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Production Of Bio-Diesel From Pongamia Oil and

Bio-Diesel Performance With Emission Test

Mr.P. Sivakkumar1, Mr.R.Ramadoss1,2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology

Vandavasi Tamil Nadu, India1kumar.siva681@gmailcom

[email protected]

Abstract In this study, the biodiesel produced fromcottonseed oil was prepared by a method ofTransesterification and its blends of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%

in volume, and standard diesel fuel separately. The effects of

biodiesel addition to diesel fuel on the performance, emissions

and combustion characteristics of a naturally aspirated DIcompression ignition engine were examined. Biodiesel hasdifferent properties from diesel fuel. A minor increase in

specific fuel consumption (SFC) and reduced brake thermal

efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel and its blends were observed

compared with diesel fuel. The significant improvement in

reduction of Hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emission were

found for biodiesel and its blends at high engine loads. Carbon

monoxide (CO) had no evident variation for all tested fuels.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) were slightly higher for biodiesel and

its blends. The significant improvement in reduction of NOx

and a minor increase in CO2 and O2 were identified use of

selective catalytic reduction (SCR).Biodiesel and its blends

exhibited similar combustion stages to diesel fuel. The use oftransesterified cottonseed oil can be partially substituted for

the diesel fuel at most operating conditions in terms of the

performance parameters and emissions without any engine

modification.

KeywordsPongamia oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification

1. INTRODUCTIONPresently the worlds energy needs are met through

non-renewable resources such as petrochemicals, natural gas

and coal. Since the demand and cost of petroleum based fuel

is growing rapidly, and if the present pattern of consumptioncontinues, these resources will be depleted in few years.

Hence, efforts are being made to explore for alternative source

of energy. The high energy demand in in the industrialized

world as well as in the domestic sector and pollution problems

caused due to the widespread use of fossil fuels make it

increasingly necessary to develop the renewable energy

sources of limitless duration and smaller environmental

impact than the traditional one. An alternative fuel must be

technically feasible, economically competitive,

environmentally acceptable and readily available Fatty acid

methyl esters derived from renewable sources such as

vegetable oils has gained importance as an alternative fuel for

diesel engines [4].

Karanja is an oil seed bearing tree, which is non-

edible and does not Wand any suitable application with only 6%

being utilized out of 200 million tons per annum. Karanja is anative to humid and subtropical environments having annual

rainfall ranging from 500 to 2500mm in its natural habitat.

The maximum temperature ranges from 27 to 38 C and the

minimum 1 to 16 C. It can grow on most soil types ranging

from stony to sandy to clay, including verticals. It does not do

well in dry sands. It is highly tolerant to salinity. It can bepropagated either by seeds or by root suckers. The yield of

kernels per tree is between 8 and 24 kg. The freshly extracted

Karanja oil is yellowish orange to brown and rapidly darkens

on storage. It has a disagreeable odor and bitter taste. The oil

contains several furano Xavones such as karanjin, pongapin,

and ponga glabrin. At present the oil is being used as a raw

material for soap, and after sulphonating and sulphation in theleather tanning industries, the main constraints for its more

usage are the colour and odour [1].

Bio diesel is referred to as the mono-alkyl esters of

long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid sources.

Bio diesel is the name for a variety of ester based oxygenated

fuel from renewable biological sources. It can be used in

diesel engines with little modifications. It is biodegradable

non toxic and possesses low emission profiles. Also, the uses

of bio diesels are environmentally beneficial. The name

biodiesel was introduced in the United States during 1992 bythe National Soy Diesel Development Board which has

pioneered the commercialization of biodiesel in the US. One

hundred years ago, Rudolf Diesel first tested vegetable oil asfuel for this engine. Bio diesel has the potential to reduce the

level of global warming.

In thiswork, the Pongamia oil was used as feedstockresource. In the process of transesterification, two liquid

phases are formed. The lower phase mainly consists of

glycerol and some catalyst, intermediate products, and may

contain water and soap (from residual free fatty acids in the

oil). Glycerol as a by product of the transesterification

reaction has a number of applications in the pharmaceutical,

cosmetics, food, and plastics industries but requires extensive
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washing and purification from the trace compounds. The

upper phase mainly contains methyl/ethyl ester, which after

removing an excess of methanol and washing with water isused as biodiesel. Then it is characterized to meet the ASTM

requirements and the biodiesel yield is compared.

Transesterification reaction is shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Transesterification reaction

2. METHODS

2.1MaterialsThe primary raw materials of Pongamia oil was used in

the production of biodiesel. Pongamia oil was collected from a

local market. These materials contain triglycerides, free fatty

acids, and other contaminants. Since biodiesel is a mono-

alkyl fatty acid ester, the primary alcohol used to form the

ester is the other major feedstock. Methanol was obtained

from Taleco Laboratory for the Transesterification. Most

processes for making biodiesel use a catalyst to initiate the

esterification reaction. The catalyst is required because the

alcohol is sparingly soluble in the oil phase. The catalyst

promotes an increase in solubility to allow the reaction to

proceed at a reasonable rate. Sulphuric acid was obtained fromthe Laboratory for the transesterification process.

