site development associate v2 - okaloosa schools...an initial web site plan • site plan is a rough...
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Site Development Associate v2.0
Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2012 Certification Partners, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Lesson 1: Markup Language and
Site Development Essentials
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Lesson 1 Objectives
• Discuss Web page creation • Discuss mobile and cloud issues • Introduce text editors and markup languages • Introduce graphical user interface (GUI) editors • Discuss the history of markup languages • Introduce the HTML Web development trifecta • Discuss Web site development principles • Introduce hosting and Web service providers • Introduce the Habitat for Humanity Web site
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Creating Web Pages
• Web page authoring is becoming a standard skill set for many careers
• You must know: – Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
• Additional technologies include: – Flash – Java – ActiveX – Microsoft Silverlight
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Mobile and Cloud Issues
• Web site development has been impacted by: – Smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices – The cloud
• Cloud services – Do not require knowledge of HTML to create Web
pages – Users simply "point and click" the available Web site
tools to design a personalized page
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Text Editors and Markup Languages
• You do not need to use a special editor application to create markup – You can use a simple text editor (e.g., Notepad
or Vi) • When creating HTML files, you must:
– Save the text as plaintext – Save the file using either the .html or .htm file
name extension
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Graphical User Interface (GUI) Editors
• GUI HTML editors: – Create HTML code for you
• You type page text as you would with a standard word processor
• You point and click with a mouse • Popular GUI HTML editors include:
– Adobe Dreamweaver – Microsoft Expression Web – Mozilla SeaMonkey – Adobe GoLive – KompoZer – Bluefish
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Why Learn Markup Languages?
• GUI HTML editors do not keep pace with the latest improvements in markup language
• You can add features to pages not supported by the editor
• You will not be limited by the GUI editor’s capabilities
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History of Markup Languages
• Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) – Originally created by IBM in 1986 – A metalanguage, meaning it is used to create
other languages – The basis for HTML, XHTML and XML – You create your own document rules using a
Document Type Definition (DTD)
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History of Markup Languages (cont'd)
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – Based on SGML, invented by Tim Berners-Lee – Allows hyperlinks – HTML vs. SGML
• HTML versions include: – HTML 3.2 – HTML 4.01 (the most popular version of HTML)
• HTML 4.01 flavors include: – 4.01 Strict – requires all container tags and does not allow
deprecated tags – 4.01 Transitional – allows deprecated tags, not as strict – 4.01 Frameset – for use with frames
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History of Markup Languages (cont'd)
• Extensible Markup Language (XML) – A subset of SGML, also a metalanguage – XML describes data instead of formatting – HTML or XHTML provides formatting and document
structure • Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)
– Combines HTML with XML – XHTML allows HTML to become XML-compliant
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History of Markup Languages (cont'd)
• HTML5 – The latest version of HTML under development by
the W3C – Provides modern requirements for the Internet with
fewer plug-ins
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Universal Markup Creation
• Follow W3C standards • Benefits of following standards include:
– Code will render as expected in more browsers – Pages will be more scalable (as you add more
sophisticated content, you will not run into problems)
– Pages are more likely to be available to disabled users
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The HTML Web Development Trifecta: HTML5, CSS and JavaScript
• The future of Web design lies within three technologies: – HTML5 – Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – JavaScript
• These technologies used together provide Web pages that easily adapt to smartphones, tablets, gaming devices and smart TVs, as well as to traditional PCs
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Project Management and the Web Development Project Cycle
• Create and document an initial Web site plan • Obtain relevant input from stakeholders • Communicate the Web site plan • Consider technical and non-technical concerns • Develop the site • Publish the site • Manage the site
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Developing Accessible Web Pages
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – Enforced by the U.S. Justice Department – Requires Web designers to create "reasonable
accommodations" for disabled users: • Ensuring that all images have text-based
descriptions • Providing text-based alternatives to all non-text
content (e.g., Java applets and Flash presentations)
• Providing easy-to-read forms
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Developing Accessible Web Pages (cont'd)
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) – Provided by the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative
(WAI) – A product of worldwide cooperation
• Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act – All federal agencies must ensure that all electronic
and information technology developed, procured, maintained or used by federal agencies be comparably accessible to users with disabilities
– Based on the WCAG
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Verifying Web Page Accessibility
• Many tools available, including: – W3C Page Validator – Total Validator – Cynthia Says – Vischeck – MAGpie
• Adopt a single W3C standard and apply it consistently throughout your site
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General Web Page Accessibility Considerations
• Visual challenges – Text readability – Text support for images – Screen reader support
• Audio challenges – Alternative audio support – Alternative speech input – Text support for audio elements
• Cognitive and technical challenges
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Creating and Documenting an Initial Web Site Plan
• Site plan is a rough outline of planned development – Site diagram – Storyboard
• Wireframing – The process of developing an outline for a Web
presence • Determining audience and message • Validating design issues
– Consider issues such as central message, fonts, images, colors, ethnic and cultural diversity, and common color schemes
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Obtaining Relevant Input from Stakeholders
• Stakeholders are relevant organization employees or contributors who can provide or help determine: – The purpose of the Web site – The services that the audience requires from the site – Development timelines
• As you work with stakeholders: – Remember that non-technical people may be asked to
approve your project – You must translate technical issues into non-technical
language • Team members can include representatives from marketing,
IT, sales and other areas of your organization
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Documenting and Communicating the Plan
• Create a storyboard • Document decisions in meetings and follow up • Communicate the plan in various ways:
– Calling relevant parties to ensure that everyone is satisfied
– Sending e-mail messages – Sending postal ("snail mail") messages if necessary – Sending fax messages – Telephone calls
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Communicating the Web Site Plan
• Use oral presentations and presentation aids, including: – Presentation software – Overhead projection – Whiteboards – Easel and poster paper – Charts – Published handouts
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Leading Discussions
• Strategies leaders use to manage a meeting: – Make introductions – Recall past business – Create a list of action items, including timelines – Monitor time – Ensure proper discussion focus – Handle heated discussions – Distribute minutes
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Considering Technical and Non-Technical Concerns
• Leaders can ensure communication by: – Regularly asking if anyone has questions – Asking team members to summarize their
understanding of decisions – Asking a third party to deliver a summary of
progress – Writing regular updates about the project
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Developing the Site
• As your team develops the site, you will be engaged in various activities: – Creating markup code – Testing functionality – Approving the site – Publishing the site
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Testing Pages in Multiple Browsers
• As you develop Web pages, test them using multiple Web browsers
• Different generations of the same browser may interpret HTML somewhat differently
• Browser vendors also implement standards differently • Browser types include:
– Microsoft Internet Explorer – Mozilla Firefox – Google Chrome – Opera – Lynx
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Managing the Site
• When managing a site, you must be prepared to: – Create new content – Update dead links – Remove old sites – Remove unused pages – Ensure connectivity – Report access troubles – Process feedback from customers and
stakeholders
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Obtaining Feedback
• Your Web team must process various types of feedback
• Feedback can come from various sources • Ways to obtain quality feedback
– Providing Web forms on the site that ask for customer input
