sistem pencernaan
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TRANSCRIPT
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ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGIANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI
SISTEM PENGHADAMANSISTEM PENGHADAMAN
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FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Take in food
2. Break down the food
3. Absorb digested molecules
4. Provide nutrients
5. Eliminate wastes
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The Digestive System
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ANATOMY AND ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE HISTOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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Digestive Tract Histology
1. Mucosa2. Submucosa3. Muscularis4. Serosa (adventitia)
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Oral CavityOral Cavity
1. Lips and Cheek
2. Tongue
3. 32 teeths
4. Palate and Tonsils
5. Salivary Glands
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Oral CavityOral Cavity
1. Bibir dan pipi - mengunyah dan bercakap
2. Lidah - bercakap, merasa, mengunyah, menelan
3. 32 gigi - mengerat, melumat/menghancur - crown, neck and root
4. Lelangit - keras dan lembut
5. Salivary Glands - menghasilkan serous dan
mocous 3 glands - 1. Parotid,
2. Submandibular, 3. Sublingual glands
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Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands
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Pharynx (tekak)Pharynx (tekak)
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
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EsophagusEsophagus
1. Salur memanjang dari pharynx ke stomach melalui diaphragm
2. Ukuran panjangnya 25 sm
3. Esophageal sphincters mengantar makanan
keluar dan masuk esophagus
4. Cardiac sphincter - lower esophageal sphincter
5. Mucous glands - mucus
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EsophagusEsophagus
StomachStomach
Heart
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StomachStomach1. Stomach - cardiac region and pyloric region
2. The wall of stomach 3 layers;
i. longitudinal
ii. circular
iii. oblique
3. Gastric glands produce;
i. mucus
ii. hydrocloric acid
iii. pepsin
iv. gastrin
v. intrinsic factor
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StomachStomach
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StomachStomach
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Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Small intestine - 3 parts:
i. duodenum
ii. jejunum
iii. ileum
Intestinal Lining - circular folds, villi dan microvilli
Goblet cells & duodenal glands - mucus
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Small IntestineSmall Intestine
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DuodenumDuodenum
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LiverLiver1. Liver menerima darah daripada:
i. hepatic arteryii. Hepatic portal vein
2. Liver produces ‘bile’. Bile leaves lever - hepatic duct system.3. Liver devided into lobules - portal triads
4. Portal triads:I. hepatic portal veinii. hepatic arteryiii. hepatic duct
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LiverLiver
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PancreasPancreas
1. Pancreas adalah kelenjar endokrine dan exorine.
2. Tugasnya mengawal tahap nutrein darah
3. Exocrine menghasilkan;
i. bicarbonate ions
ii. digestive enzymes
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Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System
Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System
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Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System
Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System
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Liver HistologyLiver Histology
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Anatomy and Histology of the Pancreas
Anatomy and Histology of the Pancreas
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Large IntestineLarge Intestine1. Colon terdiri daripada;
i. Ascending,ii. tranverse
iii. descendingiv. Sigmoid portions
2. Mengandungi mucus - crypts3. Rectum adalah saluran lurus - anal canal4. Cecum and appendix - blind sacs5. Cecum - junction of small and large intestines.
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Large IntestineLarge Intestine
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Peritoneum and MesenteriesPeritoneum and Mesenteries
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MOVEMENTS AND MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS IN SECRETIONS IN THE DIGESTIVE THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEMSYSTEM
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Sistem PenghadamanSistem Penghadaman
1. Sistem Penghadaman di atur oleh:
i. neural
ii. hormonal mechanisms
2. Intramural plexuses bertanggungjawab kepada ‘local reflexes’
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Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
1. Amylase (saliva) mula penghadaman.
2. Mucin menghasilkan pelincir
3. Gigi - menghancurkan makanan
4. Voluntary phase: Bolus akan ditolak oleh lidah ke pharynx
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Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
5. Pharyngeal phase:
i. soft plate close nasopharynx
ii. epiglottis close - larynx
iii. pharyngeal muscles move the bolus to the esophagus
iv. Peritalsis ( a wave of constriction) moves the food down to the stomach
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3 fasa Menelan (1)3 fasa Menelan (1)
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3 fasa Menelan (2)3 fasa Menelan (2)
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3 fasa Menelan (3)3 fasa Menelan (3)
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StomachStomach
1. Secretion of the Stomach
i. mucus protect the stomach lining
ii. hydrocloric acid kills microorganisms & activates pepsin
iii. pepsin starts protein digestion
iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 ) absorption
v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach secretion
and movements.
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StomachStomach
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StomachStomach
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StomachStomach
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StomachStomach2. Regulation of stomach Secretion
i. Cephalis phase - sight, taste, smell …..
ii. Gastrin - stomach secretion
iii. Gastric phase - promotes secretion
iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 ) absorption
v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach secretion
and movements.
vi. Intestinal phase - acidic chyme
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3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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StomachStomach
3. Movement in the stomach
i. Mixing wave mix the stomach contents
with the stomach secretion - chyme
ii. Peritalsis wave moves the chyme to the
duodenum
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Small IntestineSmall Intestine
1. Secretions of the small intestine
i. Mucus protects:
- digestive enzymes
- stomach acid
ii. Chemical or tactile irritation
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Small IntestineSmall Intestine
2. Movement in the small intestine
i. Segmental contraction occur
- short distance
- mix intestinal secretion
ii. Peritalsis contraction occur
- length distance
- propel chyme
3. Most absorption occurs in the duodenum
and jejunum
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LiverLiver
1. Liver produces;
i. ‘bile’ - emulsify fats
ii. stores and processes nutrients
iii. produces new molecules
iv. detoxifies molecules
v. produces blood proteins
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Kawalan Rembesan ‘Bile’Kawalan Rembesan ‘Bile’
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PancreasPancreas
1. Pancreas produces;
i. bicarbonate ions
ii. digestive enzymes
2. Acidic chyme - a watery bicarbonate solution
3. Fatty acids and amino acids (duodenum) -
pancreatic enzymes
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PancreasPancreas
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Large IntestineLarge Intestine
1. Functions:
i. feces production
ii. water absorption
2. Much longer to move
3. In the colon, chyme is converted to feces
4. Mass movements occur 3/4 times/day
5. Defecation - elimination of feces
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DIGESTION, DIGESTION,
ABSORPTION ABSORPTION
AND AND
TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
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1. Chemical breakdown of organic molecules
into their component parts
2. After digest;
- some diffuse through the intestinal wall
- transported across the intestinal wall
Digestion, Absorption and Transport
Digestion, Absorption and Transport
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
1. Polysaccharides (split) to disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases
2. Disaccharides (breakdown) to monosaccharides
by disaccharides - surface of intestinal epithelium
3. Monosaccharides absorbed - blood, carried by portal veins to liver
4. Glucose - carried and enter into the cells by facilited diffusion.
5. Insulin increases the rate of glucose transport
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LipidsLipids
1. Bile salts is emulsify lipids
2. Pancreatic lipase (breakdown) lipid
3. Products - micelles
4. Lipids are stored in the adipose and
in the liver
5. Lipids release when it needed by the body
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ProteinsProteins
1. Proteins (split) - small polypeptides by
enzymes (stomach and pancreas
2. Peptidases complete the digestive process
3. Amino acids (absorbed) - intestinal epithelial cells
4. Amino acid actively transported - growth hormon and insulin
5. Amino acid - build new proteins and energy
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Water and MineralsWater and Minerals
1. Water can move - ‘osmotic condition’
2. 99 % water absorbed
3. Most minerals are actively transported
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SEKIAN SEKIAN
TERIMA KASIHTERIMA KASIH