situationalawareness

8/14/2019 SituationalAwareness

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Haz08 MHS Kerteh Trg Dept


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OVERVIEW SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

ELEMENTS OF SITUATIONALAWARENESS

HUMAN ERROR & THE ERRORCHAIN

DEGRADATION TO SITUATIONALAWARENESS

THE DYNAMICS OF SITUATIONAL

AWARENESS


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Situational Awareness Knowledge of all pertinent aspects of

your surroundings as it applies to thesafe accomplishment of a task

Elements of Situational Awareness

Seeing the big picture


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Situational Awareness

Theory of the Situation - A set of beliefsabout what is happening and what actionthe individual should take Based on the interpretation of available

information

It is the humans perception of reality Reality of the Situation - Actual reality,

without human perceptions Theory of Practice - A persons concepts


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Element of Situational

SITUATIONAL

EXPERIENCE

AND

PHYSICAL

FLYING

HEALTH

AND

COCKPIT

MANAGEMENT

SKILLS

SPATIAL


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Having Situational Awareness

True situational awareness is anindividuals accurate perception ofreality

Indicators of HIGH SA


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Losing SituationalAwareness If a discrepancy exists between the

individuals Theory of the Situation andthe Reality of the Situation, a loss ofsituational awareness occurs and an error

Indicators Of LOST SA- Radio/Comm Degradation..Ambiguity

Violating Minimums

- Fixation/Preoccupation..Unresolved

Discrepancy- ConfusionDeparture from SOPsNo one

flying the aircraft

- Use of undocumented procedureNo one

looking outside- Failure to meet tar et.


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RISK FACTORS

Everything that we do is entailRISK,

it is how we manage the risk in


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Evaluating Risk in the Flight

Environment The Plane- Type, Equipment, Etc.

The Pilot- COM, AIC - IM SAFEModel Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol,

Fatigue, Experience

The Environment- IFR,VFR,Mountains,


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High Risk Situations

Taking Off with Known Problem

Midair Collision- High Density Area

Inadequate Terrain Separation- CFIT

Unstabilized Approach

Deviation From SOP

Weather COMPLACENCY


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AIRPORTAIRPORT

ACCIDENTACCIDENT

FOUR out of FIVE Pilot

Errors that caused anACCIDENT occur beforethe flight left the

1. Failure to meet targets2. Use of undocumented procedures3. Departure from SOPs

4. Violating minimums or limitations

5. No one flying airplane6. No one looking out thewindow7. Communications

9. Ambiguity10. Unresolved

discrepancies

The Error Chain

Tend to occur sequentiallyMay or may not be related to eachother

Cl L f Si i l


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Clues to Loss of SituationalAwareness

Low Stress Level Lack of alertness Loss of recognition of warning signals Reduced ability to quickly & correctly

High Stress Level Low levels of situational awareness Information overload

Ambiguity Information can be interpreted in more

Cl t L f Sit ti l


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Clues to Loss of SituationalAwareness

Fixation or Preoccupation Ability to detect other important

information lost Departures from SOPS/Regulations

Violating minimums Using improper procedures Failure to Meet Planned Targets

When planned targets are not met suchas airspeeds, checkpoints, times, etc


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Maintaining SituationalAwareness Experience

Creates a mental file Experience file helps establish how one

interprets & responds to conditions Training

Adds to pilots experience file Can experience situations in training

that occur rarely Spatial Orientation


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Maintaining SituationalAwareness Ability to Process Information

use of information from sense inputs,instruments, and other sources to forman accurate picture of what is happening

Cockpit Management Skills contribute to the ability to manage the

total flight environment Personal Attitude

professionalism


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CFITFIT


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What is CFIT?Controlled Flight into Terrain(CFIT) occurs when an airworthy

aircraft under the control of aqualified pilot is inadvertentlyflown into terrain, water, or an

obstacle with inadequate


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The following actual incident and accident summaries illustrate sometypical CFIT accident scenarios:At night in IMC, the pilot misread the NAV-DME due to fatigue. Read DME onwrong NAV radio, descended too early on back course LOC approach and

penetrated prohibited airspace, after flying 7 hours and having been on dutyfor 10 hours. A low- altitude alert issued by the Approach Controller preventedan accident.The pilot likely lost situational awareness and inadvertently flew the aircraftinto the ice surface while in controlled flight because of the combined effects

of the lack of external visual references and weak instrument flying skills.The pilot continued flight in adverse weather conditions and probably did nothave the necessary visual references to avoid hitting the steep slope of themountain. Likely contributing to this accident was the pilot's over-reliance onGPS while attempting to maintain visual meteorological conditions ( VMC).During the overshoot from the approach to the airport, the pilot probably lostsituational awareness as a result of spatial disorientation, unintentionallyflying the aircraft into the ground.The pilot encountered weather conditions that were worse than forecast, and,in an attempt to maintain or regain visual contact with the ground in an area

of low cloud and dense ground fog, descended and the aircraft struck the


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Howeverby using HFACS (Human Factor analysis & Classification

System) on CFIT

More fatal than non-fatal accidents wereassociated with violations

Decision errors were more oftenassociated with non-fatal CFIT accidents

When weather was a factor, more CFITaccidents were associated with

WHWH

Confl ence of Factors in a CFIT Accident


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Confluence of Factors in a CFIT Accident(Bradley, 1995)

Non-precisionapproach 250 footterrain clearance

Are most pilots

aware of this?

Weather conditions

Airlines use ofQFE altimetry

Strong

Autopilot wouldnot hold

PF selectedHeading

Additional

Increased

vulnerability

Crew error (70 feet)in altimeter setting

Altimeter updatenot available

170 foot error inaltimeter

Tower closed

Towerwindow

Rapid change inbarometric

Approach controllerfailed to updatealtimeter setting

Altitude Holdmay allowaltitudesag 130 feet in

PF used Altitude Holdto capture MDA

PM used non-standardcallouts to alert PF

Training & Standardizationissues?

Aircraft strucktrees

?

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Forget to Act (LOST SA) in Six Prototypical Situations

Non-habitual tasks that must be deferred

e.g., Report passing through 10,000 feet

Interruptions

e.g., Controller interrupted before turning aircraft onto final

Attention switching among multiple concurrent tasks

e.g., First officer re-programming the FMC for approach

Habitual tasks with normal trigger cues removed

e.g., Go to tower at final approach fix

Habitual tasks performed out of the normal sequence

e.g., Lowering Ldg Gears delayed because of time factor

Habit capture (a typical action must be substituted for habitualaction)

e.g., Modified standard instrument departure.

#


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CFIT Countermeasures

Countermeasures for CFIT prevention can be groupedin two main categories:

aircraft equipment and training/educationFindings from accident investigations have indicated

that many CFIT accidents could have been avoided ifsome type of terrain warning system or an improvednavigation system had been installed on the aircraftand/or if pilots were better informed of CFIT relatedhazards and how to avoid them

Equipment


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Equipment

Advances in technology have resulted in cockpit equipment that cansignificantly improve a pilot's situation awareness. Some of this

technology is now cost effective for general aviation applications.

- Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) have been mandatory

equipment on large transport aircraft for years and been instrumental inpreventing some CFIT accidents. Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems

(TAWS) have been developed with increased capabilities to replace

GPWS. In addition, less capable but cost effective TAWS have beendeveloped for the smaller aircraft market.

These systems compare the aircraft's present position, as determined

from the aircraft's navigation system, with an onboard terrain database.

If there is a potential threat of collision with terrain, TAWS provides an

aural and/or visual warning to the pilot, enabling corrective action to be

taken even in instrument flight or night conditions.

- Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are now used extensively

throughout commercial and general aviation operations. Used correctly,these systems can provide increased navigation capability and accuracy,

instrument approaches in locations where no ground-based approach aidsare available and better situational awareness. All of these potentialbenefits can help to reduce the CFIT accident rate, particularly in

circumstances involving flight in instrument conditions or visual flight in

reduced or marginal visibility, both situations are potential factors in CFIT

accidents.


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Training

Specific training and education in the area of CFIT

awareness/avoidance is perhaps more importantthan equipment improvements. In some countriesCFIT avoidance training is mandatory for mostcommercial and business operations. Although theemphasis for this training has been on these typesof operations, the statistics indicate that general

aviation accidents account for the highestpercentage of the overall CFIT accidents. Therefore,general aviation pilots should familiarize themselveswith the flight circumstances typically associated

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MHS Kerteh Training Dep

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REVIEW SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

ELEMENTS OF SITUATIONALAWARENESS

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ANDSAFETY

HUMAN ERROR & THE ERRORCHAIN

DEGRADATION TO SITUATIONALAWARENESS


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Tools to Reestablish Equilibrium (when SA is lost).- Get away from dirt, rocks, trees, and metal(climb

/ breakaway)

- Stabilize the aircraft: --Roll out, Stabilize heading,airspeed, and altitude.

- Buy time: -- Climb to safe altitude, put on

autopilot.

-- Delay the maneuver (refuel, formation, etc.)

--Enter holding


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Thank you!Thank you!

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CRM Skill Situational Awareness

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situationalawareness

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