2.2EquipmentReactor consists of spherical flask of 1L capacity, which

is put inside the heat jacket. Water is used as a medium of heat

transfer from heat jacket to the reactor. Thermostat is a part of

heat jacket, which maintains the temperature of water and inturn the temperature of the reactants at a desired value. The

reaction is carried out at around 55-70 C. Spherical flask

consists of three openings. The centre one is used for putting

stirrer in the reactor. The motor propels the stirrer.

Thermometer is put inside the second opening to continuously

monitor the temperature of the reaction. Condenser is put in

the third opening to reflux the alcohol vapours back to the

reactor to prevent any reactant loss. Batch reactors have

several positive features including good mixing characteristics

and relative ease of handling homogeneous catalysts as used

in the biodiesel transesterification reaction.

2.3Experimental ProcedureThe reactor was initially filled with the desired amount of

Pongamia oil, then placed in the constant-temperature bath

with its associated equipment and heated to a predetermined

temperature of 65C. The catalyst H2SO4 was dissolved in the

methanol and the resulting solution was added to the agitated

reactor. The reaction was timed as soon as the

catalyst/methanol solution was added to the reactor and itcontinued for 3hrs. Then the mixture was transferred to a

separatory funnel, allowing glycerol to separate by gravity for

4 hrs. After removing the glycerol layer, the acidic methyl

ester layer was changed to alkaline methyl ester when methyl

ester was washed with mixture of NaHCO3 and water. Then

alkaline methyl ester was washed with mixture of NaCl andwater to remove methanol, catalyst and glycerol residuals. The

methyl ester phase was then analysed to calculate the biodiesel

yield. The resulting biodiesel was characterized for its fuel

properties. Biodiesel production process flow is shown in fig 2.

Fig. 2. Batch Reaction Process

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Analysis of feedstock

The physical and fuel properties of Pongamia

oil are measured and compared with Diesel below,

Table 1. Physiochemical properties of oils

Properties Pongamia

oil

Diesel

Specific gravity @15/150C 0.9413 0.8225

Kinematic viscosity @40C

in cSt

51.5 3.01

Flash point (oC) 243 51

Fire point (oC) 255 61

Cloud point +9 +8

Pour point +1 -13

Gross calorific value in

kcal/kg

9,976 10713

Cetane Number 49.8 51

Density @15 C in gm / cc 0.9405 0.8218


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Kinematic viscosity of oil is very higher than the

diesel. The diesel engine does not run the high viscosity.

Hence viscosity is reduced in biodiesel production process.

Flash point and fire point are higher than the diesel. Itis used to the transportation safety.

The specific Gravity of conventional diesel fuel is

about 0.8225 while a typical specific Gravity of Pongamia oil

is 0.9413, which means Pongamia oil is denser than

conventional diesel fuel.

3.2. Effect of reaction time on feedstocks conversion

Effect of reaction time on Pongamia oil conversion is

shown in fig 3. The conversion rate increases with time.

The di glycerides and mono glycerides increased at the

beginning and then decreased with increase in time duration.

At the end of transesterification the amount of mono

glycerides should be higher than that of triglycerides. In this

project time duration is varied from 3 to 6 hours.

Fig. 3. Effect of reaction time

3.3 Effect of molar ratio on feedstocks Conversion

Fig 4. Shows the effect of molar ratio of methanol to

Triglyceride on the Pongamia oil conversion into Methyl Ester.

The stoichiometric ratio for the transesterification requires

three moles of alcohol and one mole of triglyceride to yieldthree moles of fatty acid methyl ester and one mole of glycerol.

However transesterification is an equilibrium reaction in

which a large excess of alcohol is required to drive the

reaction to the right side. For maximum conversion of ester

greater than 6:1 molar ratio is used. The molar ratio has noeffect on acid, peroxide, saponification and iodine value of

methyl esters. However the high molar ratio of alcohol to

vegetable oil interferes the separation of glycerol because of

increase in solubility. When the glycerol remains in the

solution it helps to drive the equilibrium to the left side

lowering the yield of esters. Methanol and ethanol are not

miscible with triglycerides at room temperature and the

reaction mixtures are mechanically stirred to enhance mass

transfer. During the course of reaction emulsions usually form.

In case of methanolysis these emulsions quickly and easily

breakdown to form a lower layer glycerol and upper rich layer

of methyl ester. In ethanolysis these emulsions are more stable

and severely complicate the separation and purification of

esters. In this project molar ratio is varied from 3:1 to 12:1.

Fig. 4. Effect of molar ratio

3.4. Effect of reaction temperature on feedstocks conversionAs a general rule, transesterification reaction is tried to

be accomplished at lowest possible temperature. The

commonly employed temperature ranges from as low as room

temperature to up to 65C. Transesterification reaction has

been reported to be influenced positively with increase in

temperature. The boiling point of methanol is 64.7C and

hence the transesterification reaction is carried out within this

range of temperature higher than this may burn methanol. In

this project reaction temperature is varied from 550C to 70

0C.

