf.k we;' m<uqfjkau fjk;a m%fõYhkag yd ls%hdldrlïj, j¾Okhla i|ydtu tlÕ;djfhka fyda m%fõYfhka hï lsis odhl;ajhla ,eî we;akï ( WodyrKhlaf,i nudflda m%ldYh (Bamako Declaration) u.ska khsfrdaì m%ldYh (Nairobi Declaration)jeks Wml,dmSh m%fõYhla we;slsÍu i|yd uq,a msrSu iy miqj khsfrdaì m%ldYh" iq¿wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdldÍ jevigyk (UN Programme ofAction to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its Aspects)jeks cd;Hka;r ls%hdldÍ;ajhlg mdol ùu ye¢kaúh yels h' fojkqj" th úfYaIs;j¾.fha m%fõYhla ksfhdackh lsrSu ksid - N=f.da,Sh jYfhka ksfhdackh fydawka;¾.;h lreKq jYfhka- fydA wjika jYfhka th isú,a iudchg kshqla; ùuioyd ukd wjia:djla ksfhdackh lrk ksid fydA neúks'

fuu fldgi jir 2001 § meje;ajQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq¿ wú iuq¿j yd tys m%;sM,hlajQ ls%hdldÍ jevigyk (UN Programme of Action) iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq¿ wú l%shdud¾.ms<sn|j úYaf,aIKh lrñka wdrïN fõ' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wú flgqïm; (UNFirearms Protocol) yd jiafikd¾ wjfndaO;d .súiqu (Wassenaar Agreement) Bg miqj y÷kajdfohs' l,dmsh yd l,dm w;r m%Odk m%fõY iuyrla ms<sn|j wjidkfha fuufldgiska wkdjrKh lrhs' flfia jqj;a" fuu.ska ish¿ l,dmSh m%fõYhkaf.aiïmQ¾K wdjrKhla isÿ fkdflf¾' fuu fldgiska idlÉPd fkdjq l,dmShls%hdldÍ;ajhka we;slsÍu i|yd fh¥ W;aidyhka mj;S' my; i|yka m%fõYhka fuyswka;¾.; fõ'

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wkjir f,i iq,n ùu iy m%jdykh ms<sn|jwm%sldkq fmdÿ u;h ms<sn|j nudflda m%ldYkh (Bamako Declaration)

• khsfrdaì m%ldYh (Nairobi Declaration)• .sks wú" WKav iy ta yd iïnkaO wfkla øjH md,kh ms<sn| SADC (Southern

African Development Community) flgqïm;


• wms%ldfõ iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wdkhkh" wmkhkh iy ksIamdok;djld,sl w;aysgqùu (ECOWAS Moratorium on the Import, Export and Manufacture of SmallArms and Light Weapons in Africa)

• .sks wú" WKav" mqmqrk øjH iy ta yd iïnkaO wfkla øjH j, wkjirksIamdokh iy m%jdykhg tfrys wka;¾ weußldkq .súiqu (The Inter-AmericanConvention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives andOther Related Materials)

• iq¿ wú ms<sn| OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe) f,aLkh• wú wmkhkh ms<sn| hqfrdamd ix.ufha p¾hd O¾u moaO;sh (European Union Code

of Conduct on Arms Exports)• iq¿ wú ms<sn| hqfrdamd ix.ufha fmdÿ ls%hdldÍ;ajh (The European Union Joint Action

on Small Arms)


1' w¾: oelaùu yd ixLHd f;dr;=re

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a wdhqO hkq(

fuu wdhqO j,g cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.kq ,nk j¾.SlrKhla fkdue;s w;r" 1997t' cd' úfYaI{ uKav,hla úiska ilia l< jd¾;dfjys jvd;a iq,nj Ndú;d jk w¾:oelaùu wka;¾.; fõ11111' —ieye,a¨ wdhqO˜ ñksiqka i;=ka fyda hkaa;% iQ;% u.ska tydfuyd f.khd yels wdhqO f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tajd w;rg ßfjd,ajr ueIska ;=jlal=isg hqO gexls iy .=jka hdkd kdYl ñihs, moaO;Ska olajd we;=<;a fõ'

ieye,a,q wdhqO j, Wm-fldÜGdYhla —iq¿ wú˜ f,i ie,fla' fuu wú ;ks mqoa.,hl=úiska mßyrKh lsÍug" kv;a;= lsÍug iy m%jdykh lsÍug yelsh' fuu w;afmdf;ys iq¿ wú " ieye,a¨ wdhqO yd fjk;a .sks wú; iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO(Small Arms and Light Weapons) hkqfjka yÿkajkq ,efí' idudkHfhka jdKscuh jYfhkaksmojk .sks wú" ^tkï ovhï i|yd fhdod .kakd .sks wú& iy wdrlaIl wxY j,mßyrKhg ksmojd we;s iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ^m%ydrl rhs*,& w;r lemSfmfkk fjkila fkdue;'

j.=j 1 ( w¾: oelaùu

iq¨ wú rsfjda,ajriajhxlS%h msiaf;da,rhs*,a iy flá-;=jlal=w¾O iajhxlS%h ;=jlal=m%ydrl rhs*,a (assault rifles)ieye,a ueIska ;=jlal=

ieye,a wdhqO wênr ueIska ;=jlal=f.%fkaâ úÈk (grenade launchers)cx.u (portable) .=jka hdkd kdYl ;=jlal=cx.u (portable) hqO gexls kdYl ;=jlal=jdx.=-rys; rhs*, (recoilless rifles)cx.u (portable) hqO gexls kdYl ñihs, úÈk iy frdlÜ moaO;sm%jdykh l< yels .=jka hdkd kdYl ñihs, moaO;súIalïNh ñó 10 (mm) jvd wvq fudagd¾

iq¨ wú iy ieye,a¨ iq¿ wú i|yd jk m;frdïwdhqO j,g Ndú;d ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd jk fjä WKav iy ñihs,lrk m;frdï yd mqoa., iy hqO gexls kdYl f.%fkaâmqmqrk øjH' ìï fndaïn" mqmqrk øjH (explosives), .=jka hdkd kdYl iy

hqO gexls kdYl moaO;s i|yd wjYH hqO WmlrK'


iq wú fldmuK ixLHdjla we;ao@

2000 jif¾§ iq¨ wú ms<sn|j lr we;s iólaIKhlg (Counting the Human Cost, 2002) wkqjiq¨ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ñ,shk 639la muK f,dj mqrd ixirKh jk njg .Kkan,d ;sfí'22222 we;eï úg úYañ; f,i f,dj we;s ish¿ iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqOw;ßka 2$3 l fldgila fm!oa.,sl wú jYfhka we;s w;r th ixLHd;aulj ñ,shk378la muK fõ'

j.=j 2 ( f,dj mqrd iq¿ wú me;sÍ mj;sk whqre3

whs;sh ixLHdj m%;sY;hrchka i;= 259"600"000 40'6wdrlaIl yuqod ^241"600"000& ^37'8&fmd,Sis ^1"800"000& ^2'8&

isú,a jeishka 370"300"000 59'2ikakoaO lKavdhï 1"000"000 0'2tl;=j 638"900"000 100

fuu ixLHdjg wu;rj ;j;a iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO úYd, m%udKhla ksIamdokh" wf,úh"yqjudrej iy m%jdykh lsÍu ffokslj isÿfõ'

f;dr;=re igyk 1iq wú meñfKkafka fldfykao iy tajdfha ysñlrejka ixLHdj4

iq¿ wú ksIamdokh lsÍu f,dj mqrd wdh;k 1000lg wêl ixLHdjla u.ska isÿlrhs'

wju jYfhka rgj,a 98 g iq¿ wú iy mf;dfrdï ksIamdokh lsÍu fyda wjYHúgl ksIamdokh lsÍfï yelshdj fyda mj;S'

iq¿ wú fjf<|m, ;=, rgj,a 13la bÈßfhka isà' tajd kï Tiaá%hdj" fn,aðhu"n%iS,h" Ökh" m%xYh" c¾uksh" BY%dh,h" b;d,sh" reishdkq iuQydKavqj" iamd[a[h"iaúÜi¾,ka;h" tlai;a rdcOdksh iy tlai;a ckmoh fõ'

mf;dfrdï o iys;j f,dj we;s iq¿ wú j, iuia: wju jákdlu 2000 jif¾§fvd,¾ ì,shk 7'4 la muK úh'


iq¿ wú iy ieye,a wdhqO mejÍu$yqjudrej (transfer) hkq 5

wú mejÍfï ^yqjudre& ls%hdj,sh ú.%y lsÍu idfmalaIj ir, tlls' mejÍu hkq iq¿wú tla md¾Yajhl isg wfkla md¾Yajh fj; /f.k f.dia ,nd§fï ls%hdj,shhs'W;amdolhd iy th ,nk ;eke;a;d hkqfjka fuys§ wju jYfhka m%Odk md¾Yjfolla fuu ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO fjhs'

fuu md¾Yaj ;ks mqoa.,hka" lKavdhï" wdhqO ikakoaO m%;súreoaO lKavdhï" wmrdOl,a,s" fyda rdcHhka úh yelsh' flfia fj;;a wú ;e/õlrejka iy wú m%jdykksfhdað;hska o wfkl=;a md¾Yajhka f,i fuu ls%hdj,shg ksrka;rj iïnkaO fjhs'

idudkHfhka wú mejÍfï l%shdj,sh ;=< m%Odk lKavdhï 03la olakg ,efnhs'

• kS;Hdkql+, mejÍï (Legal Transfers): fuh isÿjkafka rdcHhl fyda Tjqkaf.a n,h,;a ksfhdað;hskaf.a ls%hdldÍ ueÈy;aùfuka iy cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r kS;skagwkql+,jh' flfia fj;;a wú wjidk Ndú;h u.ska cd;sl fyda cd;Hka;rkS;ska W,a,x>khùula isÿjqjfyd;a tu mejrSu ks;s úfrdaë fjhs'

• kS;s úfrdaë mejÍï (Ilegal Transfers): wú iïnkaOfhka cd;sl jYfhka fydatlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh jeks cd;Hka;r wdh;k úiska mkjd we;siïndOl meyeÈ,sj u W,a,x>kh lsÍuhs' rcfha ks, tlÕ;djhlska fydamd,khlska f;drj we;eï ¥Is; ks,OdÍka úiska jHdc fyda wi;H ,shlshú,su.ska isÿ lrk we;eï wú mejÍï kS;s úfrdaë fjhs'

• zwúksYaÑ;Z mejÍï (Grey-market Transfers): fuh meyeÈ,s lsÍu b;du wmyiqls%hdjla jk w;r" thg fya;= ù we;af;a" wúksYaÑ; mejÍul by; ú.%y lsÍïfoflysu ,lAIK wh;a ùug bv we;s neúks' WodyrK f,i tlai;a cd;skaf.aixúOdkh iïndOl mkjd we;s wjia:djl wjir fkd,;a ;eklg hefjkwdhqO rdcH wjirh ,;a .kqfokqjla jYfhka .uk wdrïN lr" miqj wmkhkwjia:dfõ§ m%ldYs; .ukdka;fhka msgu. yrjd heùu isÿfõ' wúksYaÑ;mejÍul§ ksr;=reju rdcHhka" Tjqkaf.a ksfhdað;hka" fyda mqoa.,hka cd;slmd,khg msg;ska fyda kS;Skaf.a we;s wvqmdvq fyda m%fhdackhg .ksñkal%shd;aul fj;s' fujeks mejÍï i|yd cd;Hka;r kS;s ;;a;ajhla ú.%y lrke;s kuq;a we;eï úg fïjd kS;s úfrdaë .kqfokq f,i y÷kajhs' flfiafj;;a fuu lreKq fy<sorõ lsÍu i|yd cd;Hka;ßl talu;sl Ndjhlau;=fjñka mj;S' WodyrK jYfhka wúyrKh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.aiuq¿fõ§ zziïm%odhsl wúZZ(conventional weapons) kS;súfrdaë f,i fj<|dï lsÍums<sn|j mq¿,a ú.%yhla bosßm;a lrk ,§' ;jo cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl kS;shgmgyeksj isÿlrk cd;Hka;r iïm%odhsl wú fj<|du o tys wka;¾.; lr;snqKs'66666 fndfyda rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fmkajd ÿkafka" cd;Hka;ßl kS;suhiïm%odhhka W,a,x>Kh lrñka mßyrKh flfrk iy mjrd fok wú kS;súfrdaë f,i ie,lsh hq;= njhs'

flfia fj;;a iuyr rdcHhka úYajdi lrkafka iq¿ wú iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;hiSud lsÍug" kS;s úfrdaë wú cdjdru je,elaúh hq;= nj;a fuhg rdcH wkque;shwe;sj flfrk wú fj<|du wod< fkdúh hq;= njhs' kuq;a cd;Hka;r m%cdj fndfydaÿrg úYajdi lrkafka fuu mgq m%fõYh" .eg¿j ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;afkdjk njhs' fuhg n,mdk fya;= folla we;¦

m<uqj úúO jq wOHhkhka fmkajd § we;af;a rdcH wkque;sh u; wdhqO mejÍfï §tajd kS;s úfrdaë fj<|m,g" wmrdO j,g" ;%ia;jdohg iy u;aøjH cdjdrï j,gmjd fn§ f.dia we;s njhs' tu ksid iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s úfrdaëj mejÍu


id¾:lj ue~,Su i|yd rdcH wkque;sh ,;a fj<|du md,kh lsÍug Wmdh ud¾.y÷kajd §u o jeo.;a fjhs'

fojkqj" we;eï rchka kS;s úfrdaë fj<|du ú.%y lr we;af;a wmkhkh lrk fydaNdr.kq ,nk fyda rchla u.ska wkque;sh ,nd§ ke;s mejÍï hkqfjks' kuq;a"fndfyda rchhka iy isú,a iudc md¾Yajhka úYajdi lrkafka" fuu ú.%yh wúj,wjidk Ndú;h ms<sn|j kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh ie,ls,a,g fkd.kakd ksid th b;d mgqú.%yhla jk njhs'

fï w;r tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk jir .Kkdjlaisÿl< iólaIK fmkajd fokafka" rdcHhka kS;Hdkql+,j wmkhkh lrk we;eï iq¿wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO" ñksia whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍu" w¾nqo ks¾udKh" wmrdOisÿlsÍu" iy rchka fmr<d oeóu" wd§ l%shdjkAg fhdod .ksñka cd;Hka;r kS;shW,a,x>kh flfrk njhs'

cd;Hka;r m%cdj úiskA iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;súfrdaë fj<|du ms<sn|j 2001mej;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j weröu;a iu. f,dal uÜgfuka iq¨ wú md,khi|yd uq,a jrg lghq;= lsÍug yd kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú fj<|du ms<sn| fjkia jQú.%yhka bosßm;a lsÍug mgka .eksks' fufia m,jQ úúO woyia f.dKq lsÍfïmrud¾:fhka cd;Hka;r m%cdj 2001 iuq¿j —iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO je,elaùu"md,kh lsÍu iy uq,skqmqgd ±óu i|yd uQ,slj l%shdlsÍu˜ hkqfjka kï lsÍug tlÕúh'


2' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO ksid we;sjkn,mEu

idudkH jeishkag yd igka lrejkag tlfia ;=jd, isÿlsÍug yd urKhg m;a lsßugiq¿ wú Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' ia;S% ¥IKh yd wfkl=;a ,sx.sl wmrdO i|ydoìh.ekaùï" ysßyerlsÍï yd ysxidldÍ wmrdO ls%hdjka i|yd o iq¿ wú fhdod .kq,efí' tmuKla o fkdj .egqïj,ska miqj ls%hd;aul lrk ixj¾Ok yd mqkre;a:dmklghq;= je,elaùug o tajd fya;= fjhs' iq¿ wú iq,n ùu yd wksis Ndú;h úúO;ekaj, úúO wdldrfhka olakg ,efí' fuu .eg¿jg n,mdk fya;= yd n,mdkidOl tajd Ndú;hg .efkk ixo¾Nh wkqj fjkia fjhs'

.egqï we;slsÍu" udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh yd wka;¾cd;sl udkqIsl kS;shlvlsÍu i|yd iq¿ wú u.sska we;sjk n,mEu7

iq¿ wú j¾Okh ùu rg ;=< wNHka;r .egqï iuÕ iudkqmd;slj isÿfjhs'88888 iq¿ wútalrdYSùu yd Ndú;h .egqïj,ska iajdh;a;j isÿfkdjk kuq;a tajd .egqïldÍls%hdjkaf.a ;Sj%;djh, ysxidldÍ ls%hdjkaf.a udrdka;sl nj yd mj;sk ld, iSudjj¾Okh lsrsug fya;=fjhs' tfukau wkdrlaIs; nj ms<sn| yeÕsu j¾Okh ùu yd wúwdhqO iïnkaOj we;s b,a¨u jeä ùug o n,mdhs'99999 we;eï úpdrlhska iq¨ wúiq,nùu ikakoaO .egqï we;sùug wdikaku fya;=j f,i i,lk w;r tajd ksidwdrjq,a iys; ;;a;ajhka uyd mßudK .egqï njg mßj¾;kh ùu o isÿjk njfmkajd fohs'1010101010 iq¿ wú ksrka;rj ikakoaO .egqï yd iïnkaO jk kuq;a, wú wdhqOiu. iïnkaO W,a,x>kSh ;;ajhka (violations) we;sjk fjk;a ikao¾Nhka o ;sfí' tuW,a,x>kSh ;;ajhka úfYaIfhka jHdma; jkafka .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajhkaf.ka miqjmj;sk wkdrlaIs; Ndjh" wmrdO yd fld,a,lEï" irKd.; l|jqre iy wj;ekajQjkai|yd jk l|jqre" yuqodlrKh ùu fya;=lr .ekSu u.sks'

iq¿ wú talrdYSùu ksid n,y;aldrfhka wj;eka lsÍfï m%jK;djka l=¿ .ekafõ.WodyrKhla f,i .jhka meyer .ekSu yd uxfld,a,lEu jeks odußl lï l<flfkla AK-47 rhs*,hla ish w;g m;ajQ miq tfår m%cdjka ish ksfjia j,ska yd.ïìï j,ska m,jd yeÍu i|yd ia;%S ¥IK yd ñkS uereï ìysiqKq odußl lï isÿlsÍug fm<fò' fujeks ysxidldÍ ls%hd ksid wj;eka jQ m%cdjka urKSh ;¾ck yd;=jd,lsÍï j,g ,laùu muKla fkdj Tjqka f.a wdydr" /ljrKh" fi!LHh"wOHdmkh yd wfkl=;a uQ,sl wjYH;djhka imqrd,Sfï ud¾. j,g o ndOd muqKqjhs'1111111111

—yuqodlrKh jQ irKd.; l|jqre cd;Hka;r m%cdjg n,mdk ne?reï m%Yakhls'hqoaOhg f.dÿre jQjka i|yd we;s l< wdrlaIs; ia:dk" wdhqO ikakoaO l,a,s j¾Okhi|yd jk ire ìï njg m;aj we; ' wdhqO fj<|fmd,j,a njg tu l|jqre m;ajkw;r tu.ska we;sjk wkdrlaIs; nj l,dmSh ia:djr;ajhg ;¾ck t,a, lrhs'1212121212

wdhqO ikakoaO wr.,j,§ idudkH ck;dj ysxidldÍ ls%hdjkag ksr;=rej b,lalflfrhs' igka lrejka fkdjk idudkH ñksiqkag tfrysj isÿjk fuu ysxidldÍ


ls%hdjka wka;¾cd;slj ms<s.;a kS;suh wdrlaIK" udkj ysñlï iïuq;Ska yd udkqIslkS;s j,g tfrysj issÿflf¾'1313131313 hqoaOhl§ iq¿ wúj,ska ;=jd, ,nk jeä msßi isú,ajeishka h' fl%dtaaaIshdfõ ;;a;ajh wOHhkh l<fyd;a 1991$92 ld,h ;=< jd¾;d jQurK ixLHdj jk 4"399 ka ishhg 64 la isú,a jeishka h'1414141414 we*a.ksia:dkh" rejkavdj"fpÉkshdj" flkahdj yd ldïfndac foaY iSudfõ wka;¾ cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkhúiska wdrïN l< wdfrda.H Yd,dj, fjä WKav ksid ;=jd, ,nd m%;sldr,nkakkaf.ka ishhg 34la idudkH jeishka h'1515151515 isfhrd ,sfhdka ys l< wOHhkhkafmkajd fokafka hqO wk;=re j,ska ishhg 60 la iq¿ wú WKav ksid isÿjk njhs'tfia wk;=rg ,lajQjkaf.ka ishhg 11la jhi wjqreÿ 15g wvq <orejka yd ishhg 43laldka;djka h'1616161616

iq¿ wú iq,n ùu yd me;sÍu mqoa., .re;ajh wmfhdackh lrk wjia:d nyq, lrhs'iq¿ wú Ndú;h udkj ysñlï lv lsÍug fndfyda fihska fhdod .kq ,efí' ia;%S¥IK" w;=reoykaùï" jO ysxid lsÍï" n,y;aldrfhka jdiia:dk w;yer hdu yd <udfid,aodÿjka n|jd .ekSu ñka iuyrls' tfiau f.da;% úf,damk .egqï j,§ le;s"ukakd u.ska lmd fldgd >d;kh lsÍug fmr úkaÈ;hka tla ;eklg fldgqlr.ekSu ioyd fndfyda wjia:dj,§ .sks wú fhdod f.k we;' msßfyk wdrlaIl;;a;ajhg m%;spdr f,i rchkag fi!LHh" wOHdmkh" wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;slwxY fj; jeh l< hq;= uqo,a m%;smdok iq¿ wú .eg¿j úi£u ioyd jeäl< wdrlaIlmsßjeh f,i fhoùug isÿjkq we;'

fndfyda wjia:dj, udkj ysñlï lvlsÍï ms<sn|j ieyeislï i|yd úfYaIfhkaf.dÿre jkafka <uhska h' th iq¿ wú jHdma;sfha yd wksis Ndú;fha m%;sM,hls'hqksfi*a (UNICEF) ixúOdkfha weia;fïka;=j,g wkqj 1990 oYlfha <uhska ñ,shkfolla wdhqO ikakoaO .egqïj,g ueÈj ñh f.dia we;'1717171717 fuhska fndfydauhla iq¿wú yd ieye,a¨ wú j,g f.dÿre jQjka h' jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq <uhs 300"000 muK<ud fid,aodÿjka f,i wdhqO ikakoaO .egqïj,g iïnkaOj iQrd lEug ,lafj;s'1818181818

iq¿ wú mßyrKfha we;s ir, nj ksid b;d l=vd <uhska mjd myiqfjka ñkSure>d;lhka njg m;aj we;'

19 yeúßÈ W;=re W.kavd fid,aodÿjl= fufia mjihs¦ —wÕ,a fod<fya AK-47 rhs*,hmdúÉÑ lrkafka flfiao lshd ud okakjd' th .,jd kej; iú lrkakg ug jehjkafka ñks;a;=jla muKhs' ug wjqreÿ 12 fjkfldgu Tjqka wd¾'mS'Ô' frdlÜ f.%fkaâúÈkhla ,nd ÿkakd' ug igka l< yels nj Tmamq l< ksihs tal ÿkafka''˜ 1919191919 .sks wúu.ska ;=jd, ,nkjdg wu;rj <uhs ukao fmdaIKh' jix.; yd fkdfhl=;aje<elaúh yels frda.j,g o f.dÿre fj;s'2020202020 iq¿ wú iïnkaO ysxidldÍ ls%hdj,skaudkqIsl wdOdr imhk m%cdj flfrys o úYd, n,mEula we;s lrhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.aixúOdkfha fiajlhka" fjk;a udkj ys;jd§ ls%hdldÍka .sks wú j,g b,lal úhyels wjodku wêlh' >d;kh ùu m%dK wemhg ;nd.ekSu" ,sx.sl w;jr" ikakoaOuxfld,a, lEï" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu iy n,y;a ldrfhka "r|jd .ekSu jeks .sks wú iïnkaO ysxidldÍ ls%hdjka ksid 1992 yd 2"000 w;r ld,h;=< tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha isú,a ld¾h uKav, idudðlhka 185 fofkl=urKhg m;a ù ;sfí'2121212121 wdhqO ikakoaO mqoa.,hkaf.ka isÿjk ;¾ck yd ysxidldÍls%hd fya;=fjka udkqIsl wdOdr ,nd§fï ls%hdkaú;hkays fh§ isák udkjjd§wdh;khkaf.a ksfhdað;hkag ish¿ NdKav yd øjH iu. hg;a ùug isÿ fjhs' fuysm%;sM,hla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a lafIa;% ls%hdkaú;hkays§ ;u ld¾h uKav,hg,ndfok wdrlaIdj ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug isÿ ù ;sfí'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú fj<|du je,elaùu" keje;aùu yd Bg tfrysj


l%shdldÍ ùu ioyd jk iïfï,kh" wka;¾cd;sl m%cdjg n,mdk iq¿ wú iq,nùu ydwksis Ndú;h ms<sn| .eg¿j iïnkaOfhka wka;¾ cd;sl m%cdj tla jQ m%:uwjia:djhs' tfy;a fuu iuq¿fõ olakg ,enqKq m%Odk ÿ¾j,;djh kï wka;¾cd;sludkj kS;s yd udkj ysñlï u; iq¿ wú iq,n ùfuka we;sjk n,mEu ms<sn|jm%udKj;a ;rï ie,ls,a,la fhduq fkdùuhs' fuu m%Odk ud;Dld fol ms<sn|j ±karchka" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" wka;¾cd;sl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy tlai;acd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh w;r wjOdkh jeä fjñka ;sfí' udkj ysñlï yd cd;Hka;rkS;sh W,a,x>khg iq¿ wú u.ska we;sjk n,mEu we*a.ksia:dkfhka ,enqKq my;m%ldYh u.ska meyeÈ<s fõ'

—m<uqfjkau ^;f,hsndka& igkalrejka ùÈfha isá msßi jglr .;a;d' wk;=rejTjqka f.hska f.g f.dia mjq,aj, msßñka ^b;du;a uy¿ msßñka yer& w;a wvx.=jg.;a;d' tla ksfjil ujla yd ;reK mqf;la isáhd' Tyq lSjd weh w;yerfldfyaj;a hkak nE lsh,d' ;f,hsndkajre rhs*,a n|j,ska ldka;djg lDDr f,imyr ÿkakd' weh ñh .shd' ;reKhdg fjä ;nd urd oukq ,enqjd' Tjqka wfmawi,ajeishka' w;a wvx.=jg .;a mqoa.,hkaf.a oE;a msgqmig ;nd n¢kq ,enqjd' nid¾fldkd (Bazar Kona)lv ùÈfha msgqmig f.k f.dia .sks ;nkq ,enqjd' Tjqka fndfydafofkl= >d;kh l<d'''˜2222222222

iq¿ wú md,kh iy ";%ia;jdohg tfrys hqoaOh"

kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka" ckudOHfõ§ka" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd tlai;acd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska fidhdf.k we;s idlaIs wkqj cd;sl" l,dmSh ydwka;¾cd;sl wú md,kh lsÍu iïnkaOj we;s ÿ¾j,;djhka m%fhdackhg .ksñkaj.lSulska f;drj lghq;= lrk rchka yd wú ;e/õlrejka úiska wmrdOlrejkag"udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrkakkag yd ;%ia;jd§kag wú yqjudrej i|yd ^iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO we;=¿j& lghq;= i,id we;'

2001 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ 11 jeksod weußld tlai;a ckmofha f,dal fj<|uOHia:dkhg yd fmkag.khg t,a, l< m%ydrfhka miqj fndfyda úfYaI{hkamjikafka iq¿ wú mejÍu iïnkaO md,kh ;r l< hq;= njhs' fuh w,alhsvd iywfkl=;a ;%ia;jd§ ixúOdk iuÕ igka lsÍu i|yd wka;¾cd;sl m%cdjg b;djeo.;a Wmdh ud¾.hla nj fmkajd fok ,§' rchhka oeka iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨wdhqO md,kh Yla;su;a lsßu i|yd fmrg jvd jeä iïm;a m%udKhla fhosh hq;=h'fï iïnkaOj iuyr l%shdud¾. f.k we;;a" wú wmkhkh lrk m%uqL rgj,a.Kkdjlau rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk mqoa.,hkag wú úlsKSfï §" tA iïnkaOj we;smd,khka ,sys,a lr we;' fuh tlai;a ckmo m%;sm;a;sh u.ska ms<sìUq fõ'

