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Republic of the PhilippinesCommission on Higher Education

PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAOCity of Cabuyao

The Effectiveness of Vinegar as a Battery

A Science Investigatory ProjectPresented to the Faculty of

College of Business Administration and Accountancy

In Partial FulfillmentOf the Requirements in

NATSCI2

Balaoro, IkaClarish M.De Lemos, Kimberly Marie C.

Elep, JenniferIbale, Alexandra E.

Izar, Janine S.

2BSA-2 A.Y 2014 201

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The study aspires to set up the effectiveness of vinegar as a battery inorder to produce electrical energy for all the devices that needed small

amount of electricity.

However, the study wouldnt be possible without the everlasting love,

care and support of the researchers family, who let the researchers observe

and explore the study and uplifted their confidence in whatever circumstances

they had taken.

The researchers would never forget to recognize Mr. Leodigario R.

Mendoza, who allocates his time and patience to explain the whole research

to the researchers and gives words of encouragement.

Furthermore, the study wouldnt be successful without these worldwide

websites: Google, Wikipedia, YouTube and different Science sites. Through

them, gathering of facts became convenient and reliable.

Most of all, to God, our almighty Father, the source of all strength and

wisdom, for his lasting love and guidance, the study would be accomplished.

---Authors

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Abstract

According to Secretary Carlos Jericho Petilla, Department of EnergySecretary, unless the government takes bold steps to address the power

crisis, the shortage in electricity that has triggered rotating brownouts in

Luzon will continue until next year.

Petilla projected that Luzon will face a power shortfall between 400

megawatts and 500 megawatts (MW) by summer next year because of the

scheduled maintenance of various power plants. Although there are new

power plants being built, he explained that some of them will not be online by

2015, thus, the power demand will be unlikely met.

The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (Epira) restricts the

government from venturing into power generation but the Energy secretary

also noted that Section 71 of the law allows the President to declare an

emergency and ask the House of Representatives and the Senate to come up

with a joint resolution that will authorize him to implement some measures to

generate more electricity.

Presidential Communications Secretary Herminio Coloma Jr. said

Petillas suggestion may be an effective way to allow government int ervention

in terms of adding supply.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement..i

Abstract.ii

CHAPTER I: The Problem and Its Background

Introduction .1 Background of the Study . 2

Statement of the Problem 3

Significance of the Study .4

Scope and Limitation of the Study .4 Definition of Terms ...5

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature 6

Related Studies 9

CHAPTER III: Research Methodology

Research Design 14

Subject of the Study ...16

Materials and Procedures .17

Sources of Data ..18

CHAPTER IV: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Presentation of Findings ...19

CHAPTER V: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary .

Conclusion ..

Recommendations .

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The world is blessed by the abundance of energy. It comprises various

types of energy. One of this is electrical energy or electricity. Electricity is one

of the most powerful forces in our lives. This term makes us to remind of that

anything that an individual plug into the outlet, an electric current will flow to

the device. It is the key component for the modern society everyone has

today. Without this, our world is totally different.

People continue to prosper the knowledge of producing electricity. As

the result, inventions of electricity-producing products are made.

Since its invention, the battery has become the most common power

source for many household and industrial applications. A battery converts

chemical energy to electrical energy. Each cell contains positive terminal,

cathode and negative terminal, anode. There are many ways to construct a

battery, as well as ways to control its generated output.

Each component is highly needed to produce the expected outcome of

the endeavor. It shows that searching new ways of producing electricity is not

possible. Its also impressive to know how vinegar can produce electricity and

how it will help the environment. With this research, e ach individuals curiosity

will be captivated.

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Background of the Study

To widen our knowledge about generating new source of electrical

energy, the researchers come up with an idea to prove other alternative basis

of electricity. They arrived to ascertain the vinegar battery that can generate

electricity. The basic principles of positive and negative charges can be

demonstrated by making a simple battery like this. This experimental set-up

uses the positive and negative ions from the copper and zinc. When the

electrodes (copper and zinc) are immersed in vinegar, they draw ions from

the vinegar, and the movement of the ions creates an electrical current.