– Conducting surveys in person – Conducting surveys via e-mail
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Intellectual Property
• A unique product or idea created by an individual or organization – Generally has commercial value
• Never "borrow" content without express written consent • Review copyright and trademark issues (e.g., trade secrets,
licensing, infringement, plagiarism) • Understand copyright scope, reach and time limits • Consider ethical issues of copyright and plagiarism • Avoid copyright infringement, trademark infringement and
plagiarism by: – Reviewing content – Obtaining express written consent – Creating reasonable deadlines
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Outsourcing
• Increasingly, Web development work (including site design) is being outsourced to workers in remote locations – May save the company money – May require you to work with remote workers
• As you use and work with remote teams, you may have to obtain: – Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) – Legal consultation
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Hosting and Web Service Providers
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) – Provides basic services
• Internet connectivity • Web server
– You need your own experts • Cloud service provider
– Provides more advanced services • Software-as-a-service (SaaS) • Backup services and nearly unlimited hard drive space • Advanced Web and database connectivity • Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
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Co-Location, Dedicated Hosting and Virtual Servers
• Co-location • Dedicated hosting (co-hosting) • Virtual server
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Costs of Using a Cloud Service
• Costs associated with a cloud service include: – Database connectivity – Per-service costs – Bandwidth – Customer support – Security – Application development
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Negotiating Web Services and Communicating Needs
• Be prepared to detail your needs • Negotiate prices by providing information:
– Potential amount of traffic – Hard drive space needed – Database and CGI needs – Additional services (e.g., custom applications)
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Information You Need from Your Service Provider
• Account information • IP addresses and DNS names of the server • Instructions about file and directory locations • Service provider's contact information
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The Habitat for Humanity Web Site
• A not-for-profit, volunteer-driven organization that builds and sells homes for families worldwide
• Has built more than 150,000 homes worldwide • A Web site example in this course • Like any Web site, it targets an audience
– The site is part of a concerted effort to bring in volunteers
– People with technical expertise must run the site – More than technical expertise is required –
the Web design team must also understand the business goals
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Lesson 1 Summary
! Discuss Web page creation ! Discuss mobile and cloud issues ! Introduce text editors and markup languages ! Introduce graphical user interface (GUI) editors ! Discuss the history of markup languages ! Introduce the HTML Web development trifecta ! Discuss Web site development principles ! Introduce hosting and Web service providers ! Introduce the Habitat for Humanity Web site
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Lesson 2: HTML5 Coding
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Lesson 2 Objectives
• Define elements and markup tags • Identify HTML5 document structure tags • Define Web site file structures • Prepare your development environment • Use paragraph formatting and block-level
elements • Use text-level elements • Use ordered and unordered lists • Use comments and good coding practices
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Elements and Markup Tags
• Markup tags are element names enclosed in angle brackets, or wickets – Tags embed the element information in the
document so that a user agent (e.g., browser) will render text as instructed by the associated element
– The combination of elements, markup tags and standard text is loosely referred to as either "code" or "markup"
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Container Tags
• Container tags contain page text between an opening and a closing tag, as shown
• Container tags are also known as non-empty tags • HTML encourages the use of container or non-empty
tags
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Empty Tags
• An empty tag does not use a closing tag • An empty tag does not directly format a specified block
of text, and therefore one tag can execute the instruction
• An empty tag can be written with a slash after the element to become a stand-alone non-empty tag (e.g., <br/>)
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What Constitutes a Tag?
• An element – provides the main instruction of the tag
• An attribute – specifies a quality or describes a certain aspect of the element
• A value – gives value to the element and its attribute
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Document Structure Tags
• HTML5 documents usually contain most of the following document structure components: – A <!DOCTYPE> declaration – The <html> </html> tag – The <head> </head> tag – Any <meta/> tags – A <link/> tag reference to a style sheet
(recommended) – The <title> </title> tag – The <body> </body> tag
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Are HTML Tags Case-Sensitive?
• HTML tags are not case-sensitive, but older XHTML tags are case-sensitive
• It is recommended that you write code in lowercase letters to ensure consistency, compatibility and conformance
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Document Type Declaration (<!DOCTYPE>)
• Describes the markup language and version of your code
• Placed at the top of the document • If you do not specify a <!DOCTYPE> declaration,
then two problems may arise: – You will not be able to control how your code
renders in the future – You will not be able to use a markup validator
• Each version and flavor of HTML/XHTML has its own <!DOCTYPE> declaration
• <!DOCTYPE html> is used for HTML5 files
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The <html> and <head> Tags
• The <html> </html> tags encompass all other HTML elements in the document
• The <head> </head> tags encompass several document elements, including: – The <meta/> tag – The <link/> tag that references a CSS file, if
present – The <title> </title> tags
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The <body> tag
• All content to be displayed on the page through the user agent must be enclosed between the <body> </body> tags
• The <body> tag no longer has attributes with HTML5
• The previous formatting attributes have been replaced by CSS and the inline CSS style attribute
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Web Site File Structure
• When creating a Web page, you must consider the site’s file structure
• Your HTML and image files will be uploaded to a server eventually, so it is always good practice to organize your files as you create them
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Preparing Your Development Environment
• Obtain a text editor • Install multiple browsers • Set file preferences
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Paragraph Formatting and Block-Level Elements
• Block-level elements – Elements that can affect entire paragraphs or
multiple paragraphs • The <p> tag • The <br/> tag
• Text-level elements – Elements that can affect as little as a single
character or word • <strong> or <em>
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Heading Levels
• Block-level element • Heading levels 1
through 6 – <h1> </h1> – <h2> </h2> – <h3> </h3> – <h4> </h4> – <h5> </h5> – <h6> </h6>
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Tag Nesting in Markup
• Placing one pair of tags between another – Proper: <h1> <em> ... </em> </h1> – Improper: <h1> <em> ... </h1> </em>
• Improper: The <em> tag is opened within the <h1> tags, but closed after the </h1> tag
• If you fail to properly nest code, your pages may still render in some user agents, but they will not validate and may fail to render in the future
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Primitive Formatting with the <pre> Tag
• The <pre> tag retains formatting on preformatted text
• Can be used to retain tabular format, spacing • All text between <pre> </pre> tags will render as
formatted in the HTML file
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Indenting and Centering Text
• Use an inline CSS style attribute in the paragraph tag to: – Center text – Justify items to the right or left on a page
• The <blockquote> tag also centers and indents a block of text
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Text-Level Elements
• Bold and italic text – <strong> for bold text – <em> for italic text
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Phrase Elements and Font Style Elements
• The <b> element is a font style element, <strong> is a phrase element; both create boldface text
• The same is true of <i> and <em>, respectively, which both create italic or emphasized text
• The difference is that <b> specifically means apply the bold font style, whereas <strong> indicates that the text is to be given a strong appearance
• In short, <b> represents a font appearance instruction, whereas <strong> represents the weighting of the phrase relative to surrounding text
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The <code>, <kbd> and <samp> Tags
• All make text appear in a fixed-width font in an HTML-compliant browser window
• Text-level phrase elements, their usage and their appearances:
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Lists
• Ordered – A numbered list – Uses the <ol> element and requires a closing tag </
ol> • Unordered
– A bulleted list – Uses the <ul> element and requires a closing tag </
ul>