2001 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ 11 jeksod isg rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk isÿlrk úYaf,aIKhlgwkqj —;%ia;jdohg tfrys hqoaOh˜ ms<sn|j wdrlaIl lghq;= Yla;su;a lsÍu i|ydweußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska rgj,a 67la i|yd weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk 3'8 lwdOdr imhd ;sfí'2323232323

fï i|yd f;dardf.k we;s rgj,a w;ßka 32 la weußldkq tlai;a ckmo rdcHfomd¾;fïka;=j úiska jir 2000 udkj ysñlï jd¾;dj u.ska b;du;a ÿ¾j, ydmy< ;;ajfha mj;sk rgj,a f,i kï lr we;'2424242424


f;dr;=re igyk 2 (wjOdkhg fhduqúh hq;= lreKla ( ms,smSk hqo yuqodj ikakoaO lsÍu25

2001 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ 11 jeks od isÿjQ ;%ia;jd§ m%ydr j,ska miqj weußldtlai;a ckmoh ms,smSk rchg ,ndfok yuqoduh wdOdr jeä lrk ,È' weußldtlai;a ckmo f,aLkj,g wkqj fuu wdOdr i|yd hqouh WmlrK ^wdhqO& owe;=<;a úh' M-16 j¾.fha rhs*, 30"000la iy ;%ia;jd§kaf.ka t,a,jk;¾ckj,g uqyqK§u i|yd yuqoduh mqyqKq o fuu wdOdrj,g we;=<;a úh' fndfydawú .;a lKavdhï —w,alhsvd˜ jeks ;%ia;jd§ ixúOdk iu. in|lï mj;ajknjg weußldj úYajdi lrhs' ms,smSk yuqod idudðlhka fj;ska isÿù we;ss udkjysñlï lvlsÍï yd ysxid ms,sn|j weußldkq rchg jd¾;dù we;;a weußldjms,smSk rchg wLKavj yuqoduh wdOdr ,nd fohs' weußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska,nd fok fuu wú iy yuqod mqyqKqj mj;sk we't'c' kS;s Í;s j,g wkql+,j úêu;audkj ysñlï wdrlaIdjkag wod,j yd úêu;a f;dard .ekSfï l%shdj,shlg wkqjisÿ fkdùu fndfyda rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, ie,ls,a,g Ndckh ù we;' weußldtlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj yd ol=Kq wm%sldj ms,smSkhg ie,lsh hq;= iq¿ wúm%udKhla imhhs' 2000 jif¾ ñkaokdfjda .egqïj,ska wj;ekajQ isú,a jeishkaixLHdj 500"000 ls' udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsÍï yd fndaïn m%ydr wúpdrj;af,i isÿ úh' 2003 jif¾ fmnrjdß udifha§ 150"000 fofkl= wj;eka jQ njgjd¾;d úh' uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï /l .ekSug iq?lSug oeä úêúOdkfkdfhÿjfyd;a weußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska ms,smSkhg ,ndfok hqouh wdOdrudkj ysñlï lvlsÍu" ysxidldÍ l%shd ;Sj%lsÍu iy w¾nqo yd wdrjq,a È.a .eiaiSugwe;s wjodku jeä lrhs'

f;dr;=re igyk 3 a ( we*a.ksia:dkhg wdhqO26

úis;=ka jirla mqrd we*a.ksia:dkfha weúf,k úkdYldÍ hqoaOhg iq¿ wú fj<|dufnfyúka odhl ù we;' 1979 iy 1989 jirj, fidaúhÜ wdl%uKh yd w;am;a lr.ekSug tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd uqcys§ka .ß,a,d lKavdhï fj; weußldkqtlai;a ckmo uOHu ryia f;dr;=re tackaish (CIA) u.ska iq¿ wú úYd, m%udKhla,ndfok ,§' uqcys§ka igkalrejkaf.a hqouh ls%hdjka ksid we*a.ka isú,a jeishkaoyia .Kkla w;a;fkdau;sl f,i >d;kh flreKs' uqcys§ka igkalrejka myr§ï"meyerf.khEï yd ia;%S ¥IK jHdma;ùu ms<sn|j o j.lsj hq;= fjhs' 2001 jif¾we*a.ksia:dkfha isá weußlka yuqodj iaákac¾ ñihs,a m%ydrhkag b,lal úh' fuuñihs, 1980 oYlfha§ weußldj úiskau imhk ,o tajd h' mdlsia:dkh" brdkh ydÖkh o uqcys§ka lKavdhï fj; wú wdhqO imhk ,§' Tjqyq fidaúhÜ yuqodfjka owú meyer .;ay'

;f,hsndkajre uq,skau wdhqO ikakoaO jQfha weußld tlai;a ckmofhka iymdlsia:dkfhks' mdlsia:dk yd brdk foaY iSudj, ;sfnk ;f,hsndkq k.r yd.ïudk f,dj Nhdklu wú fj<|fmd,j,a f,i ie,fla' ;ju;a tu l,dmj,b;du;a irejg wú fj<|du isÿ flf¾' weußldfõ yd fjk;a rgj, ksIamdÈ;ñihs, mjd fuys§ wf,ú fjhs' n,m;% iys;j Ökfha yd Bðma;=fõ ksIamdokhlrk —l,Iaksfldaõ˜(Kalashnikov) kï reishdkq rhs*,a úfYaIh o fï w;r fjhs'

Tiud-ìka-,dvka wiQj oYlfha uq,a wjÈfha reishdkq yuqodjg tfrysj uqcys§ka

igkalrejka yd tlaj we*a.ksia:dkfha jir lSmhlau igka l< njg jd¾;d we;'


tys§ Tyq wrdì cd;slhka we;=¿ úfoaYslhkag yuqod mqyqKqj ,ndfok l|jqre omj;ajdf.k .sfha h' wmrdO mÍlaIKj,§ wm%sldfõ msysá weußlka ;dkdm;sld¾hd, 2g fndaïn m%ydr t,a, lsÍu iïnkaOj 2001 § w,alhsvd idudðlhkajrolrejka njg Tmamq lr we;' fuu kvqfõ idlaIs foñka bidï-w,a-Íâ keue;a;dmejiqfõ ;ud weußldkq iud.ulska iakhsm¾ j¾.fha ;=jlal= 25la ñ,§f.k tajdwe*a.ksia:dkhg hejQ njhs' ta wiQj oYlfha w. jljdkqfõ§h' fuu rhs*,j,gfy,sfldmag¾ hdkdj,g fjä ;nd ìu fy,sh yels w;r ikakdy fyda bkaOkgexls midrelrf.k hk mrsÈ ÿr isg fjä ;eìug o yelsh' ^j¾;udkfhaweußldkq rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=j jdKsc wmkhk f,i fuu wdhqO ;ksmqoa.,hkag wf,ú fkdlrhs'& 2001 jif¾ ìka-,dvkaf.a wkq.dñlhka mdlsia:dkfha—fmIdj¾˜ ys fjf<kaokaf.ka ñihs, iy iq¿ wú ñ, § f.k lkaoyd¾ m%foaYfhal|jqrlg ,nd oS we;s njg jd¾;d fõ' 2003 jif¾ §;a weußldkq yd we*a.ka yuqodwú wdhqO ikakoaO ol=fKa ;f,hsndka yd w,alhsvd igkalrejka iu. in|lïmj;ajk ,§' Tjqyq j;auka foaYmd,k m%jdyh yd m%foaYfha udkqIsl wdOdr fnod§fïl%shdj,shg o ndOd muqKqj;s'

by; igyka j, WodyrKhla f,i olajd we;s mßÈ wka;¾cd;sl udkj kS;s ydudkj ysñlï ms<sn|j iq¿fjka fyda ;elSula fkdlrk rdcH yd rdcH fkdjkl%ShdldÍkag wdhqO iemhSu w;s Nhdkl ls%hdjls' fndfyda úg wú imhk rchka fuuwdhqO ,nd .kakka úiska ler<sldr lKavdhï" ;%ia;jd§ka yd wka;¾cd;sl iduh ydwdrlIdj lv lrk lKavdhï j,g kej; úlsKSu je,elaùug iu;a fkdfõ'

iq¿ wú iy m%pKav ixialD;Ska

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,n ùu yd me;srhdu È.ska È.gu mj;sk l,dm Bkshdm%pKavldÍ —l,a,s ixialD;shlg˜ (gang culture) u. mdohs' tfukau m%pKavldÍixialD;shla hgf;a idïm%odhsl .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍfï l%u is|S f.dia wdhqONdú;h iudÔh ms<sfj;la f,i biau;=fõ' rdcH wdrlaIdj ke;sjQ úg fyda ÿ¾j, jQúg wú wdhqO ixirKh h<s werfUhs' wd;audrlaIdj ms<sn| úYajdih wú wdhqOflfrys ;enQ úg ysxidldÍ ls%hdjka j¾Okh fjhs' ñksia wdrlaIdj Ldokhg ,lafjhs'

O%eùlrKh jQ iudc jHqyhka ;=< Tjqkaf.a mSä; iudc ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,iom%pKavldÍ ixialD;shla ìysúh yelsh' weußld tlai;a ckmofha yd n%iSS,fha —l,a,sixialD;sh˜ (gang culture) m%pKav;ajh wkkH jQ iudc ixo¾Nhla ksfhdackh lrhs';=jlal= w; ord isàu n,fha iy fm!reIfha ixfla;hla f,i fujeks ixialD;Ska ;=<olakg ,efí' mqyq w,xlrKh msKsi ;=jlal= j, úYd, msx;+r udOH ;=< Ndú; lsÍuu.ska n,h ms<sn| yeÕSula we;s lrhs' fuu.ska m%;súreoaO u;OdÍ mka;Ska w;r n,iïnkaO;djhka jvd;a ÿria lrñka kS;s m%ldr fyda wh:d f,i wdhqO j,g b,a¨ulawe;s lsrSug fya;= fjhs'2727272727


f;dr;=re igyk 4:ol=Kq wm%sldfõ m%pKav ixialD;sh

ol=Kq wm%sldfõ j¾K fNaojdoh ksid thg tÈßj úúO ysxidldÍ ls%hd isÿúh'È<s÷lu jeäùu$ú/lshdj" myiqlï yd hym;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhka fkdue;s me,am;ak.r iy ,sx. fNaojdoh wêl yssxidldÍ ls%hdjkag fya;= jk lreKq úh' ysxidldÍpl%h ;=< yssxilhka yd úkaÈ;hka hk fomd¾Yjhgu <uhs nyq, jYfhka ì,sfj;s'ol=Kq wms%ldj f,dj jeäu ñkS uereï m%;sY;h jd¾;djk rghs' tfukau taâiawdidÈ;hska jeäfhkau fjfik rghs' ISS jd¾;djlg wkqj bÈß jir 12 ;=< trgwkd:hka fo,laI mkia oyila ìys jkq we;' Tjqkag uÕ fmkaùula fyda uÕfmkajkakka fkdue;' Tjqka taâia wdidÈ;hka ksid lsisjla .ek ;elSula fkdlrkqwe;' Tjqka ksrdhdifhka ;=jlal= w;g .ekSug bv we;' fujka miqìula hgf;aysxidldÍ l%shd j¾Okh ùug fld;rï wjldY we;ehs lsjfyd;a Ôú;h jákafkaoke;so hkak ;SrKh lrk tlu idOlh fuh ùug bv we;'2828282828

iq¿ wú iy m%pKav wmrdO

f,dj mqrd ;%ia;jd§ ixúOdk yd wmrdO isÿlrk lKavdhïj, ls%hdjka iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO jHdma;ùu ksid j¾Okh fjhs' fujeks wú wdhqO ysxidldÍ ls%hd yd;¾ckh lsßï i|yd o Tjqkaf.a wNsu;h mßÈ úreoaO jdÈkag fukau kS;sh ls%hd;aullrkakkag tfrysjo ls%hd;aul fjhs' fndfyda rgj,g yd l,dmj,g wh:d f,iwdhqO wf,ú lsÍu" mdúÉÑ lsÍu" wdhqO cdjdru m%Odk iudc .eg¿jla njg m;a ù;sfí' WodyrK f,i uOHu weußldfõ kS;s úfrdaë f,i wdhqO mßyrKh lrkakkaf.a ixLHdj ñ,shk folla f,i uq¨ l,dmhgu weia;fïka;= lr we;s w;rf.!;ud,dfõ muKla ñ,shk folla f,i .Kkh lr we;' fuu l,dmfha ukqIH>d;k wkqmd;h ck.ykfhka ,laIhlg 60 fofkls' th weußldkq uydoaùmfhawfkl=;a rgj,a yd ixikaokh lrk úg fo.=Khls'2929292929 iq¿ wú Ndú;h yd ysxidldÍls%hd tys ol=Kq È. m%foaYhg iSudù ;sfí' f,dj fndfyda ÈhqKq rgj, o yssxidldÍls%hdjka i|yd iq¿ wú Ndú;h iS>%fhka j¾Okh ù ;sfí' 2002 jif¾ ,kavkh ;=<.sks wú wdY%s; wmrdO m%;sY;h ishhg 11 ls'3030303030 f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh 2001 jif¾ksl=;a l, jd¾;djlg wkqj úYajdiodhS f.da,Sh o;a; fkdue;s ksid jirla mdidisÿjk ñ,shk 2'3 urK ixLHdfjka fldmuK m%udKhl g iq¿ wú iïnkaO oehsfkdokS' kuq;a mj;sk o;a; wkqj jd¾Islj urK úYd, ixLHdjla ^,laI .Kkla& iq¿wú ksid isÿfjhs' WodyrK f,i ukqIH >d;k" ish Èú kid .ekSï yd wdhqOikakoaO wr.,j,ska we;s jk urK i|yka l< yelsh'3131313131

ysxidldÍ ls%hd j,g fya;=fjk iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iemfhk ud¾. fndfydawe;' f.da,Sh iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ^kS;s úfrdaë& fj<|du .;a úg wh:dksIamdokh iy fj<|du iïnkaOfhka kS;s úfrdaë wdhqO f,i .uka wrUkafka b;diq¿ ixLHdjls' kuq;a" ol=Kq wdishdj yd uOHu weußldj hk l,dmj, wh:d f,iwú wdhqO ksIamdokh kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO m%Yakhg lemS fmfkkwkaoñka odhl fõ' iq¿ wú ysñlr .ekSug mqrjeishkag n,m;% úYd, m%udKhla,ndfok weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd ol=Kq wm%sldj jeks rgj, wmrdO i|yd Ndú;dlrk wú jeä m%udKhla tf,i kS;Hdkql+, mqoa.,sl whs;sh i|yd mjrd ÿka wúfjhs' fuf,i kS;Hdkql+,j mejrE wú fidrlï lsÍu" ke;sùu" wh:d f,i h<swf,ú lsÍu fyda l=<shg §u ysxidldß ls%hd ioyd fhdod .ekSug fmr isÿfjhs' kS;shiq/lSug isák wdh;khkays ks<OdÍka úiska kS;s úfrdaëj wú úlsKSuo iq¿ wúm%Yakhg odhl fjhs'3232323232


kS;Hdkql+, mqrjeis whs;sh iSud jQ rgj, wmrdOlrejka rg ;=<g wú f.k tau iyfnod yeÍu ioyd úfYaIs; cd,hkaf.a iyh ,nd .kS' WodyrKhla f,i tlai;ardcOdksfha kS;s úfrdaë .sks wú j,ska ishhg 90la tráka msg ksIamdokh l< tajdh'3333333333

rdcH w¾nqo we;s úg rcfha wdhqO .nvdj,ska fidrd.kakd iq¿ wú úYd, m%udKhlakS;s úfrdaë fj<|fmd,j, wf,ú jk w;r tajd wmrdO i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kS'we,afíkshdfõ rdcH wêldßh 1997 jif¾ lvd jeàfuka miq .sks wú 350"000la.Kkh lsÍug fkdyelsj ^wia:dk.; ù& ;sfí'3434343434

fndfyda iudcj, igka w;ayßk ,o mqoa.,hska yd fjk;a mqoa.,hska kS;s.relud¾.j,ska ðjk jD;a;shla lrf.k hEug wjia:djla fkdue;sùug fyda wjYHksmqK;djhka fkdue;sùu ksid iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;d fldg ux meyeÍïiy fjk;a ysxidldÍ ls%hdj,ska uqo,a fiùug fm<fU;s' .egqïldÍ iudcj, miqld,Skj iq,nj me;sÍ we;s iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksid zzhqO wd¾ÓlhlaZZwe;sfjhs¦ fuh hqoaOfhka mSä; ÿ¾j, iudchl ,lIKhls' fcda¾ðhdj fuhgWodyrKhls' hqo wú cdjdru" kS;s úfrdaë u;aøjH" ;Sre nÿ fkdf.jk ,o meg%,a"is.rÜ" fudag¾ r: muKla fkdj udkj l=Ügkho fujka wd¾Ólhl m%;sM, fõ' tn÷wd¾Ólhla ;=< rgla uqyqK md we;s wiaÓr ;;a;ajhkaf.ka iuyr lKavdhï m%;s,dN,nd .kS' wú wdhqO nyq, f,i jHdma; ùu fuhg fya;= fjhs' ,dN ,nd .ekSfïmrud¾:fhka hqO ;;a;ajhla tf,iu mj;ajd .ekSug W;aidy ork lKavdhïue~,Sug rch wfmdfydi;a fjhs' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka ck Ôú;fha ish¿ wxYwdhqO ikakoaO mqoa.,hkaf.a wKilg hg;a ùuhs'3535353535

f;dr;=re igyk 5:n%iS,fha ikakoaO m%pKav;ajh36

ßfhda-o-cefkhsfrda kqjr ikakoaO lKavdhï ms<sn| újd ßfhda iy wd.ñlwOHhkh ms<sn| wdh;kh olajk jd¾;djlg wkqj 1987 isg 2001 olajd jhiwjqreÿ 18g wvq <uhska 4"000 la ;=jlal= wdY%s; .egqïj,§ ;=jd, ,nd ;sfí' tfukaußfhda-o-cefkhsfrda kqjr .sks wú j,ska isÿjQ urK ixLHdj fld,dïìhdj"ishrd,sfhdka" hqf.daiaf,daúhdj" we*a.ksia;dkh" W.kavdj yd BY%dh,fha hqO ;=jd,lrejkag jvd jeäh' idudkHfhka ßfhda-o-cefkhsfrda k.rfha isÿjk ñkSuereïj,ska ishhg 80la ;=jlal= wdY%s; tajdh' 1970 oYlfha isg fuu ñkS uereïixLHdj j¾Okh fjñka we;af;a thg iudka;rj u;aøjH cdjdrï lrejka úiskal,Iaksfldõ AK- 47 fyla,¾ iy fldla G3, jeks wê n,e;s .sks wú Ndú;hj¾Okh ùu;a iu.h'

iq¿ wú iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh

msßñ iy ldka;djka" msßñ <uhska iy .eyeKq <uhska iq¿ wú Ndú;h yd bka jkn,mEï iïnkaOfhka iy tajdfha we;s iDKd;aul n,mEïj,g uqyqK §fï yelshdjkams<sn| úúO w;aoelSï ,nhs' tfy;a fuu úúO;d yßyeá f;areï fkd.;fyd;aw¾:dkaú; jev igyka ie,iqï lsÍu yd ls%hd;aul lsÍu u.skaa iq¿ wú ms<sn| m%Yakj,g tfrys j ls%hdud¾. Èh;a lsÍu iSud iys; jkq we;'

,sx.sl;ajh msßñka yd ldka;djka w;r Ôjúμd;aul fjkialï olajk w;r ia;%S -mqreI iudcNdjh msßñka yd ldka;djka w;r iudchSh fjkialï ksfhdackh lrhs'iudcNdjh msßñka yd ldka;djka w;r kE in|lï" w;aoelSï yd iudÔhwfmalaIdjka iy Tjqkag n,h yd iïm;a i|yd we;s wjldYh iïnkaOj n,mEï we;slrhs' mqreIhka yd ldka;djka tl iudk fkdfj;s' mqreI yd ldka;d iudc N+ñldjka


Tjqkaf.a jhi" j¾.h" mka;sh" ixialD;sh" wd.u yd iudc-wd¾Ól ;;aa;ajhka wkqj;SrKh fjhs'

,sx. fNaoh wkqj fjkialï olajk o;a; iSñ; kuq;a iq¿ wú Ndú;fha m%uqLhkajkafka mqreI mlaIh nj mj;sk ms<s.ekSuhs' fuu ms<s.ekSu .egqï mj;sk iuhgfukau iduh mj;sk ld,hkag;a tlfia wod< fõ' ;reKhka rdcH fyda rdcHfkdjk yuqod i|yd n,fhka n|jd .ekSu fyda iafõÉPdfjka ne£u i|yd uQ,slb,lalhla njg m;afjhs' ia:djr iudchkays § iq¿ wú ysñldÍ;ajh iy Ndú;hjeäfhka we;af;a mqreI mlaIh i;=jhs' tfiau ;=jlal= j,ska lrk wmrdO fiau ishÈú ydks lr.ekSï j,§ mqreI mlaIh uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu W;=re rgj, § jeäfhkaisÿfõ' f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkhg wkqj >d;k i|yd .eyeKqka fuka ;=ka .=Khl isgyh .=Khla olajd msßñ odhl fj;s' >d;k i|yd fndfyda úg b,lal jkafka jhi18-49 olajd msßñka h'3737373737 tfia jqjo wú wksis mßyrKh yd wú wdhqO iq,nùuiïnkaOfhka ldka;djka olajk odhl;ajh o fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyelsh'

úia;r igyk 6 :fkamd,fha udfjdajd§ le/,af,a ldka;dfjda

fkamd,fha iEu uÜgul u ck;d igka i|yd ldka;d odhl;ajh olakg ,efí'iEu udfjdajd§ ler<slrejka ;sfofkl=g tla ldka;djla o udfjdajd§ igkalrejkaoifofkl=g tla ldka;djla o wh;a h' m%foaY Ndr wK fokakskhka f,i oldka;dfjda lghq;= lr;s' ldka;d .ß,a,d igkaldßhka —l=¾l%siaZZ(Khrukris) yd flá;=jlal= jeks wdhqO Ndú;d lrhs' kuqq;a idudkHfhka fuu .ß,a,d Ngfhda 303rhs*, yd AK-47 j¾.fha rhs*, fukau f.dúm, wdïmkak o wdhqO f,i Ndú;dlr;s' ldka;d igkaldßhka fujeks iq¿ wú mßyrKhg o mqyqKq lr we;s w;r"wfkl=;a ldka;d ler<slrejka mKsúv yqjudrej" m%jdykh" T;a;= fiajh jekslghq;= i|yd fhdojdf.k ;sfí' tfiau iq¿ wú iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;h g oTjqka odhl fjhs'3838383838

iudc Ndjh yd jhi ksid we;s fjkialï iïnkaOj imhd .; yels o;a; m%udKhiSñ; jqj;a iq¿ wú j, n,mEu iudc Ndjh wkqj fjkiajk wdldrh fmdÿfõie,l=jfyd;a fndfyda ixialD;Ska ;=< wdhqO fyda .sks wú oeÍu mqreI n,h ms<sn|ixfla;hla njg m;aù we;' msßñ mlaIhg ;=jlal=j" n,h yd wdrlaIdj ksfhdackhlrkakla njg m;a ù ;sfí' mqreIfhda .egqïj,§ igka lrejka f,i urKhg m;aùuyd ;=jd, ,eîu ms<sn|j úYd, wjodkula or;s' we*a.ksia:dkfha wka;¾cd;sl r;=l=rei iudchg wh;a frday,aj,g isák frda.Skaf.ka ishhg yeg myla hqoaOfha§;=jd, ,enQjka h' we*a.ksia:dkh" rejkavdj" fpÉkshdj fukau flkahdj ydldïfndacfha foaY iSud m%foaYj, wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei iudchg wh;a frday,aj,gwe;=<;a lr we;s jhi wjqreÿ 16-50 ;a w;r ;=jd,lrejka f.ka ishhg 65la msßñkah' 3939393939

we;eï úg ldka;djkag wú w;a m;a ùu u.ska mqreI uQ,sl ixialD;shla ;=< Tjqkaf.an,h yd ksoyi ixfla;j;a fõ' ;j;a fldgilg iq¿ wú ;udg;a ;u mjq,a j,idudðlhkag;a ;¾ckhla f,i fmkS hhs' isú,a jeishka f,i ldka;djka yd .eyeKq<uqka iq¿ wú urK yd ;=jd, i|yd jeäu wjodkula or;s' Tjqyq ¥IKhg fyda ,sx.slieyeislïj,g yd jO§ïj,g o b,lal fj;s' tf,iskau .Ksld jD;a;shg nf,ka weooeóu" ^igka lrejkaf.a zzìßkaoEjrekaZZ f,i& nf,ka .eí .ekaùu" taâia frda.hje<£u jeks ;;a;ajhkag ldka;dfjda b,lal fj;s' .egqï wjia:dj,§ ldka;djka


Tjqkaf.a Ôjúμd;aul" ixialD;sl yd iudchSh m%;sksIamdok ^m%ckk& N+ñldj ksidWmdhud¾.sl b,lalhka njg m;afõ' ldka;djka yd .eyeKq <uqka fN!;sl ydwd¾Ól n,mEï yryd .Ksldjka f,i fhdod .ekSfï b,lal njg m;a fõ' .sks wúyuqfõ fndfyda wjia:dj, ldka;djka yd .eyeKq <uqka .Dyia: ysxikfha f.dÿrenjg m;aùfï wjodkula o mj;S'

úia;r igyk 7 :m%cd;ka;%jd§ fldkaf.da ckrcfha ia;%s ¥IKh hqO wúhla f,i fhdod .ekSu'

zz,sx.sl ieyeislï" hqoaOfha wúhla f,i fhdod .ekSu .egqïj,g iïnkaO jQfndfyda md¾Yjhka úiska isÿ flf¾''''' ¥Ilhkaf.ka jeä m%udKhla w;ska fjk;alDr ls%hd o isÿflfrhs' fjä ;eîu" msyshd ;, fyda íf,aâ ;, j,ska lmd oeóuisÿlrk w;r m%ydrj,g ,la jQ .eyeKq <uqka w;r jhi wjqreÿ myla fkd blaujQoeßhka o w;r jhi wiQjla jk jeäysá ldka;djka o fj;s'ZZ4040404040

úia;r igyk 8 (.Dyia: ysxikh - ldïfndach

zysxidjg f.dÿrejk ldka;djkaf.ka y;frka tllg wdikak msßilf.aiajdñmqreIhka ;=jlal= ysñhka jk w;r tu ;=jlal= fndfyda úg zzldka;djkag;¾ckh lsÍug;a n,y;aldrlï lsÍug;aZZ Ndú;d flf¾' ysxidjgm;aldka;djkaf.ka 18]lg;a jvd jeä m%udKhlg ;¾ckh lr we;af;a ;=jlal= Ndú;lsÍfuka jk w;r 4]la muK m%udKhla w;afndaïn (grenade) fyda nhsfka;a;=(bayonet) mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka ysxidjg f.dÿre lrkq ,en we;'Z4141414141

iq¿ wú j,ska isÿjk ;=jd, ksid ldka;djka yd ;reK .eyeKq orejka b;d oreKqiudchSh yd wd¾Ól fldkalsÍulg ,la fj;s' WodyrK jYfhka ;=jlal=jlaNdú;fhka wmfhdackhg ,lalrk fyda ¥IKh lrkq ,nk ldka;djla fyda .eyeKqorefjl= mjqf,ka yd iudcfhka m%;slafIam lrk ksid wef.a orejkag iy wehg;awd¾Óluh jYfhka Wmldrhla fyda iyfhda.hla ,nd.ekSug fkdyelsjk uÜgfïiudÔh .egqulg uqyqK fohs' wdhqO iïnkaO wmrdO iy ikakoaO wr., j,skamSvdjg m;ajk whf.a ÿl iem fidhd n,k iy fi!LHuh wjYH;djkag úi÷ïimhk —id;a;=lrejkaf.ka˜ nyq;rhla ksfhdackh lrkafka o ldka;djka iy .eyeKqorejka h'

msßñka hqoaOhg f.dia fyda hqoaOfhka ñhf.dia we;súgl mjqf,a wd¾Óluh nrlrmskakdf.k tÈfkod Ôjfkdamdh iß lrkafka o ldka;dfjda h' WodyrKhlajYfhka rejkavdfõ isÿjQ iuQ, >d;kfhka miqj weia;fïka;= lr we;s wkaoug rfÜck.ykfhka ishhg 70la ldka;djka jQ w;r rfÜ .Dyia:hkaf.ka ishhg 50lu.DyuQ,sl;ajh oerefõ o ldka;djka h'4242424242

ldka;djka yd msßñka iq¿ wú wksis Ndú;hg fmd<Ujk ldrKd f;areï .ekSu u.skaata i|yd we;s b,a¨u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh' tu.ska tu m%Yakhg foaYSh"cd;sl" l,dmSh yd wka;¾cd;sl uÜgfuka úi÷ï fiúh yels l%uhla .ek o fidhdne,sh yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka Tjqka wdhqO w;g .ekSug fmd<Ujk ldrKdf;areï .ekSfuka ksrdhqOlrK jevigykl§ ,ndÈh yels iy ,ndÈh hq;= Èß.ekaùïms<sn|j o wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels h'


iq¿ wú ms<sn| m%Yakh" úúOdldr iudc Ndjhka flfrys n,mdk wkaou wjfndaOlr.ekSfuka iudcfha ^msßñka" ldka;djka" msßñ <uhska iy .eyeKq <uhska& jeksúúO m%cd fldgiaj, úúOdldr wjYH;djhkag m%;spdr jYfhka fhda.H jevigykailialsÍug o yelsjkq we;' WodyrK f,i iq¿ wú m%pKav;djkag ueÈjQ úkaÈ;hkaaiy ysxilhka iïnkaOfhka we;s fN!;sl fyda ldhsl ÿn,;d" iudchSh fldkalsÍï"wd¾Ól È<s÷Ndjhka iy udkisl wd;;ska bj;a lr Tjqka ldka;djka fyda msßñkaf,i n,mEug ,laù we;s wkaofï yd Tjqka iudchg kej; tlalsÍfï ls%hdodufhafjkialu ms,sìUq jk wdldrhg" úfYaIfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o fiajdjka ilialsßfï wjYH;djhla we;'

ixj¾Okh flfrys iq¿ wú j, n,mEu

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd me;sÍu" úúOdldr ixo¾Nhka yryd ixj¾Okhu; iDKd;aul n,mEï we;s l< yelsh' hï iudchla .egqï j,ska fmf<ñka isáh;a".egqulska f.dv tñka isáh;a fyda iduh iy ia:djr;ajh idfmalaI jYfhka ú¢ñkaisáh;a iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iudch ;=< me;sÍu yd Ndú;h tu iudcfha;sridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd ork m%h;akhka wvmK lsÍug;a iu;a jkq we;'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO" w¾nqohla wdrïN lsÍug fya;=mdol fkdjk njg y÷kdf.kwe;;a tajd ´kEu m%pKav;ajhl udrdka;sl Ndjh iy ìysiqKqlu ;sj% lsÍug wdOdrl úhyelsh'4343434343 iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iïnkaO lr.;a m%pKav;ajhla mj;sk úg tu.ska tlSiudch wia:djr Ndjhlg ;,a¨ lrk w;r tys ixj¾Ok wjia:d iS.%fhka iSudka;sl ùmsßfyhs' fuu ;;ajh úfYaIfhkau wka; È<s÷lñka fmf<k iy wkdrlaIs; NdjfhkamSä; .%dóh m%cdjka ;=< oelsh yelsh' msg;ska meñfKk ikakoaO lKavdhïj,g fyda;u m%cdj ;=<skau u;=jk ikakoaO lKavdhïj,g b;d lÈu f.dÿrla jk fï iudchtjka wjia:djl§ ish wdrlaIdj Wfoid fyd|u úl,amh f,i wú w;g .ekSug bv we;'fuys§ wksjd¾fhkau we;sjk m%;sM,hla jkafka lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokh wvqùu;a È<s÷Ndjhjeäùu;ah' WodyrKhla jYfhka kef.kysr wm%sldfõ tfår m%cdjka w;r we;sjQ ikakoaO.egqï by< hEu;a iu.u tu.ska ixj¾Okh flfrys ydksodhl n,mEï we;s flßKs' tysidïm%odhsl md,k ;ka;%h iy rdcH md,k ;ka;%h tu.ska oeäj ;¾ckhg m;al< w;rfldka ù isá fuu m%cdjka kej; iudchg tlalsÍfï jEhï uq¿ukskau lvdlmam,aflßKs'4444444444 kd.ßl m%cdjkaf.a ixj¾Okh o m%pKav;ajh iy .egqï úiska ndOdjkag,lalrkq ,eîug mq¿jk' WodyrKhla jYfhka lrÉÑfha isÿjQ j¾.jd§ .egqï ksid tum%foaYfha m%d.aOk wdfhdackhka wvqjQ w;r /lshd wjia:d o ySk ù È<s÷Ndjh ms<sn| úIupl%h ;j;j;a Yla;su;a ù thska m%pKav;ajh o j¾Okh ù we;'4545454545

mYapd;a .egqï wjia:djka j,§ iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO fmr-igkaldókaf.ka iyfmdÿfõ iudcfhka blaukska bj;a fkdl<fyd;a wd¾Ól jdis iy mqoa., wdrlaIdji|yd ck;dj kej;;a tajd u; hefmkakg mq¿jk' fujeks ;;ajhla u; iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO u.ska ;=jd,jkakkaf.a ixLHdj by< hd yels w;r tu.ska ìh ydwia:djr;ajh leá jQ jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh ù ;sridr ixj¾Okhla we;slsÍug orkm%h;akhka jHj¾: úh yels h' ldïfndacfha iy we*a.ksia:dkfha idu .súiqï ms<sn|lghq;= wjika ù we;;a isú,a ck;dj w;r ;=jd, isÿùï iy wk;=rg m;aùï by<ixLHdjl mj;S' we*a.ksia:dkfha we;eï m<d;a j, .egqï b;d oreKqj mej;s 1991-1995 w;r ld,iSudj yd ixiokh lrk úg 1995-1997 ld, iSudj ;=<§ wúj,ska isÿ jQwk;=re ixLHdj wvq ù we;af;a ishhg 30 fyda ishhg 40 lska muKs'4646464646

ikakoaO .egqï ms<sn| uE; ld,Sk w;aoelSï ke;s rgl jqjo iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨wdhqO nyq,j me;sÍfuka yd Ndú;fhka tu iudchg ydksodhl n,mEï t,a,úhyelsh' ;=jd, yd urK isÿùï u.ska rglg isÿúh yels wd¾Óluh w,dN ksid m%pKav


wú Ndú;fhka isÿjk wmrdO ksid;a rfÜ ixj¾Ok b,lalhkag n,mEï t,a,úhyelsh' b;d by< ñkSuereï ixLHdjla jd¾;djk ol=Kq wm%sldj" fldf<dïìhd" n%iS,h"cefuhsldj hk rgj, isÿjk ñkS uereï j,ska ishhg 98la muK isÿjkafka .sks wúNdú;fhks'4747474747

by; lS iEu wjia:djlu iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;fhka isÿjk ;=jd, lsÍïiy urK u.ska rglg úYd, wd¾Ól yd iudÔh m%Yak we;s lrk w;r tajd iudÔhhá;, myiqlï iy fi!LHuh fiajdjka flfrys ±ä n,mEï t,a,lrhs' ixj¾Okhjk rgj, fuu iïm;a b;d iSudiys;h' fujeks iudchka ;=< iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨wdhqO j,ska wk;=rg m;ajkakka jeä ixLHdjla isák wjia:dj, tu rgj, iïm;aiSud blaujd hk whqßka mßfNdackhg ,lafõ'