The researchers prioritize not only the discovery of the vinegar battery

as an alternative source but also as renewable source of energy. A vinegar

battery may not be as strong as other commercial batteries. However, this is

cheaper than other batteries. After all, vinegar is freely available anywhere. It

is also environmental friendly because it doesnt contain hazardous and toxic

elements. This is something that seems like magic to most people, but is

really simple science. This energy if guided correctly can power devices.

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Statement of the Problem

General Objective:

The main objective of this study is to show the effectiveness and

usefulness of the vinegar battery in producing electrical energy.

Specific Objective:

1. Determine the purpose of vinegar in producing electricity.

2. Find out the connection of each component in the production of electrical

energy.

3. Discover the effectiveness of vinegar battery, in terms of:

a) Voltage production

b) Number of devices

c) Number of constructed batteries

Hypothesis

1. Vinegar forms few ions and does not conduct electricity very well.

2. Vinegar, copper strip and galvanized nails do not complement each other.

3. Overall, vinegar battery is not effective as an alternative source of electrical

energy.

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Significance of the Study

Nowadays, many scientists are doing several researches to overcome

the energy crisis. All of us will experience a great loss about that. People

used to be in the world of having electricity. As a result, it would be a dilemma

for everybody.

Electrical energy provides us the easiness in doing different things.

Everyone use this in everyday life. It is used throughout the world in giving

power for every appliance each have. It gives the amusement and swept out

the boredom. And also, comfort to an individual who is displeased of

something. Because of wanting to satisfy everything easily, people depend to

the things theyre used to. They forgot that they have capabilities to make

solutions to simple things. This study opens each mind that everyone can

make their own way in simplifying problems.

By this, people will have the knowledge on what to do if the time

comes. It is very important to obtain an idea for everything.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The concentration of the study is all about the usefulness and

effectiveness of the vinegar battery in forming electrical energy to devices

such as digital clock and calculator.

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Definition of Terms

Electrical energy

It is the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor. It

cannot be seen, but it is one of our most useful forms of energy

because it is relatively easy to transmit and use. All matter consists of

atoms, and every atom contains one or more electrons, which are

always moving. When electrons are forced along a path in a

conducting substance such as a wire, the result is energy called

electricity.

Battery

Or a cell that converts chemical energy to electrical energy through

positive and negative terminal.

Vinegar

Produces free ions in solution.

Galvanized nails (Zinc)

Serves as negative terminal of the battery.

Copper

Serves as positive terminal of the battery.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter presents the related literature and studies from foreign or

local. Through this, additional information to widen researchers idea is

observed. Also, it leads as the basis of the study, The Effectiveness of

vinegar as a battery.

Related Literature

Invention of Battery

The making of battery was such a phenomenal success after all the

different scientists been through. Voltas experiment and study brought us

today the battery. As time goes by, different kinds were made and improved.

It all started in 1780 when Luigi Galvani was dissecting a frog affixed to

a brass hook. When he touched its leg with his iron scalpel, the leg twitched.

He believed the energy that drove this contraction came from the leg itself,

and called it "animal electricity".

However, Alessandro Volta, his friend and fellow scientist, disagreed,

believing this phenomenon was caused by two different metals joined

together by a moist intermediary. He verified this hypothesis through

experiment, and published the results in 1791. In 1800, Volta invented the

first true battery, which came to be known as the voltaic pile. The voltaic

pile consisted of pairs of copper and zinc discs piled on top of each other,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_pilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani

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separated by a layer of cloth or cardboard soaked in brine (i.e.,

the electrolyte) . Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produced a continuous

and stable current, and lost little charge over time when not in use, though his

early models could not produce a voltage strong enough to produce

sparks. He experimented with various metals and found that zinc and silver

gave the best results.

Volta believed the current was the result of two different materials

simply touching each other an obsolete scientific theory known as contact

tension and not the result of chemical reactions. As a consequence, he

regarded the corrosion of the zinc plates as an unrelated flaw that could

perhaps be fixed by changing the materials somehow. However, no scientist

ever succeeded in preventing this corrosion. In fact, it was observed that the

corrosion was faster when a higher current was drawn. This suggested thatthe corrosion was actually integral to the battery's ability to produce a current.