Higher conversion rate is obtained at 650C. More conversion

rate can be achieved at higher temperature but it is not triedowing to danger of methanol vapours. Since temperature

increases viscosity reduces. Lower temperatures are notsuitable for transesterification reaction because of higher

viscosity. Hence 650C temperature is kept fixed. Effect of

amount of catalyst on Pongamia oil conversion is shown in fig

5.

Fig. 5. Effect of reaction temperature

3.4 Effect of amount of catalyst on feedstocks conversion

Higher the acidity of the oil, smaller the conversion

efficiency. The addition of more amount of catalyst

compensates for higher acidity, but the resulting soap causes

85.586

86.587

87.588

88.589

89.5

2 3 4 5

Reaction time (hrs)

MethylEster%

8585.5

8686.5

8787.5

8888.5

89

3 6 9 12

molar ratio

MethylEste

r%

86.5

87

87.5

88

88.5

89

55 60 65 70

amount of catalyst %

methylester%


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an increase in viscosity or formation of gels which interferes

the reaction as well as separation of glycerol. When the

reaction conditions do not meet the above requirements esteryields are significantly reduced. In this project catalyst

concentration is varied from 1.0 wt% to 2.5 wt%. Maximum

conversion efficiency is obtained at 1.5 wt% and there is a

significant reduction at 2.0 wt% because of excess catalyst

lead to the formation of soap and decreased the yield. Effectof amount of catalyst on Pongamia Oil conversion is shown in

fig 5.

Fig. 5. Effect of catalyst concentration

3.6 Characterization of methyl esters

Methyl ester of Pongamia oil and diesel has different

varying origin and quality. Hence, variation in the physical

properties of biodiesel based on its oil source is obvious.

Irrespective of the oil source, the biodiesel quality should

meet certain standards in order to ensure better engine

performance. American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) standard must be met in order to characterize the

Biodiesel as a fuel. The acceptable Viscosities for biodieselare nearly similar to that of the diesel fuel.

The Biodiesel were characterized by determining its

density, viscosity, higher heating value (HHV), cloud and

pour points, characteristics of distillation and flash and

combustion points according to meet the standards. The fuelswere characterized by evaluation of the parameters required in

ASTM, or American Standard Test Materials. The Biodiesel

esters were characterized for their physical and fuel properties.

The viscosities of Biodiesel fuels are twice compare to

petroleum diesel. The cloud and pour points of petroleum

diesel are significantly lower than those of the Biodiesel fuels.

Biodiesel is a clean, 100% natural energy alternative to

petroleum fuels. Table 4. Shows the fuel properties of

biodiesel produced from Pongamia oil. All the values were

within the ASTM standard limits.

Table 4. Fuel Properties of Methyl esters

Parameter Pongamia

oil

Biodiesel

from

Pongamia

oil

Diesel

Specific gravity

@15/150C

0.9413 0.889 0.8225

Kinematic viscosity

@40C in cSt

51.5 9.9 3.01

Flash point (oC) 243 192 51

Fire point (oC) 255 203 61

Cloud point +9 +9 +8

Pour point +1 +1 -13

Gross calorificvalue in kcal/kg

9,976 10189 10713

Cetane Number 49.8 50 51

Density @15 C in

gm / cc

0.9405 0.881 0.8218

4. CONCLUSION

Pongamia oil is an economical feedstock for the

production of biodiesel. However, the production process

using this feedstock is usually more complicated than that

using fresh oil feedstock. Due to the reduction of feedstockcost compared to other edible and non edible oils, biodiesel

from highly Pongamia oil is a promising alternative.

The SFC increases with increase in percentage of biodiesel in

the blends due to the lower heating value of biodiesel. The

BTE of biodiesel and its blends are slightly higher than that of

diesel at high engine loads, and keep almost same at lower

engine loads.

combustion and increases the combustion chamber

temperature, which leads to higher NOx emissions, especially

at high engine loads. The significant improvement in

reduction of NOx and a minor increase in CO2 were identifieduse of selective catalytic reduction (SCR).

difference from diesel fuel. It is also observed that there is a

significant reduction in CO and smoke emissions at high

engine loads.

biodiesel play a key role in engine performance and biodiesel

is proved to be a potential fuel for complete or partially

replacement of diesel fuel. The combustion starts earlier for

biodiesel and its blends than for diesel. The peak cylinder

86.5

87

87.5

88

88.5

89

89.5

1 1.5 2 2.5

amount of catalyst %

methylester%


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pressure of biodiesel and its blends is higher than that of diesel

fuel, and almost identical at high engine loads. The peak

pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate of biodiesel arehigher than those of diesel fuel

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A moral support from CLRI, Chennai for providing all the

adequate facilities for producing biodiesel from Pongamia oil

is greatly acknowledged.

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