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksid we;s jk blauka m%;sM, wd¾Ólhlg wys;lrn,mEï t,a, lrhs' kuq;a .sks wú m%pKaav;ajfhka oeä f,i mSä; iudchl ;sridrixj¾Okfha uQ,sl wä;d,ï tksid jvd;a oreKq wjodkulg ,la fõ' iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;fhka lrk m%pKav;ajh ksid Bg f.dÿre jkakkag isÿjkwd¾Óluh wvmKùï iy Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh ydM,odhS;djh tjeksu miq.dó;ajhlg ,laùu o wd¾Ólh u; ydkslr n,mEï t,a,lrhs' WodyrK jYfhka weußldkq tlai;a ckmofha isÿlrk ,o iólaIKhlg wkqjtys jirl§ .sks wú wk;=re yd urK ksid isÿjk ydksh weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk100la f,i .Kka n,d we;'4848484848 wka;¾ weußldkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j úiska 1990 oYlhw.§ lrk ,o iólaIKhlg wkqj ikakoaO m%pKavldÍ l%shd ksid isÿjk l,dmShwd¾Óluh mdvqj jirlg weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk 144-170 ;a w;r m%udKhla f,i.Kka n,d we;'4949494949

W;=re yd ol=Kq iEu l,dmhlu .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%cdfõ ia:djr ixj¾Okhla i|yd.kakd m%h;akhg iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd tajd wksis Ndú;h oeän,mEï t,a, lrk nj b;d meyeÈ,sh' fï wkqj jir 2000 iema;eïn¾ udifha§ t<soelajqK tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iyi% ixj¾Ok b,lalhka imqrd.ekSug kï iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO m%Yakh md,kh lsÍu ms<sn|j b;d meyeÈ,s o¾Ykhla wkqj lghq;=lsÍu w;HdjYH fõ'


3' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n ùu yd wksisNdú;h md,kh i|yd ks¾foaY

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;h fya;=fjka we;sù ;sfnkfndfyda úkdYldÍ m%;sM, foi n,d tajdfhys zzb,aü yd iemhquZZ úêu;a lsÍug .;yels msshjr lsysmhla my; y÷kajd § we;'

iuyrúg iq¿ wú iïnkaOj lghq;= lsÍug Tn .kakd ;SrKh" Tfí m%cdj ;=< iq¿wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksid we;sjk n,mEu u; fyda Tn Ôj;ajk wdhqO imhkrgl l%shdldÍ;ajh u; mokï úh yelsh' Tn Tfí iudcfhys .sks wú ksid isÿjkidyisl wmrdO ksrdlrKh lsÍug Wkkaÿjkafkla kï wm fuys olajk —b,a u˜keu;s uQ,sl ldrKh iïnkaO fldgi Tng fndfyda jeo.;a fjhs' iq¿ wúiïnkaOfhka zb,aüz keue;s ldrKh wduka;%Kh lsÍu mq¿,a mrdihla mqrd úysfohs'óg wod< úfYaIs; uQ,sl idOl jkafka" mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud.ï j,l%shdldÍ;ajh úêu;a lsÍu" wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu" wdhqO f;d. ixÑ;mj;ajdf.k hEu" w;sßla; f;d. úkdY lsÍu iy wmrdO ixialD;sh mßj¾;khlsÍu jeks lreKqh' Bg wu;rj È<s÷lu" iudc úIu;djh" ÿ¾j, md,kh iy W!Kixj¾ê; nj jeks iudchl jHqyd;aul iy uq,anei.;a .eg¿ o fï i|yd n,mdhs'

tfukau" Tn iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO fj<|du iïnkaOj oeä kS;s we;slsÍugWkkaÿ jkafka kï" wm fuys olajk —iemhqu˜ keue;s uQ,sl ldrKh iïnkaOfldgi Tng fndfyda jeo.;a fjhs' wdhqO yqjudrej i|yd m%n, md,khla we;s lsÍuwe;=¿j iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksIamdokh iy yqjudrej úêu;a lsÍug mshjr.ekSu" wmkhkfhka fyda mejÍfuka miqj wjika Ndú;dj wëlaIKh lsÍu jeksmshjr Bg wh;a h' iEu wúhlau i,l=Kq lsÍu iy fidhd.ekSu i|yd l%ufõoia:dmkh" fj<|du" keõ ksfhdað;jre iy ;e/õ lrejka wëlaIKh iïnkaOj o;a;,nd .ekSug l%ufõohkaa ilialsÍu' úfoaYhkays ksIamdokh lrk iq¿ wú iyieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd úêu;a md,khla we;s lsÍu iy isú,a jeishka úiska iq¿ wúiy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ysñlr .ekSu iy Ndú;h iïnkaOj oeä kS;s we;slsÍu hklreKq fuu fldgig we;=<;a fõ'

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,n ùu iïnkaO m%YAkhg mQ¾K yd m%n, m%;spdrhkai|yd by;lS wxY foflkau l%shdlsÍu jeo.;ah' fuu m%YAkh foi úúO me;slvTiafia úúO l%shdud¾. .kakka iu. yels iy iqÿiq iEu wjia:djl§u iïnkaO ùujeo.;a fõ' ta u.ska .eg¿jg wjYH m%fõYhka ,nd.; yelsh' isú,a iudch úiskaúúO wdldr Tiafia iq¿ wú m%Yakh ms<sn| l%shd;aul ù we;s wdldrh .ek jeäÿrúia;r oek.ekSug iq¿ wú ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl l%shdldÍ cd,h jk IANSA (InternationalAction Network on Small Arms - www.iansa.org) iu. iïnkaO úh yels fõ'

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a wdhqO b,a u wduka;%Khg mshjr

wdhqO ksid n,mEug ,lajQ iudchka ta i|yd jQ zb,aüZ wvq lsÍug kï tu iudchfyda mqoa.,hska wdhqO Ndú;d lrkafka wehso hkak uq,skau wjfndaO lr.; hq;=hs'zb,aüZ ;SrKh jkafka iudc" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl iy wd¾Ól fya;+kaf.ka ieÈ


ixlS¾K iïnkaO;d cd,hla u.sks' tu iïnkaO;d wjfndaOlr.ekSug wjYHfhkau.eUqßka i,ldne,sh hq;= ;;ajhka jkafka fï yd ;Èka ne£ we;s ÿ.S nj iïnkaOldrKd yd wkS;sl Ndjhhs' m%;sm;a;s iy wmrdO kS;s moaO;sh m%;sixialrKh lsÍufukau ;=jlal= Ndú;h fjkqjg úl,am Ôjfkdamdh ud¾. we;s lsÍu .ek o wjOdkhfhduq l< hq;= fõ'

fï iïnkaOj .kakd ´kEu W;aidyhla m%cdjf.a wjYH;d yd ieif|k nj iy;sllsÍug Tjqka yd wjHdc" l%shdldÍ iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu wksjd¾hfõ' msßñka"ldka;djka" oeßhka iy orejka" jeäysáhka" wdndê;hska iy ish¨u ckj¾. ydwd.ñl lKavdhïj,g wh;a ck;djf.ka fï i|yd Wmfoia ,nd.; hq;=fõ' ;jobÈßm;a lrk ´kEu ie,iqula iïnkaOj Tjqka mQ¾Kj oekqj;a úh hq;=hs' odußl yduer l,a,sj, isá msßia yd fmr-igkaldóka w;r we;s fmdÿ ,laIK fya;=fjka ;=jlal=ixialD;sh fjkia lsÍfï oeä wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu i|yd m%n, f,i l%shd l< yelsh'úi÷ï fidhd .ekSfï § tajd" ;reK wkkH;djh" Ôj;a ùfï fya;=j" lKavdhï iyhyd uerl,a,sj, idudðlhkag ,efnk wdrlaIdj wdÈh wjOdkhg .ksñka;reKhkag úl,am ,nd Èh hq;=hs'

wú wdhqO tl;= lsÍu

iudch ;=<ska wú wdhqO bj;a lsÍu" iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,N ùu iy wksisNdú;h wvq lsÍu i|yd b;d jeo.;a mshjrla nj mq¿,aj ms<s.efka' miq.sh jirlsysmfha § f,dj mqrd rgj, fyda iudchka ys wmrdO uevmeje;aùug fyda tysb;sydifha wm%ikak laIs;suh ld,mßÉfþohla wjika lsÍug wjYH jQ úg wú wdhqOtl;= lsÍug h;ak ord ;sfí' fuh iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iudch ;=< ixirKhùu wvq lsÍug odhl jkjd fukau iduldó wkd.;hl n,dfmdfrd;a;=fõ m%n,ixfla;hla f,io yeÈkaúh yel'

wú tl;= lsÍfï m%h;akhka mq¿,a fldgia follg fnod oelaúh yelsh' ñka iuyrlawmrdO je,elaùfï jevigykaj,g iïnkaO fõ' WodyrKhla f,i" 1996 ud¾;=udifha§ iafldÜ,ka;fha vkaíf,aka ys m%d:ñl mdi,a orejka 16 fofkl= iy Tjqkaf.a.=rejrhd >d;kh l< isoaêfhka miqj uyd ì%;dkHh rch Èh;a l< wú Ndr§fïlaIudld,h ;=< iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO 185"000 muK tl;=lr .ekSug yels úh'fï yd iudk wú tl;= lsÍula TiafÜ%,shdkq rch o l%shd;aul lf<ah' 1996 wfm%a,audifha§ ;iafïkshdfõ fmda¾Ü wd;¾ys § ñksiqka 35 fofkl= urdoeófuka miq isÿ l<wú tl;= lsÍfï § wdhqO 644"000 la tl;= lr.ekSug yelsúh'5050505050 n%iS,fha ùjd ßfhda(Viva Rio) jeks rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk wmrdO je,elaùu f;audfldg f.k fujeks wútl;=lsÍï j,g iyh olajhs'

mYapd;a hqO mqkre;a:dmkh iy iduh f.dvke.Su ms<sn| jevigyka uQ,slfldgf.k o wú tl;= lsÍu isÿ fõ' isfhrd ,sfhdka iy W;=re wh¾,ka;h fuka.egqï ;;ajh u|la iukh jQ fyda k;r jQ wfkl=;a rgj, .egqï ioyd jQ uQ,slfya;= wduka;%Kh iu. iudcfhka wúwdhqO bj;alsÍfï m%h;akhla taldnoaOùu b;djeo.;ah'5151515151 mYapd;a hqO m%;sixialrK iy iduh f.dvke.Su ms<sn| lghq;=j,giïmQ¾K m%fõYhla ,nd.ekSug fkdyels jqjfyd;a iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|ydb,a¨u È.gu mej;Sug bv we;' fuu ;;ajh u.ska wdhqO iïmQ¾Kfhkau iudcfhkabj;a lsÍfï W;aidyhka ÿ¾j, lrhs'

´kEu hqoaOhla ksrdlrKh lsÍfï iy ia:djr iduhla we;s lsÍfï W;aidyhlwksjd¾hh ,laIKhla úh hq;af;a" igka keje;aùfuka miqj fõ.j;aj" M,odhS f,ihqoaO fiakd úiqrejd yer ^fiajd uqla; lsÍu&" hqO jeÿkq msßia mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍuhs'


1980 w.Nd.fha iy 1990 .Kkaj, uq,a Nd.fha§ kslr.=jd" t,a ie,ajfoda¾"fudieïìla yd ,hsîßhdj idu .súiqï j,g t<öfuka miq hqoaO fiakd úiqrejd yeÍu"hqO jeÿkq msßia md,kh lsÍu iy iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO tl;= lsÍu iïnkaOjyßyeá m%;smdok fkdjQ neúka fkdiEfyk .eg¿ rdYshla biau;= úh'5252525252 WodyrKhlaf,i mQ¾j igkaldóyq fldgila" Ôj;aùug úl,am u.la ke;s neúka wú w;akEr tajd,Õ ;nd .ksñka odußl l%shdj, fhfokakg bv we;' ;j;a fldgila Ôj;a ùugiqÿiq ;rï iduldó mßirhla ke;s ksid È.gu ler,s flda,dy, we;slrkakg bvwe;' tneúka fiakd úiqreùug yd mqkre;a:dmk l%shdj,shg ld¾hlaIuj iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO tl;=lr.ekSu" tajd ms<sn| ksjerÈ f;dr;=re jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu" tl;=l< wú wdrlaId iys;j .nvd lsÍu iy tajd blauKskau úkdYlr oeóu wdÈhwka;¾.; lsÍu u.ska Wod jQ iduh bÈßhg mj;ajdf.k hdug uy;a msgqn,hla,efí'

iudch ;=< we;s w;sßla; wú wdhqO fndfyda l,lg fmr wjikajQ .egqïj,m%;sM,hla kï ^WodyrK: t,a ie,ajfoda¾ yd ldïfndach& wdhqO tl;= lsÍfïls%hdj,sh fjkia uqyqKqjrla .; yelsh' fujka ;;ajhl § wdhqO ysñ mqoa.,hka tajdw;yeÍug ue,s fõ' .sks wúh Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod Ôú;fha fldgila njg m;a ùufuhg fya;=jhs' ta wkqj isú,a iudcfha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd wdhqOndrfokakkayg mdßf;daIsl §ukdjka fyj;a ;Hd. ,nd§u we;=¿ úúO ms<shïfh§ug isÿfõ'

we,afíkshdj" TiafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" ldïfndach" t,a ie,jfodaarh" fcda¾ðhdj",hsîßhdj" ueisfvdakshdj" ud,s" fudieïìla" isfhrd ,sfhdaka" ol=Kq wms%ldj yd uydì%;dkHh uE; ld,fha wú tl;= lsÍfï m%h;akhka Èh;a l< rgj,a lsysmhls'

—ixj¾Okh i|yd wúyrKh˜ hk f;audj hgf;a we,afíkshdfõ isÿl< .%dïiaÑjHdmD;sh (Gramsch Project) kï mqfrda.dó wú tl;= lsÍu jvd;a id¾:l jevms<sfj,ls'fuu jHdmD;sh mdi,a" uydud¾. ;ekSu wd§ há;, myiqlï f.dvke.Sfïl%shdj,shla yd noaO ù ;sìK' fuu jevms<sfjf,ys m%:u wÈhr hgf;a 1999 uq,and.fha isg 2000 olajd wú 6000 la ndrÿka w;r mf;dfrdï fgdka 137 la" we'fvdñ,shk 1'2 l wdOdr j,g yqjudre úh'5353535353 fuu jevms<sj,g wêl úhoula oeÍugisÿjqj;a th b;du id¾:l jHdmD;shla úh' fuhska ,nd ÿka oekqqu j¾Okh"wjfndaOh yd iaÓr m%;s,dN fuys id¾:l;ajh ixfla;j;a lrhs'5555555555

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO tl;= lsÍu iïnkaOj m%dfhda.sl jevigyka ^fhda.Hl%shd ms<sfj;a& Èh;a lsÍu i|yd ks¾foaY

wú tl;=lsÍug wjia:djla we;s úg§ rch isú,a iudc ixúOdk iu. tlaj ta i|ydjevigyka ielish hq;=h' f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSu" ld¾ñl yd uQ,H Wmldrwe;=¿ YlH;d j¾Ok jHdmD;s o isÿl< hq;=j we;' Bg wu;rj jvd fyd| m%;sM,i|yd wka;¾cd;sl wjfndaO;djh o we;slr.; hq;=hs' ;sridr iy id¾:l wú tl;=lsÍfï ls%hdj,shla my; ±lafjk ,laIK j,ska hqla;h'

• hqoaO we;sùug fya;= jQ uQ,sl ldrKd fukau uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iy udkqIslksoyi flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

• ish¿u md¾Yjhkag wh;a kdhlhska f.a l%shdldÍ iyfhda.h ,eîu yd" wdhqOw;ayeÍu i|yd jQ úYajdih ish¿ md¾Yjhka ;=< f.dvkeÕSu

• mq¿,a ck;d iyfhda.hla ,eîu• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO isú,a jeishka w;g m;aùu md,kh lsÍu ioyd

mshjr we;=<;a ùu


• o~qjï ,enQjka iy Èß §ukd ,nkakka w;r ;=,kd;aul iyfhda.hlamj;ajdf.k hdu

• w,a,d.;a iy hg;a lereKq ish¿u wú" kej; iudch ;=< ixirKh je,elaùui|yd blauKskau úkdY lr oeóu

wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu (Security Sector Reforms-RSS)

iduh mj;sk úg§ iudcfhys kS;sh iy iduh mj;ajdf.k hdfï uQ,sl j.lSuorkafka fmd,Sish iy yuqodjhs' tfia jqjo iuyr úg iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOm%udKd;aul jeäùug yd wksis Ndú;hg wdrlaIl wxYh o j.lsjhq;= wjia:d we;'úfYaIfhkau Tjqka m%pKav ¥Is; l%shdj, fhfokafka kï fyda j.lSfuka f;drjlghq;= lrkafka kï fyda fï iïnkaOj we;s kS;s moaO;sh yrsyeá l%shd;aulfkdjkafka kï fydA fuh isÿúh yel'

Ôj;a ùug ;rï iqÿiq wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s wjia:dj,§ wdrlaIl lghq;= mqoa.,SlrKhfõ' tu.ska iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd jQ b,a¨u jeäùug bv we;s w;r taksid iuyr úg isú,a jeishka w;r wú Ndú;ho jeäùug bv we;' iuyr wjia:dj,isú,a jeishkau fuu wdhqO rchg tfrysj mdúÉÑ lsÍug bv we;' wld¾hlaIufukau ¥Is; rdcH wdrlaIl wxYhlg mqoa.,sl wxYfha wú Ndú;h l%uj;aj wëlaIKhfyda md,kh lsÍu l< fkdyelsh'

fujeks ;;a;aj hgf;a iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu je,elaùug cd;sluÜgñka wdrlaIl wxYh m%;sixúOdkh lsÍfï jevigyka m%fhdackj;a fõ' wdrlaIlwxY m%;sixúOdkh lsÍfï uQ,sl mrud¾:hjkafka ld¾hlaIu" kS;Hdkql+, iym%cd;dka;%slj l%shd lrk wdrlaIl wxYhla ìys lsÍuhs ^fmd,Sish" yuqod yd wêlrK&'fuys wjidk mrud¾:h iudcfha ish¨ fokdgu tl iudk" idOdrK yd ms<s.; yelsuÜgfï wdrlaIdjla ,nd§u h'

id¾:l wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixúOdkhlg fhda.H l%shd ms<sfj;a i|yd ks¾foaY

• wdrlaIl wxY ksÍlaIKh lsÍug yd hï md,khla we;s l< yels wdldrhgisú,a iudch n,d;aul l< hq;=h' wdrlaIl wxY ^wdrlaIl yd wNHka;r lghq;=wud;HdxY o we;=<;aj& lghq;=j,§ ukd mdroDIH Ndjhla mj;ajdf.k hdfukafyd| úYajdihla f.dvk.d .; yel'

• wdrlaIl wxYhkaf.a jD;a;Suh (professionalism) ;;ajh oshqKq lsÍu iy ikakoaOyuqod Ndú;d lrk wdhqO l%uj;aj ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï yelshdj ÈhqKq lsÍu' fïi|yd yuqodjg iy fmd,Sishg ld¾ñl wxYfha mqyqKqùï ,nd§u" ÈhqKqWmlrK ,nd§u" fyd| jegqma ,nd§u iy uQ,sl uÜgfï udkj wdrlaIdjiy;sl l< yels wdldrhg fmd,Sisfhys YlH;djh j¾Okh lsÍu'

• wúyrKh" fiajd uqla; lsÍu iy mqkre;a:dmk (Disarmament, Demobilisation andReintegation-DDR) jevigyka we;slsÍu' úêu;a iy wúêu;a ikakoaO yuqod i;=wú rdcH md,kh hg;g f.k w;sßla;hka úkdY lsÍu'

• kS;sfha wdêm;H Yla;su;a lsÍu yd tu.ska" iajdëk kS;s rduqjla ;=< kS;sm%;sixialrKh" wêlrKh iy jHjia:dodhlfha yelsshd j¾Okh ;=<skauyck;djg wjYH yd WÑ; kS;s rduqjla we;slsÍu" ck;djf.a Wjukdjkagjvd;a fyd¢ka m%;spdr olajk iajdëk wêlrKhla we;slsÍu ;=<ska ck;djwúêu;a hdka;%K u.ska idOdrK;ajh ,nd.ekSug W;aidy lsÍu je,elaùu'


f;dr;=re igyk 9 (wdrlaIl wxY m%;sixúOdkh lsÍfï jevigyk - n%iS,h

zzfmd,Sish ;=< È.ska È.gu joysxid lsÍï ysxidldÍ iy my;a ls%hdldrlï isÿúh'isrf.j,a iy nd,jhialdrhskaa r|jk uOHia:dkj, ;;a;ajh o thu úh'úfYaIfhka kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, fmd,Sish u.ska isÿ lrk urK yd wdrlaIlwxYhkag iïnkaO —>d;k tall˜ jeäúh' bvï m%;sixialrK l%shdOrhka iy bvïm%Yakj,g ueÈy;a jQ wdosjdiS ck;djg ysßyer ysxik fukau urKh w;aú¢kakgisÿjQfha bvï ysñhka úiska l=,shg .kakd ,o ;=jlal=lrejka iy ñ,sgß fmd,sia(military police) ks,OdÍka w;sks' fuu l%shd isÿ jQfha fmd,SisfhA iy ks,OdÍka f.awkqoekqu we;sjhs' —lekafvf,aßhd˜ iuQy >d;kh ms<sn| wNshdpkdêlrKfhaweiqKq kvqjl ñ,sgß fmd,sia iellrefjl= ms<sn| idlaIs §ug bÈßm;aj isát,sin;a l%siaákd ä T,sfõßhd uhshd idlaIs §ug ál fõ,djlg fmr 2000iema;eïn¾ 26 jk Èk wef.a ksji bÈßmsg§ urd oud ;sìKs' wef.a urKh >d;ktallhlg iïnkaOnj ms<sìUq jQ w;r wfkl=;a idlaIslrejka w;r >d;l tallflfrys ;j;j;a j¾Okh úh'

fmnrjdß 7 fjksod fcdwd´ t,aisfhda ,Sud mfidajd Tyqf.a f.dhswdia ckmofhawd.=ia ,skavdia ys ksji fj; ßh mojñka isáh§ ud¾.h .,a fmr<d wjysr lr;snqKs' Tyq th bj;a lsÍug W;aidy lsÍfï§ fjä jeoS >d;khg ,laúh' Tyqf.aìß|g fjä jeÿKq kuq;a wehf.a Ôú;h fíreKs' Tyq —>d;k tallj,ZZ lghq;=ksÍlaIKh lrñka isá uyck wdrlaIdj ms<sn| ljqkai,fha fiajh lrñkaisáfhah'5555555555

mqoa.,sl yuqod" wdrlaIl iud.ï iy iq¿ wú iq,nùu yd tajdfha wksis Ndú;h

j¾I 1990 .Kkaj,§ .egqï j, uQ,sl iajNdjh fjkiaúh' ,nd.; yels wdhqOm%udKh jeäùu;a iu. m%pKav l%shd j,g iïnkaO jk fkdfhl=;a wdldrfhamd¾YjhkA o nyq, úh' fuu fjkia ùfï lemS fmfkk ,laIKh jQfha l=,S fyajdhkaiy mqoa.,sl iud.ï hqO yd wdrlaIl lghq;= bgqlsÍug bÈßm;a ùu ;j;a j¾Okhùuhs' fuu fiajdjkag .egqul§ ixúOdkuh iemhqï (logistics) ,nd §u" mqyqKq lssÍu" wúwdhqO iemhSu iy igka lsÍu jeks fndfyda foa wh;a úh' mqoa.,sl yuqod ydwdrlaIl iud.ï yd l=,S fyajdhka iudcfha iq¿ wú iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;djgúfYaIs; wdldrj,g n,mE yelsh' bka lsysmhla my; olajuq"

• wdhqO fj<|dfï§ ;e/õlrejka iy m%jdyk tacka;jre f,i lghq;= lsÍu'• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wú ms<sn| iïndOl (UN embargos) W,a,x>kh lsÍu'• udkj whs;sjdislï lvlsÍu" wka;¾ cd;sl udkqIsl kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍu" fyda

tjeks lghq;= lsÍug mqyqKqj fyda wdïmkAk imhkafkl= f,i myiqlï ie,iSu'• Tjqka l%shd;aul jk l,dm ;=< we;s wúksYaÑ;Ndjhka ;=<ska l=ms; lsÍï

we;slsÍu yd iudch yuqodlrKh fldg iq¿ wú j,g iudch ;=< b,a¨ulawe;slsÍu'

wo jk úg l=,S fyajdhka iy mqoa.,sl yuqodjka iy wdrlaIl iud.ï md,khg f.kwe;s mshjr ms<sfj,la ke;s tlls' iduh" wdrlaIdj yd udkj whs;sjdislïiïnkaOfhka fï ;;a;ajh jeo.;a f,i n,md ;sfí' wdrlaIl lghq;= mqoa.,SlrKhlsÍu iudchl iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO wvq lsÍfï l%shdj,shg ndOdjls' ish¿urdcHhka my; ±lafjk kshuhka flfrys wjOdkhka fhduqlsßu jeo.;a fõ'


mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud.ï md,kh i|yd ks¾foaY

• mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud.ï md,kh i|yd cd;sl uÜgfuka kS;sy÷kajd§u' wdrlaIl iud.ï w¨;ska we;slr.kakd iEu .súiqula i|yduwkque;sh ,nd.;hq;= w;r ,shdmÈxÑ ù ;sìh hq;=h' tu whÿïm;a i|ydwkque;sh Èh hq;af;a wka;¾cd;sl udkqIsl kS;s yd udkj whs;sjdislï ;;ajhu; mokï jQ m%isoaO ks¾Kdhl u;h'