This, in part, led to the rejection of Volta's contact tension theory in favor of

electrochemical theory. Volta's illustrations of his Crown of Cups and voltaic

pile have extra metal disks, now known to be unnecessary, on both the top

and bottom. The figure associated with this section, of the zinc-copper voltaic

pile, has the modern design; an indication that contacts tension" is not the

source of electromotive force for the voltaic pile.

Volta's original pile models had some technical flaws, one of them

involving the electrolyte leaking and causing short-circuits due to the weight of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyden_jarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superseded_scientific_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superseded_scientific_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyden_jarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine

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the discs compressing the brine-soaked cloth. A Scotsman named William

Cruickshank solved this problem by laying the elements in a box instead of

piling them in a stack. This was known as the trough battery. Volta himself

invented a variant that consisted of a chain of cups filled with a salt solution,

linked together by metallic arcs dipped into the liquid. This was known as the

Crown of Cups. These arcs were made of two different metals (e.g., zinc and

copper) soldered together. This model also proved to be more efficient than

his original piles, though it did not prove as popular.

Another problem with Volta's batteries was short battery life (an hour's

worth at best), which was caused by two phenomena. The first was that the

current produced electrolyzed the electrolyte solution, resulting in a film

of hydrogen bubbles forming on the copper, which steadily increased the

internal resistance of the battery (This effect, called polarization , iscounteracted in modern cells by additional measures). The other was a

phenomenon called local action , wherein minute short-circuits would form

around impurities in the zinc, causing the zinc to degrade. The latter problem

was solved in 1835 by William Sturgeon, who found that amalgamated zinc,

whose surface had been treated with some mercury, didn't suffer from local

action.

Despite its flaws, Volta's batteries provided a steadier current than

Leyden jars, and made possible many new experiments and discoveries,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)

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such as the first electrolysis of water by Anthony Carlisle and William

Nicholson. *Source: Wikipedia

Related Studies

Saltwater Battery

Salt molecules are made of sodium ions and chlorine ions. (An ion is an

atom that has an electrical charge because it has either gained or lost an

electron.) When you put salt in water, the water molecules pull the sodium

and chlorine ions apart so they are floating freely. These ions are what carry

electricity through water. *Source: Home Science Tools

A. Copper, zinc, and salt

A different chemistry happens when salt is used instead of acid in the

water. Salt breaks up in water to make positive sodium ions and negative

chloride ions. These ions reduce the energy needed for water to split into

hydroxide ions (OH -) and hydrogen ions H + (the hydrogen ions quickly find

another water molecule and create hydronium ions, H 3O+).

At the zinc strip, the zinc ion combines with four hydroxide ions to form

one ion of zincates (Zn(OH) 42-

), leaving two electrons behind on the zinc strip.

The chlorine ions from the salt then combine with the hydronium ions left over

when the hydroxide ions were taken away by the zinc, and form hydrochloric

acid.

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Over on the copper strip, four electrons combine with oxygen dissolved

in the water and two molecules of water to form four hydroxide ions. The

sodium ions from the salt combine with these hydroxide ions to make sodium

hydroxide.

The hydrochloric acid and the sodium hydroxide combine back into

salt. So the salt is merely in the picture as a way to move charges through the

water. It is not used up.

We can summarize what happens at the zinc strip (called

the anode this way:

Zn + 4OH - Zn(OH) 4 - + 2e -

4Cl - + 4H 2O 4HCl + 4OH -

Zn(OH) 42- ZnO + H 2O + 2OH -

At the copper strip (called the cathode ) we have:

O 2 + 2H 2O + 4e - 4OH -.

4Na + + 4OH - 4NaOH

Now it shows why it is called a zinc-air battery. The oxygen from the air

is combining with the zinc. The copper electrode is just there to conduct the

electrons, and does not participate in the chemistry. It can be replaced with a

carbon rod.

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You may notice that after a short while, the oxygen in the battery is

used up, and the current (and thus the brightness of the LED) begins to drop.

Stirring the salt water helps to put more oxygen in the water, and the LED

gets bright again. *Source: Sci-Toys

In this experiment, it proves that solution like Saltwater can carries ions

that produce electricity.