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Good Coding Practice
• Write code for forward-compatibility: – Close all tags – Use lowercase letters within tags – Surround attribute values with quotation marks
• Create universal markup that applies W3C standards consistently and thus renders consistently across most or all browsers
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Good Coding Practice (cont’d)
• Create code that can be easily read by others • Exceptions:
– Some code might encounter problems if it includes random spaces
– Always test your code in multiple browsers and validate it
• Adding hidden comments: <!-- Text inside these brackets will not appear --> • Use comments to annotate code or document
changes
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Lesson 2 Summary
! Define elements and markup tags ! Identify HTML5 document structure tags ! Define Web site file structures ! Prepare your development environment ! Use paragraph formatting and block-level elements ! Use text-level elements ! Use ordered and unordered lists ! Use comments and good coding practices
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Lesson 3: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
and Graphical Elements
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Lesson 3 Objectives
• Discuss Cascading Style Sheets • Separate content in HTML • Incorporate images in Web pages • Discuss HTML entities • Use the browser-safe color palette • Use colors and images for page backgrounds • Specify font information • Consider Web design issues, including color
combinations and page layout
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Cascading Style Sheets
• A technology that adds formatting and structure to your pages
• A style sheet is simple text file that contains instructions
• If all pages on your site are linked to the same style sheet, then one simple change to the style sheet will change all specified elements across the site
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Cascading Style Sheets (cont’d)
• CSS benefits include: – Consistency – Easy change management
• Currently, three standards exist for style sheets: – Cascading Style Sheets (CSS1) – Cascading Style Sheets 2 (CSS2) – Cascading Style Sheets 3 (CSS3)
• HTML5 adopts CSS as the preferred way to format a page
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Cascading Style Sheets (cont’d)
• CSS terminology: – Selector – element to which designated styles are
applied – Property – changes the way a selector renders in a
browser – Value – defines a property – Declaration – consists of a property and value – Rule – consists of a selector, property and value
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Cascading Style Sheets (cont’d)
• Proper CSS structure – place the opening and closing curly braces and each declaration on separate lines
• Inheritance – the style you define will flow, or cascade, throughout the documents, unless another style defined inside of a page specifically overrides it
• To apply CSS styles to HTML documents, you can: – Declare an inline CSS style attribute – Link to an external style sheet – Create an internal style sheet
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Separating Content in HTML
• Create a horizontal rule using the <hr> tag: – <h1> Horizontal Rules </h1>
<hr/> Horizontal rules: Lines used to make visual divisions in your document.
• Use CSS to stylize horizontal rules
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Images in Web Pages
• Use the <img> tag to insert an image file • The key attributes that are required in this tag are:
– src (abbreviation for source) – alt (alternative text for the image if it cannot be
seen) • Image file formats
– Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) – Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) – Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
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Using the alt Attribute with Images
• The alt attribute specifies alternative text to appear while the graphic is loading, or in place of the graphic in non-graphical browsers
• Every image used in HTML5 is required to contain the alt attribute with a corresponding value
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Combining Background Images and Background Colors
• If you use a style sheet and specify both image and color as a background, then the background image will always render first
• If the image cannot be found, a background color will then appear
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Aligning Images Relative to Text
• Use CSS to align images to text • Alignment options include:
– bottom – middle – top – left – right
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Resizing Images
• Specify image size using the following attributes: – height – width
• The syntax for these attributes is: <img src="imagename.gif" height="NumberOfPixels" width="NumberOfPixels"/>
• Specifying both height and width can distort an image; be sure to use proper proportions
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HTML Entities
• Uses code with ampersand (&) and semicolon (;) • HTML entities include:
– The "less than" symbol < • Code: <
– The "greater than" symbol > • Code: >
– The copyright sign © • Code: © or ©
– The registered trademark sign ® • Code: ® or ®
• Non-breaking space:
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Specifying Colors
• Colors can be specified by name or by Hexadecimal "Red Green Blue (RGB)" value
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Browser-Safe Color Palette
• A set of 216 colors guaranteed to render properly • Ensures that colors in pages render as expected
– If you specify a color not supported by the monitor or operating system, the system will approximate the color, a process called dithering
– Unexpected results may occur as the result of dithering
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Page Colors and Backgrounds
• Specifying color for a page background: – add the background-color property to the body selector in
an external CSS file
• Specifying an image for a page background: – add the background-image property to the body selector
• Specifying the color of text: – Add the color property to the body selector
• Specifying the color of unvisited links: – Use the <a:link> element
• Specifying the color of visited links: – Use the <a:visited> element
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Specifying Font Information
• CSS allows you to change the size, color and typeface of the text
• CSS supports many font-related selectors and properties, including: – font-family – font-size – color
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Web Design Issues
• Color combinations impose tone and mood • Consider cultural and audience concerns • Page layout guidelines:
– Be succinct – Make sure that each page focuses on one topic – Divide the page into three sections – Include navigation aids – Place comments in each section of code
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Web Design Issues (cont’d)
• Basic HTML5 structural elements of a Web page:
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Web Design Issues (cont’d)
• Page-layout methods to control the placement of Web page elements when rendered in the browser: – Fixed-width layout – Liquid layout
• Relative path names • White space, the <img> tag and HTML
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Lesson 3 Summary
! Discuss Cascading Style Sheets ! Separate content in HTML ! Incorporate images in Web pages ! Discuss HTML entities ! Use the browser-safe color palette ! Use colors and images for page backgrounds ! Specify font information ! Consider Web design issues, including color
combinations and page layout
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Lesson 4: Hyperlinks
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Lesson 4 Objectives
• Define and use the anchor element • Create local hyperlinks • Create external hyperlinks • Use images as hyperlinks • Create internal hyperlinks • Manage hyperlinks
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The Anchor Element
• The <a> element creates a hyperlink • The href attribute is used to specify the link's
hypertext reference, or the target of the link • The syntax for using the anchor element to create a
link is as follows: <a href="URL"> linked text or image (or both) </a>
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The Anchor Element (cont'd)
• Examples of values for the URL when referencing external links:
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The Anchor Element (cont'd)
• Various protocols you can specify in a hyperlink URL:
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The Anchor Element (cont'd)
• Make sure that you: – Use a closing anchor tag </a> – Place quotation marks around the value – Include the closing bracket at the end of the opening
<a> tag • Various issues to troubleshoot with hyperlinks include:
– Text and images that disappear – Successive Web page text that appears as a hyperlink – Garbled code that appears on screen – Code that will not validate due to a problem <a> tag
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Hyperlinks
• Types of hyperlinks include: – Local hyperlink – a link you create from one file on
your local system to another file on your local system
– External hyperlink – a link you create from a file on your system to a separate file on the Internet
– Internal link – a link you create to target other areas within the same page
• You can create a hyperlink from an image by surrounding the image tag with opening and closing anchor tags
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Creating Internal Links
• Creating an internal link requires two steps: – Use the anchor element, <a>, with the id attribute
to define an area as a target (the bookmark or anchor)
– In another portion of the page, create the link that points to the bookmark using the anchor element with the hypertext reference (href) attribute
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Managing Hyperlinks