• l=,S fyajdhkaf.a lghq;= ;ykï lsÍu' fï i|yd l=,S fyajdhka n|jd.ekSug"Ndú;d lsÍug" uqo,a fhoùug yd mqyqKq lsÍug tfrys jQ wka;¾cd;slj j,x.=iïuq;sh (Interational Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Merce-naries) n,d;aul l< yelsh' fuu .súiqu iïnkaOj cd;Hka;r j lghq;=lsÍfuka mqoa.,sl yuqod iy wdrlaIl iud.ïj, lghq;= cd;Hka;rj yeisrúhyel'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO f;d. ixÑ; yd w;sßla; f;d. l<ukdlrKh

w¾O iajhxl%Sh yd ñ,sgß mkakfha WmlrK we;=¿j iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOúYd, f;d. ikakoaO yuqod" fmd,Sish yd fjk;a rdcH wdh;k u.ska mj;ajdf.khhs' fuu f;d. wmrdOldrhskaf.a" odußlhkaf.a iy wú ork lKavdhïj, m%Odkb,lal fjhs' fidrlu" ¥IKh fyda fkdie,ls,a, u.ska fuu rdcH wú f;d.wia:dk.;ùu kS;s úfrdaë wú wdhqO jeäùug m%Odk fya;=jls' rch i;= .sks wúke;sùu rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a wkqoekqu u; fyda l=uka;%Kj, m%;sM, f,i fyda isÿúhyelsh' úfYaIfhka úêu;a f,i .sKqïlrK lghq;= iy f;d. md,k lghq;= isÿfkdjk wjia:dj,§ o fuu l%shdj,sh isÿfõ'

hqO .egqï mj;sk iy n,j;a foaYmd,k yd iudc le<öï iys; m%foaYj, wúf;d.ixÑ;hkays wdrlaIdj n,j;a .eg¿jls' WodyrKhla f,i ,hsîßhdj" ishrd ,sfhdka"b;sfhdamshdj" fldxf.da ckrch iy fldaliia m%foaYfha (Transcaucasus-fmr fidaúhÜckrchg wh;a j mej;s) ikakoaO ler<sldr lKavdhï" fmd,sia iy hqO yuqod .nvdw,a,df.k wdhqO iy m;frdï ,nd.;ay'5656565656 1997 úhjq,a iufha § we,afíkshdkq rchgwh;a hqO .nvd uxfld,a, ld iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO 650"000 lg jeä m%udKhlameyerf.khdu WodyrKhka f,i ±laúh yel ' fï w;r fndfyda ixj¾Okh fjñkamj;sk rgj, yd foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól ixl%dka;s we;s jQ rgj, fujeks isÿùïwe;súh' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO úYd, f;d. mj;ajdf.k hk fmr mej;sfidaúhÜ iuQydKavqjg wh;a j ;snQ rgj,g tajd fidrlu" ¥IKh fyda fkdie,ls,a,u.ska wia:dk.;ùu je,elaùug mshjr .ekSug wjYH iïm;a yd ls%hdmámdàkafkdue;'5757575757

wú f;d. ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hdu yd ne÷Kq ixlS¾K .eg¿j jkafka tu rgj,wdhqO w;sßla; f;d. wkdrlaIs;j mej;Suhs' thg fya;=j ikakoaO yuqod" fmd,Sishyd fjk;a rdcH wdh;k ;u jqjukdjg jvd wú f;d. /ialr ;eîuhs' yuqodjkam%;sixúOdkh lsÍu fyda w¨f;ka wdhqO .ekSu ksid fyda mYapd;a hqO idu jHdmdrhkal%shd;aul lsÍu ksid fyda fufia wú f;d. w;sßla; we;súh yelsh'5858585858 uE;la jk;=rew¨;ska ksmojQ wú wmkhkfha§ fuka w;sßla; wú yqjudre lsÍï j,§ m%fõYfukal%shd fkdlrk ,§' fuu.ska tjka wú nyq,j wúksYaÑ; fyda wh:d wú fj<|fmd<gmsúiSug bv we;'

rch i;= iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO f;d. úêu;aj l<ukdlrKh yd j.lSu ish¿urgj,g n,mdk m%Odk wNsfhda.hls' ta i|yd ie,lsh hq;= jHqyd;aul yd uQ,Huh úêl%u wjYHh' flfia fyda fuu wNsfhda.h ch.; fyd;a th f,dalfhys iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;h iy kS;s úfrdaë fj<|du wvqlsÍug ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhlaimhkq we;'


wdhqOwdhqOwdhqOwdhqOwdhqO f;d. ixÑ; yd w;sßla; l<ukdlrKh i|yd ks¾foaY

• ksl=;a lrk ish¨u wú fidrlug" ¥IKhg fyda fkdie,ls,su;a Ndú;hgNdckh fkdùug j.n,d .;hq;= w;r tajdfha j.lSu iy;sl l< hq;=h' rchúiska oekg mj;ajdf.k hk l%ufõo ks;r újrKh lsÍug yd we.hSug ,lal< hq;=h'

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO f;d. ixÑ; iqÿiq ia:dkhl mj;ajd f.k hdug ydiqÿiq l%u iy úê Ndú;d lsÍug rch iy;sl úh hq;=h' wdrlaIl mshjr .ekSu"f;d. md,kh" ms<s.;a .sKqï l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu" ld¾huKav, mqyqKq lsÍu"wú m%jdykfha§ wdrlaIl mshjr .ekSu" wia:dk.;jQ wú wdÈh wkdjrKhlr.ekSu yd mqoa.,hskg o~qjï mekùug l%ufõo ilia lsÍu'5959595959

• ish¨u w;sßla; wdhqO" wu;r fldgia" m;frdï jeks ish,a, úkdY l< njg;a"kej; wmkhkh fkdlrk njg;a" rch iy;sl úh hq;=h'

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" wfkl=;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd l,dmSh ixúOdk"wú f;d. ixÑ;j, wdrlaIl lghq;= m%j¾Okh l< hq;=h' úfYaIfhka idujevigyka l%shd;aul jk l,dmj, fuh l< hq;=h' oekqfuka iy Okfhka wvqrgj,g fmdÿ wjfndaOhlska hqla;j by; lreKq ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsÍï iyfhda.H l%shd ms<sfj;a iys; jevigyka Èh;a l< hq;=h'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO iemhqu (Supply) yd mejÍu (Transfer) md,kh i|ydiqÿiq mshjr

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO me;sÍu yd wksis Ndú;h je<elaùug cd;Hka;r jYfhkald¾hlaIu l%shdj,shlg wjYH mQ¾j lghq;a;la f,i ish¿ rgj,a —kS;Hdkql+,˜fj<|du hkq l=ula o yd —wh:d˜ hkq l=ula o iïnkaOj fmdÿ tlÕ;djhlg t<ôhhq;=h' kS;Hdkql+, wú fj<|du iïnkaOj ld¾hlaIu md,khla ke;súg wh:d wú.kqfokq fjka lrk iSudj y÷kd.ekSug wmyiq fjhs' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOfj<|dug rdcH wêldßh iEfyk muKlg fkdfhdod ;sfnk wjia:dj,§ tu wújerÈ f,i Ndú;d lrkakka w;g m;ajQ wjia:d we;'

´kEu rchlg iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO imhkafkla ùfï yelshdj we;' wúksIamdok yelshdfjka f;dr rchkag jqj;a ikakoaO yuqod fyda fmd,Sish mj;ajdf.khk w;sßla; wú f;d. fyda rdc ika;l lrk ,o wú fufia wmkhkh l< yelsh'iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wdhd;-ks¾hd;" bka-g%dkaisÜ n,m;% ( m%jdykh w;rueokej;=ï - in transit) yd wjika Ndú;d iy;sl iïnkaOj rchhka úiska mkjd we;súêúOdk wka;¾cd;slj b;d jeo.;a fõ' mejreï n,m;% u; isÿjk fuu fj<|dfï§oeä kS;SÍ;s iys;j rdcH n,h fhoùu wka;¾cd;slj jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO wksis f,i Ndú;dlrkakka w;g m;aùu yd kS;s úfrdaë fj<|fmd,fj; hdu je,elaùug rchlg b;d jeo.;a l¾;jHhla bgql< yel'

fï iïnkaOj uQ,sl m%Yak lSmhla oelsh yels h' tajd kï" iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOyqjudre lsÍug rchlg bvosh hq;= ^fyda bv fkdÈh hq;=& wjia:d fudkjdo@ fuu;SrK .efkkafka flfia o@ fuu ;SrK .ekSfï§ rchka úiska ie,ls,a,g .;hq;=lreKq fudkjdo@

tlS m%Yak i|yd meyeÈ,sj fmfkk ms<s;=r kï wka;¾ cd;sl ne£ï yd wka;¾ cd;slkS;shg tfrysj hk iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO mejreï i|yd rdcH wkque;shfkdÈh hq;=h' wka;¾ cd;sl m%cdj úiska ms<sf.k we;s fuu uQ,sl ne|Su wkqj tlai;a


cd;Skaf.a wú yrK fldñiu (UN Disarmament Commission) my; i|yka mßÈ kS;suhfkdjk iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO .Kqfokq ukdj meyeÈ<s lrhs¦

—wka;¾ cd;sl kS;shg yd rdcH kS;sj,g mgyeksjZZ lrk wka;¾ cd;sl iïm%odhslwú .Kqfokq h'ZZ 6060606060

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s úfrdaë fj<|du iyuq,ska Wmqgd oeóug iyje,elaùug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ ie,eiau (UN PoA) l%shd;aul fõ' tu.ska ia:dms;wka;¾cd;sl kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu yryd iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iEu w;skaumd,kh lsÍug tlai;a cd;Ska lghq;= lrhs' t'cd' l%shdldÍ ie,eiafï fojeks fldgfiafojeks j.ka;shg wkqj"

—oeä cd;sl kS;sj,g hg;afjñka wmkhkh i|yd wjir§u iy iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨wdhqO iïnkaO ish¨ lghq;= rcfha yd wka;¾cd;sl kS;s hgf;a isÿjk njg fidhdne,Sug''' idudðl rgj,a ne£ isáhs 6161616161

fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka cd;Hka;r kS;s hgf;a rchl oekg mj;akd j.lSïj,g"wod< iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iïnkaOj ;SrK .ekSug jeo.;a kshuhka iuQyhlaolajd we;s njhs' ´kEu M,odhs iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO mejÍï md,k l%uhlgwod< uq,O¾u jkafka fïjd fõ'

oekg wdhqO fj<|du iïnkaOj we;s wka;¾cd;sl j.lSï l%shd;aul lrñka" thmd,khg hï jdrK we;slsÍug mshjr f.k we;' wka;¾cd;sl kS;shg wkql+,j f.kwe;s fuu ;SrK läkï jdrK f,i y÷kajhs'

läkï jdrK (Express Prohibitions)

fndfyda jdrKhkaf.a uQ,sl wdldr jkafka" nyq md¾Yaúl ^rchka .Kkdjla w;r& fydaoaú md¾Yaúl ^rdcHhka folla w;r& wú fj<|du ;ykï lrk .súiqïh' mqoa., kdYlìï fndaïn iïkaOfhka yereKq l< oekg l%shd;aul jk tlu iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨wdhqO fj<|du jdrKh flfrk .súiqu jkafka' ECOWAS (Economic Community of WestAfrican States) úiska 1998 § ;=ka wjqreoaolg we;slrk ,ÿj miqj 2001 § ;j ;=kawjqreoaolg Èla lrk ,o l,dmSh iy iy fkdne÷Kq (non binding) .súiquhss'

wdhqO fj<|du iïnkaO wfkla jdrKh jkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,h(UN Security Council) úiska úfYaIs; rgj,a iuyrlg wdhqO fj<|du ;ykï flfrk kS;smkjñka lrk,o jdrKhhs' wdhqO fj<|du ;ykï lsÍu iïnkaO tjka kS;smkjkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sfha (UN Charter) VII jk mßÉfþoh hgf;a neúkaish¨u idudðlhska thg ne£ isà' fuu ne£fï wdldr folls' m<uqj rchla jYfhkawú fj<|du ;ykï l< rg iu. wú fj<|dfuys fkdfhÈh hq;=h' fojkqj ;urfgys mqoa.,sl wxYh" tu lghq;af;ys fh§u je,elaùug wjYH kS;suh m%;smdokfhÈh hq;=h' 2003 ud¾;= jk úg brdlh" ,hsîßhdj" ,sìhdj" rejkavdj iy isfhrd,sfhdka hk rgj,g wdhqO fj<|du tlai;a cd;Ska úiska ;ykï lr ;sìKs'

kS;Hdkql+,j ne÷k fuu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wú jdrKhka yereKq fldg iuyrl,dmSh ixúOdk o rglg fyda ikakoaO lKavdhulg tfrysj jdrK mkjhs'WodyrKhla f,i 1999 oS kef.kysr áfudarfha§ hqoaOh mj;sk wjia:dfõ hqfrdamdix.uh úiska bkaÿkSishdjg wú fj<|du iïmQ¾Kfhka ;ykï lrñka jdrKhkamkjk ,§'


Ndú;h u; iSud lsÍu (Restrictions Based on Use)

wdhqO Ndú;d lrk wdldrh u; iSudjka mekùu wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhka Wlyd .;a;j;a iïndOl mekùfï l%uhls' fmr i|yka l< jdrKhka fuka fulS iïndOlms<sn|j rchka w;r mq¿,a ms<s.ekSula ke;' fuu iïndOl wod< jkafka ,nd .kakdmd¾Yjhka tu wdhqO wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ;Èka W,a,x>kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakdnjg wmkhkh lrk rdcHh oek isák fyda oek isáh hq;= jQ úgl § h' fuh—rchlawka;¾cd;slj jerÈ iy.; l%shdjla f,i j¾. lr we;s lghq;a;l fhfok$wkq.ukh lrk wfkl=;a rchlg wdOdr fyda Wmldr ,nd fkdÈh hq;=h˜ hkwka;¾cd;slj ms<s.;a uQ,O¾uh u; mokïj we;'

jir 2001 § iïu; lr.kakd ,o wka;¾cd;sl kS;s fldñifï (International Law Commis-sion) 16 jeks j.ka;sfha wka;¾cd;sl jerÈ l%shdjka iïnkaOfhka rdcHfha j.lSufufia oelaúh yelsh'

tla rchla ;j; rdcHhl jerÈ l%shdldrlïj,g wdOdr yd Woõ fokafka kï" miq lSrch wka;¾cd;sl jrolg miqìï jk ;;a;ajhka .ek oekqula we;sj tn÷ l%shdjlaisÿlrhs kï fmr lS rdcH" wka;¾cd;sl jrola isÿlsÍu iïnkaOfhka j.lsj hq;=h'

fujka ;ykulg ,laúh yels wka;¾cd;sl jerÈ fufia oelaúh yelsh¦

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍu fyda ta yd iudkj cd;Hka;rjms<s.;a kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍu¦ úfYaIfhkau wka;¾cd;sl in|;dj,g ydksodhlyd n,y;aldrlï meñKùug tfrysj we;s kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍu

• udkj whs;sjdislï nrm;, f,i W,a,x>kh lsÍu• wka;¾cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoaO wr., j,§ ;Èka wka;¾cd;sl

udkqIsl kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍu• ck ixydrh fyda ukqIH;ajhg tfrys wmrdO• ;%ia;jd§ l%shd

wka;¾cd;sl fmdÿ tlÕ;djhla iy fhda.H l%shd ms<sfj;a (best practices)we;sùug we;s wjldY

iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO wmkhkh i|yd n,m;a ,nd§u fyda m%;slafIam lsÍuiïnkaOfhka ;SrKhlg t<öug rchlg" wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a ne£ isákjdrKhkag wu;rj" i,ld ne,sh yels fjk;a lreKq lsysmhla we; tkï¦

• .egqïj,§ iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;d lsÍfï ;¾ckh• cd;Hka;r yd l,dmSh ia:djr;ajhg we;súh yels n,mEu• ;sridr ixj¾Okhg ydksodhl ùu• iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s úfrdaë Ndú;d lrkakka w;g m;aùfï

wjodku

miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< ol=Kq wm%sldj jeks iuyr rgj, iy hqfrdamd yjq, (EU)"wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.S;dj i|yd jQ hqfrdamd ixúOdkh (OSCE) jeks ixúOdkwka;¾cd;sl kS;shg wkql+,j" kS;s ix.%yhka iïmdokh lsÍfï W;aidyhka ord;sìK' fuu W;aidyhka ;=< Wjukd ish¿ foa wvx.= fkdjqk;a tajd wkd.;hgm%fhdackj;a uÕ i,l=Kla jYfhka jeo.;a fjhs'


úia;r igyk 10 (wú fj<|du ms<sn| iïuq;sh (The Arms Trade Treaty)

cd;Hka;r kS;S{hka iu. yjq,aj rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iuQyhla (NGOs)6262626262

wka;¾cd;sl wú fj<|du ms<sn| iïuq;shla (ATT) we;s lsrSu Wfoid lreKqf.kyer mdhs. fuh mj;akd wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh u; mokï jQ iïm%odhsl wdhqO(SALW we;=<;aj) fj<|du yd yqjudrej ms<sn|j jk wju m%ñ;Ska iy l%u fõohkawe;=<;a kS;suh ne|sula iys; cd;Hka;r f,aLkhls'63 63 63 63 63 fuu f,aLkhg uQ,sljkafka wú wmkhkfha § cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a kS;s oeäj W,a,x>kh lrk l%shdjkai|yd ,nd fkd§ug wmkhklrejka ne£ isàuhs' fï i|yd fkdfn,a idu;Hd.,dNS mqoa.,hka yd wdh;k .Kkdjla o f,dj mqrd rchhka 46 la o wkque;shm,lr we;s w;r, tlS ixLHdjka jeä fjñka mj;S.6464646464 rgj,a 160 la mqrd 800,000wêl msrsila ish PdhdrEm ta ioyd jk “ñ,shkhla uqyqKq” fm;aiu i|yd ,ndoSwe;. tu.ska rchhkag wú i|yd óg jvd oeä md,khla we;s lsrSug n,mEïlrkq ,efí' tu fm;aiu 2006 cQks ui t.cd. iudf,dapk iïfï,khg NdroSugkshñ;h. tu.ska 2001 iïfï,kfha isg fï olajd >d;kh jQ ñ,shkhla fokdieuÍug kshñ;h.

ATT u.ska wka;¾cd;sl wú yqjudrefõ yrhd;aul fmdÿ wju m%ñ;Ska ia:dmkhgyd tu m%ñ;Ska fhoùug wjYH hdka;%K we;s lsrSug o W;aiql fjhs' fuhg wod<wú fj<|du ms<sn| f.da,Sh uQ,O¾uhka my; oelafõ'

uQ,O¾uh 1 ( rdcH j.lSu - ish¿ wka;¾cd;sl wú .Kqfokq yd yqjudrems<s.;a rchla úiska wkqu; l< hq;= w;r, cd;sl kS;sh ydmámdàkag wkql+,j isÿúh hq;af;a, rdcHhka wka;¾cd;slkS;shg we;s ne|Suo ms<sìUqq jk whqßks.

uQ,O¾uh 2 ( rchhka úiska wdhqO mejÍu wkqu; fkdl< hq;=h - tu.skawdhqO ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl kS;shg we;s m%ldYs; ne|Su,tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh" rchhka ne|S we;s wfkl=;aiïuq;Ska yd tl.;djhka yd f.da,Sh jYfhka ms<s.;awka;¾cd;sl udkqIsl kS;sh we;=¿ ne|Sï W,a,x>Kh fõkï tu mejÍï wjir fkd,;a .Khg jeàug bv we;'

uQ,O¾uh 3 ( Ndú;h fyda Ndú;d úh yels wkaou ms<sn| iSudjka -wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh yd n,hms<sn| ms<s.;a kS;s W,a,x>kh lsrSug fyda tfia W,a,x>khùug bv we;s wjia:dj,oS wú yqjudrej wkqu; fkdl<hq;=h. udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh, wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlïlv lsÍu" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIsl kS;sh W,a,x>Kh lsÍu ckixydrh yd wudkqIsl wmrdO j,g tu wdhqO Ndú;d lrkfyda Ndú;d úh yels wjia:d j,§ o rchhka úiska wdhqOmejÍu wkqu; fkdl< hq;=h'

uQ,O¾uh 4 ( ie<lsh hq;= lreKq - rchka úiska ie<ls,a,g .; hq;=lreKq w;r wdhqO Ndú;hg .; yels wjia:d wdhqO ,nkmd¾Yjh ne£ï ms<smÈk wdldrh" úksúoNdjh yd wúyrKhie<ls,a,g .; hq;=h' tu wdhqO Ndú; lrkqfha fyda


fndfyda ÿrg Ndú;d lsÍug bv we;af;a idmrdë l%shdjkai|yd kï tuÕska l,dmSh wdrCIdjg yd ia:djr;ajhg yd;sridr ixj¾Okhg ndOdjka we;s lsÍug fya;= jkjd kïfyda ¥Is; .kqfokq isÿùug we;s bvlv ms<sn|j lreKqi,ld ne,sh hq;=h'

uQ,O¾uh 5 ( úksúoNdjh - iEu rchlau wú yqjudrej ms<sn| iúia;rjd¾Isl cd;sl jd¾;djka wka;¾cd;sl f,aLkdêldßhla fj;bosrsm;a l< hq;=h.

uQ,O¾uh 6 ( iïmQ¾K md,kh - rchka úiska wú wdkhkh ydwmkhkh, wú ;e/õldrlï, úfoaYhkays flfrk n,m;aiys; ksIamdokh, wú m%;skeõ.; lsrSu (transit & transhipment)wdosh ioyd fmdÿ iïu;hka yd m%ñ;Ska ia:dms; l< hq;=h.

ld¾hlaIu fufyhqï ls%hdud¾. we;slsÍu

iqq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO yqjudrej fj<|du yd wjika Ndú;h ld¾hlaIujmd,kh lsÍug kï" wksjd¾hfhkau mD:q, yd wkq,a,x>kSh f,i ls%hdud¾. cd;sluÜgfuka n,d;aul l< hq;=h' flfia jqj o iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksIamdokh ydfj<|du cd;Hka;r uÜgfuka isÿjkakla ksid cd;sl uÜgfuka muKla l%shdud¾..ekSu fkdiEfya' ta i|yd l,dmSh yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka o md,khla wjYHh'

miq.sh jirj, rdcHhka úiska cd;Ska w;r (transnational) jQ md,khl wjYH;djy÷kdf.k we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka wka;¾cd;sl .sks wú jHdmdrh md,kh lsÍui|yd jQ wdo¾Y kS;s ixj¾Okh yd iïu;hka i|yd jQ wka;¾ wefußldkq iïuq;sh(Inter American Convention) 1997 § wefußldkq l,dmh ;=< wú wdkhkh" wmkhkh"m%jdykh" n,m;a ksl=;a lsÍu iy wjir §u iïnkaOfhka md,k m%;sm;a;s rduqjlay÷kajd fok ,§' fuu iïuq;sfhys iuyr fldgia" .sks wú yd wu;r fldgia" Wmdx.yd m;frdï" kS;s úfrdaë ksIamdokh iy fj<|du g tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wúms<sn| m%{ma;sh (UN Firearms Protocol against the Illict Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, TheirParts and Components and Ammunition) u.ska miq ld,Skj wka;¾cd;sl ms<s.ekSug ,lalrwe;'

wka;¾cd;sl iq¿ wú md,k l%u m%;sM,odhl lr.ekSug kï wksjd¾hfhkau wúmejrSu i|yd n,m;a ksl=;a lsÍfï § fmdÿ m%ñ;Ska iA:dms; l< hq;=hs' iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO f;d. wkjir wjidk Ndú;d lrkakka w;g m;aùu je<elaùug;a"kS;s úfrdaë fyda kqiqÿiq lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lsÍu je<elaùug;a iy;sl ùu i|ydrchlg my; i|yka uQ,sl lreKq Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug i,ld ne,sh yel'

M,odhS n,m;% md,khla yd l%shdud¾. we;s lsÍu i|yd ks¾foaY

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO mejÍfï § wdkhk" wmkhk" yqjudre we;=¿ ish¿lghq;= rdcHhkaf.a meyeÈ,s wjirhg (explicit authorisation) hg;a úh hq;=hs'

• wú fj<|dfuys ksr; ish¿u rdcHhka ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.;hq;=h' keõ.; lrk ,o wú f;d. ms<sn| iúia;r jd¾;djla" wvx.= m%udKh"wú /f.k hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ia:dkh" wjidk Ndú;d lrkakdf.awkkH;dj" óg we;=<;ah' keõ.; lrk ,o iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn|l=ú;dkais yd ,ÿm;a f;dr;=re o yqjudre lr.; hq;=h'


• wú wdkhkh yd wmkhkh lsÍfï § Bg wod, rdcH wêldÍ;ajfha iy;sllsÍï wksjd¾h l< hq;=h' m%jdykfha§ o by; l%shdud¾.h wkq.ukh l<hq;=h' wod< rdcH n,OdÍkaf.a wjirhlska f;drj NdKav keõ.; lsÍug bvfkdÈh hq;=h'

• wmkhkh lrk rg úiska iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wdkhkh lrkq ,nkrgg wod< wú ,enqKq nj iy;sl lrk l%uhla ;sìh hq;=h' wmkhkh lrkrg úiska wod< wú ,nd ÿka miq tu wú ,enqKq njg fN!;slj mÍCIdlrne,Sug kshuhla we;s l< hq;=h' ^my; igyk o n,kak&

wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd iy;sl lsÍu iy wëlaIKh lsÍu

wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd iy;sl lsÍfï yd wëlaIKh lsÍfï l%ufõo wmkhk md,khdka;%KfhA wkkH;djhg b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu wx. fol fkdue;sj iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO fj<|dfï § mdßfNda.sl rdcH" wmkhk kshuhka W,a,x>kh fkdl<nj" wú kS;Hdkql+, fkdjQ mqoa.,hka w;g m;a fkdjQ nj wd§ lreKq rchg"md¾,sfïka;=jg yd uyck;djg oek.ekSug u.la ke;' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOwmkhkh lrk m%Odk rgj,a úiska wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd ia:dms; lsÍug ydwëlaIKh lsÍug oekg Ndú;d lrk l%ufõo fkdiEfya'

wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd ms<sn| jHdc ,shlshú,s bÈßm;a lr kS;s úfrdaë fj<|fmd,fj; wú" úfYaIfhka iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO" fhduq lsÍu ks;r isÿ jkakls'tlai;a cd;Ska wekaf.da,dfõ l< ksÍCIKhl § fy<s jQfha wekaf.da,dkq ler,sjHdmdrh (UNITA) wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd ms<sn| jHdc iy;sl bÈßm;a lsÍu u.skan,af.aßhdfjka úYd, wú m%udKhla f.kajdf.k we;s njh'65 wjidk Ndú;d lrkakdiy;sl lsÍfï wdldr yd l%ufõo ráka rgg fjkia ùu ksid jxpdjkag we;s bvlvjeäh' jHdc m%ldYk u.ska ,nd.kakd wmkhk n,m;% u.ska ñ<g .kakd wúf,aLkj, i|yka lr we;s ia:dkhg fkdhk w;r" i|yka lr we;s ldrKhiïnkaOfhka Ndú;d lrkq fkd,efí' ksjerÈ ia:dkhg NdKav hkafka o hkldrKh fN!;slj fidhd n,kafka b;d iq¿ rgj,a m%udKhla ksid tjeks wjia:dj,jHdc f,aLk Ndú;h wvq wjodkula iys; Wmdhls'

wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd iy;sl lsÍu yd miqj ksÍCIKh lsÍu ksis mßÈ isÿ fkdjkfya;=fjka isÿ jQ isoaëka .Kkdjla isú,a iudc .fõIlhka yd udOHfõ§ka úiskafmkajd § we;'


f;dr;=re igyk 11(mska,ka; m;frdï

1999 uehs udifha § cd;Hka;r laIud ixúOdkfha (Amnesty International) .fõIllKavdhula bkaÿkSishdjg iy kef.kysr ;sfudarhg .shy' kef.kysr ;sfudarfhaÈ,s (Dili) m%foaYfha§ hqo yuqodj,g iudk tfy;a rdcH yuqodj fkdjk lKavdhula(para-military) úiska t,a, l< m%ydrhlska miq b;sß jQ m;frdï fldmq fuu lKavdhuúiska fidhd .kakd ,È' miqj lrk ,o mÍCIKj,§ fy<s jQfha fuu m;frdï—meá%hd ,emqjd Ths˜ (Patria Lapuâ Oy) keue;s mska,ka; iud.ula u.ska ksIamdÈ; tajdnjhs' mska,ka; rch wmkhk n,m;% ,nd § ;snqfKa tu m;frdï bkaÿkSishdkqwdrCIl yuqodjg ,nd§ughs' tfiakï tu m;frdï yuqodj fkdjk msßila w;gm;ajQfha flfia o@

wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd id¾:l f,i iy;sl lsÍug yd wëlaIKh i|yd ks¾foaY

• jvd;a fyd| m%;sM,odhl" wjidk Ndú;h md,k hdka;%Khla i|yd mdßfNda.sliy;slh kS;suh ne£ula we;sjk kshuhka we;=,;a .súiqula njg m;al< hq;=hs'udkj whs;sjdislï lvl<jqka jeks wú Ndú;h ;ykï lrk ,o whj¨kaf.a,ehsia;=jla fuys we;=,;a úh hq;=h' wkjirfhka kej; wmkhkh lsÍu fydakej; mejÍu ;ykï l< hq;=h'

• mdßfNda.sl .súiqfï kshuhka ms<sme§ug fkdyelsjkakka f.A n,m;% wfydaisl<hq;= w;r" ;jÿrg;a NdKav iemhSu" wu;r fldgia iemhSu" kv;a;= lghq;=lsÍu yd mqyqKqj ,nd§u k;r l< hq;=h'

• wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd miq-úmru i|yd mq¿,a l%ufõohla wjYHh' wmkhkhlrk ,o wú jerÈ Ndú;hg fkd.kakd njg;a" .súiqfï i|yka mdßfNda.slhdyer wkalsisfjl=g;a fkdmjrk njg;a" kej; wmkhkh fkdlrk njg;a"fldkafoais mdßfNda.sl .súiqug we;=<;a l< hq;=h' wú wdkhkh lrk ,o rfÜ§" wjYH úgl" wmkhkh lrk ,o rfgys fldkaishq,¾ (consular) fyda ;dkdm;sld¾hd,fha ks,OdÍkag mÍCId l< yels úh hq;=h'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO i|yd jk isú,a mqoa., whs;sh md,kh

isú,a mqoa.,hka i;= iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO fya;=fjka f,dj mqrd urK"idyisllï iy ;=jd, ùï isÿ fõ' rcfha md,kh hgf;a ;sfnk ;rïu iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO m%udKhla isú,a mqoa.,hka i;=j mj;sk njg .Kka n,d we;'6666666666 wh:diq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO fj<|du yd fuu wdhqO Ndú;h ms<sno .eg¿j ksrdlrKhlsÍug .;hq;= b;du;a jeo.;a l%shd ud¾.hla jkafka .Dyia: (domestic) wú ysñluiñnkaOj b;d ;o kS;s l%shd mámdáka l%shd;aul lsÍuhs'

fndfyduhla iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;Hdkql+,j ksIamdokh lrk w;r rchhkafyda mqrjeishka tajd w;am;a lr .kshs' iuyr iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s úfrdaëwdldrhg ksIamdokh flfrk w;r úêu;a wjirhlska f;drj tajd mqrjeishka w;gm;afõ' flfia jqj o fuu .eg¿j f,dalfha úfYaIs; l,dm j,g úYd, jYfhka iSudfjhs' uOHu weußldj fyda ol=Kq wdishdj jeks l,dm fuhg we;=<;a fõ' wfklaw;ska iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO mdßfNda.slhkaf.a jHdc f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrñkakS;s úfrdaë f,i rg ;=<g wdkhkh lrhs' ;j;a iuyr iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOkS;Hdkql+,j ,ndf.k kS;s úfrdaë wúhla njg mßj¾;kh lr .kshs' WodyrKhlaf,i w¾O iajhxl%Sh .sks wúhla f.k th iïmQ¾K iajhxl%Sh wúhla njg m;alr


.ekSu i|yka l< yelsh' tfukau isú,a mqoa.,hka i;= iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOkS;Hdkql+, whs;slre úiska kS;s úfrdaë f,i wú úlsKSu yd jirlg ish oyia.Kkla mqrjeishka i;= wú wia:dk.;ùuo isÿfõ'6767676767 rch úiska w;am;a lr.kakdwdhqO wdrCIdldÍj ;nd fkd.;fyd;a fyda úkdY fkdl<fyd;a fyda kS;s úfrdaëf,i tajd mqrjeishka w;g m;aùug bv we;'

fndfyda l,dmSh yd wka;¾cd;sl .súiqï u.ska"68 68 68 68 68 iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;hyd ysñldÍ;ajh ms<sn|j tu l,dmj, iy rgj,g ;Èka isák f,ig kshu lr we;'iqÿiq md,khla we;s lsÍu" i,l=Kq lsÍu" jd¾;d ;nd.ekSu" isú,a mqoa., whs;shms<sn|j Wjukdj yd wod,;ajh ms<sn| úksúoNdjh" iy iqÿiq kS;s n,d;aul lsßufuu .súiqï j,g we;=,;a lr we;' cd;Ska w;r ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO iïuq;sh;=<ska (fuh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wú flgqïm; hkqfjka o y÷kajhs' Protocol to the UNConvention on Transnational Organised Crime) wú f.k hk keõ ;u uqyqÿ iSudjg we;=¿ ùugfmr yd uqyqÿ iSudj yryd .uka lsÍug fmr ta ta rgj,a ;u ;udf.a wjirh ,nd.; hq;= njg kshu lr we;' tfukau tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wú flgqïm; (FirearmsProtocol) u.ska iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO y÷kd .ekSu yd i<l=Kq lsÍu (marking)iïnkaOfhka wju m%ñ;Ska mkjd ;sfí' fuu ish¿ mshjr j,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka isú,a mqrjeishkag kS;Hdkql+,j whs;s iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s úfrdaëfj<|m,g udreùu je<elaùuhs'

fuu .eg¨j iïnkaOfhka wka;¾cd;sl wjOdkh jeä ù we;s kuq;a mqrjeishka i;=iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO md,kh lsÍug we;s kS;sj, Yla;su;a Ndjh ráka rggfjkia fõ' WodyrK jYfhka uyd ì%;dkHfha isú,a jeishkag ysñlr .ekSug bvfokafka iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO j¾. lsysmhla muKla jk kuq;a weußldkq rchmqr jeishkag ñ,sgß mkakfha m%ydrl rhs*,a j¾. mjd ysñlr .ekSug bv fohs'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd isú,a mqoa., whs;sh md,kh lsÍu i|yd ks¾foaY

mqrjeishka i;= wdhqO kS;súfrdaë f,i Ndú;dlrkakka w;g m;aùfï wjia:dj wvqlsÍfï wruqK we;sj" ish¿u rgj,a" iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iïnkaO mqrjeisysñldÍ;ajh iy Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka tl iudk wkq,a,x>kSh kS;s moaO;shlawkq.ukh l< hq;=h' tu kS;s moaO;sfha my; ioyka lreKq wka;¾.; úh hq;=h'

• úfYaIs; j¾.j, iq¨ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO mqrjeishkag ysñlr .ekSu ;ykïlsÍu' úfYaIfhka ñ,sgß mkakfha wdhqO iy w;a ;=jlal= ^msiaf;da,$ueIskamsiaf;da,&'

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO .KqfoKq lrejka md,kh lsÍu yd Tjqka úiskayßhdldrj jd¾;d mj;ajd .ekSug (record keeping) wjYH kS;s mekùu'

• n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd l%shd mámdáhla wkq.ukh lsÍu' fï wkqj wod,rdcH wdh;kfha wjirh ke;sj iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO Ndú;d lsÍug fyda,Õ ;nd .ekSug wjldYh fkd,efí' whÿïmf;ys i;H;dj o .eUqßka mÍlaIdl< hq;= w;r wjYH;djh o b;d fyd¢ka mÍlaId l< hq;=h' tfukau whÿïlrkakkaf.a yeisÍu o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

• mqrjeishka i;= iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO" y÷kd.ekSu" i,l=Kq fh§u ydjd¾;d ;nd.ekSu Wiia ;;a;ajfhka isÿjk njg iy;sl ùu'

• mqrjeishka i;= iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO .nvd lsÍfï § oeä kS;s fh§u'


jd¾;dlrKh" úksúoNdjh iy j.lSu md¾,sfïka;= jd¾;dlrKh o we;=¿j&

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s úfrdaë fj<|dug" iq,nùug yd wksis Ndú;hgtfrysj f.k hk l%shdjka g wjysr;djhla ù we;af;a fï ms<sn|j m%isoaêfha ,nd.;yels f;dr;=rej, ysÕluhs' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksIamdokh" f;d. ixÑ;mj;ajdf.k hEu" iy m%jdykh ms<sn| ks, f;dr;=re fkdue;s w;r iuyrwjia:dj, fuu f;dr;=re wkdjrKh fkdlrk ryiH f;dr;=re fõ' fuuryiHNdjh rgj,aj, wdhqO ms<sn| j.lSu wj;lafiare lrhs' Bg wu;rj ksfhdað;wdh;k w;r mj;ajd .; hq;= iïnkaO;djhg;a" cd;Hka;rj mj;ajd.; hq;=iïnkaO;djhkag;a fuu ryiH Ndjh ndOdjla fõ' fndfyda rchhka Tjqkaf.a cd;slwjYH;djhka i|ydj;a wjYH jk f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu" mj;ajdf.k hdu fydayqjudre lr.ekSu isÿ lrkafka ke;'

j¾;udkfha wju jYfhka f,dalfha rgj,a 60la j;a kS;Hdkql+,j iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO wmkhkh lrhs' tfukau ish¿u rgj,a kS;Hdkql+,j wdhqO wdkhkhlsÍfuys fh§ isák w;r ñka iuyr rgj,a l,d;=rlska w;sßla; yd Ndú;dl< wúwmkhkho lrhs' rgj,a 30la muK md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk jd¾;djka u.skajd¾Islj l< wú .Kqfokq ms<sn| f;dr;=re m%isoaêhg m;a lrhs' flfia kuq;a iq¿ wúyd ieye,a¨ wdhqO .Kqfokq ms<sn|j wf,úl< rg" jákdlu yd m%udKh wd§ úêu;af;dr;=re we;=<;a m%isoaO jd¾;djka bÈßm;a lrkafka weußldj" uyd ì%;dkHh ydb;d,sh hk rgj,a ;=k muKs'

;u rgj, wdkhk wmkhk j¾;dj,g wu;rj" j¾;udkfhys rgj,a 33 la ;u iq¿wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wdkhk yd wmkhk lghq;= ms<sn| f;dr;=re "COMTRADE" o;a;cd,hg ,nd fohs' fuh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixLHdk wxYh u.ska mj;ajdf.k hkwka;¾cd;sl f¾.= lghq;= ms<sn| o;a; cd,hls' flfia fj;;a n,af.aßhdj" BY%dh,hiy reishdj we;=¿ iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksmojk rgj,a /ila ñg o;a;imhkafka ke;'

úksúoNdjh yd j.lSu jeäÈhqKq lr.ekSu i|yd ks¾foaY

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn| f;dr;=re fy,slsÍu iïnkaO j oekg we;skS;s mámdáka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk yd fjk;a l,dmSh .súiqïwdYs%;j kej; úu¾Ykh l< hq;=h'

• úksúoNdjh yd j.lSu ms<sn| oekg mj;sk iafõÉPd ne£ï cd;sl" l,dmSh ydf,dal uÜgfuka" bgq lsÍug rgj,a lghq;= l< hq;=hs'

• ish¿u" wú ksmojk yd wmkhkh lrk rgj,a" wdhqO ksIamdokh" wmkhkn,m;%" m%jdykh ms<sn| jd¾Isl jd¾;djla bÈßm;a l< hq;=h' thg m%udKh"jákdlu yd wjidk Ndú;d lrkakd ms<sn| f;dr;=re o we;=,;a úh hq;=hs'

• wú wmkhkh lrk rgj, md¾,sfïka;=j,g" n,m;% ms<sn| whÿï m;a ksl=;alsÍug fyda m%;slafIam lsÍug fmr" Tjqkaf.a rdcHhkag ta ms<sn|j Wmfoia,ndoSug wjia:dj ,nd Èh hq;=h'

i,l=Kq lsÍu iy y÷kd .ekSu

uE; jirj,§ iq¿ wú ,l=Kq lsÍu iy y÷kd.ekSu ie,lsh hq;= wjOdkhlg ydWkkaÿjlg Ndckh ù we;' .sks wú iy m;frdï j, jvd;a ir, i,l=KlskaNdKavfha j¾.h" NdKav wxlh" ksIamdolhd iy uq,a ñ,§ .kakd ,l=Kq l< yelsh'fuu wx. .sks wú ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug;a myiqfjka y÷kd.ekSug;a u. mdohs' tlaúfYaIs; wúhl Ôj ld,h ;=,§ tys ysñldÍ;aj ud¾.h tl;= fldg iïmQ¾K lsÍfï


l%shdj,sh —y÷kd.ekSu˜ (tracing) f,i y÷kajhs' id¾:l y÷kd.ekSula m%udKj;ai,l=Kq lsÍï iy jd¾;d ;nd .ekSï u; r|d mj;sk w;r th ie,ls,su;a rchka iyixúOdk j,g wod< wdhqOfha ksIamdolhd iy úúO ;e/õlrejka -WodyrKhlajYfhka udkj whs;Ska lvlrkakka" wmrdO lKavdhï fyda w¾nqo l,dmhka -y÷kd.ekSug wjldY imhhs' kHdhd;aulj —y÷kd .ekSu˜ kS;s úfrdaë .sks wú fj<|dïcd,h fy<slr úkdY lsÍug yd cd;Hka;r wú iïnkaO kS;s is;d u;du lv lsÍugiïnkaO jQjkag o`~qjï ,nd §ug yelshdj ,ndfoa' m%dfhda.slj ne¨fjd;a oekgmj;akd i,l=Kq lsÍï" jd¾;d ;eîï iy y÷kd .ekSï jev ms<sfj,j,a mj;sk;;ajhka md,kh lsÍug $ ue~,Sug lsisfia;a m%udKj;a fkdfõ'

i,l=Kq lsÍu iy y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ks¾foaY

• i,l=Kq lsÍu yd y÷kd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka oekg mj;akd tlai;a cd;Skaf.aixúOdkfha l%shdj,sh" iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO i,l=Kq lsÍu iy y÷kd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka cd;Hka;r ffk;sl ne£ula we;s ,shú,a,la t<soelaùugwjYH ud¾.h lrd .uka l< hq;=h'

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdldÍ jevigyfkys wvx.= ne£ï" l%shdfõ fhoùug yd jeäÈhqKq lsÍug kï" cd;sl i,l=Kq lsÍfï moaO;sfha f;dr;=re yqjudrelr.ekSfï l%uhla ^rg y÷kd.ekSfï i,l=Kq o we;=<;a jQ& ia:dms; l< hq;=h'

• i,l=Kq lsÍu" jd¾;dlsÍu yd y÷kd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka .;yels fhda.H l%shdms<sfj;a yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd jk wka;¾cd;sl jevigykla Èh;a lsÍfïwjYH;djhla we;' fuu.ska iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO y÷kd.ekSfïl%shdj,shg wju m%ñ;shla yd úYajdiodhS ;dCIK m%j¾Okhla yd ;lafiarelsÍfï l%shdj,shla ia:dms; l< hq;=h'

• tla rdcHhl isg ;j;a rdcHhlg flfrk iDcq fj<|dï md,kh lsÍu fukau"kS;s úfrdaë f,i wú .kqfoKq lsÍug ie,fik ud¾. jid oeóug rchkalghq;= l< hq;=h' óg wod,j b;d jeo.;a jkafka ;e/õldÍ;ajh iy wjir,;aúfoaY ksIamdokh hs (Brokering and Licensed Production Overseas).

;e/õldß;ajh iy keõ.; lsÍfï ksfhdað;Ndjh

md¾Yaj folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla w;r wú úlsKSï ixúOdkh lrk" fnddyda úg.kqfoKqjla isÿ lsÍu i|yd ñ,§ .kakka" úl=Kqï lrejka" m%jdylhka" uQ,Himhkakka iy rCIlhka tla lrk w;rueÈhka f,i wú ;e/õlrejka (brokers)ks¾jpkh l< yelsh' foaYmd,ksl fyda wd.ñl fm<Uùï we;eï .kqfoKq j,guq,aùug yels jqj o Tjqka idudkHfhka fuu .kqfokq isÿlrkafka uqo,a Wmhd.ekSfï mrud¾:fhks' fndfyda úg tjeks ;e/õlrejka wú ksmojk rfÜj;a tajdfnod yefrk rfÜj;a fyda tu wú j, .ukdka;h jk rfÜj;a jdih lrkafkdafkdfj;s' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i tjka ;=kajk md¾Yjfha wú ;e/õlrejka ms<sn|f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSug ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fyda md,kh lsÍu b;d wiSre ld¾hhlafõ' wú ;e/õlrejka m%jdyk iy keõ.; lsÍfï ksfhdað;hka iu. b;d iómjlghq;= lr;s' fuu ksfhdað;hkaf.a ld¾hh jkafka wú" uqyqfoka" .=jkska" ÿïßfhkafyda uyd ud¾.fhka m%jdykh lsÍug wjYH myiqlï ie,iSuhs'

mj;sk o;a; wkqj f,dalfha fndfyda w¾nqo j,ska buy;a ydkshg m;a l,dmj,g iyudkj ysñlï w¾nqo mj;sk l,dmhka fj;g isÿjk fndfyda wú úl=Kqï ixúOdkhlsÍu iy .kqfoKq lsÍu flfrkqfha fuu ;e/õldr iy m%jdyk ksfhdað;hkau.skah' ÿ¾j, wmßCIdldÍ cd;sl m%jdyk md,khla iys; rgj,a b,lal lr.ksñkaw;rueÈhka iy m%jdyk ksfhdað;hka wú iy wdrCIl WmlrK kS;s úfrdaëwmrdOlrejka" ;%ia;jd§ka yd udkj ysñlï wmpdrlhkag úlsKSug ixúOdkh lrhs'


f;dr;=re igyk 12(;ykï ksfhda. ì¢k ;e/õlrefjda

hqfrdamSh wú ;e/õlrefjda iy m%jdyk ksfhdað;fhda tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdhqOiïndOl lvlsÍï fndfyda m%udKhlg iïnkaO ù isá;s' Bg tla ksoiqkla jkqfhaTjqka ishrd ,sfhdkays úma,jjdoS tlai;a fmruqKg (Revolutionary United Front) tfrysjmkjd ;snQ iïndOl uÕ yßñka lghq;= lsÍuhs' iuQy >d;k" ia;%S ¥IK" jo ysxidlsÍï we;=¿ uyd mßudK udkj ysñlï wmpdr j,g fuu úma,jjd§ tlai;afmruqK j.lsj hq;=h'

j¾I 1999 ud¾;= 13 jk od fgdka 68 la n/;s hqlaf¾k wú keõ NdKav f;d.hla.sfn%d,agd (Gibraltar) ys iud.ula úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o keõ.; lsÍulska wdhqOiy m;frdï fmÜá 700 lg jvd ixLHdjla Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso m%foaYhgì%;dkH iud.ula jk thd¾ f*dhs,a (Air Foyle) iud.ug wh;a wekagfkdõ .=jkahdkhlsska m%jdykh lrk ,§' miqj fuu wú ,hsîßhdjg m%;s-keõ.; lrk ,§'fuu wú f;d. tajd meñfKk ;=re fkdbjis,af,ka n,d isák úma,jjd§ tlai;afmruqK fj; ,hsîßhdj yryd myiqfjka heúh yelsh'6969696969

wú ;e/õlrejka md,kh lsÍu i|yd ks¾foaY

• rchhka úiska wú ;e/õldrlï md,kh lsÍu i|yd cd;sl m%;sm;a;shlay÷kajd§u wjYH fõ' fuh iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO m%j¾Okh" úlsKSu iyñ,§ .ekSug wod< úh hq;=h' fuu ish¨ ;e/õldr .kqfoKq rcfha wjirh ydwkque;shg hg;aúh hq;= w;r iDcq iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO wmkhk oeäks¾Kdhlhka u; ksYaph l< hq;=h'

• jvd m%;sM, odhl ùug tjka md,khka fld;ekl jdih l<;a ish¨uiajfoaYsslhkag" rfÜ ,shdmÈxÑ jQQQQQ ´kEu iud.ulg fyda jdih lrk mqoa.,hkagtl fia n,mE hq;=hs' fujka m%;sm;a;s rfgka mekf.dia kS;sfhka fíÍug;e;alrk ;e/õlrejka fldgqlr .ekSug bjy,a fõ'

• ;jo rchka úiska foaYSh wú ;e/õlrejkag ,shdmÈxÑ jk f,ig;a wú.Kqfokq j,g iïnkaO ú.Kk m%ldY m%isoaO lrk f,ig;a b,a,d isáh hq;=h'iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;s Í;s lv lrk fyda Tjqkaf.a wú .Kqfokqms<sn|j oekqj;aju idjoH f;dr;=re imhk ksfhdað;hkag tfrysj kvq mejßhhq;= w;r ;j ÿrg;a wdhqO ;e/õ lsÍu ;ykï l< hq;=h'

• wú ;e/õlrejka iy fj<| ksfhdað;hska" kS;s-Í;s oeä rdcHhl isgmd,khlska f;dr rdcHhlg myiqfjka fíÍhdug fkdyels ùug j.n,d .kqmsKsi wú ;e/õlrejka md,kh lsÍug we;s l%shdoduhka$m%;sm;a;s iy ish kS;scd;Hka;rlrKh lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;=h'

wjir,;a úfoaY ksIamdok

iud.ula fjk;a rgl ;sfnk fojk iud.ulg n,m;%hla hgf;a ksIamdokh lsÍugwjir yd yelshdj ,nd§fï l%uh úfoaY wjir,;a ksIamdokh fõ' tjka .súiqulahgf;a wjir,dNshdg wjirodhl iud.fuka wjYH fldgia" hka;% fuj,ï" hdka;%slie,iqï fukau ksIamdokfha § iy ;dCIKsl ie,iqï j,§ mq¿,a iydhla ,efí'bxðfkarejka jeks ;dCIKsl ksmqK;djfhka hq;a mqoa.,hka iud.fï fiajh i|ydwkqhqla; l< yelsh' úfoaYsh wjir,;a ksIamdok iy iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOksIamdok ;dCIKh fufia wkqnoaO lsÍfuka óg fmr wú ksIamdokh fkdl< iud.ï


yd rgj,a j,g iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksIamdokh weröug wjia:dj ie,fia'kuq;a tjka úfoaY wjir,;a ksIamdokfha me;sÍug iudka;rj yd ta iïnkaO m%n,md,khka j¾Okh ù ke;' tjka ÿ¾j, md,khl m%;sM, Nhdkl úh yel'

f;dr;=re igyk 13(fyla,¾ iy fldÉ (Heckler and Koch)

weka.af,da - c¾udkq iud.ula jk fyla,¾ iy fldÉ iud.u ;=¾ls rchg wh;awú ksIamdok iud.ula jk MKEK iu. tlaj wjir,;a úfoaY ksIamdok .Kkdjlksr; úh' WodyrK jYfhka 1998 § fuu iud.u ;=¾lsfha we'fvd' ñ,shk 18 lajákd HK ñ'ñ' 5'56 rhs*,a 200"000 l wjir,;a jir oyhl ksIamdokfldka;%d;a;=jla i|yd ,nd.ekSug iu;a úh' ;=¾lsfha isÿjqk nrm;, udkjysñlï wmpdr j,g m%;spdr jYfhka fndfyda rdcHhka ;=¾lshg iDcqj wdhqOiemhSu m%;slafIam lroa§ fyla,¾ iy fldÉ iud.u fuu iq¿ wú ksIamdokh u.ska;=¾ls yuqodjg iy wdrCIl n,ldhkag m%;smdok iemhSh'

wjir,;a ksIamdok u.ska ;=¾lshg ish fmd,Sishg iy yuqodjg wdhqO ,nd§ugyelsùu muKla fkdj MKEK iud.ug wmkhk fj<|fmdf,a ;u wmkhkhkajeälr .ekSug yels úh' l=fõgh" nqrekaä" ,sìhdj" mdlsia;dkh" áhqkSishdj iybkaÿkSishdj hk rgj,a o Tjqka f.a .kqfokq lrejka fõ'

j¾I 1999 foieïn¾ ui 9 jk Èk uy ì%;dkfha úldYh jQ rEmjdyskS jd¾;djevigykg wkqj 1999 wf.daia;=$iema;eïn¾ j, § MKEK iud.u úiska MP-5 iíueIska ;=jlal= 500 la bkaÿkSishdfõ fmd,Sishg keõ u.ska hejQ njg tu iud.uwkdjrKh lf<ah' fuh kef.kysr áfudarfha ksoyig tfrys w;=re yuqod (paramilitary) lKvdhï bkaÿkSishd wdrlaIl yuqod yd tlaj udkj ysñlï lv lrñka;snQ hq.hls' fufia udkj ysñlï ;;a;ajh iS>%fhka oreKq w;g yefrñka ;snQfyhska 1999 iema;eïn¾ 16 jk Èk hqfrdamd ix.uh bkaÿkSishdj u; úia;S¾KjQwú ;ykula ia:dms; lrk ,È'

fuu ;ykfï woyi jQfha c¾uksfha fyda ì%;dkHfhAa fyla,¾ iy fldÉ iud.uúiska bkaÿkSishdjg MP-5 wdhqO wmkhkh lsÍug fkdyels njhs' flfia jqj o;=¾lsh" hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudðlfhl= fkdùu ksid tu ;ykñka wdjrKhfkdflreks' tneúka fyla,¾ iy fldÉ n,m;%h hgf;a MKEK iud.u u.ska iq¿wú ksmoùu iy bkaÿkSishdkq wdrCIl yuqodjg wú iemhSu je<elaùug yels jQfhab;d iq¿ jYfhks'

wjir,;a úfoaY ksIamdok md,kh i|yd ks¾foaY

• kqiqÿiq wjika wjika Ndú; lrkAkl= w;g iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO m;aùfï wjodkula mj;sk wjia:djl fyda ,enqïldr rdcHhg wjika Ndú;lrkAkd md,kh ms<sn|j m%udKj;a j.lSula oeÍug fkdyels wjia:djlrdcHhka wjir,;a ksIamdokh mejÍug wkque;sh fkdÈh hq;=h'

• wjir,;a ksIamdok j, § ksIamdok uÜgï iy fldka;%d;a ld,h iïnkaOj oeämd,khla ;sìh hq;= w;r uq,a rcfha wkque;sh fkdue;s kï wmkhkh ;ykïl< hq;=h'

• n,m;a ,dNshd fldka;%d;a;=j lvlr we;s njg idCIs we;skï fyda ksIamdokudkj ysñlï lvlsÍï fyda fjk;a ;ykï ld¾hhlg fhdod f.k we;s kïwjir ,;a ksIamdok .súiqu wj,x.= l< hq;=h' fï iu. hka;% fuj,ï"fldgia" mqyqKqj iy ;dCIKhg iïnkaO ish¨ m%;smdok keje;aúh hq;=h'


4' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n ùu yd wksisNdú;h md,kh i|yd oekg ord we;sm%h;akhka

fuu mßÉfþoh iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;h md,kh lsÍuWfoid f.k we;s uQ,sl W;aidyhka ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' m<uqj wod<cd;Hka;r .súiqï foi;a bka miqj l,dmSh jYfhka .;a W;aidyhka iy wjidkfha §wka;¾ l,dmSh l%shdjka foi;a n,kq we;'

iq¿ wú m%Yakfha ixlS¾K iajNdjh fya;= fldgf.k cd;Hka;r fukau l,dmSh iycd;sl uÜgï j,ska l%shdud¾.hka ia:dms; l, hq;= nj ms<sf.k we;' cd;Hka;rtalu;slNdjhg wä;d,u ouk m%ñ;s iy l%shdldrlï j¾Okhg l,dmSh .súiqï iym%h;akhka b;d jeo.;a fõ' WodyrK jYfhka iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|ydwjir ,nd §fï § i,ld n,k fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl ud,djla f.dvke.Su ms<sn|jj¾;udkfha cd;Hka;r uÜgfï mj;sk idlÉPd hqfrdamd ix.ufha wú fj<|dums<sn|j ud¾f.damfoaY ud,dj (EU Code of Conduct) iy jdiafikd¾ wjfndaO;dj (WassenarArrangement& jeks l,dmSh m%h;akhka j,g wod<j oekg mj;sk ks¾Kdhl fnfyúkam%fhdack f.k we;'

cd;Hka;r m%h;akhka

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú fj<|du ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú fj<|du ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j fujka f;audjla u;ixúOdkh flreKq m%:u cd;Hka;r iuq¿j úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ish¨idudðl rdcHhkag kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO fj<|du iïnkaOfhkaiy tys ish¨ md¾Yajhka ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍug ,o m%:u wjia:dj fuh jQ w;r.eg¨jg ms<shï fh§ug úia;S¾K jevms<sfj,lg tlÕ jQ ienE W;aidyhla f,ifuu iuq¿j ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuu iuq¿j u.ska kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨wdhqO fj<|dfï iajNdjh iy úúO rgj, iy Wm l,dm j, m%uqL;d iy .eg¿ms<sn|j jvd fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug odhl úh'

iq¿ wú .eg¿jg ms<shï fhoùug l%shd lsÍfï ,d isú,a iudchg o fuu iuq¿jjeo.;a úh' fuu iuq¿j u.ska iq¿ wú .eg¿j iaÒr f,iu foaYmd,k kHdhm;%hgfhduq lsÍug iu;a jQ w;r isú,a iudchg wdKavqj,ska fjkila b,a,d isàugfõÈldjla imhd ÿks' kS;s úfrdaë wú fj<|dfuka we;s jQ fõokd iy ú|ùï iukhlsÍu Wfoid l%shdldÍkaf.a y~g lka§ug" fuu iuq¿j rdcHhkag wjia:dj ,nd ÿks'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh fuu iuq¿j ixúOdkh l< w;r 2001 cQ,s 9-20 Èkolajd ksõfhda¾la ys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uQ,ia:dkfha § meje;ajqks ' fuys b,lalh jQfhacd;sl" l,dmSh iy f.da,Sh uÜgïj, isg kS;s úfrdaë wú .Kqfokq j,g ms<shï


fiùug mq¿,a l%shdldÍ rduqjla f.dvke.Suhs' fuu rduqj fmdÿfõ y÷kajk ,oafoatlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk (UN PoA – UN Programme of Action) jYfhks'

iuq¿jg fmr m%drïNl ldrl iNd /iaùï (Prepratory Committee Meeting - PrepCom) ;=klameje;ajQ w;r" ñka folla l%shdldÍ jevigyfkys ie,iqï (drafts) i,ld neÆ w;r"fuhg iuq¿j iudma;sfha § talu;sl tlÕ;ajh ,eìKs' f,dj mqrd isú,a ixúOdkfuu m%drïNl iuq¿ ;=kg iy uyd iuq¿jg o iïnkaO úh' Tjqka WmfoaYkh" udOHiy m%;sm;a;s WmfoaY iemhSu isÿl< w;r m%cd uÜgñka fukau m%;sm;a;s ixj¾Okhiy m¾fhaIK j,g iïnkaO jQjka o ksfhdackh flßKs' iq¿ wú ms<sn|j cd;Hka;rl%shdldÍ cd,h (IANSA)" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fuu m%drïNl iuq¿ ;=kg iy uydiuq¿jg o iïnkaO úh' Tjqka WmfoaYkh" udOH iy m%;sm;a;s WmfoaY iemhSu isÿl<w;r m%cd uÜgñka fukau m%;sm;a;s ixj¾Okh iy m¾fhaIK j,g iïnkaO jQjka oksfhdackh flßKs' iq¿ wú ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r l%shdldÍ cd,h" rdcH fkdjkixúOdk iy isú,a iudc lKavdhï w;r iïnkaëlrKh isÿl< w;r f,dalfha ish¨l,dm j, ksfhdað;hkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh i|yd myiqlï ie,iSh'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdldÍ ie,eiau uq,a fldg f.k meje;a jQ fuu iuq¿j iy tysm%;sM,hla jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk" kS;súfrdaë wú fj<|du tys ish¨wxYhkag ms<shï fh§u i|yd iaÓr l%shdud¾.hla .ekSug cd;Hka;r m%cdjg wysñ jQwjia:djla f,i fndfyda fofkl= úYajdi lr;s' fuu iuq¿fõ § tlÕ jQ l%shdldÍjevigyk jeo.;a m%ñ;Ska yd ne£ï imhd ÿkak o th fuu m%Yakfha we;eï uQ,slwx. ksrdlrKh fkdlrhs' udkj ysñlï m%Yak" foaYSh wú md,kh iy rdcH fkdjkmqoa.,hkag yd ixúOdk j,g wú úlsKSu ms<sn|j fuys meyeÈ,s igykla ke;'tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyfka b;d ÿ¾j, wx. f,i wú wmkhk md,khi|yd jk ks¾Kdhl" úksúo Ndjh iy;sl lsÍfï l%ufõo iy wú ;e/õlrejkaf.al%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh lsÍug cd;Hka;r ne£ï yd iemhqï ud¾. fidhd .ekSufmkajd fohs'

flfia kuq;a iuq¿fjka miqj tu idlÉPd Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wdKavq úiska Ndr.;aOkd;aul weröï ud,djla úh' fuu jevlghq;= j,§ fndfyda úg isú,a iudcixúOdk m%Odk yjq,alrejka f,i iïnkaO jQy'