Lemon Battery

The citric acid in the lemon provided the electrolyte component. A

galvanized nail provided the zinc anode (negative terminal), and a copper

penny provided the cathode (positive terminal). *Source: Home School and Things

B. Copper, zinc, and acid

In the case of the copper and zinc strips, the copper holds onto its

atoms more strongly than the zinc does. The zinc strip is therefore more

negative than the copper strip, and the electrons flow from the zinc to the

copper.

When the forces are eventually balanced, the copper strip ends up

with more electrons than the zinc strip. The zinc strip now has fewer

electrons, and it cannot attract the zinc ions back to the strip.

If the battery just had water in it, not much more would happen. But the

Coca-Cola battery has water plus phosphoric acid . The vinegar battery has

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water plus acetic acid . An acid is something that has an easily detached

hydrogen ion. Hydrogen ions are positive, and the remaining part of the acid

becomes negative when it loses the hydrogen ion. In our two batteries, the

remaining parts are the phosphate ion and the acetate ion, respectively.

So what happens when those entire positively charged zinc ions

bumps into those negatively charged phosphate ions? They phosphate ion is

more strongly attracted to the zinc ion than to the hydrogen ion. The positively

charged hydrogen ion is attracted to the copper strip, because the copper

strip has the extra electrons, and is thus negative (opposite charges attract).

The hydrogen ions attract the electrons from the copper, and become

neutral hydrogen atoms. These join up in pairs to become hydrogen

molecules, and form bubbles on the copper strip. Eventually the bubbles

become big enough to float up to the surface and leave the system entirely.

Now the copper strip no longer has the extra electrons. It attracts more

from the zinc strip through the connecting wire, as it did when it first

connected the wire.

The copper ions next to the copper strip are not as attracted to the strip

as they were before. The hydrogen ions keep taking the electrons that

attracted the copper ions. So those ions are free to move through the liquid.

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At the zinc strip, zinc ions are being removed, leaving extra electrons.

Some of those electrons travel through the wire to the copper strip. But some

of them encounter the copper ions that happen to bump into the zinc strip.

Those ions grab the electrons, and become copper atoms. We can see those

atoms build up on the zinc strip. They look like a black film, because the

oxygen in the water combines with the copper to form black copper oxide.

Eventually, all of the zinc is eaten up, and the copper and copper oxide

falls into a pile beneath where the zinc strip used to be. The battery is now

dead, and no more electrons flow through the wire. If there was not a lot of

acid in the water, it may be the first thing to be used up, and the battery may

die while there is still some zinc left on the zinc strip. *Source: Sci-Toys

The study about lemon battery as the researchers compares it to

vinegar battery are almost the same in terms of its components and its

capability to produce ions.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study developed by the researchers entitled Vinegar Battery , in

accordance to all the related studies, was conducted by knowing the definition

of research methodology itself. Research methodology is the systematic,

theoretical analysis of the methods applied in studying a given phenomenon.

These are planned, scientific and designed to test the accuracy of the

outcome.

This chapter includes the research design, subject of the study,

materials and procedures and sources of data.

Research design

This study used experimental method of research. This method shows

the cause-effect nature of relationship between vinegar, copper and zinc. It

shows the steps and flow of the process on how the study acquired. It is used

to prove if this kind of battery is efficient in producing electricity. And also, the

guide of the researchers in preparation of the product had taken.

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Fig.3.1 Flowchart of Experimentation

IDENTIFYING THE

SOURCES

Vinegar

Copper

Strip

Galvanized Nail

(Zinc)

FORMULATION OF DESIGNOUTPUT

TESTING THE DEVICE

OBSERVATION

CONSTRUCTION OF DEVICE

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In identifying the sources, the researchers chose variables that are

consisted of elements that are likely to conduct electrical energy. Vinegar,

copper and zinc in galvanized metals are the major components of the

device.

The formulation of the design output serves as a direction to guide the

researchers on their visualized outcome. Vinegar serves as the source of

electrically charged ions. Copper strip and galvanized metal serve as the

electrodes. The copper strip or copper acts as the positive terminal and the

zinc in galvanized nail will be the positive terminal of the vinegar battery.