• All hyperlinks need to be verified – Verify that the URL or other reference is valid – Verify that the target page or location is accessible
• Hyperlinks need to be managed – Over time, URLs (and content) change – "Dead" links frustrate users
• Use automated link-checking software to validate hyperlinks
• Manually check links to verify relevance of linked content
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Lesson 4 Summary
! Define and use the anchor element ! Create local hyperlinks ! Create external hyperlinks ! Use images as hyperlinks ! Create internal hyperlinks ! Manage hyperlinks
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Lesson 5: HTML Tables
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Lesson 5 Objectives
• Describe HTML table elements and attributes • Describe CSS properties for tables • Use table and data alignment options • Change the height and width of table elements • Specify column and row spanning • Compare HTML tables with CSS page structure
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Introduction to HTML Tables
• Present data that lends itself to tabular format • In HTML, do not use tables to structure entire pages
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CSS Properties for All Table Elements
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Table and Data Alignment Options
• Defaults for table data: – Content in table header cells is aligned both
horizontally and vertically to the center of the cell – Content in table data cells is aligned horizontally to
the left and vertically to the center • You can change the alignment for an individual cell or
for an entire row by using CSS properties: – text-align to specify horizontal alignment – vertical-align for vertical alignment
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Height and Width of Table Elements
• You can change the height or width of the table and individual cells by using the height property of the CSS table rule
• You can specify: – Pixel values – Percentage values
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Column and Row Spanning
• You can specify that a column or row span two or more cells using the following attributes: – colspan to specify that a column span across
multiple cells – rowspan to specify that a row span across multiple
cells
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HTML Tables vs. CSS Page Structure
• HTML tables were formerly used to create content structure for entire Web pages
• The W3C recommends using HTML5 with CSS to structure a Web page
• HTML5 structural elements of Web page:
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Lesson 5 Summary
! Describe HTML table elements and attributes ! Describe CSS properties for tables ! Use table and data alignment options ! Change the height and width of table elements ! Specify column and row spanning ! Compare HTML tables with CSS page structure
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Lesson 6: Web Forms
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Lesson 6 Objectives
• Discuss the importance of CGI to Web forms • Discuss HTML5 and Web forms • Identify basic Web form tags • Construct a Web form using Web form fields
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Introduction to Web Forms
• Forms are used to obtain information from users – Input can include the user’s name, address or credit
card number, for example – The information that a user submits in the form is
sent to a server, where it is stored and/or processed • Forms are essential for e-commerce, as well as for
gathering information
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Web Forms and CGI
• To be truly functional, a form requires the use of a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) program to process and organize the user input
• A CGI script residing on a server performs two important functions: – Receives data from a Web browser – Processes and formats the data
• CGI scripts can also be used to forward data to the proper destination, where it can be processed or stored
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Parsing Data
• A Web form receives submitted user input • CGI scripting (or an alternative) parses the data • The browser sends user-submitted information to the
Web server as a raw text string • The basic element of a raw text string is a name=value
pair • This raw text string consists of name=value pairs,
delimited by ampersands (&) • After the server receives this information, a CGI script
can parse and format the raw text string into a human-readable format, or enter the data into a database
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Applied Example: FormMail
• FormMail is popular because: – It is available free of charge from Matt's Script
Archive (MSA) – It is written in Perl, which allows developers to use a
free CGI interpreter – It is easy to customize
• You install the script onto a Web server and refer to it in your forms
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HTML5 and Forms
• The main differences in form creation in HTML5 vs. HTML 4.01 are: – Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used for all form
styles – Advanced features are now available, such as new
<form> elements and attributes, and <input> types for better control of validation and input control
• Many of the new elements and attributes are not supported by most browsers, even the ones that support HTML5
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Basic Tags for Creating Web Forms
• The <form> tag creates a user-input Web form • Attributes include:
– method • "get": not as secure, sends unencrypted text • "post": encrypts, but can be easily broken
– action • Specifies the name and location of the CGI
script used to process the form • Place the <input>, <select> and <textarea> tags
between <form> </form> tags to create form fields
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Web Form Fields
• User-input form fields include: – Text box – Radio button – Check box – Single-option select list – Multiple-option select list – Scrolling text area box – Password field – File upload button – Submit and Reset buttons
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Forms and the name Attribute
• All form field elements share an attribute: name – Identifies information you receive from a user
and associates it with a value you specify – Helps organize user input
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Text Boxes
• Used to collect a single line of data from the user, such as name, e-mail or address information
• Syntax:
<input type="text" name="FieldName"/>
• You can enter default text to appear in the form:
<input type="text" name="FieldName" value="DefaultText"/>
In this example, "DefaultText" would appear in the user’s window
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File Upload
• Provides a Browse button and accompanying text box • Users click the Browse button and navigate to the file
they want to upload • The path to the file chosen by the user will appear in
the text box
Choose your file here: <input type="file" name="File"/>
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Submit and Reset Buttons
• Submit button – Sends completed user information from Web form
to server • Reset button
– Clears all information entered into form fields, instead of submitting information to server
• Every form needs a means to submit data <input type="submit"/> <input type="reset"/>
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Radio Buttons
• A group of two or more mutually exclusive options • Never used as stand-alone items • Example:
Do you know carpentry? <input type="radio" name="Carpentry" value="yes"/>
• To present a preselected radio button, add the following attribute and value:
checked="checked"
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Check Boxes
• A group of non-exclusive choices • Syntax:
<input type="checkbox" name="groupName"/>
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Select Lists
• Drop-down lists of predetermined options • Created with the <select> tag • Two types:
– Single-option select list Multiple-option select list
• To allow the user to select multiple options, add the multiple attribute in the <select> tag
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Scrolling Text Area Box
• Created by the <textarea> element • Provides a scrolling text box into which a user can enter
a few sentences, an address, a letter, etc. • Used to gather more than one line of text from the user • Attributes include:
– cols – rows – wrap
• Text between <textarea> tags will appear to users as default text within the box
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Web Forms, CAPTCHA and SEO
• Use CAPTCHA to reduce spam submissions sent to your forms
• Consider search engine optimization (SEO) issues when developing Web forms
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Lesson 6 Summary
! Discuss the importance of CGI to Web forms ! Discuss HTML5 and Web forms ! Identify basic Web form tags ! Construct a Web form using Web form fields
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Lesson 7: Video, Audio and
Image Techniques
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Lesson 7 Objectives
• Use the <video> element to embed video in Web pages • Use the <audio> element to embed audio in Web pages • Define graphic types • Create client-side image maps • Define image transparency • Define image interlacing • Use Web-based technologies to create animation • Explore mobile device issues with animation and plug-ins • Create and manage images
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The <video> Element
• Video elements and attributes:
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The <video> Element (cont’d)
• HTML5-compliant browser support for HTML5 video formats and codecs:
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The <audio> Element
• The <audio> element allows developers a standard method to embed audio into Web pages
• The controls attribute identifies the default audio controls: play, pause, volume, etc.
• Multiple sources can be identified with the <source> element to ensure various audio formats are supported
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The <audio> Element (cont’d)
• HTML5-compliant browser support for HTML5 audio formats:
• Additional <audio> and <video> attributes:
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Graphic Types
• Vector – Graphics that use mathematical coordinates with
lines, curves and shapes to create desired images and specify colors
• Bitmap – Graphics that use small dots (usually thousands) to
create an image and specify color – Also known as raster graphics
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Image Maps
• An image that contains hyperlinked, clickable regions, sometimes called "hot spots"
• Each hot spot is defined by a set of coordinates (indicating its position on the image) and a URL reference
• Two types of image maps: – Client-side (the most common) – Server-side (rarely used)
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Defining a Client-Side Image Map
• Define a map, assign it a name, and provide hot-spot coordinates
• Refer to the image map by map name: <map name="mapname"> <area shape="shape" coords="coordinates" href="url" alt="description"/> <area shape="shape" coords="coordinates" href="url" alt="description"/> <area shape="shape" coords="coordinates" href="url" alt="description"/> </map>
• Associate the image file with the map: <img src="imagemap.gif" usemap="#mapname"/>
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Defining a Rectangle Hot Spot
• Any two points can define a rectangle • Each point is represented by a horizontal (x) coordinate and
a vertical (y) coordinate • Rectangles are defined by four coordinates representing
the upper-left and bottom-right corners of the rectangle
<area shape="rect" coords="x1,y1,x2,y2" href="url" alt="description"/>
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Defining a Circle Hot Spot
• Circles are defined by two coordinates and a radius
<area shape="circle" coords="x1,y1,radius" href="url " alt="description"/>
• The pair of coordinates specifies the circle's center
• A third number specifies the desired radius, or half-width, of the circle
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Defining a Polygon Hot Spot
• Defines an irregular area (neither a circle nor a rectangle)
• Specify coordinates for each point that defines the polygon, from three to 100 pairs of coordinates
<area shape="poly" coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,...xn,yn" href="url " alt="description"/>
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Image Transparency
• Provides the visual effect of blending in to the background of the Web page
• Most developers use image transparency to remove the blank image background so it appears to float on the page
• Web-ready formats that support transparency: – GIF 89a – PNG
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Image Interlacing
• Allows an image to progressively display in a browser while downloading
• The image appears in stages during download (from top to bottom)
• The top of a non-interlaced image will appear after the browser has read 50 percent of the image
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Animation
• Several images in a sequence, rendered in rapid succession to simulate motion
• Made possible in several ways: – Animated GIFs and PNGs
• The animated image is actually a group of separate, sequenced images
– Flash • Scripts, called macros, that manipulate vector images • Popular, but proprietary technology (Adobe) • Requires a browser plug-in to view
– Silverlight – Microsoft's answer to Flash – Java applets – requires a Java interpreter to view – Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) – an open standard
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Mobile Device Issues with Animation and Plug-Ins
• As you create animated images, remember the following issues: – Animation techniques are often proprietary – Plug-ins drain system resources – Animation may seem useful and interesting, but it is
frequently overused – Animated images can limit accessibility
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Creating and Managing Images
• There are several options you can use to obtain and manage images for use on your Web pages: – Create original images using image-creation
software – Scan hard-copy images – Use stock photographs – Obtain photos from photo-sharing Web sites – Use photo management software to organize,
edit and share your images • Consider search engine optimization (SEO)
issues when creating and using images
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Lesson 7 Summary
• Use the <video> element to embed video in Web pages • Use the <audio> element to embed audio in Web pages • Define graphic types • Create client-side image maps • Define image transparency • Define image interlacing • Use Web-based technologies to create animation • Explore mobile device issues with animation and plug-ins • Create and manage images
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Lesson 8: Extending HTML
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Lesson 8 Objectives
• Identify client-side and server-side scripting technologies • Identify the benefits of Dynamic HTML (DHTML) • Define the function of the Document Object Model (DOM) • Define HTML5 APIs • Use the HTML5 canvas API • Use the HTML5 offline Web application API • Use the HTML5 geolocation API • Use the HTML5 drag-and-drop API • Define Web application frameworks • Connect Web pages to databases
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Server-Side and Client-Side Languages
• Programming concepts – Not required knowledge, but essential terminology
is useful to understand • Programming statements
– if/then – if/then/else – do while – do until – break
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Server-Side Languages
• Attributes of server-side language: – Code is executed by the Web server, not the Web browser – Code executes because an interpreter has been installed
and activated on the Web server • Server-side scripts are used for various purposes:
– Browser detection – Database connectivity – Cookie creation and identification – Logon scripts – Hit counters – File uploading and downloading
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PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
• An interpreted server-side scripting language for creating dynamic Web pages
• Embedded in HTML pages but usually executed on a Web server • Example of PHP code:
<?php $envVars = array("HTTP_USER_AGENT"); foreach($envVars as $var) { print " <html><head><title>PHP CGI Example</title></head><body> <h1>Hello, World!</h1> Your user agent is:<strong>${$var}.</strong> <br/> </body></html> "; } ?>
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Practical Extraction and Report Language (Perl)
• Another server-interpreted language • Older, but very popular • Example of Perl code:
#!/usr/bin/perl use CGI qw/:all/; $cgi_object = CGI::new(); print "Content-type: text/html\n\n"; print "<html>\n<head>\n<title>\nPerl CGI Example\n</title>\n<body>\n<h1>Hello, World!</h1>\nYour user agent is: <b>\n"; print $cgi_object->user_agent(); print "</b>.</html>\n";
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Active Server Pages (ASP) using VBScript
• Microsoft’s original server-side scripting solution • Example of ASP code using VBScript:
<%@ LANGUAGE=vbscript %> <html> <head> <title>ASP CGI Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hello, World!</h1> <% path = Request.ServerVariables("PATH_INFO") pagename = Request.ServerVariables("HTTP_HOST") method = Request.ServerVariables("REQUEST_METHOD") browser = Request.ServerVariables("HTTP_USER_AGENT") user = Request.ServerVariables("REMOTE_ADDR")
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The C Language
• A procedural programming language (relies upon subprograms to accomplish a task in an application)
• C is a time-honored language, usually used to create stand-alone applications and operating systems (e.g., Linux/UNIX)
• Can also be used for CGI • Example of C code:
#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; }
• Note that this code includes a reference to a library called stdio.h
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C++
• Object-oriented programming language – A style of programming that links data to the
processes that manipulate it – May include procedural elements, but instead of
using subprograms to accomplish a task, will create an object that can then be manipulated throughout the program
– Once an object is created, it can be reused • Platform dependent:
– Must be compiled to a specific computer type (e.g., IBM-compatible machines that run Windows)
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Java
• Object-oriented programming language • Compiled • Platform-independent
– Marketing: Write once, run anywhere – Reality: Write once, test everywhere
• Java can be used to write: – Stand-alone applications – Servlets – JavaServer Pages (JSP)
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Visual Basic