úia;r igyk 14(nhsáka o nq,Ü (Biting the Bullet)

fi*¾j¾,aâ" bkag¾keIk,a we,¾Ü" fíisla (BASIC) iy n%eâ*¾â úYaj úoHd,h úiska“nhsáka o nq,Ü” jHdmD;sh 2001 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq¿ wú iïfï,kh b,lal fldgls%hd;aul úh' tu jHdmD;sh f,dj mqrd isú,a iudc úfYaI{hka tl;= lr.ksñka kS;súfrdaë iq¿ wú fj<|du md,khg wod< úúO fCIa;%hka Tiafia idlÉPd m;s%ld 15 labosßm;a lrk ,oS'

t'cd' iïfï,khg miqj BTB jHdmdD;sh m%Odk Odrdjka ;=kla Tiafia j¾Okh úhm<uqj IANSA iu.ska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk wêCIKh lsrSu" t.cd. iq¿wú ms<sno oaú jd¾Isl iïfï,kh (BMS) b,lal fldg ms<sfj,ska 2003 cQ,s iy 2005cQ,s j,§ rchhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk ls%hd;aul lrjk wkaoums<sn| .eUqre újrKhla lrk ,os. tu jd¾;d rgj,a 150 l f;dr;=re wdY%s;j flreKquq,au m%udKsl ú.%yhka fõ. ta ioyd BTB yd IANSA yjq,aldr wdh;khka ishhlg;awêl .Kkla odhl jQy. tu jd¾;d u.ska wod< cd;sl, l,dmsh yd wka;¾cd;sl


ls%hdj,Ska úYaf,aIKh iy úúO rgj,a úúOdldrfhka iq¿ wú wksis Ndú;h iyme;srSu wduka;%Kh lrk wkaou iudf,dapkh lrhs.

fojkqj" iq¿ wú .eg¿j ms<sno wúêu;a lKavdhï WmfoaYk ls%hdj,shla (ConsultativeGroup Process -CGP) u.ska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigykg wka;¾.; fkdjkiq¿ wú .eg¿ ms<sno wka;¾cd;sl wjfndaOh we;s lsÍug lghq;= lrhs. thg rdcHfkdjk md¾Yjhka fj; (Non State Actors) wú mejÍu iïnkaO ndOl yd iq¿ wúyqjudrejg wjir §u iïnkaO ;SrK .ekSug cd;sl uq,O¾u ie,iqï lsÍu;a wvx.=fjhs. CGP i|yd f,dj mqrd rdcHhka 30l muK ksfhdað;hka tlai;a cd;Skaf.aixúOdkh" l,dmSh ixúOdk iy f;dard.;a isú,a iudc úfYaI{hka we;=<;a fjhs'CGP 2003 - 2005 w;r ld,fha ih j;djla /iaù we; .

f;jkqj iq¿ wú i|yd isú,a mqoa., whs;sh md,kh yd cd;Hka;r wú iïndOlls%hd;aul lsrSu jeks uQ,sl m%;sm;a;suh úIhhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu ioyd odhlfjhs.

jeäÿr f;dr;=re i|yd BTB fjí wvúh n,kAk(http://www.international-alert.org/our_work/themes/biting_the_bullet.php)

kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,a wdhqO ish¨ md¾Yajhka j,ska ksjdrKhlsÍug, tfrysj wr., lsÍug iy uq,skqmqgd oeóug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldrSjevigyk (The UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradiacte theIllicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects)

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk ish¨ rdcHhka úiska ms<smeÈh hq;= wju m%ñ;Skaiy ne£ï ud,djla imhk fyhska th b;d jeo.;a fõ' th jvd wkq,a,x>kSh ne£ïiy úia;S¾K jevigyka ixj¾Okh lsÍug leue;s ish¨ rdcHhka ;j;a l%shdud¾..ekSug osß.kajhs' fuuÕska iq¿ wú w;sßla; f;d. wvq lsÍu iy w;sßla; wdhqOúkdY lsÍu iïnkaOj fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s lrhs' th meyeÈ,s cd;Hka;r kHdhka ia:dms;lrk w;r f;d. /ia lsÍu yd l<ukdlrKh m%j¾Okh lsÍug jevigyka Èßu;alrhs' tys ksrdhqOlrKh" fiajd uqla; lsÍu iy igkaldóka h<s iudchg m%;s.%yKhlsÍu iïnkaO m%;smdok o wvx.= fõ' th ish¨u rdcHhkag tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrCIluKav,fha iïndOl n,d;aul lsÍug iyfhda.h olajk fuka meyeÈ,sj b,a,d isà'wjidk jYfhka yd b;d jeo.;a jk wx.hla jkafka iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqOwmkhkfha§ rdcHhka wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh yd j.lSï j,g wkql+,j ;u cd;slwmkhk ks¾Kdhlhka ;Èka wkq.ukh lsÍug j.n,d .ekSug b,a,d isàuhs'

kuq;a fuu l%shdldÍ jevigyfka fndfyda wx. iSñ;j yd mgqj úia;r jk w;rwjika m%ldYkfha we;eï .eg¿ j,g flfiaj;a ms<shï imhd ke;' tfukauwjir,;a úfoaYSh ksIamdok yd ine¢ iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO ksmoùfï n,m;%iïnkaOfhka lreKq úuiSug wfmdfydi;a ùu wfmalaIdNx. lrjk iq¿ h'úksúoNdjh j¾Okh lsÍug .; yels ms<shï iïnkaOj ne£ï wvx.= fkdlsÍu ;j;aÿ¾j,;djhls' l%shdldÍ jevigyk fndfyda ;ekaj, isú,a iudcfha uQ,sl;ajh ydN+ñldj ms<sn|j wvx.= jqj;a fuh ;ju;a fndfyda ÿrg rdcH flakaøSh f,aLkhls'


wjidk ls%hdldrS ie,eiau fldgia 04 lg fnod we;

• i jk fldgi( mQ¾úldj - fuh ls%hdldrS jevigyk tlÕjQ ixo¾Nh olajk w;r—iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu ia;%Ska" <uqka yd jeäysáhkag úkdYldÍwhqßka n,mdk wdldrh˜ tys i|yka fõ' ;jo th —kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqO fj<|du je<elaùug" Bg tfrysj ls%hd lsÍug iy th uq,skqmqgdoeóug rdcHhkag iydh ùug isú,a iudc N+ñldfõ jeo.;alu˜ ms<sn|jmeyeÈ,s ú.%yhla lr;s'

• ii jk fldgi( kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO fj<|du tys ish¨md¾Yjhka je<elaùu Bg tfrysj igka lsÍu iy uq,skqmqgd oeóu - - - - - cd;sl"l,dmSh iy f.da,Sh uÜgfuka l%shdl< hq;= wdldrh wvx.= ne£ï o we;=<;a fõ'fuu jHqyh ;rula ÿrg nudflda m%ldYh jeks mQ¾j m%h;akhka u; mokï ùwe;'

• iii jk fldgi(jk fldgi(jk fldgi(jk fldgi(jk fldgi( fuhg we;=<;a jkafka l%shdfõ fhoùu" cd;Hka;riyfhda.S;djh iy iydh o we;=¿j kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqOm%Yakhg ms<shï fh§fï § iïnkaëlrKh" W!K mQrK iy iudka;rNdjhiy;sl lsÍfï,d úfYaIs; j.lSï l%shdfõ fhoùug ;dCIKsl iy uQ,H iydhiemhsuhs'

• iv jk fldgi( kS;s úfrdaë wú .kqfoKq ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿jgmiq.dó iudf,dapk - 2006 blau hdgu fmr ls%hdldÍ jevigyk ls%hdjgkexùfï m%.;sh wëlaIKh lsÍug iuq¿jla le|ùug ne£ isàfï jeo.;a lu;a"iEu wjq( 2g jrlau cd;sl" l,dmSh yd f.da,Sh jYfhka jevigyk ls%hdjgkxjk wdldrh úuiSug iuq¿jla le|ùfï jeo.;a lu;a wvx.= fõ' fuysi|yka ;j;a jeo.;a ne£ula jkafka iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO y÷kd.ekSuyd ;e/õldrlï lsÍu je,elaùu" Bg tfrysj ls%hd lsÍu yd uq,skqmqgd oeóugwka;¾ cd;sl hdka;%Khla f.dv kexùuhs'

f;dr;=re igyk 15(tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk ms<sn| wjfndaO;djh

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk my; i|yka fjí wvúh ;=<ska wrdì" Ök"bx.%Sis" m%xY" reishdkq fyda iamd[a[ NdId j,ska ,nd .; yelsh'http://disarmament.un.org/cab/programmeofaction.html

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq¿ wú iuq¿jg miq.dój l%shdldÍ jevigyk l%shdfõfhoùu - 2003 oaú jd¾Isl rdcH iuq¿j (The 2003 Biennial Meeting of States-UN BMS)

jevigyk l%shdfõ fhoùu i|yd hdka;%Khla ia:dms; lsÍfï fhdackdj fuuiuq¿fõ§ m%;slafIam úh' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tys l%shd;aul lsßfï j.lSujeämqru rdcHhka fj; mejreKq w;r rdcHhka iafõÉPdfjka tlai;a cd;skaf.awúyrK lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=jg (UNDDA) m%.;sh jd¾;d l, hq;=j we;'

fï ksid oaùjd¾Isl jevigyka ls%hdjg kxjk wdldrh úuiSug iuq¨jla le|ùu;a"l%shdldÍ jevigyk ls%hd;aul lsÍfï m%.;sh wëlaIKh lsÍug" iuq¿jla le|ùugtlÕ ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu.ska l%shdldÍ jevigyk ls%hdjg kexùug È.= ld,Skyd ld¾HlaIu mshjr .ekSug we;s wjYH;djh fmkajd §ug yd l%shdldÍ jevigykls%hdjg kexùfï m%.;sh wëlaIKh lsÍug;a isú,a iudchg wjia:djla ,efí'


^ls%hdldÍ jevigyk ls%hdjg kexùfï§ isú,a iudcfha odhl;ajh .ek jeä úia;rIANSA fjí wvúfhka ,nd.; yel www.iansa.org)

f;dr;=re igyk 16(tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍu yd isú,a iudc l%shdldß;ajh

l%shdldÍ jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § isú,a iudcfha ld¾hNdrh" tlai;acd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigyfka wka;¾.; lreKq j,ska fyd|ska meyeos,sh' 2001 cQ,sudifha isg úúO jQ isú,a iudc .sks wú tla/ia lsÍu" uyck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu wd§jQ úúO m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj,ska fukau kj jHjia:djka flgqïm;a lsÍugiyhoSu wd§ jQ lghq;=j, o kshef,ñka b;d jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla bgqlrñka isà'

l%shdldÍ jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍu wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd f,dj iEu l,dmhluisú,a iudch tlaù lghq;= lrhs' iq¿ wú ms<sn| cd;Hka;r l%shdldÍ cd,h (IANSA)iEu oaùjd¾Isl /iaùulgu ^2003 iy 2005& fmr iy 2006 g fmr" miq úmrïiïfï,khg (2006 Review Conference) fmr mQ¾j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍjevigyk Èh;alsÍfï jd¾;djla t<soelaùug lghq;= ie,iqï lr we;' fuu.Kfha m<uq jd¾;dj nhsáka o nq,Ü jHdmD;sh hgf;a ^fia*¾j¾,aâ" n%eâ*¾â úYajúoHd,h iy bkag¾keIk,a we,¾Ü& yd ;j;a isú,a iudc ixúOdk ishhlg;a jeäixLHdjl odhl;ajfhka hq;=j t<s oelajqks' l%shdldÍ jevigyk iïmQ¾Kfhka ydld¾hlaIhuj ls%hdfõ fhoùug rdcHhkag n,mEï lsÍug fuu jd¾;dj ;=<skawfmalaId flßks'

fuu jd¾;dj 2003 § t<s oelajqkq w;r tu.ska rchka fj;g Yla;su;a jQmKsjqvhla hejqKs' tkï iq¿ wú j,ska isÿjk ydks wju lsÍug;a ta i|ydl%shdud¾. .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lsÍfï§ isú,a iudch tluq;=j È.=ld,Sk fjkialïmrud¾: fldgf.k lghq;= lrk njhs'

nyq-cd;sl ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO j,g tfrys .súiqu iy thg W!K mQrl jkkS;s úfrdaë .sks wú ksIamdokh iy l+ÜGkh" tajdfhys fldgia iy wu;rWmlrK iy WKav j,g tfrys flgqïm; (Protocol against the Illicit Manufac-turing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammuni-tion, supplementing the Convention against Trans-national Organised Crime)

kS;s úfrdaë .sks wú ksIamdokh iy l+ÜGkh" tajdfhys fldgia iy wu;r WmlrKiy WKav j,g tfrys flgqïm; iy tu.ska W!k mQrKh jk nyq-cd;slixúOdkd;aul wmrdO j,g tfrys .súiqu 2001 uehs 31 Èk meje;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.aiuq¿ jdrfha § iïu; úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wú flgqïm; (UN Firearms Protocol)kñka fyda úhdkd .súiqu (Vienna Protocol) f,iska jeä fokd w;r fuu .súiqum%p,s;h' fuu .súiqu j¾I 3 l ld,hla ;siafia wOHhkh lrñka ieliQ w;r tai|yd úhdkd ys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól yd wmrdO je<elaùfï iy wmrdO úksYaphms<sn| iudc uxv,fha (UN Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC) wdYs¾jdoh ,eî ;snqKs'

fuu .súiqfï uQ,sl wNsm%dh jQfha wmrdO je<elaùu yd kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍuhs'tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigykg idfmaCIj ne¨fjd;a fuys úIh m:h mgqh'tfukau fuu .súiqug rglska ;j rglg jk yqjudre yd rdcH wdrlaIdj hgf;argla lrk yqjudre wod, fkdfõ' th rgj,a w;r (transnational) jk wmrdO b,lalfldg we;s w;r úfYaIfhkau ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO lKavdhï ms<sn|j wjOdkh


fhduq lr we;' fuu .súiqfï ish,qu wx. yrsyeá ls%hdjg kexjqjfyd;a kS;Hdkql+,fkdjk wú ksIamdok yd cdjdru md,kh lsÍug jeo.;a mshjr lsysmhla ielfia'tfukau iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh" f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd úksúo Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍugojeo.;a fõ'

2005 cQ,s 03 jk od rgj,a 42l wkque;sfhka fuu .súiqu l%shdjg kexúks' tlai;acd;Ska f.a idudðl rgj,a 192 ka rgj,a 49la fï jkúg fuu .súiqug w;aika ;ndwe;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wú flgqïm;g wkqj Bg ine¢ ish¨ md¾Yaj .súiqugwod, úêúOdkhka l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd kS;suh jYfhka ne£ we;' fuh tlai;acd;Skaf.a iq¿ wú ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a l%shdldÍ jevigykg iu.dój we;sfoaYmd,kuh ne£uhs' tuksid fuu .súiqu iïmQ¾Kfhkau ls%hdjg kexùfuka bgqjkld¾hNdrh b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfukau fuu.ska kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk iq¿ wú ksIamdokcdjdru fukau tys wfkl=;a wxY yd fjä WKav we;=¿ mqmqrK øjH u; ld¾hlaIuwka;¾cd;sl md,khla we;s lsÍug fnfyúka odhl fõ'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a .sks wú flgqïmf;ys jeo.;a ,laIK(

• wkjir .sks wú ksIamdokh iy m%jdykh yd .sks wú i,l=Kq lsÍï fjkialsÍu fyda uld oeóu wmrdO .Khg wh;a fjk mßÈ kS;s Í;s iïmdokh lsÍu'

• kS;s úfrdaë f,i ksIamdokh jQ fyda cdjdrï l< .sks wú rdc ika;l lsÍu"w;awvx.=jg .ekSu yd úkdY lsÍu fyda bj;a lsßug wjYH mshjr y÷kajd §u'

• .sks wú i,l=Kq lsÍu yd cd;Hka;r .sks wú .Kqfokq yqjudre ms<sn|j wjujYfhka jir 10 l j;a jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu'

• .sks wú ksIamdokfha§ myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsjk f,i i,l=Kq fh§u yd tajdwdkhkfha§ yd tajd isú,a jeishka w;g m;a ùfï§ ksIamdÈ; rg ksis mßÈy÷kd.; yels jk mßÈ i,l=Kq lsÍu'

• wdkhk wmkhk l%shdj,sfha § meyeÈ,s n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu yd wjir ,nd§uy÷kajd§u iy cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a wú wdhqO yqjudre lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sy÷kajd§u'

• oekg wl%sh lr we;s" mj;sk .sks wú kS;s úfrdaë f,i il%sh lsÍu md,khmsKsi wjYH m%;smdok ie,iSu'

• wkjir .sks wú ksIamdokh" cdjdru" ke;sùu" fidrlï lsÍu fyda fkdu.heùu je<elaùu i|yd wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSu'

• .kqfoKqj,g iïnkaO ;e/õlrejka mßmd,kh lsÍu Wfoid kshuhka ieliSuiy Tjqka ,shdmÈxÑh iy ta i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu'

• fuu ld¾hh idlaId;a lr.ekSu i|yd wjYHh f;dr;=re ksis mßÈ yqjudrejiy ta i|yd mQ¾K iydh ,nd §u'

jdiafikd¾ wjfndaO;dj (The Wassenaar Arrangement)

iïm%odhsl wú iy oaú;aj Ndú; ;dlaIK yqjudrefõ § úksúoNdjhla yd jeäj.lSula oeÍu wruqKq lr.ksñka" idïm%odhsl wú iy oaú;aj Ndú; WmlrK yd;dlaIKh wmkhk md,kh i|yd 1996 cQ,s udifha§ jdiafikd¾ wjfndaO;dj msysgqjd.kakd ,§'

fuu .súiqug rgj,a 33la oekg w;aika lr we;s w;r f,dalfha wú ksIamdokh ydwmkhkh lrk rgj,a jeä .Kkla fuhg wh;a fõ' weußld tlai;a ckmoh"hqfrdamd ix.ufha rgj,a" merKs fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqjg wh;a kef.kysr hqfrdamdkqrgj,a" wdckaákdj" cmdkh" kjiS,ka;h" ol=Kq fldßhdj iy ;=¾lsh fuhg wh;afõ' md,kh lrk ,o iuyr NdKav" m%jdykfha § wjirh ,nd §u fyda wjir ,nd


fkd§u ms<sn|j rgj,a w;r iafõÉPdfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍug .súi .ekSu fïwjfndaO;dfõ m%Odk wx.hls'

jdiafikd¾ wjfndaO;dfõ uQ,sl wruqKq uyd mßudKfha iïm%odhsl wú yd oaú;ajNdú; ;dlaIKh yd iïnkaO jQj;a" jir 2000 § meje;s idudðl rgj, /iaùfï§ iq¿wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wmkhkfha§ j.lSula iys; wmkhk m%;sm;a;s yd wmkhkmd,k l%u we;slsÍu u.ska wú wúêu;a f,i tl;= ùu je,elaùfï jeo.;alu kej;fmkajd fok ,§' iq¿ wú ieye,a¨ wdhqO wmkhkfha§ Ndú;d l< hq;= fhda.H l%shdms<sfj;a yd ks¾Kdhlhka iuQyhla i|yd jdiafikd¾ rgj,a tlÕ jQy' ta w;ßkamy; lreKq jeo.;a fõ'

• rgl ia:djr;djh ke;sjk wkaoug wú wdhqO tla /ia lsÍu je<elaùu#• wka;¾cd;sl ne£ï yd j.lSï i|yd ,nd.kakd rfÜ wkque;s jd¾;dj#• hqoafOdamlrK i|yd udkj yd wd¾Ól iïm;a wju jYfhka fhdod .ekSu#• ;ksj fyda iduQyslj ;u wdrlaIdj i|yd ls%hdlsÍug rgj,aj,g we;s whs;sh#• wú ,nd.kakd rfÜ ñksia whs;sjdislï yd uQ,sl ksoyig we;s .re lsÍu#• ;%ia;jd§ ls%hd i|yd Wmldr fyda wkqn, §u i|yd wú wdhqO fhdod .ekSug

we;s wjodku#• mj;akd hqO .egqula §¾> ùug fyda j¾Okh lsÍug wú wdhqO fhdod .ekSug

we;s wjodku#• wú wdhqO msg u. heùu fyda fhda.H fkdjk wdldrhg wmkhkh lsÍu'

iuyr rgj,a fndfyda m%h;ak oerej;a úYd, mßudKfha idïm%odhsl wú ms<sn|jisÿjkakdla fuka iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSfïl%uhla y\qkajd §ug" ;ju fuu wjfndaO;d .súiqug yels ù fkdue;' .súiqfïf;dr;=re yqjudre hdka;%Kh ;=<g iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO we;=,;a lsÍugn,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

flfia jqj;a" wjika Ndú; iy;sl j,g we;=<;a lsÍug we;s f;dr;=rej, ^ne£ulskaf;dr& zzm%ldY ,ehsia;=jlaZZ (indicative list) jdiafikd¾ rgj,a fhdod .ks;s' fuh iyNd.Sjk rgj,a j,g Tjqkaf.a wNsu;h mßÈ fhdod .; yelsh' fjk;a lreKq w;r my;tajd b;d jeo.;a fõ'

• yqjudrejg iïnkaO ish¨ md¾Yajhkaf.a wkkH;dj• NdKav yd tajdfha wjika Ndú;h iïnkaO iïmQ¾K úia;rhla• uQ,slj wmkhkh fyda m%jdykh lrk ,o rdcHfhA wkque;shla fkdue;sj

kej; tu NdKav wmkhkh fyda m%jdykh fkdlsÍug fmdfrdkaÿ ùu'

M,odhSj kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu (effective enforcement) i|yd —fhda.H ls%hdms<sfj;a˜ (bestpractices) jdiafikd¾ rgj,a úiska y\qkd f.k we;' wmkhk ia:dkfha § NdKav ydtajdfha ,shlshú,s mÍlaId lsÍu" iellghq;= keõ.; lsÍï r|jd .ekSu" wkjir fydakS;s úfrdaë wmkhk ;ykï lsÍu yd wjidk ia:dkhg meñfKk NdKav mÍlaIdlsÍu fuhg wh;a fõ'

rgj,a j, wú wdhqO ;e/õldr lghq;= úêu;a lsÍu i|yd —wú wdhqO ;e/õlrejkaiïnkaO wjfndaO;dj˜ hk m%ldYhlg 2002 § tlÕ úh' fï i|yd ls%hdud¾. f,iwú wdhqO ;e/õlrejka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu fyda ;e/õldr lghq;= i|yd n,m;%hla fydaiy;slhla ksl=;a lsÍug fuu .súiqug wod, rgj,a úiska wjOdkhg fhduq l< hq;=h'jdiafikd¾ jevms<sfj, wvx.= iïmq¾K f,aLkhla my; i|yka fjí wvú j,ska,nd.; yel' www.wassenaar.org fyda http://projects.sipri.se/expcon/Wassenaar_documents.html


l,dmSh m%fõYhka (Regional Initiatives)

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqOj, kS;s úfrdaë iq,n ùu" ixirKh yd l=Ügkhms<sn| wm%sldkq fmdÿ u;h ms<sn| nudflda m%ldYh (Bamako Declaration)

1999 cQ,s ui we,acSh¾ Âlgiers& ys § mj;ajk ,o 35 jk wm%sldkq iyfhda.S;d ixúOdk(Orgnisation of African Unity - OAU) iuq¿fõ § iq¿ wú Ndú;h" m%jdykh yd kS;s úfrdaëksIamdokhg wod, m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fiùfï wruqKska yd 2001 kS;s úfrdaë iq¿ wúfj<|du ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j wruqKq lr .ksñka —wm%sldkq fmdÿm%fõYhla ZZ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn| wm%sldkq úfYaI{hskaf.a m<uq ieisjdrh 2000 jif¾uehs udifha§ b;sfhdamshdfõ wäia wndnd Âddis Ababa) kqjr§ wm%sldkq iyfhda.S;dixúOdkh (OAU) úiska meje;aùh' iq¿ wú iq,nùu" ixirKh yd l=ÜGkh wduka;%Khi|yd m%;sm;a;s" wdh;ksl ieliSï yd ls%hdud¾. y÷kajd§ug wod, Wmfoia ud,djlayd —wm%sldkq fmdÿ m%fõYhZZ ms<s.ekSug fuu /iaùfï§ ;SrKh lrk ,§'

2000 foieïn¾ ui mj;ajk ,o OAU wud;H /iaùfï§" cd;sl" l,dmSh ydwka;¾cd;sl jYfhka iq¿ wú jHdma;sh md,kh lsßug iyfhda.S;d ls%hdud¾.hla.ekSu i|yd nudflda m%ldYh ksl=;a lrk ,§' wm%sldkq iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh" OAU ysôeka wm%sldkq ix.uh f,i ye¢kafõ& ish¿ idudðlhkaf.ka iukaú; jQ fuum%ldYhgh u.ska md,khla fkdue;sj iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO jHdma;sh ksidwm%sldkq uydoaùmfha we;s ù we;s úúOdldr yd úkdYldÍ n,mEï meyeÈ,sj lshfõ'

cd;sl" l,dmSh yd wka;¾cd;slj ;u j.lSï olajk nudflda m%ldYh" 2001 § meje;ajQtlai;a cd;Skaf.a iq¿ wú iuq¿fõ§ idlÉPd bosßhg hdug jeo.;a n,mEula ydw;aje,la úh'

nudflda m%ldYh f.dv kexùug isú,a iudch $ ixúOdk fnfyúka odhl úh'nudflda m%ldYfha iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO j,g tfrysj isú,a iudch $ ixúOdkbgq lrk ld¾hhka yd odhl;ajh i|yka fõ' nudflda m%ldYhg wod< jeo.;a wx.my; oelafõ(

cd;sl uÜgfuka rgj,a my; lreKq i|yd ne£ isá;s(

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO yd WKav kS;súfrdaë f,i ksmoùu" m%jdykh"<Õ;nd .ekSu yd Ndú;h je<elaùug kS;suh mshjr fyda fr.=,disy÷kajd§u;a jeä ÈhqKq lsßu yd wka;¾cd;sl wú fj<|dfï iïndOl lvfkdlsÍu'

• ksmojkakka" iemhqïlrejka" fjf<kaoka iy ;e?õlrejka ^fn%dal¾jre& fukaukeõ yd w;rueÈ tacka;jreka iïnkAOj wú m%jdyk fyda wmkhk lghq;=md,kh lsÍug iqÿiq ls%hdud¾. y÷kajd §u'

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd l=ÜGkh ms<sn| m%Yakh iïnkaOjuyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka jeä ÈhqKq lsßu yd m%YaKh úi|d.ekSugcd;sl ls%hdldÍ ie,eiaula we;s lsÍug isú,a iudch iu. iómj lghq;= lsÍu'

• kS;súfrdaë iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iafõÉPdfjka Ndr §u ffO¾hhu;a lsÍuyd w;sßla;" h,a mek .sh fyda rdcika;l lrk ,o wú wdhqO úkdY lsÍu'


l,dmSh uÜgfuka rgj,a my; lreKq i|yd ne£ isá;s(

• igyka lsÍu" jd¾;d lsÍu" wdkhk wmkhk yd h:d fj<|du (licit trade)iïnkaO md,kh iy kS;s l%udkql+,j iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu'

• fmd,sish" f¾.=j iy foaYiSud md,k ks,OdÍka w;r woyia yqjudrej iyl,dmSh yd uyoaùmsl iyfhda.S;dj jeä lsÍu'

wka;¾cd;slj rgj,a my; lreKq i|yd ne£ isá;s(

• iq¿ wú fj<|du wdKavq yd ksis mßÈ n,h we;s fjf<kaoka w;rg iSud lsÍugwú imhk rgj,a Wkkaÿ lsÍu'

