six sigma
DESCRIPTION
six sigmaTRANSCRIPT
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1Six Sigma for Chemical Engineers
George Liebermann
Senior Engineering Fellow / Black Belt
Xerox Research Centre of Canada
AIChE WebinarJuly 8, 2009
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2Outline
1. Six Sigma Methodologies Overview
Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma
Design for Six Sigma
2. Six Sigma / DMAIC
3. Implementing Six Sigma in Chemical Industry
4. Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
5. Summary
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3Six Sigma for Chemical Engineers
Six Sigma methodologies are normally implemented by companies via training by consultancies and a company-wide organization is
usually put in place for implementation and continuous practice
There is a large body of literature: books as well as internet sites that provide information at various levels
The goal of this short course is to provide an introduction to
Six Sigma:
- mainly for practicing chemical engineer and
- a guide to use the most relevant tools for chemical
engineering applications
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4 The Greek symbol Sigma which means standard deviation; a measure of variation
As Sigma (, s) gets smaller the error in predicting the result gets smaller
= Standard Deviation
A statistical measure of a processs ability to meet customer requirements (CTQs)
Process Six Sigma equates to 3.4 defects per million opportunities or a Cpk =2
= Measure of Process
Capability
Standard Deviation and Process Capability
Yield DPMO Sigma
69.2% 308,000 2
93.3% 66,800 3
99.4% 6,210 4
99.977% 230 5
99.99966% 3.4 6
Yield DPMO Sigma
Cpk = ~1.33
Cpk = 2
Six Sigma Methodologies Overview
LSLxor
xUSLMinC pk
33
-6 -3 -2 -1 x +1 +2 +3 +6
2
1
1
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n
ii
n
xx2
1(
i 2
1
1
)
n
ii
n
xx2
1(
i
Sigma Percent
+/-1 sigma 68.27
+/-2 sigma 95.45
+/-3 sigma 99.73
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5Six Sigma Methodology
Evolved from TQM methods, procedures to reduce defects, statistics
Structured methodology for product and process improvement / optimization and problem solving
Key features:
Customer requirements: specifications
Process thinking: understand the process
Data driven: reduction of variations, statistics, statistical process control
Structured approach: defined phases (roadmap), checkpoints
Tool box: tools to select from
Generally: - top down (management championing),
- projects lead by trained Six Sigma Green Belts and Black Belts
- team approach
Standard Six Sigma methodology is based on a 5 phase roadmap:
DMAICDefineDefine MeasureMeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControl
Six Sigma Methodologies Overview
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6Lean
Types of Wastes
Waste of Production
Waste of Time
Waste in Transportation
Waste of Processing
Waste of Inventory
Waste of People Movement/Time
Waste of Product (defective)
Lean: Methodology with tools/techniques to
reduce/eliminate the waste in order to reduce cost
Six Sigma Methodologies Overview
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7Lean Six Sigma (LSS):
Integration of Two Improvement Approaches
Goal: Less Waste, Higher Speed
Focus: Identify and Eliminate Waste and Delays
Method: Team Event/Inspection
Goal: Improve Performance on Customer Requirements
Focus: - Eliminate Variation- Optimize output
Method: - Use of DMAIC & Tools - Use of trained individuals (Black Belts, Green Belts)
Six SigmaCulture + Quality
LeanLower Cost
After
Before
BeforeAfter
Six Sigma Methodologies Overview
time Parameter (output)
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8Design for Six Sigma (DfSS)
Success of Six Sigma in improvement of existing
processes/products lead to a search and development
of a similar methodology for new processes/products
DFSS (or DfLSS) Alphabet soup
While Six Sigma/DMAIC is well established, there are several versions of DfLSS methodologies, for example:
DMEDI Define/Measure/Explore/Develop/Implement
DMADV - Define/Measure/Analyze/Design/Verify
IDOV Identify/Design/Optimize/Validate
ICOV Identify/Characterize/Optimize/Validate
Six Sigma Methodologies Overview
DfSS uses many tools used in Six Sigma/DMAIC
DfSS not discussed in this webinar
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9Six SigmaDMAIC Improvement Methodology
Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
Define the problem or opportunity vs customer requirements
Search for the key factors (critical Xs) with the biggest impact and determine the root causes
Measure the process/product performance
Develop and demonstrate solutions to improve the critical Xs
Implement and monitor the solution
Six Sigma / DMAIC
DefineDefine MeasureMeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControl
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Six SigmaDMAIC Improvement Methodology
Guidelines for each phase:- Objective- Methodology- Tool box- Review readiness check
Measurable Objectives agreed upon in the Define phase to be monitored throughout the project
Six Sigma / DMAIC
DefineDefine MeasureMeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControl
Tollgate (Phase Gate) Reviews after each phase
Structured, well suitable for chemical engineers
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Six Sigma in Chemical Industry
Six Sigma/DMAIC:
problem solving / improvement in existing processes and/or products
Chemical process/product (manufacturing)
Process demonstration, including pilot plant
Pilot plant/semi-works interim production
Technical Support Activities
- Analytical Methods and Quality Control
- Maintenance
- Utilities
- Others
Other Processes (work process improvements)
- Engineering
- Purchasing
- Inventory Management and Sales/Marketing
- Others
Implementing Six Sigma in Chemical Industry
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Six Sigma in Chemical Industry
Typical Six Sigma opportunities for chemical engineers
(Chemical) Process/Product Problem Solving Yield Cycle time Product or Intermediate Quality Equipment or Instrumentation/Control Performance
(Chemical) Process/Product Optimization or Improvement (same as above)
Off-line Process/Product related Analytical/QC problem solving or improvements Maintenance, Utilities and other support processes Raw Materials
Implementing Six Sigma in Chemical Industry
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Six Sigma
DMAIC Define Phase Tasks
1. Define why, what, goal, how, when, who: Charter
2. Review the process Walk the process
Supplier-Input-Process-Output-Customer (SIPOC) Map
Update PFDs, P&IDs High-level Map, Value Stream Map
3. Review specifications/targets Voice of Customer (VOC) and/or Voice of Business
Critical Customer Requirements (CCR) key deliveries/results needed
4. Identify and secure resources (material and personnel)
5. Sketch out Project Plan/Schedule (eg in Microsoft Project)
6. Assess expected financial benefit
Define MeasureMeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControl
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
Six Sigma terms are in blue and red
Red items further details
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Guidelines for Charter Content
Project Title Date:
Project Sponsor: Deployment Manager:
Stakeholders: Black Belt: Green Belt:
Business Case/Impact
Opportunity/Problem Statement
Goal Statement
Project Scope
Project Plan
Resources
Why should this be doneWhat is the benefit Does this project align with the business needsWhat is the projected value of the project ($)
What is the concern and impactWhat is wrong or not working
Opportunity lost or potential benefit
Measurable Goal definitionWhat are the deliverables
How will the project be doneWhat are the boundaries of the project
What is not within scope
When will it be doneMajor milestones (tollgates)
Proposed date of completion
Who is in the team - roles & responsibilitiesTime allocation
Expected expense and capital spending
Normally the Black Belt/Green Belt, with help from team, develops the Charter.
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
WWGHWW
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SIPOC
Supplier-Input-Process-Output-Customer Map
Process Name: DBPProcess Name: DBP
Process : Process : Building CBuilding C
Suppliers Inputs Process Output(s) Customers
Occidental Chem.
Vista Chemical Eastman Chemical Penta Manuf.
Goldschmidt Chem.
Calgon
Local Disttributor
Plant facilities
Phthalic anhydride
Butanol
pTSA
Activated carbon
Sodium Hydroxide
Steam
Cooling Water
Vacuum
Raw Materials Charging
- Molten PA addition
Reaction
- Heat-up, reaction,
reactor discharge
Washing steps
-Neutralization
-Water washes
Steam Stripping
- Continuous distillation
Act. Carbon Treatment
and Filtration
-Treatment
-Filtration and pump to
storage
Dibutyl Phthalate
Wet butanol
Aqueous waste
Internal
QC Lab Distribution Sales
External
Bulk customers Distributors
Very useful for overall review of process/product. Supports:
- High-level Process Map (Process Flow Diagram)- Value Stream Map (P&ID or enhanced PFD)
- Identification of Key Outputs (Ys) and Inputs (Xs) towards Y = f(X)(Cause end Effect info)
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
Problem: Dibutyl Phthalate color is sometimes out of specification
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Value Stream Map (VSM)
Goal:
Update of all process information required for the project
Update existing PFD/P&IDs
Break down process steps, materials quantities and flow
Record all process steps/times (value-add and non value-add)
Add all measurement points, samples for QC, etc
Record all known info/values: process parameters, metrics
Team check: walk the process
VSM: An updated/enhanced version of
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
or Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Six Sigma
DMAIC Measure Phase Tasks
1. Review Key Process & Product Parameters
(Key Input, Process and Output Variables)
2. Establish what needs to be measured/analyzed and HOW
(Operational Definitions )
3. Validate Measurement Methods Measurement System Analysis (MSA)
4. Data Collection Plan (historical and new)
5. Collect Data Data Organizing Tools
6. Baseline (current) Process Capability Analysis
Define MeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControlMeasure
Six Sigma terms are in blue and red
Red items further detailsSix Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Select what to measure
Key Input, Process and Output Variables
X1: Raw Materials Quality (x11, x12) Y1: DBP ColorX2: Process Conditions (x21, x22) Y2: DBP PurityX3: Equipment conditions (x31, x32) Y3: Process Cycle Time (cost factor)X4: Individual Process Steps Time (x41, x42)
Yi= f(X1, X2..)
Process Name: DBPProcess Name: DBP
Process : