sio15 2020 topic 02: natural disasters/forces and energy · sio15 2020 topic 02: natural...
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: Wikipedia
source: NASA Earth Observatory
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: Wikipedia
Moscow in June and August
source: NASA Earth Observatory
40ºC = 104ºF
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
Cumulative Billion $ Losses in U.S. (1980-2003)
heat waves/droughts: 144hurricanes (B.K.): 102floods: 55cold-weather storms: 28wildfires: 13tornadoes: 7
heat waves: 131tornadoes: 84floods: 82hurricanes: 62wind: 53lightning: 38rip currents: 53 (2006-2015)
Average Annual Death Rate in U.S. (1996-2015)
source: Munich Re
of all severe weather in U.S., on average,heat waves are #1 killerheat waves lead to highest economical losses
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
30 yr ave: 13010 yr ave: 101
Typical Year – Last 20 YearsHurricanes: 30Heat Waves: > 100
Heat waves are currently #1 killer and cost most!
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: Wikipedia
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: yaleE360global forest watch
link to YaleE360 Malaysia Borneo (Kalimantan)
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: Wikipediatropical rainforests have most biodiversity on Earth
orangutans live only inBorneo and Sumatra
Borneo orangutan critically endangered
Oil Palm nursery - source: Greenpeace
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: Wikipediatropical rainforests have most biodiversity on Earth
Dayak vs Madurese migrants
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SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy
source: Wikipedia
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
Image: NOAA
! currently major hurricane (category 4)! predicted landfall LA Saturday
“extremely dangerous storm surge/hurricane conditions Yucatan tonight”
“life-threatening storm surge anddangerous hurricane-force winds LA, MS beginning Friday”
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
Images: wikipedia an average hurricane (10 days) releases as much energy as the Mw=9.5 5/22 1960 Chile earthquake
• from Sun• fusion• latent heat
• from Earth/plate tectonics• primordial• potential energy
ES = 5300 * EE
Book chapter 2 watch short videos!
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
Fig. 2.1
Hiroshima
U.S. annual energy consumption
Chile 1960
10km Meteorite impact
Hurricane
Mt. St. Helens
Alaska 1964
largest nuke
tornado
lightning bolt
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
energy that is stored in some form to be later used
Fg
Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.5
‘loading’ potential energy byexerting a force
Newton’s Apple Spring
Fig. 2.6
EQ Fault
Short video 2a Short video 2b
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
example for an earthquake
cause: force <-> stress
consequence:deformation <-> strain
Fg = k x x
relaxed state
loaded state
strain is a result of stress
Fig. 2.6
Fig. 2.5
Short video 2b
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
• potential (e.g. landslide, earthquakes, plate tectonics)• kinetic (e.g. wind storms, landslides, volcanoes)• rotational (e.g. Earth, Earth-Moon, tornadoes, landslides)• heat (e.g. volcanoes, plate tectonics, severe weather)
Watch short Videos on forces, energy (topic 2)
internal heat
“primordial” + radiogenic
fission
external heat
SUN
fusion
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
" numerous early impacts during formation" early gravitational compression" differentiation (sinking of heavier elements)" decay of radioactive elements (fission)
Image: P. Abbott “Natural Disasters”
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
" Earth’s surface receives 5300 times more heat from sun than from inside" sun’s energy produced by nuclear fusion
!!!SUN!!!
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
Heat Capacity: ability to absorb heat while temperature rises slowly
Air: 0.00031 cal/cm3/ºCQuartz Sand: 0.31Granite: 0.51Water: 1.0Aluminum: 0.215Copper: 0.0924Glass: 0.20Human body: 0.83
• water has high heat capacity!• serves as moderator
“hidden heat”
Table 2.1
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
" ice" water" water vapor/steam
Fig. 2.12
solid
liquid
gas
any substance
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
evaporation: water vapor absorbs heat
condensation: water vapor releases heat
it takes 600 cal to evaporate 1g water
Fig. 2.13
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SIO15 2020 Topic 02: Natural Disasters/Forces and Energy
• conduction (energy passed between vibrating atoms)• radiation (EM waves, no particle movement)• diffusion (migration of single particles)• convection (mass transport; MOST EFFECTIVE)
Source: P. Abbott “Natural Disasters”
Fig 2.11