• ksIamdolhskaf.a" iemhqïlrejkaf.a" fjf<kaokaf.a" ;e?õlrejkaf.a iy keõyd w;rueÈ tacka;jrekaf.a ish¨ wú yqjudre ksis whqßka bgq lsßug;a"w;sßla; wú f;d. wm%sldkq rgj,g wmkhkh lsßfï§;a md,khla we;s lsÍugish¨ ls%hdud¾. fhoùu'

iq¿ wú ms<sn| lghq;= wm%sldj mqrd ukd iïnkaëlrKhlska isÿlsÍu iy;sl lsßu"nudflda m%ldYfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' Wm l,dmSh uÜgfï ksud lrk ,o wfklam%Odk wm%sldkq .súiqï ls%hd;aul lsÍfï wdrïNl ls%hdj,sfha§ zznudflda .súiquZZwms%ldkq rgj,a i|yd jeo.;a Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re ,ndfohs' iq¿ wú wdkhkh"wmkhkh" ksIamdok ;djld,sl w;aysgqùu (ECOWAS Moratorium) f.%aÜ f,ala ^uyd ú,a&l,dmfha yd fydaka T*a wm%sld l,dmfha (wm%sldfõ wÕ-Horn of Africa) wkjir iq¿ wúyd ieye,a¨ wdhqO jHdma;ùu ms<sn| khsfrdaì m%ldYh iy .sks wú" WKav yd ta ydiïnkaO wfkla WmlrK md,kh ms<sn| ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok ljqkais, (SADC)flgqïm; fï i|yd WodyrK fõ' fuu Wm l,dmSh .súiqïj, we;=<;a j.lSïnudflda m%ldYfha fndfyda j.lSïj,g iudkfõ' ieneúkau iuyr wjia:dj,§ fuuWm l,dmSh .súiqï" nudflda .súiqfï ne£ïj,g jvd bÈßfhka isà'

fuu Wml,dmSh .súiqï j, wx. ls%hdjg kexùug wdrïN lr we;' kuq;a tuls%hdj,sh fndfyda wjia:dj,§ ukao.dó ù we;' flfia jqj;a" iq¿ wú ms<sn| m%Yakhúi£u b;d ixlS¾K" È.=ld,Sk tlls' iq¿ wú iq,nùu id¾:lj wduka;%Kh u.skawe;sjk iduh yd iaÓrNdjfha m%;sM, N=la;s ú£ug ld,hla .; jkq we;' nudfldam%ldYh yd wfkla Wm l,dmSh .súiqï blaukska yd id¾:lj ls%hdfõ fhoùugiduQyslj W;aidy .ekSu jeo.;afõ' fuu ls%hdj,sfha§ isú,a iudchg b;d jeo.;ald¾hNdrhla mejf¾'

nudflda m%ldYfha iïmQ¾K f,aLKh i|yd www.small-arms.co.za/BamakodecoI.html fjíwvúh n,kak'

.sks wú" WKav yd ta yd iïnkaO wfkla WmlrK md,kh ms<sn| ol=Kq wms%ldkqixj¾Ok m%cdfõ flgqïm; (SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammu-nition Other Related Materials)

md,khg hg;a fkdue;s iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùfuys n,mEu 1990 oYlfhab;d fyd¢ka Èiaúh' fuuÕska wdrlaIdjg" ia:djr;ajhg yd ;sridr ixj¾Okhgwe;sjk n,mEï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl wjOdkh fhduqùug mgka .eKsks' iq¿ wújix.;h ksid uy;a mSvdjg m;a jQ yd úvdjg m;afjñka ;snQ ol=Kq wm%sldkq foaYhka"fuu jix.;fha n,mEu uev,Sug tlaj ls%hd;aul ùu w;HdjYH nj ;SrKh l< y'


iq¿ wú yd wkjir m%jdykh ms<sn| ol=Kq wms%ldkq l,dmSh ls%hdldÍ jevigyk(A Southern African Regional Action Programme on Light Arms and Illicit Trafficking) 1998 jif¾ uehsui § wkqu; jQ w;r ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok iNdj yd hqfrdamd ix.ufha úfoaYwud;Hjreka w;ska fuu jevigyk tu jif¾§u fkdjeïn¾ udifha§ ks< jYfhka;yjqre lrk ,È' m%Yakh ms<sn| mq¿,a yd iïmQ¾K ±laula l,dmSh l%shdldÍjevigyk i;=fõ' jevigyk m%Odk wx. 4la wdjrKh lrhs¦

• wkjir l=ÜGkh je,elaùu• /ia lsßfï§ yd ;j;a ia:dkhlg heùfï§ flfrk md,khka iy kS;s Yla;su;a

lsÍu• iudcfhka wú bj;a lsÍu j¾Okh lsÍu yd w;sßla; wú úkdY lsßu iy• úksúoNdjh" f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd Wmfoia .ekSu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'

.sks wú WKav yd ta iïnkaO wfkla WmlrK ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk wm%sldkqixj¾Ok ljqkais, m%ldYh (Declartion Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and other RelatedMaterials in the SADC (March 2001) and the SADC Protocol on th Control of Firearms, Ammunitionand other Related Materials) ms<sn| .súiqu ^2001 ud¾;=& iy iq¿ wú" WKav yd taiïnkaO wfkla WmlrK md,kh ms<sn| ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok ljqkais,(SADC) flgqïm; 2001 wf.daia;= ui wkqu; lrk ,§' fuh ol=Kq wm%sldkq.skswú flgqïm; f,i o y\qkajk w;r fuh l,dmSh ls%hdldÍ jevigyki|yd w;a;sjdru ouk ,§'

wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok ljqkais, (SADC) flgqïm; u.ska m%Odk jevms<sfj,j,a y\qkajd fokw;r tajd iïmQ¾K lsÍug rgj,a 14la w;aika lr ne£ isá;s'

flgqïmf;a m%Odk wx. fufia h'• .sks wú md,kh ms<sn|j kS;s kej; i,ld ne,Su yd tu lghq;= taldnoaOj isÿ

lsÍu¦• kS;s ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;kj, ls%hdldß;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsßu¦• .sks wú tl;= lsÍu" úkdY lsßu yd bj;a lsÍu¦• .sks wúj,ska iudchg jk n,mEu ms<sn| ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍu yd uyck;dj

±kqj;a lsÍu¦• rch i;= .sks wú ms<sn| md,kh kej; wOHhkh lsÍu¦• .sks wú i,l=Kq lsßu yd fidhd .ekSu ms<sn| l%shdj,sh kej; wOHhkh lsÍu

yd jeä ÈhqKq lsßu¦ iy• wfkHdkH kS;s Wmldr i|yd bv ,nd§u'

ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok ljqkais,h (SADC) ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok l,dmh ;=< lghq;=iïnkAëlrKh i|yd —iq¿ wú i|yd jQ ol=Kq wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok ljqkais, lñgqj˜wdrïN lf<ah' ;jo l,dmfha iq¿ wú m%Yakh ms<sn| lghq;= l%shdjg kexùfïwdh;kh f,i ol=Kq wms%ldkq l,dmSh fmd,sia m%OdkSkaf.a iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh(South African Police Chiefs Co-operation Orgnisation-SARPCCO) m;a lf<ah' óg wu;rj" iq¿ wúms<sn| wm%sldkq ixj¾Ok ljqkais,-hqfrdamd yjq, (SADC – EU) ls%hdldÍ lKavdhu iq¿ wúm%Yakh ms<sn| l,dm w;r woyia yqjudre lsÍug ksrka;rfhka uqK .efi;s'

(SADC) flgqïm; ls%hd;aul lsßfï§ ie,lsh hq;= m%.;shla ,nd.ekSug iuyr ol=Kqwm%sldkq rgj,a iu;aj isà' (SADC) iq¿ wú flgqïm; ls%hd;aul lsßfï§ wjOdkh ±lajQ uQ,sl lreKq my; ±lafõ'

• cd;sl flakaøsh uOHia:dk ( National Focal Points- NFPs) msysgqùu - ol=Kq wm%sldj"fudieïìla" fndÜiajdkd yd gekaidkshdj hk rgj, cd;sl flakaøshuOHia:dk msysgqjd we;¦


• cd;sl bf,lafg%dksl o;a; .nvdjka msysgqùu- fudßIia iy ol=Kq wm%sldj'oekg fïjd wrUd we;s (SADC) rgj,a fõ¦

• cd;sl .sks wú kS;s iïmdokh kej; wOHhkh lsÍu yd tajd taldnoaO lsÍu-.sks wú ms<sn| w¨;a kS;s flgqï m;lg ol=Kq wms%ldj tlÕ ù we;s w;rgekaidkshdj;a" fndÜiajdkdj;a ish kS;s kej; újrKh lrhs'

• uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsßu - fï iïnkaO lghq;= rdYshla zzwúj,ska f;dr ol=Kqwm%sldjZZ ^Gun Free South Africa& hk kñka y÷kajk ls%hdj,shla ol=Kq wm%sldkqrdcH fkdjk ixúOdk úiska isÿ lrf.k hkq ,nhs' fudieïìla l%sia;shdksljqkais,h úiska tys —wdhqO /ialsßfï jHdmD;sh˜ hgf;a wOHdmksl jevigykaÈh;a lrk ,§'

• taldnoaO fufyhqï meje;aùu - fï i|yd lÈu ksoiqkla f,i ol=Kq wm%sldfõyd fudieïìla ys wdhqO tl;= lsÍug yd úkdY lsrSug wdrïN l, zz/I,afufyhquZZ (Operation Rachel) fmkajd osh yelsh'

SADC .sks wú flgqïmf;ys iïmQ¾K f,aLKh i|yd www.sadc.int/ fydawww.smallarmssurvey.org/RegionalDocs.html fjí wvú n,kak'

f.%aÜ-f,alaia ^uyd ú,a& l,dmfha yd fydaka-T*a-we*s%ld ^wm%sldfõ wÕ&l,dmfha wkjir iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO iq,n ùfï m%YaKh ms<sn|khsfrdaì m%ldYh'

nqrekaä" fldxf.da m%cd;dka;%sl ckrch" ðnqá" b;sfhdamshdj" tß;%shdj" flkahdj"rejkavdj" iQvdkh" gekaidkshdj iy W.kavd hk rgj, rdcH ksfhdað;fhda 2000jif¾ ud¾;= 15 jk Èk khsfrdaì m%ldYh w;aika lrk ,§'

ol=Kq wm%sldfõ fuka l,dmfha mj;sk iq¿ wú iq,nùu ms<sn| wNsfhda.hg mq¿,am%fõYhla" ,nd Èug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk khsfrdaì m%ldYh my; lreKq i|yd jeäwjOdkh fhduq lrhs'

• iq¿ wú md,kh lsßug wjYH kS;s iïmdokh Yla;su;a lsÍu yd taldnoaO lsÍu'• kS;s l%shd;aul lrk wdh;kj, ls%hdldÍ yelshdj Yla;su;a lsÍu"• kS;s ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;kj, foaYiSud w;r iyfhda.S;dj jeä lsÍu'• wdhqO tl;= lsÍu yd úkdY lsÍu'• fmr-igkalrejka kej; igka i|yd le|ùu je,elaùu yd Tjqka kej;

iudchg m%;s.%yKh ùu mq¿,a lsßu¦• iudch yd fmd,Sish w;r iïnkaO;dj j¾Okh lsÍu¦ iy ck;d wOHdmkh

yd ±kqj;a lsÍï mq¿,a lsÍu'

khsfrdaì m%ldYh ls%hdjg kexùug iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug yd f;dr;=reyqjudrej i|yd Wm l,dmSh wxYhla msysgqjd we;' l=vd fiajl msßilf.ka ieÿï,;afuu Wm l,dmSh wxYh —khsfrdaì f,alï ld¾hd,h˜ (Nairobi Secretariat) f,iflkahdfõ w.kqjr msysgqjd we;' fuu l=vd fiajl msßi f;dr;=re m%p,s; lsÍu"lghq;= ixúOdkh" iy Wml,dmfha rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj mq¿,a lsÍu i|ydj.lshkq we;'

khsfrdaì m%ldYh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH iyfhda.s;d ls%hdldß jevigykla ydthg wod, ls%hdldÍ ie,eiaula 2000 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ udifha ilid ksu lrk ,§'tu m%ldYh ls%hd;aul lsÍug wod, lreKq fuys meyeos,sj fmkajd fohs' khsfrdaìm%ldYfha weu;sjrekaf.a m<uq iudf,dapk iuq¿j 2002 jif¾ wf.daia;= uimeje;aùh' fuysÈ ilia lrk ,o ls%hd;aul lsÍfï ie,eiau iïmQ¾K l< w;r" tuld¾hhka i|yd ld,igykla o ks¾udKh lrk ,§' óg wu;rj" m%ldYh ls%hdjg


kexùu i|yd iyh ,nd§fï woyiska wdOdr ,ndfok wdh;k tl;= ù —khsfrdaìñ;=rkaZZ (Friends of Nairobi) f,i lKavdhula msysgqjd .kakd ,§'

ta jk úg ukao.dój ls%hd;aul jQ khsfrdaì m%ldYh ld¾hlaIuj ls%hd;aul lsÍugiy" kej; m%dKj;a lsÍug weu;sjrekaf.a iudf,dapk iuq¿j lghq;= lf<ah'l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH iuyrla m%Odk wx. ;=,ska ;ju;a m%.;shla wjYH flfrkwxY ukdj ms<ônq fõ' tajd w;r¦

• cd;sl flakaøSh uOHia:dk (National Focal Points -NFPs) msysgqùu¦• khsfrdaì f,alï ld¾hd,fha ld¾hh úYaf,aIKh iy khsfrdaì m%ldYfhka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk l%shdldß;ajh tu.ska bgqlr.ekSug j.n,d .ekSu¦• l,dmfha iq¿ wú m%YaKh ms<sn| iólaIK isÿ lsßu¦• cd;sl flakaøSh uOHia:dk yd wfkla md¾Yajhka w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej¦• .skswú ms<sn| cd;sl o;a; f,aLkhla msysgqùu¦• cd;sl ls%hdldÍ ie,eiaula we;s lsÍu" oekg gekaidkshdj" W.kavdj yd

flkahdj cd;sl ls%hdldÍ ie,iqï ilia lr we;'

khsfrdaì m%ldYfha j¾Okh mqrdu isú,a iudcfha iyNd.S;ajh olakg ,efí' ±kgm%ldYfha j.ka;s l%shd;aul lsÍug isú,a iudch odhl fõ' WodyrKhla f,i foaYShisú,a iudc ixúOdk rdYshla ;ukaf.a cd;sl flakaøSh uOHia:dkj, iudðlfhdafj;s' .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍfï uOHia:dkh (Centre for Conflict Resolution)" uyd ì%;dkHfhaTlia*eï (Oxfam GB) iy W.kavdfõ fmdÿ ls%ia;shdks ljqkais,h (Joint Christian Council) ydmSm,a ú;a äiì,sá wdh;kh ^wdndO iys; mqoa.,hka-People with Disability& hkW.kavdfõ cd;sl flakaøSh uOHia:dkfha idudðlfhda fj;s'

khsfrdaì m%ldYfha iïmQ¾K msgm; i|yd www.globalpolicy.org/security/smallarms/regional/nairobi.htm fyda www.smallarmssurvey.org/RegionalDocs.html fjí wvú n,kak'

ngysr wm%sldfõ iq¿ wú yd ieye,a wdhqO wdkhkh, wmkhkh yd ksmoùuiïnkaOfhka, ngysr wm%sldkq rgj, wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;dj úiska mkjd we;s;djld,sl w;a ysgqùu (ECOWAS Moratorium)

ngysr wm%sldkq rgj, wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;djhg wh;a idudðl rgj,a 16l rdcHkdhlhska úiska 1998 j¾Ifha Tlaf;daïn¾ udifhaoS" ngysr wm%sldfõ iq¿ wú iyieye,a¨ wdhqO wdkhkh" wmkhkh yd ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka jQ ECOWAS ixúOdkhúiska mkjd we;s ;djld,slj w;aysgqùfï tlÕ;djh (Moratorium) w;aika ;nk ,§'wjqreÿ ;=klg jrla w¨;a l< hq;= fuu ;djld,slj w;aysgqùfï tlÕ;djh 2001jif¾È ;j;a wjqreÿ 3la i|yd §¾> lrk ,È' fuh" fujeks lghq;a;la i|yd fhdod.;a m<uq tlÕ;djh jk w;r iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iïnkaOfhka ;djld,sljw;aysgqùfï tlÕ;djhla we;s lr.;a m<uq l,dmh ngysr wm%sldj f,io ye¢kaúhyelsh' iq¿ wú iy ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu iïnkaOj —m,uqj wdrlaIdj˜ (security first)hk f;audj uq,a fldg f.k .súi.;a m,uq .súiqu yeáhg ECOWAS .súiqu ye¢kaúhyelsh' fuhska È.= ld,sk iduhla yd ;sridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd iq¿ wú md,khgwjYH ls%hdud¾. .ekSu jeo.;a mQ¾j fldkafoaishla f,i fmkajd fohs'

iq¿ wú ixirKh jeäùu keje;aùu i|yd .;a fuu foaYmd,ksl m%ldYh l,dmShjYfhka isÿl< b;d jeo.;a m<uq mshjrls' th cd;Hka;r jYfhka wkqu; lr we;sw;r ^WodyrKhla f,i& Bg jdiafikd¾ wjfndaO;dfõ idudðlfhda fldkafoaisrys;j iyfhda.h ,nd §ug ;SrKh l<y' ;jo cd;sl wmkhk md,kh ;=< fuutlÕ;djfha fldkafoais j,g .re lsÍug;a" ;djld,slj keje;aùfï tlÕ;djh


ls%hd;aul lsÍug Wmfoia yd$fyda ;dlaIKsl iydh ,nd §ug;a tlÕ ù we;'

fuu tlÕ;djh ls%hd;aul lsßug ECOWAS idudðlfhda 1998 § ls%hdldÍ ie,eiaulabÈßm;a l<y' fï wkqj m<uqj wjqreÿ myl ld,iSudjla i|yd ;dlaIKsl iydh,nd§ug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk (UNDP) úiska wdrlaIdj yd ixj¾Okhi|yd iyfhda.S;d jevigyk (Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security andDevelopment -PCASED) msysgqùh' tu wdh;kh iydh ,nd§ug wjYH uQ,sl wjYH;d f,imy; lreKq y÷kdf.k we;'

• .=jkaf;dgqm, jrdh iy foaYiSudj, md,kh jeälsÍu¦• l,dmSh mqyqKq jevigyka ;=<ska yuqod" wdrlaIl yd fmd,sia n,ldhka

m%;sixialrKh¦• wdhqO /ia lsÍu yd úkdY lsÍu¦• isú,a iudc ixúOdk iu. iyfhda.h¦• wdhqO ksmojkakka yd ixjdoh¦• ngysr wm%sldfõ f;dr;=re nexl=jla yd iq¿ wú f,aLKhla ilia lsÍu'

1999 § meje;s ECOWAS iuq¿fõ§" l,dmSh" wú f,aLKh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh rdcHkdhlfhda iy;sl l<y' ;jo th ls%hd;aul lsÍug wjYH ud¾.h mdoñka tlÕ;djhjvd M,odhsùug rdcHhka yd ECOWAS f,alï ld¾hd,h (secretariat) wkq.ukh l< hq;=mshjr i|yka lrñka kS;s ix.%yhla y\qkajd ÿka y' cd;sl fldñiï yd l,dmShflakaøSh uOHia:dk we;s lsÍu" fuu tlÕ;djfha ls%hdldÍ l,ukdlrKh fyd¢kaf.k hdug ECOWAS ;=,ska iyfhda.h ,nd§u" fuu kS;s ix.%yhg wh;a fõ'tlÕ;djfha cd;sl wjYH;d y÷kajd§u rchkag iyfhda.h ,nd§ug iy .súiqul<ukdlrKhg yd §¾> lsÍug ECOWAS .súiqu Yla;su;a lsÍug fuu kS;s ix.%yhie,iqï iïmdokh lr we;' tlÕ;djh we;s lsÍu i|yd idudðl rgj,a .;hq;= iaÓrls%hdud¾. yd tlÕ;djfha wruqKq i|yd wkql+,ùug ECOWAS ys rgj,a i|ydjevrduqjla iemhSu o fuu kS;s ix.%yh u.ska ,nd foa'

ECOWAS tlÕ;djh i|yd www.nisat.org/ fyda www.smallarmssurevey.org/Regional/Docs.htmlfjí wvú n,kak'

.sks wú" WKav" mqmqrK øjH iy ta yd iïnkaO wksl=;a øjH kS;súfrdaë f,iksmoùug yd l=Ügkhg tfrys wka;¾ weußldkq ix.uh yd .sks wú" tajdfhafldgia yd wka;¾.;h yd WKav wka;¾cd;sl m%jdykh md,kh i|yd wdo¾Ykshuhka (Inter-American Covention Against the Illict Manufacturing of andTrafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials andthe Model Regulations for the Control of the International Movement of Firearms,Their Parts and Components, and Ammunition)

kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd wmrdO md,kh iïnkaOfhka .sks wú iq,nùu ms<sn|jkS;sfhka ne£ isák tlu l,dmSh m%{ma;sh wka;¾ weußldkq ix.uhhs (Organization ofAmerican States-OAS)' fvdñksldj yer wefußldkq rgj, ixúOdkfha wfkla ish¨rgj,a fï tlÕ;djhg w;aika l<y' fï wjia:dj jk úg rgj,a 19la fuutlÕ;djh iïu; lr ;sfí'7070707070


fuu m%{ma;sh my; i|yka wdldrhg —.sks wú˜ ks¾jpkh lrhs' —WKavhla heùugks¾udKh lr we;s fyda WKavhla heùug myiqfjka yrjd .; yels" msmsÍul § .sksì£ula isÿúh yels" ´kEu ner,hla iys; wdhqOhla fyda fjk;a ´kEu wdhqOhla fydaúkdYldÍ mqmqrK øjHhla" .sks .ekaúh yels WmlrKhla" .Eia fndaïn" w;a fndaïn^f.%fkaâ&" frdlÜ úÈk" ñihs," ñihs, moaO;shla fyda ìï fndaïn fï .Khg jefÜ'˜wka;¾ weußldkq ix.ufha m%Odk iúh fuu ye¢kaùfï .eUqre njhs' fndfydaiuq¿j,§ .sks wú ye¢kaùu i|yd wh;a jk wú j¾. iSudiys; jQj;a" ngysrw¾Of.da,fha urK" ;=jd,ùï iy lïmkhka i|yd j.lsjhq;= úúO j¾.fha iq¿ wúyd ieye,a¨ wdhqO i|yd wka;¾ weursldkq m%{ma;sh yd w¾:l:kh fhoúh yels h'm%{ma;sfha b,lal jkqfhA"

• kS;s úfrdaë ksIamdokh iy m%jdykh idmrdëlrKh lsÍu'• ksmoùfï § wú i,l=Kq lsÍu yd wmkhkh'• wdkhk" wmkhk" w;rueÈ ia:dk i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a lsßfï l%uhla y÷kajd

§u¦• wmkhk uOHia:dk md,kh Yla;su;a lsÍu¦• kS;súfrdaë m%jdykh yd iïnkaO ksmojkakka" .kqfokqlrejka" wdkhk yd

wmkhklrejka" kS;s úfrdaë ud¾. iy l%ufõohka ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudrej¦iy

• y÷kd .ekSu" <Õ;nd .ekSu" fidhd .ekSu iy f;dr;=re tla/ia lsßu ms<sn|w;aoelSï yd mqyqKqj yqjudre lsÍu'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿jg fmr 2001 jif¾ uehs ui § wka;¾ weußldkq iuq¿fõWmfoaYl lñgqj fjdIskagka kqjr§ tla/ia jQy' /iaùug fya;= ldrKh jQfha 2001-2002 jir i|yd jevigyk wkqu; lr.ekSu" iuq¿fõ iaÓr lsÍï kej; i,ldne,Su" fulaisflda rch bÈßm;a l< isoaê wOHhkh ms<sn| i,ld ne,Su" iEu rchluiïnkaëlrK ia:dk (Focal Point) we;s lsÍu iy iïu;lsÍu" y÷kajd§u" l%shd;aullsÍug wjYH kS;s yd kS;suh lghq;= i|yd j.lsj hq;= m%Odk ks,Odßka y\qkd.ekSuhkdÈhhs' jir 2001-2002 i|yd jevigykg my; i|yka m%Odk lreKq wh;a fõ'

• m%{ma;sfha m<uq /iaùug iyNd.S jQ md¾Yj úiska wkqu; lrk ,o m%Yakdj,shgiyNd.Sùug m%{ma;shg w;aika lrk ,o ish¿ md¾Yjhka Wkkaÿ lrùu'ks,uÜgfuka" ;dlaIKsl uÜgfuka" iy foaYmd,k uÜgfuka ksÍlaIKh ydwjOdkh i|yd bv ,ndfok fuu m%Yakdj,shg 2001 cQks 15 jkod jk úgms<s;=re ,nd§ ;snqfKa m%{ma;shg w;aika lrk ,o rgj,a 33 ka rgj,a 16 lamuKs'

• by; i|yka jevigyfkys we;=<;a jk mßÈ rgj,a úiska wkq.ukh lrkms<sfj;a i|yd ,ehsia;=j hdj;a ld,Sk lsÍu'

• rdcH wxY yd m%uqL j.lsj hq;= wxY w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej i|yd fm!oa.,slB- fï,a ,ehsia;= ms<sfh, lsÍu'

• weußldkq rgj,a ixúOdkhg wh;a l,dmfha wú imhkakkaf.a ,shdmÈxÑf,aLkhla iE§u'

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" hqfrdamd yjq, iy nyqmd¾Yaúl iyfhda.S;djhgleue;a;la olajk wka;¾ cd;sl ixúOdk iu. iïnkaO;d we;slr .ekSu'

• úúO uÜgïj,ska fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels m%{ma;s fjí wvúhlaks¾udKh lsÍu'

• fulaisflda rch úiska 2001 uehs ui bosßm;a lrk ,o isoaê wOHhkh fuka"wkjir wú m%jdykh iy m%{ma;sh iïu; lsÍfï iy l%shdjg kexùfï;;a;ajhka ms<sn| isoaê wOHhkhka ks¾udKhlr" bÈßm;a lsÍug rgj,gwdrdOkd lsÍu'


• u;aøjH j,g weíneys ùu md,kh lsÍfï wka;¾ weußldkq fldñifï (CICAD)wdo¾Y kshuhka ys i,ld fkdn,k ,o m%{ma;sh wdrïN lsÍug wjYH wdo¾YkS;s f.dv ke.Su fõ.j;a lsÍu' ^my; i|yka úia;r n,kak&

CICAD wdo¾Y kshuhka (Inter American Drug Abuse Control Commission)

m%{ma;sh ld¾hlaIuj l%shdjg kexùu i|yd wka;¾ weußldkq m%{ma;sfha idlÉPdj,giu.dój" weußldkq rgj,a i|yd m%dfhda.sl Wmfoia ud,djla bÈßm;a lrk ,§'u;aøjHj,g weíneysùu md,kh lsÍfï wka;¾ weußldkq fldñifï (CICAD) wkq.%yhhgf;a ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu wdo¾Y kshuhka o 1997 fkdjeïn¾ ui § t<solajk,§' fuu kshuhka wdfoaY lr .kakd ,o rgj,a w;r jdKscj wf,ú jk .sks wú ydtajdfha fldgia" wka;¾cd;sl m%jdykfha§ mÍlaIKhg ,laùu iy md,kh i|ydwjYH ms<sfj;a yd ls%hdud¾. j, tl;=jlska fuu wdo¾Y kshuhka ilia ù ;sfí' taiu.u talrdYS n,m;% i|yd wjYH wju m%ñ;Ska i|yd kshuhka o thg wh;a fõ'.sks wúj, m%udKh" j¾.h" ldKav wxl iys;j wdkhk yd wmkhk ms<sn|f;dr;=re yqjudrej yd jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn| fhdackd o fuhska bÈßm;a lrk ,§'

fuu kshuhka f.A we;s m%Odk ÿ¾j,;d ;=kla ksid iq¿ wú wkjir fj<|fmd<j,afj; we;=¿ùug iïmQ¾Kfhka keje;aùu wiSre ù we;' m,uqj" fuu wdo¾Y kshuhkaiDcqj wka;¾ weußldkq m%{ma;sh yd iïnkaO fkdùu yd fuh tajd fhdod .kakdweußldkq rgj, ixúOdkfha (OAS) idudðl rgj,a i|yd muKla wod, fõ' OASidudðl rgl ksIamdolfhla fyda ;e/õlrefjla fuu .súiqug tlÕ fkdjQ fjk;aOAS rgl ;e/õlrefjl=g fyda ñ<§ .kafkl=g fyda ,sys,a md,khla yd kshuhkamj;sk idudðl fkdjk rglg wf,ú l< úg" fuu wf,ú" wkjir fj<|m,gwe;=¿ ùfï ;¾ckhla mj;S'

fojkqj" jdKscj wf,ú jk .skswú i|yd muKla m%{ma;sh yd wdo¾Y kshuhkaiSudjk w;r fuu ksid rglska ;j;a rglg m%jdykh jk iq¿ wú iïnkaO yuqod"wdrlaIl wxY yd fmd,Sish jeks úúO jQ wjidk Ndú;d lrkakkag wod< kshuhkam%udKj;a fkdùu'

rchka úiska .sks wú rdcH fkdjk mqoa.,hska fj; ,nd §fï § n,mj;ajk md,kfhawe;s ÿ¾j,;d ;j;a lreKls' rcfha wjir ,;a m%jdyk i|yd weußldkq rgj,ixúOdkh ;=< yd msg; by; lreKq fol ms<sn|j ;Èka ls%hdud¾. .ekSu i|ydfoaYmd,ksl Wkkaÿj ;ju;a w,am nj tlai;a cd;skaf.a iuq¿ wjika jd¾;djfmkakqï lrhs'

f;jkqj" ¥IKh msgqoelSu i|yd b,lal lr.;a wdo¾Y kshuhka fuka" fuu wdo¾Ykshuhka fhdod .ekSu yd tajd l%shdjg kexùu" wfkl=;a wka;¾ wefußldkq tlÕ;dyd ls%hd;aul lrk wdh;k iu. kshu wdldrfhka iïnkaëlrKh fkdùfïÿ¾j,;djhls' fï ksid iqÿiq l,dmSh m%fõYhka iu. iuld,SkNdjhka f.a jdishfuu wdo¾Y kshuhkag fkd,efí'

weußldkq rgj, ixúOdkfha (OAS) m%{ma;sfha iïmQ¾K f,aLKh i|ydwww.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-63.html fjí wvúh n,kak'


hqfrdamfha wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.S;dj ms<sn| ixúOdkfha iq¿ wú yd ieye,awdhqO ms<sn| f,aLKh (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe-OSCE)