• A compiled programming language developed by Microsoft Corporation
• Used for stand-alone applications and server-side Web applications
• Once only procedural, now has object-based elements
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C#
• Pronounced "C sharp" • Object-oriented programming language • Compiled • Platform-dependent
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Server Side Includes (SSIs)
• An instruction inside of an HTML page that directs the Web server to perform an action
• An alternative to CGI • SSI instructions are in SGML • Can be used to:
– Place the results of a database query into a page – Execute other programs – Indicate the last time a document was modified – Insert footer text at the bottom of a page – Add the current date as a timestamp to a page
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Server Side Includes (SSIs) (cont'd)
• Standard SSI file name extensions: – .shtml – .shtm
• SSI support in Web servers – Most Web servers include code that enables SSI – However, the SSI feature may be disabled
• You may have to activate the feature • You may also have to define a MIME type
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Client-Side Languages
• Issues with client-side languages – Some clients do not support JavaScript or any
other such scripting language – Users can deactivate script execution in
browsers that normally support it
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JavaScript
• Object-based scripting language • Adds interactivity to Web pages • Can also be used on the server side (Server-Side JavaScript
[SSJS]) • On the client side, can be used to:
– Detect browsers – Create cookies – Create mouse rollovers
• JavaScript advantages – Platform-independent – Vendor-neutral – Relatively simple
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JavaScript (cont'd)
• Can be placed in an HTML document – Use the <script> tag
• Browser detection (using JavaScript or any other scripting technology) is useful for: – Presenting different versions of a site to different
browsers – Informing users in a corporate intranet to upgrade
their browsers to a supported version – Ensuring accessibility to disabled users
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JavaScript (cont'd)
• JavaScript and cookies – Cookies are stored on the hard drive – Cookies can be used to:
• Store passwords • Store user preferences • Choose which Web pages will be displayed
based on browser version
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VBScript
• Microsoft’s answer to JavaScript • Can be used on the client side or the server side • If used on the client side, only Internet Explorer
can render the script
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Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
• An enhancement that provides animation, interactivity and dynamic updates in pages
• DHTML capabilities include: – Automatic adjustment of font sizes and colors – Absolute positioning – New document content – Granular control over animation, audio and
video
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Document Object Model (DOM)
• A vendor-neutral, cross-platform application programming interface (API)
• Specifies how objects in a document can be referred to and manipulated through scripting languages
• Describes the elements, or objects, within a document rendered by a user agent (e.g., Web browser)
• A W3C standard
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Document Object Model (DOM) (cont'd)
• Accessing a browser's DOM – Use a scripting language
• JavaScript • VBScript
– DOM compliance • The W3C has created a standard DOM
• Choosing a DOM-compliant browser • Undefined object error and the DOM • HTML, the DOM and browser compatibility
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HTML5 APIs
• HTML5 APIs are the best examples of DHTML • HTML5 APIs utilize multiple technologies to extend the
functionality of HTML : – HTML5 – Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – JavaScript access to the Document Object Model
(DOM) • HTML5 APIs are used to create apps for mobile
devices, not just Web pages
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Canvas
• Provides a place on a Web page (a "canvas") where developers can display graphics, animation, video and games "on the fly" without the need for a plug-in
• Draw objects on a canvas using JavaScript • The canvas element is defined in HTML with the
<canvas></canvas> tag • The canvas element has only two attributes: height and
width
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Offline Web Application
• Allows users to interact with Web sites when a network connection is unavailable
• Web pages will store data locally within the user’s browser, utilizing the application cache
• Utilizing a manifest, which tells the browser which files to store locally, is what allows the user to continue working without the connection
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Geolocation
• Used to locate a user’s geographical position • Geolocation can:
– Determine a user’s current position – Monitor the user’s location – Update any changes to that location
• Geolocation displays the user’s information in a localized map
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Drag-and-Drop Functionality
• Allows a user to move an item from one place on the page to another by dragging it across the screen and dropping it in a different location
• The drop zone is the place where dragged items can be placed
• There are two kinds of drag-and-drop functionality: – Dragging files from the user’s computer onto a Web
page – Dragging items to a different location within the
same page
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Web Application Frameworks
• Web application framework – a set of software tools or code that is commonly used in the creation and management of online applications
• Popular Web application frameworks: – Django – Ruby on Rails
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Connecting to a Database
• For a database to work, you must: – Provide a way for the Web server and database to
recognize each other – Provide permissions to the database so it can be
read and/or written to
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CGI and Permissions
• Aside from improper coding, CGI scripts usually fail to execute because: – The Web server does not have the permissions to
execute files and scripts – The file or script used has incorrect permissions,
which prohibits the server from executing the file
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ISPs and CGI
• If working with an Internet Service Provider (ISP), you generally need to: – Request CGI services – Request that the ISP:
• Enables execute permissions on your scripts • Creates a directory that contains available CGI
scripts • Provides user names and passwords with
enough permissions to work the system
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N-Tier Applications
• When discussing databases, three elements are generally involved: – Data
• The database file or multiple database files – Business logic
• The SQL coding necessary to create relationships with the data stored in the database
– Presentation • The way that data and business logic are presented
on the user screen
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N-Tier Applications (cont'd)
• In n-tier, all three database elements are separated
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Lesson 8 Summary
• Identify client-side and server-side scripting technologies • Identify the benefits of Dynamic HTML (DHTML) • Define the function of the Document Object Model (DOM) • Define HTML5 APIs • Use the HTML5 canvas API • Use the HTML5 offline Web application API • Use the HTML5 geolocation API • Use the HTML5 drag-and-drop API • Define Web application frameworks • Connect Web pages to databases
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Lesson 9: GUI HTML Editors and
Mobile Web Sites
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Lesson 9 Objectives
• Identify types of GUI editors • Identify specific features of GUI editors • Create a Web page using a GUI editor • Compare HTML text editors with GUI editors • Preview and validate code for pages created with a GUI editor • Identify requirements for publishing a Web site to a Web server • Develop Web pages for mobile devices • Compare mobile apps with mobile Web sites • Convert a Web site for mobile users • Use "Web 2.0" technologies to create Web pages
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Introduction to GUI HTML Editors
• Graphical user interface (GUI) HTML editor • Automatically generates HTML code • Developer inputs content as in a standard word
processor • Also known as WYSIWYG (What You See Is
What You Get) editors
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Types of GUI Editors
• Page editors – Allow you to create Web pages using your mouse and a
toolbar – Page editor software include:
• Virtual Mechanics WebDwarf • Mozilla SeaMonkey
• Site management editors – Allow you to create Web pages and to manage sites – Site management editor software include:
• Adobe Dreamweaver • Microsoft Expression Web
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GUI HTML Editor Functionality
• Features of GUI editors: – Templates and wizards – Text style options – Icon bars – Image insertion – Hypertext link creation – HTML importing – Table creation – Spelling check – Publishing
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W3C Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines
• The guidelines mandate: – The ability of the GUI editor to generate proper
code – The usability of the GUI editor by a disabled
person creating a Web page • Seven specific points
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Creating Web Pages with a GUI Editor
• Coursebook labs 9-1 through 9-7 will familiarize you with the toolbar, menus and functions of a GUI Web page editor, KompoZer
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HTML Text Editors vs. GUI Editors
• HTML text editors (e.g., Notepad, WordPad, Vi, Emacs) – Easily include other code (e.g., JavaScript) – Readily modify code – Apply your HTML knowledge and skills
• Drawbacks: – Typing code is time-consuming – People with disabilities may find manual entry
difficult or impossible – Requires a higher degree of effort to create even a
simple page
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HTML Text Editors vs. GUI Editors (cont’d)
• GUI HTML editors – Place code into files for you – Allow you to modify your code manually
• Drawbacks: – May alter or ignore any code you enter
manually – Rarely keep pace with the evolution of HTML
standards – At the time of this writing, HTML5 was not
supported by any open-source GUI editors
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Previewing Pages and Validating Code
• Most GUI editors make it easy to: – Preview pages in a browser – View source code – Validate code
• Validating HTML code – Specify the correct <!DOCTYPE> before validating;
the GUI HTML editor may not do this – Many tools provide useful validation tools – Some editors provide tools for disabled users
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Web Site Publishing
• GUI HTML editors usually provide a publishing feature • FTP is the standard protocol for Web page publishing
– Stand-alone FTP clients – FTP client provided by GUI HTML editor
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Publishing to a Test Web Server
• Before publishing pages to a public site, post them to a test server – Verify that CGI script works as expected – Locate and repair dead links – Allow stakeholders to preview the site
• Test server configuration – Test server must be identical to production server – Use the same:
• Operating system version • Type and version of Web server software • CGI interpreter software
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Developing Web Pages for Mobile Devices
• When you develop a Web site for viewing on mobile devices: – Keep your Web pages simple and uncluttered – Prioritize your content – Optimize your site to a smaller screen size
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Mobile Apps vs. Mobile Web Sites
• Mobile apps – stand-alone applications that are downloaded from a vendor's software repository onto a mobile device – Mobile apps are designed and built for specific
mobile operating systems • Mobile Web sites – usually stripped-down versions of
traditional Web sites – Mobile Web sites offer cross-platform usability;
mobile apps do not
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Converting a Web site for Mobile Users
• Many services are available to convert traditional sites to mobile sites
• Most services support the major types of mobile operating systems used in smartphones and tablets
• Ensure the service provides support for whatever mobile devices your customers will be using to access your site
• Test your mobile Web site on as many mobile devices as possible
• Validate your markup code to HTML5
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Working with Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 – changing trends in the use of WWW technology and Web design that led to the development of information-sharing and collaboration capabilities
• Ajax – enables Web applications to interact with users in much the same way they do with desktop applications
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Browsers as Application Delivery Platforms
• Access to hosted applications and services on Web sites that enable you to perform computing tasks without the need to download and install any software
• Cloud computing – a computing paradigm in which users are able to access software and services over the Internet instead of from their desktops
• Software as a Service (SaaS): – Another term for cloud computing – The software cannot be downloaded or owned by the
end user – The software becomes available as a service either for
free or for a fee
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Browsers as Application Delivery Platforms (cont'd)
• Advantages – Flexibility – Scalability – Cost reduction
• Disadvantages – Connectivity – Speed – Lockout
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Personalizing a Web Page with Third-Party Applications
• The functionality and usability of your Web page can dramatically increase without the need for you to create programs
• Adding such applications may slow page rendering speeds and can easily be overused
• Example: Google Gadgets
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Web Feeds
• Web feed – a data format for delivering Web content that is updated frequently
• Content syndication – RSS (Really Simple Syndication, RDF Site
Summary or Rich Site Summary) – Atom
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Podcasts
• Podcast – the use of audio or video digital-media files that are distributed through Web feeds to subscribed users – Similar to an RSS feed – Podcast files can be syndicated, subscribed to
and downloaded automatically
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Lesson 9 Summary
• Identify types of GUI editors • Identify specific features of GUI editors • Create a Web page using a GUI editor • Compare HTML text editors with GUI editors • Preview and validate code for pages created with a GUI editor • Identify requirements for publishing a Web site to a Web server • Develop Web pages for mobile devices • Compare mobile apps with mobile Web sites • Convert a Web site for mobile users • Use advanced "Web 2.0" technologies to create Web pages
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Lesson 10: Web Site Development
for Business
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Lesson 10 Objectives
• Develop a business Web site • Discuss the three e-commerce models • Identify the relationship between Internet marketing and search
engine optimization (SEO) • Identify payment models used in e-commerce • Identify issues related to working in a global environment • Explore the relationship between databases and Web pages • Discuss ways to optimize the impact of the Web page • Identify Web page front-end design issues • Identify file formats for use in Web pages • Identify Web page back-end resource issues • Calculate bandwidth and download time • Name Web page files
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Developing a Business Web Site
• Web sites can serve as a business's primary means of advertising and marketing
• Brand – a concept or collection of symbols associated with a product, service or person – Should be simple – Should be different – Should be safe – Should make a promise – Should reflect the company's attributes – Should reflect the company's personality – Should appeal to the intended audience
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Developing a Business Web Site (cont’d)
• Customers do not read Web pages; they scan them • Effectively designed pages:
– Feature crisp, concise text – Include one idea per paragraph – Include search engine keywords in the main
portions of text – Convey the central message using the inverted-
pyramid writing style
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E-Commerce Considerations
• There are three major e-commerce models that are widely implemented: – Business to consumer (B2C) – Business to business (B2B) – Consumer to consumer (C2C)
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Internet Marketing and Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
• Marketing terms • Internet marketing consists of:
– Search engine optimization (SEO) – Pay per click (PPC) – Web analytics
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
• SEO improves the volume and quality of traffic to a Web site by structuring content to improve search engine ranking
• An SEO expert must: – Learn about and consider the factors that search
engines take into account as they rank sites – Try to create and edit Web pages accordingly
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Pay Per Click (PPC)
• PPC – list your site high in search engine rankings by advertising on keywords that describe your product or service
• You simply pay to have your page listed as highly as possible