The construction of the device is the application of the formulated

design output.

Testing the device will prove if the construction is at good structure.

By means of observing the device, the researchers will be able to know

the modifications and the developments to be conducted to make the device

get better.

Subject of the study

Vinegar is the subject of the study because of its components. It is the

solution of acetic acid and water whereas it produces ions which are

electrically charged atoms.

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Materials and procedures

Here are the lists of materials used in doing the vinegar battery:

Container/s (P 15)

Vinegar (P 18)

Copper strip/s ( P 30)

Connecting wires

LED bulb

Galvanized nail/s ( P 24)

Alligator clips ( P 24)

Voltmeter

These are the following procedures in order to make it:

For Solo

Prepare all the materials stated above.

Get the container and fill it with vinegar.

Connect one ends of copper strip and galvanized nail to the LED bulb

using connecting wires.

Put the copper strip and galvanized nail on the different side of container.

Finally, observe what happens to the LED bulb. To test how muchelectricity is produced, used the voltmeter by replacing the position of the

bulb.

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For Series

Prepare all the materials stated above.

Take the two container and fill them with vinegar.

Get the zinc and a copper strip and connect one of the ends of both the

strips using a connecting wire.

Put the connected zinc strip in one of the glasses and copper strip in

another glass.

. Connect the remaining copper and zinc strip to the LED using two

connecting wires.

Then put the copper strip which is connected to the LED in the glass

which has zinc strip and LED connected zinc strip in copper containing glass.

Finally, observe what happens to the LED bulb. To test how much

electricity is produced, used the voltmeter by replacing the position of the

bulb.

Sources of data

The main sources of data in this study came from experiments and

observations, related studies and in the worldwide websites.

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The Table 2 illustrates the first trial of the solo vinegar battery. The

above results determine the effects of the vinegar battery to the device, if its

effective or not in generating electricity. The finished experiment to the device

brought the No Effect result.

Device Number ofVolts

Number ofVinegarBattery

Results

1. White LED Bulb

(From Flash Light) 3.8V3

6

Dim Light

Bright

Table3. Presentation of second attempt

The table 3 illustrates the second attempt of the researchers to see the

capability of the constructed series of vinegar battery. The first 3-Vinegar

Battery produced an adequate amount of light. To witness more potential of

the vinegar battery, another 3-Vinegar Battery was added, for total of 6-

Vinegar Battery. The series vinegar battery produced maximum light that the

whit LED bulb could produce.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the review and summarize of the study

that was conducted. The review of purpose of the study, restatement of

research questions and the research design or methodology is all included in

summary. The conclusion specified below is based on the result of research.

Furthermore, the recommendation is made for other related studies.

Summary

The purpose of this study is to show the effectiveness and usefulness

of the vinegar battery in producing electrical energy. This requires the

following questions to be answer:

1. Determine the purpose of vinegar in producing electricity.

2. Find out the connection of each component in the production of electrical

energy.

3. Discover the effectiveness of vinegar battery, in terms of:

a) Voltage production

b) Number of devices

c) Life span of materials used

The researchers used experimental method of research to gather data

needed in the study. It helps to manipulate the variables used and able to

explain how a certain thing happens.

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After the experimentation, researchers examine and evaluate carefully

all the findings gathered. Those results are stated below:

The researchers got 1V in each vinegar battery. In a series vinegar

battery, there were 6 batteries for a total of 6V (1V X 6).

The first trial of the solo vinegar battery results to the device brought

the No Effect result.

For the second attempt, the researchers used the first 3-Vinegar

Battery that produced an adequate amount of light. Another 3-Vinegar

Battery was added, for total of 6-Vinegar Battery. The series vinegar

battery produced maximum light that the whit LED bulb could produce.

Conclusion

Base on the findings obtained by the researchers, the following

conclusions were drawn:

Vinegar is an effective alternative source of electricity.

The copper strips and galvanized nails are important materials in the

study. For these contribute in helping vinegar to create electrical

energy. When those two immersed in vinegar, they draw ions from the

vinegar, and the movement of the ions creates an electrical current.

The life span of the materials (copper strip and galvanized nail)

depends on its thickness.

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