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùfï m%Yakh ksrdlrKh i|yd wjYH jk Wmdhka"m%;sm;a;Ska yd ms<shï iys; f,aLkhla" 2000 jif¾ fkdjeïn¾ ui 24 jeksodhqfrdamfha wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.S;dj ms<sn| ixúOdkh (OSCE) y\qkajd ÿkafka h'—md,kh l< fkdyels f,i me;sreKq iq¿ wúj, wêl yd ia:djr;ajhg ydkslr ixÑ;ùu˜ fuuÕska y÷kd .kS' hqfrdamh" uOHu wdishdj iy W;=re weußldjg wh;aiyNd.S jk rgj,a 55la7171717171 w;r l,dmSh wdrlaIdj j¾Okh lsÍu fuuÕskawfmalaIs;hs' (OSCE idudcsl rgj,a j, iïmQ¾K ,ehsia;=j i|yd wjika igykan,kak& iq¿ wú ksmoùu yd iïnkaO cd;sl md,khka¦ iq¿ wú i<l=Kq lsÍu¦ fidhd.ekSï iy ksjerÈ jd¾;dlrKh" cd;sl igyka ;eîfï l%u yd iïnkaO ms<shïj,úksúoNdjh¦ iy iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wdkhkh yd wmkhkh md,kh hklreKq fuu.ska wfmalaIs;hs' .egqï je,elaùu yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh f.dvke.Su iïnkaOl%shdj,sfha§ iq¿ wú j, n,mEu o fuuÕska ms<sìUq fõ'7272727272

f,aLKfha i|yka ms<shïj,ska ,efnk m%;sM, úúOdldrjkafka tys Yla;Ska ydÿ¾j,;d ms<sìUq lrñkss' WodyrKhla f,i iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wkjirfj<|du keje;aùu i|yd jk kS;suh ls%hdj,sh i|yd wdkhk md,kh b;d jeo.;anj f,aLKh mqrdu ms<sf.k ;sfí' rdcHhka úiska tlÕjQ fmdÿ m%ñ;ska wkqnoaO lr.ekSu ksid iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO mejreï ,shdmÈxÑfha§ ,shdmÈxÑ wmkhkb,a¨ï m;%hla ms<s.ekSu fyda neyer lsÍu ;SrKh lsÍug fmr rdcH md¾Yjhkaks¾Kdhl rdYshla i<ld ne,sh hq;= fõ ^fuu m%ñ;Ska" 1993 fkdjeïn¾ 25 jk ÈkwdrlaIl iyfhda.S;d yuqfõ§ (Forum for Security Cooperation) fhdod.kakd ,o wúm%jdykfha§ n,mj;akd m%;sm;a;Ska u; mokï fõ)'7373737373 udkj ysñlïj,g .re lsÍu"rg ;=< yd l,dmfha ;;a;ajh iy wka;¾cd;sl ne£ïj,g hg;a ùu fuu m%ñ;Skagwh;a fõ' fï wkqj —udkj ysñlï fyda uQ,sl ksoyiaNdjhka hgm;a lsÍu fyda lvlsÍu fyda wfkla rgj, cd;sl wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckhla jk whqßka iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨wdhqO fhdod .ekSu isÿlrhs˜ 74 74 74 74 74 kï rdcH md¾Yajhka wmkhk ,shdmÈxÑùï bj;alrkq we;' flfia jqj;a" iïmQ¾K m%;sm;a;s ud,djla fuu ks¾Kdhlhka ksfhdackhl<;a ^wú wmkhkh ms<sn| hqfrdamd yjqf,a p¾hd O¾u moaO;sfha ks¾Kdhl u;msysgqjñka&" Ndú;d lr we;s jpk j, fkdmeyeÈ,s nj ksid fjk;a ks¾jpkhka i|ydo bv ,nd fok w;r l%shdjg kexùu úúOdldr ùug bv we;'

OSCE f,aLKh yd iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO ms<sn| tlai;a cd;skaf.a ls%hdj,shls%hd;aul lsÍu mÍlaId lsÍug" 2003 fmnrjdß ui frdfïkshdfõ nqlfriaÜ kqjr§wka;¾cd;sl iuq¿jla meje;aúks' rgj,a w;r fmdÿ m%ñ;shla jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|ydiq¿ wú m%;sm;a;sj, úúO me;slv Tiafia iqÿiqu l%uh y\qkd .ekSug;a" jeä ÈhqKqlsÍug;a tajd cd;sl ;,fha ls%hd;aul lsÍug;a" fuysÈ rgj,a tlÕ;djhlgmeñKshy' wú ;e/õldr lghq;=j, md,kh" ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh yd wdrlaIdji|yd fhda.H ms<sfj;a iy wdkhk yd wmkhk m%;sm;a;Ska fuu me;slvj,g wh;afõ'

OSCE f,aLKh lsysm wdldrhlska iSudfõ' tkï"

• wdfoaY lsÍu yd fhdod .ekSu iafõPdfjka fõ' tu ksid kS;suh ne£ïj,g jvdfoaYmd,ksl ne£ï u; jQ j.lSï fõ

• j.lSï OSCE rgj,a j,g iSud jk w;r" OSCE rgj,a j,ska OSCE fkdjk rgj,gj.lSï mejÍu wod< fkdfõ


• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO kS;Hdkql+, fkdjQ wjika Ndú;d lrkakka w;gm;aùfï wjodku ksid wdkhk" wmkhk yd w;rueÈ ls%hdud¾. i|yd fmdÿms<shï we;slsÍu" rch úiska laIKslj ls%hd;aul l< hq;= ld¾hhka f,ifmfkkakg ;sfí

• m%ñ;Ska fjk;a ks¾jpkhka i|yd újD;hs' ta ksid ls%hd;aul lsÍï ta wkqjúúOdldr ùug bv we;

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO isú,a mqoa., whs;sh úêu;a lsÍu i|yd m%;smdokfkdue;'

hqfrdamd yjqf,a wú wmkhkh i|yd jQ p¾hd O¾u moaO;sh (European UnionCode of Conduct on Arms Exports)

m%xYh yd tlai;a rdcOdksfha uQ,sl fhdackdfjka ìys jQ hqfrdamd yjqf,a p¾hdO¾umoaO;shg 1998 cQks ui oS tlÕ;djhg t<ôKs' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO we;+¿ wúwmkhkh lsÍu i|yd jvd j.lSï we;s m%fõYhla ,ndfok f,i keÕ=kq y~gm%;sl%shdjla f,i tla w;lskq;a hqfrdamd yjqf,a rgj,a 15la w;r wú m%jdyKh i|ydjvd iyfhda.fhka hqla; jQ m%fõYhla ,nd§u ;j;a w;lskq;a" wruqKq lr .ksñkafuu p¾hd O¾u moaO;sh y÷kajd § ;sfí'

fuu p¾hd O¾u moaO;sfha b,lal jkqfha —l,ukdlrKh i|yd wju f,i ie,lshhq;= Wiia fmdÿ m%ñ;Ska yd hqfrdamd yjqf,a ish¨ idudðl rgj,a w;r idïm%odhsl wúmejreï wju lsÍuhs˜ wkd.; hqfrdamd yjqf,a wú mejreï i|yd fyd| mokula ,ndÈh yels úksúo Ndjh yd j.lSu jeks uQ,sl m%;sm;a;Ska fuuÕska m%ldY flf¾' p¾hdO¾u moaO;sfha ixl,amh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug yd thg tlÕjQ wdldrfha iqÿiqfoaYmd,ksl mßirhla f.dv ke.Sug hqfrdamd yjq, mqrd isú,a iudc ixúOdk b;djeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs'

ks¾Kdhl yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%;smdok

,sianka yd ,laiïn¾.a kqjr§ 1991 iy 1992 § tlÕ jQ idïm%odhsl wú m%jdykfhaks¾Kdhl wgla hgf;a fmr ixlaIsma; lrk ,o Wmfoia" fuu moaO;shg we;=,;a fõ'tu.ska my; i|yka ie,lsh hq;= lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flf¾¦

• iïndOl" .súiqï yd md,k wêldÍka (control regimes) jeks lreKq hgf;a hqfrdamdyjqf,a idudðl rgj,aj, cd;Hka;r ne£ï j,g .re lsÍu

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m%{ma;sh idlÉPdjg Ndckh lsÍfï§ ,nd we;s w;aoelSï jkafka wdhqO md,khms<sn| kS;s Í;s j, we;eï me;slv ms<sn| kej; úu¾Ykh lsÍug hqfrdamd ix.ufhawdKavq úiska fm<Uùh' fuu m%{ma;sh u.ska úuid n,d ke;s m%Yak .KkdjlaiïnkaOfhka hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudðl rgj,a úiska mj;ajk ,nkq m%{ma;sfhajd¾Isl úu¾Yk l%shdj,sfhaoS úi÷ï fiùug W;aiy ord we;' hqfrdamd ix.ufham%{ma;sfha l%shd;aulNdjh yd tys ld¾hNdrh fuu p¾hd O¾u moaO;sfha mßKduhgodhl jkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka hqfrdamd ix.ufhaidudðl rgj,a my; i|yka foa isÿlr we;¦

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• wdhqO ;e/õlrejka md,khg md,k Wmfoia ud,djlg tlÕ jQ w;r" wdhqO;e/õldr lghq;= iïnkaOfhka fmdÿ tlÕ;djhla u; msysgd idlÉcd wdrïNflßKs' ^2002&

• n,m;% u; úfoaYhkays yuqoduh ksIamdok .eg¨j ms<sn| úi÷ï fiùu we/ôKs'^2002& wjidk jrg <Õdfjk ia:dkh ms<sn| iy;slfha ;sìh hq;= lreKqms<sn|j fmdÿ tlÕ;djhlg meñKSu' iy

• hqfrdamd ix.ufha iy tys iy-idudðl;ajh ork rgj,a iu. f;dr;=reyqjudrej i|yd m%;slafIams; ksfõok hdka;%Kh §¾> flÍug ;SrKh flßKs'^2002&

m%{ma;sfha l%shd;aulNdjh wëlaIKh lsÍu yd tys jmißh mq¿,a lsÍu i|ydwdKavqj,g n,mEï lsÍu wxYh jkafka isú,a iudc ixúOdkhkah' hqfrdamd ix.uh;=< 2003 oS Èh;a lrk ,o m%pdrl jevigyk isú,a iudc ixúOdk fufyhjk ,ojeo.;a jevigykls' fuuÕska idudðl rgj,g m%{ma;sfha wvx.= m%;smdokhka ishcd;sl kS;s moaO;shg tla flfrkakehs b,a,d isák ,È' tfukau wdhqO ;e/õlrejkaf.a lghq;= oeäj md,kh lsÍfï l%uhla oshqKq lsÍugo tys§ b,a,Sï flrsKs'

hqfrdamd yjqf,a wú wmkhkh i|yd jQ p¾hd O¾u moaO;sfha iïmQ¾K f,aLkh i|ydhttp://projects.sipri.se /expcon/eucode.htm fjí wvúh n,kak'


iq¿ wú ms<sn| hqfrdamSh yjqf,a iuQy l%shdldÍ;ajh (European Union Joint Actionon Small Arms)

iq¿ wú m%Yakhg iq,nùfï m%Yakhg ms<s;=re fiùfï f.da,Sh m%h;akhg odhl;ajhlaf,i iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO md,khla ke;sj iq,nùu iy me;sÍu je,elaùui|yd hqfrdamd yjqf,a odhl;ajfhka iuQy l%shdldÍ;ajhla 1998 foieïn¾ ui§"hqfrdamd yjqf,a wud;H ljqkais,h úiska yÿkajd fok ,§' 1997 cQks uiÈ y÷kajdÿkaidïm%odhsl wú l=ÜGkh je,elaùfï yd u¾Okh lsÍfï jevigyk (EU Programme forPreventing and Combating Illicit Trafficking in Conventional Arms) yd 1998 cQks ui § y÷kajd ÿka wúwmkhkh ms<sn| hqfrdamd yjqf,a p¾hdO¾u moaO;sh (EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports)u; fuu .súiqu ilialr we;' tfiau .súiqu u.ska fuu m%Yakhg l,dmSh ydm%j¾Okd;aul m%fõYhla ,ndfoa' iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO fldgia 10 lg ,ehsia;=.; lrk iuQy l%shdldÍ;ajfha (Joint Action) iSudjka ;=<g iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqOm;frdï o we;=<;a jk fia th 2002 § kej; ixfYdaOkh lrk ,È' ±kg mj;skl,dmSh yd cd;Hka;r m%fõYhka ;=<ska w;sßla; yd md,khlska f;drj me;sÍ we;siq¿ wú u¾okh lsÍfï cd;Hka;r m%h;akhka j¾Okh lsÍu iuQy l%shdldÍ;ajfhawNsm%dhhs'

my; i|yka ms<shï i|yd wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iyfhda.d;aul m%;sm;a;Ska j¾OkhlsÍug hqfrdamd yjqf,a idudðl rgj,a tlÕ jQy'

• u¾okh yd iq¿ wú —wia:djr tl;=ùu˜ (destabilising accumulation) yd me;sÍukeje;aùu wruqKqlr.;a ms<shï i|yd odhl;ajh §u¦

• rgj,aj, kS;Hdkql+, wdrlaIl wjYH;dj,g wkql+, jk wkaoug oekg mj;skiq¿ wú ixÑ; wvq lsÍug odhl;ajh §u¦

• wdhqO tl;=ùu yd iïnkaO m%Yak ksrdlrKhg wdOdr ùu iy úúO md,khkagyd wdhqO wvq lsÍfï mshjrhka i|yd úúO me;slv Tiafia odhl;ajh ,nd§u'

idïm%odhsl wú wkjir m%jdyk u¾Okh i|yd jk hqfrdamd yjq,a jevigyfka tlawxYhla f,i ndr.kakd ,o ld¾hhkao we;=¿j" iuQy l%shdldÍ;ajh wdrïNlsÍums<sn| jd¾Isl jd¾;djla hqfrdamd yjq,a ljqkais,h (EU Council) m%ldY lrhs' iq¿ wú ydieye,a¨ wdhqOj,g idudðl rgj, l%shdldÍ;ajh uE;l§ tkï 2002 foieïnrfha §m< lrk ,o jd¾;dfõ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' tys my; oE wvx.= fõ¦

• we,afíkshdj" fndiakshdj yd y¾if.daúkdj" ldïfndach" kef.kysr ;sfudarh"fldfidfjda" ueisfvdakshdj" khsc¾ iy isfhrd-,sfhd+ka hk rgj, wútl;=lsÍfï iy $ fyda úkdY lsÍfï jevigyka j,g iydh §u

• f.da;ud,dj" fydkaähqrdia" flkahdj" fudieïìla" kslr.=jdj iy frdfïkshdjhk rgj, kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj we;s lsÍug jHdmD;s

• wekaf.da,dj" fldxf.da m%cd;dka;%sl iuQydKavqj" .sks ìiõ" ,hsîßhdj" isfhrd,sfhdaka yd W.kavdfõ yuqod Ng fiakd úiqrejd yeÍu iy kej; tl;= lsÍfïjHdmD;s i|yd iydh §u

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO wia:djr tla /ia ùu yd iq,nùu ms<sn| m%Yakj,gms<s;=re fidhk isú,a iudchg yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j,g uQ,H wdOdr iemhSu'

iq¿ wú ms<sn| hqfrdamd yjqf,a iuQy l%shdldÍ;ajfhys fjí wvúh my; oelafõhttp : // projects . sipri .se/ expcon/ eu _documents . html


5' idrdxYh

iq¿ wú m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka jk lreKq fuu w;afmdf;a m<uq fldgfika y÷kajd§ we;' my; m%Yakj,g mss<s;=re fidhd .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkakdg ye¢kaùula,nd§u tys wruqKhs'

• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO hkq fudkjdo@• iq¿ wú mejreu hkq l=ulao@• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO iq,nùu yd wksis Ndú;h ksid we;sjk m%;sM,• iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO j, b,a¨u jeäùug n,mdk idOl i|yd wksis

Ndú;h ksid we;s jk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fiùu i|yd cd;sl yd cd;Hka;ruÜgfuka .kakd ,o mshjr

iq¿ wú yd ieye,a¨ wdhqO m%Yak iïnkaO h:d¾:jd§ iy wjidk úi÷ula i|ydl%shdlsÍug isú,a iudc ixúOdkj,g iy wfkla whg wjia:d rdYshla we;' tlai;acd;Ska f.a l%shdldÍ jevigyk oekg mj;sk m%fõYhka u.ska .; hq;= ls%hdud¾.ms<sn|j hï jev rduqjla imhhs'

flfia jqj;a rdcH yd wfkla md¾Yajhka fhdod we;s iSudjkag Tífnka l%shdldÍùuisú,a iudcfha jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhls' tfiau ;SrK .kakkayg ;j;a jeäfhka jevlsßug wNsfhda. lsßu;a ta ld¾h Ndrhka m%fhdackj;a wdldrfhka bgq lsÍugwNsfhda. lsÍu;a fï w;r jeo.;a fõ'


miq igyka(

fmrjok1. Speech to the Humanitarian Coalition conference, November 2001, by Isaac Lappia.2. Statement by UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, to the UN Conference on the Illicit

Trade is Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, 9 July 2001.3. Small Arms Survey 2002, Oxford University Press.4. Forecast International, 2002, cited in Small Arms Survey 2002, Oxford University

Press, p.14.5. Ibid.

wka;¾.;h1. 1997 Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms, United

Nations, A/52/298, 27 August 1997.2. ‘Counting the Human cost’, Small Arms Survey 2002, A Project of the Graduate

Institute of International Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.3. Ibid.4. Ibid.5. This section has been compiled using the following sources: ‘Profiling the Problem’,

Small Arms Survey 2001, A Project of the Graduate Institute of International Studies,Oxford: Press; ‘Counting the Human Cost’, Small Arms Survey 2002, A Project of theGraduate Institute of International Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press;Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons: enhancing controls onlegal transfers, Biting the Bullet Briefing 6, BASIC, Saferworld, and InternationalAlert, 2001; What is Legal? What is Illegal? Emanuela Gillard, Lauterpacht ResearchCentre for International Law, Cambridge; available on-line at www.international-alert.org/publications.htm

6. Report of the UN Disarmament Commission, Guidelines for International ArmsTransfers in the Context of General Assembly Resolution 46/36 of 6th December1991, UN Doc. A/51/42, 22 May 1996, Annex I para.6.

7. Extracted and summarised from a Working Paper to the UN Sub Commission on thePromotion and Protection of Human Rights by Barbara Frey. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/39,30 May 2002.

8. 1997 Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms op. cit., para14.

9. Ibid., para. 17.10. See, for example, B. Pirseyedi, “The Small Arms Problem in Central Asia: Features

and Implications”, UNIDIR May 2000; United Nations, The Machel Review 1996-2000:A Critical Analysis of Progress Made and Obstacles Encountered in IncreasingProtection for War-Affected Children, United Nations, 2000, p.34 (hereinafter, TheMachel Review).

11. Robert Muggah and Eric Berman, ‘Humanitarianism Under Threat: the HumanitarianImpacts of Small Arms and Light Weapons’ (Small Arms Survey, 2001), pp. 3-4. Inthis study, commissioned by the Reference Group on Small Arms of the UnitedNations Inter-Agency Standing committee, the researchers found that in the cases ofColombia, East Timor, and Kenya, forced displacement is influenced by even asubjective perception of firearms-related violence.

12. Kathi Austin, ‘Armed Refugee Camps as a Microcosm of the Link between ArmsAvailability and Insecurity’, 2002, p.1. Unpublished paper available from the author: acase study of arms flows, availability, and impacts associated with the Dadaabrefugee camps in north-eastern Kenya.


13. Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross, Geneva 1999. p.16 (citing Kuzman study) (hereinafter‘ICRC Arms Availability Report’).

14. Ibid.15. Robin M.Coupland and David R. Meddings, ‘Mortality associated with use of weapons

in armed conflicts, and civilian mass shootings: literature review’, British MedicalJournal, 1999 , Vol.319, pp.407-10

16. Peter Salama, Bruce Laurence, and Monica Nolan, ‘Health and Human rights incontemporary humanitarian crises: is Kosovo more important than Sierra Leone,British Medical Journal, 1999, Vol. 319, pp.1569-71.

17. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the Protection of Civilians inArmed Conflict (S/1999/957), para 16.

18. The Machel Review, op. cit., p. 5.19. Ibid., p. 33. An RPG is an anti-tank grenade launcher.20. Robert Muggah, ‘Caught in the crosshairs: the humanitarian impact of small arms’,

draft chapter for Small Arms Survey, 2002, p.9.21. Robert Muggah and Eric Berman, ‘Humanitarianism under threat’, Small Arms

Survey, 2001, pp.4-5. The UN does not collect statistics on injuries directly resultingfrom armed violence.

22. Amnesty International, ‘Human Rights Abuses with Small Arms, Illustrative casesfrom Amnesty International reports 2000-2001’.

23. Arms Sales Monitor, August 2002, Federation of American Scientists.24. ‘Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2000’, US State Department, released

by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, February 2001.25. See, for example, The Terror Trade Times 2002, Amnesty International.26. Ibid.27. Michael Freeman, ‘Small arms in Africa: counting the cost of gun violence’, Africa

Recovery, Vol.15 No.4, December 2001, p.I.28. Virginia Gamba, Quoted in Carolyn Dempster: ‘Guns, gangs and culture of violence’,

BBC News, 10 April 2002.29. Wendy Cukier, Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons:

Strengthening Domestic Regulations, Biting the Bullet Briefing 7, BASIC, Saferworld,and International Alert, p.7,2001. Available on-line at www.internaional-alert.org/publications.htm

30. Paul Eavis, “The hidden security threat: transnational organised crime activity’, RUSIJournal, December 2001, Vol. 146, No. 6.

31. World Health Organisation, Small Arms ad Global Health, Geneva, 2001, http:///www5.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/download.cfm?id=0000000158

32. Wendy Cukier, op. cit., p.6.33. Eavis, p.cit.,34. ‘Government response to gun crime in the UK needs to go further’, press release,

Saferworld, 9 January 2003.35. For more detail, see D. Darchiasvili: ‘Georgia: a hostage to arms’ in The Caucasus:

Armed and Defended Safeworld, 2003.36. Luke Downing ‘Child Combatants in Organised Armed Violence’, ISER and Viva Rio,

www.desarme.org/37. Michael Fleshman, ‘Small arms in Africa: counting the cost of gun violence’, Africa

Recovery, December 2001, Vol.15, NO 4, p.1.38. S. Gautam and T. Koirala (eds.), Women and Children in the Periphery of People’s

War, Institute of Human Rights communication in Nepal, December 2001.39. International Committee if the Red Cross, Small Arms Survey, 2002.


40. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2002.41. Findings of a report by Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, 1994.42. Human Rights Watch, World Report 1996.43. See, for example, Report of UN Panel of Governmental Exerts on Small Arms, UN

Document Reference A/52/298, 1997.44. K. Mkutu, ‘Pastoralism and Conflict in he Horn of Africa’, Saferworld/University of

Bradford, December 2001.45. D. Bannerjee and R. Muggah (eds.), Small Arms and Human Insecurity, RCSS/SAS,

Colombo, 2002.46. ‘Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict’, ICRC, Geneva

1999.47. United Nations, ‘International Study on Firearms Regulation’, UN, New York, 1998.48. P. Cook and J. Ludwig, ‘Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and

Use of Firearms’, National Institute of Justice Research Brief, US Department ofJustice, Washington DC, 1997.

49. M. Buvinic and A. Morrison, ‘Violence as an Obstacle to Development’, Inter-American Development Bank Washington DC 1999, quoted in E. Krug, L. Dahlberg,J. Mercy, A Zwi and R. Lozano (eds.), World Report on Violence and Health, WorldHealth Organisation, Geneva, 2002.

50. Elizabeth Clegg, Sami Faltas, Glenn McDonald and Camilla Waszink, Reducing theStock of the Illicit Trade: Promoting Best Practice in Weapons CollectionProgrammes, Biting the Bullet Briefing 12, BASIC, Saferworld and International Alert,p.6, 2001. Available on-line at www.inernational-alert.org/publications.htm

51. Ibid., p.7.52. See, for example, UNIDIR Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project series on

Managing Arms in Peace Processes, UNIDIR, Geneva, 1995-199853. Wulf Paes, ‘Weapons Collection Programmes: Different Approaches and Lessons in

Practical Disarmament’, conference paper, given at ‘Enhancing Security in theBalkans: Enacting the Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan on Small Arms’,24-25 June 2002, Belgrade.

54. Henny J. van der Graaf and Sami Faltas (2001) ‘Weapons in exchange fordevelopment: an innovative approach to the collection of weapons in Albania’, in SamiFaltas and Joseph Di Chiaro III (eds.), Managing the Remnants of War: Micro-disarmament as an Element of Peacebuilding, pp. 159-82.

55. Amnesty International, Brazil Country Report, Annual Report 2001, available on-lineat www.amnesty.org

56. Owen Greene, Stockpiling Security and Reducing Surplus Weapons, Biting the BulletBriefing 3, p.6, 2001. Available on-line at www.international-alert.org/publications.htm

57. Ibid.58. Ibid., p.7.59. Ibid., p.10.60. UN Disarmament Commission, op. cit., para. 17.61. Section, Paragraph ii of the programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate

the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects.62. Amnesty International, The American Friends Service Committee, The Arias

Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, BASIC, the Federation of AmericanScientists, the Friends Committee on National Legislation, Oxfam, ProjectPloughshares, and Saferworld.

63. The complete text of the proposed agreement is a available at www.armslaw.org.64. American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, Oscar Arias, Norman

Borlaug, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, John Hume, International Physicians for thePrevention of Nuclear War, Mairead Maguire, Rigoberta Menchu, Adolfo Perez


Esquivel, Jose Ramos Horta, Joseph Rotblat, Aung San Suu Kyi, the ReverendDesmond Tutu, Lech Walesa, Elie Wiesel, Betty Williams, and Jody Williams.

65. Report of the Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions againstUNITA. UN Document S/2000/203, annex 1.10 March 2000. Final Report of theMonitoring Mechanism on Angola Sanctions, UN document S/2000/1225, Annex. 21December 2000.

66. Wendy Cukier, op.cit., p.2.67. Ibid.68. 1996 Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of ad Traffickig in

Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials (OAS Convention);1991 Firearms Directive, Council Directive 91/477/EEC of 18 June 1991 on the controlof the acquisition and possession of weapons; UN Convention on TransnationalOrganised Crime of 2001; resolution 1209 of the UN Security Council, November1998; UN General Assembly Declaration of December 1999; UN Commission onCrime Prevention and Criminal Justice Resolution of 1997.

69. Se Human Rights Watch open letter to the President of Burkina Faso, 28 March2000, at www.hrw.org/press/2000/03/burkinao330letter.htm.

70. Those States that have ratified so far are Antigua and Barbuda (2003), Argentina(2001), Bahamas (1998), Belize (1997), Bolivia (1999), Brazil (1999), Colombia(2003), Costa Rica (2000), Ecuador (1999), El Salvador (1999), Grenada (2002),Guatemala (2003), Mexico (1998), Nicaragua (1999), Panama (1999), Paraguay(2000), Peru (1999), Uruguay (2001), and Venezuela (2002).

71. OSCE Member States are Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Moanaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, SlovakRepublic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, UnitedStates of America, and Uzbekistan.

72. Elizabeth Clegg, Owen Greenes, Sarah Meek, and Geraldine O’Callaghan, RegionalInitiatives and the 2001 UN Conference: Building Mutual Support and complemetarity,Biting the Bullet Briefing 2, BASIC, Saferworld, and International Alert, p.39, 2001.Available on-line at www.international-alert.org/publications.htm

73. The principles include, inter alia, that ‘the participating States reaffirm’, for example,‘the need to ensure that arms transferred are not used in violation of the purposesand principles of the Charter of the United Nations’. Also, ‘each participating Statewill, in considering proposed transfers, take into account’, for instance: (i) the respectfor human rights and fundamental freedoms in the recipient country; (ii) the internaland regional situation in and around the recipient country, i the light of existingtensions or armed conflics.

74. OSCE Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 24 November 2000.75. Michael Crowley, Roy Isbister, and Sarah Meek, Building Comprehensive Controls on

Small Arms Manufacturing, Transfer and End-Use, Biting the Bullet Briefing 13,BASIC, Saferworld, and International Alert, p.15,2001. Available on-line atwww.internationalaler.org/publications.htm

76. Existing EU members: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal , Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, TheNetherlands, United Kingdom


South Asia Partnership Sri LankaNo 16, Rosmead PlaceColombo 7Sri LankaTel.: +94 11 535 3478Fax: +94 11 535 3478E-mail: [email protected]

SaferworldThe Grayston Centre28 Charles SquareLondon N1 6HTUKTel.: +44 (0) 20 7324 4646Fax: +44 (0) 20 7324 4647Email: [email protected]: www.saferworld.org.uk

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