• Most Internet marketing campaigns combine SEO and PPC strategies
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Web Analytics
• Web analytic types: – On-site analytics
• Study visitor behavior once that visitor has accessed your site
– Off-site analytics • Identify the size of your market • Identify competitors • Determine your market penetration • Conduct surveys • Consult market research sources
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E-Commerce Payment Technologies
• Payment technologies include: – Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) – Payment gateways – 3-D Secure
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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• Not transaction methods • Used to secure transactions through encryption • Services provided:
– Authentication – Data confidentiality – Data integrity
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SSL/TLS and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
• You need a certificate to enable host authentication before you can begin an SSL session
• Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) – a collection of individuals, networks and computers that comprise the ability to authoritatively confirm the identity of a person, host or organization
• PKI involves two elements: – Digital certificate – Certificate authority (CA)
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Working in a Global Environment
• By placing your business on the Web, you expand your audience to include anyone in the world with a browser and Internet access
• Consider the level to which you will accommodate potential customers from countries outside yours – Issues to consider include:
• Currency differences • International shipping • Language concerns • Relationship management
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Databases and Web Pages
• Databases can store information about company inventory
• Databases can store customer information
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Web Pages and CGI
• CGI can be used to help Web pages pass information to and from databases
• Examples of CGI technology include: – Perl – PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) – Active Server Pages (ASP) and .NET – JavaServer Pages (JSP) – ColdFusion – Python – Django – Ajax – Ruby
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Optimizing the Impact of the Web Page
• SEO techniques are designed to get Web pages to conform to the expectations of search engine applications
• Search engine companies consider: – How many hyperlinks from other sites point to a page – How informative a page is – How well a page's code is structured – How often the content on the page is updated
• As you optimize pages for SEO, you should: – Use properly validated HTML code – Apply Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – Structure pages correctly
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Front-End Issues
• A Web page is an interface that should: – Be accessible by all users – Incorporate appealing images and graphical elements – Include constantly updated hyperlinks – Use tables wisely – Present carefully designed Web forms – Connect pages to databases securely – Use the most current technologies appropriate for the
page – Use images sparingly – Be easily navigable and without dead ends – Include alternative navigation links
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Site Maps
• Allow visitors to view a summary of your Web site's structure
• A useful site map is the product of proper site planning • Useful site maps include:
– Topical hierarchy – Aptly named site sections – Search capability
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Creative Design and Branding Standards
• A Web page is often part of a larger marketing and sales strategy – Creating and ensuring brand recognition (name
recognition) – Presenting a strong message
• A Web page allows you to develop: – A market – Mind share – A brand
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Creative Design and Branding Standards (cont'd)
• Design and branding standards meetings focus on the following: – Target markets – Market messages – Media choices – Color combinations – Sales strategies – Technologies to use
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Creative Design and Branding Standards (cont'd)
• Audience development techniques include: – Flash, Java – Unique Web site features – Company logos – Strategies developed by sales and marketing – Push and pull technologies – Visitor tracking
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Portals
• A Web site that acts as a centralized access point for additional Web sites – Portal types:
• Vertical • Horizontal
• Portal benefits: – Directs users to the best sites – Attracts users to products – Improves brand name
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Wiki Site
• A Web site that allows all visitors to collaborate in its construction – Wiki software is installed on a Web server – You can lock down certain pages and leave others open to
editing • Most wiki pages are written in a simplified markup language
called LaTeX (www.latex-project.org) that accommodates the fast-paced nature of a wiki site
• The word wiki is coined from the Hawaiian phrase "wiki wiki," which means "very quick"
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Documenting Changes
• Keep a written record of all changes to your Web site • Documenting change allows you to:
– Remember which changes have been made to the HTML code and/or pages on the site
– Ensure that you publish all security updates to the Web server
– Provide evidence of good-faith efforts to ensure accessibility
– Verify that you have fulfilled requests from departments in your organization
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File Formats and Active Content
• Your pages will include various content formats, including PDF documents, images and media files
• Common file formats and MIME types – HTML: text/html – JPEG: image/jpeg – Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): text/css – MPEG: audio/mpeg – MP3: audio/mp3
• Evaluating proprietary formats – Difficulty/inconvenience – Cost – Audience limitation
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Back-End Issues
• Database connectivity – Databases provide the ability to:
• Present stored information to customers, and allow them to search and retrieve
• Receive information from customers and save it for later retrieval
– Types of databases • Flat file • Non-relational • Relational • Object-oriented
– Web servers use relational databases to store data
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Back-End Issues (cont’d)
• Relational databases – Store information in tables – Can consist of a single file or can be distributed among
several database servers • Structured Query Language (SQL)
– Used to create and maintain professional, high-performance corporate databases
• Database connection methods – Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) – Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
• Indexing and cataloging
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Bandwidth and Download Time
• Download time – Factor in all files – Consider typical connection speeds
• Calculate download time for a Web page – Check the size of the HTML file and all associated images,
files or programs – Determine the speed of your network
connection – Convert the connection speed and file
size to common units of measure (e.g., bytes or bits)
– Divide file size by connection speed
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Naming Web Page Files
• Web servers search for default page names • Default page names include:
– index.html – index.htm – default.htm – default.asp
• Default page names can change from server to server – Apache Server – usually index.html – IIS – usually default.htm, default.html or index.html
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HTTP 404 – File Not Found Error
• Indicates that a user has requested a file that does not exist on the specified Web server – Generated by the server – Can be customized
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Lesson 10 Summary
• Develop a business Web site • Discuss the three e-commerce models • Identify the relationship between Internet marketing and search
engine optimization (SEO) • Identify payment models used in e-commerce • Identify issues related to working in a global environment • Explore the relationship between databases and Web pages • Discuss ways to optimize the impact of the Web page • Identify Web page front-end design issues • Identify file formats for use in Web pages • Identify Web page back-end resource issues • Calculate bandwidth and download time • Name Web page files
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Site Development Associate v2.0
! Markup Language and Site Development Essentials ! HTML5 Coding ! Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and Graphical Elements ! Hyperlinks ! HTML Tables ! Web Forms ! Video, Audio and Image Techniques ! Extending HTML ! GUI HTML Editors and Mobile Web Sites ! Web Site Development for Business