site to source - appa
TRANSCRIPT
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Site to SourceA Guide to Comprehensive Campus Energy ManagementLALIT AGARWAL , DIRECTOR , MAINTENANCE & UTIL ITY SERVICES
AARON EVANS, ENGINEER ING SUPERVISOR , UTIL ITY SERVICES
Energy Management
Energy Management
Energy Management Objectives
• Conserve resources
• Reduce emissions
• Reduce costs
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Funding
How to begin the Energy Management journey?
Utility Rate Structure
Green Fee
or
Rate Surcharge
Energy Budget
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Budget Vs Actual Utility Spend
Actual Budget Linear (Actual)
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Public‐Private‐Partnership (ESCO)
• Upfront Funding
• Payback from utility savings
Energy ManagementUnderstanding is key to management
Electricity
Natural Gas
Fuel Oil
Utility Plant
Inheritance Inertia
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Central Utility Plant
Central Plant – Conventional
Power
Heating
Cooling
Fuel
Grid Electricityand On‐CampusRenewables
Chillers
Campus Buildings
Boilers
Water
Central Plant – Combined Heat & Power
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Central Plant – Electricity Use Profiles
June July August September October November December January February March April May
Monthly Peak
Monthly Peak Electric Demand
Electric Demand Ratchet
12 AM 3 AM 6 AM 9 AM 12 PM 3 PM 6 PM 9 PM 12 AM
Hourly Load
Daily Electric Load Profile
Central Plant – Energy Use EfficiencyLoad Factor (LF)
𝐿𝐹𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑔, 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑔,𝑘𝑊 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐻𝑟𝑠
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
Energy Use
Daily Load Profile
Poor LF Average Load Better LF
64% LF
80% LF
Same total energy use!
Central Plant – Reducing Load FactorReduce Load Factor, increase efficiency
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Central Plant – Heating Production
Exhaust
Central Plant – Boiler Efficiency
Fuel + Air or Turbine Exhaust
230°F Water
Boiler or HRSG
600°F
72‐75% of heat from fuel turned into steam
Central Plant – Boiler Efficiency
Fuel + Air or Turbine Exhaust
230°F Water
600°F
82‐84% of heat from fuel turned into steam
FeedwaterEconomizer
300°F
320°F Water
Boiler or HRSG
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175°F Water
Central Plant – Boiler Efficiency
90+% of heat from fuel turned into steamSpecial materials required for constructionFuel + Air or Turbine Exhaust
230°F Water
600°F
FeedwaterEconomizer
300°F
320°F Water
Boiler or HRSG
Condensing Economizer
100°F
55°F Water
Hot Water
120°F
160°F
Advantages:‐ Highly efficient condensing boilers‐ No steam trap or vent losses‐ Minimal insulation loss‐ Fits well with renewables
Disadvantages:‐ More pumping energy‐ Carries less heat
Chilled Water
Tower Water
Chilled Water
40°F
54°F
95°F
85°F
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Central Plant – EfficiencyCENTRAL PLANT CONVERTS ENERGY
ENERGY INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
WASTED ENERGY
PROCESS INPUT
Common opportunities for energy recovery• Hot exhaust (boiler, turbine, generator)• Boiler blowdown• Condensate flash• Steam venting• Hot boiler rooms
Distribution System
Steam Distribution
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50°F
Chilled Water Distribution
$‐
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
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Chilled Water Delta T
Monthly Cost of Pumping Energy
42°F
1500 GPM
42°F
1000 GPM
Same cooling effect
54°F
Electrical Distribution
Can’t manage what you don’t measure
Campus Utility Metering
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Building Systems(Consumption)
Insulation
$‐
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Insulation Thickness [in]
Annual Cost of Heat Loss by Insulation Thickness
Coil Efficiency
Keep coils clean
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LED
Building Automation System (BAS)
Consolidate Control of HVAC equipment
• Control • Monitoring• Analytics
HVAC Scheduling
Turn it off when it is not needed
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Economizing
Use natural conditions when favorable
Temperature and ventilation setback
Reduce temperature and ventilation when possible
Occupancy Sensors
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling
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Load Shedding
Rolling load reduction
Pre‐cooling
Demand based operation
Light Dimmers
Variable Frequency Drive
Demand Controlled Ventilation
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Energy RecoveryBUILDING HVAC
ENERGY INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
WASTED ENERGY
PROCESS INPUT
Common opportunities for energy recovery in buildings• Exhaust air from lab air handlers• Simultaneous heating and cooling• Condensate flash• Heat from mechanical spaces
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Recommissioning and RetroCommissioning
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ANNUAL OPER
ATING COSTS
YEAR
Automated Fault Detection and Diagnosis
Lalit AgarwalDirector, Maintenance & Utility [email protected]
Aaron EvansEngineering Supervisor, Utility Services
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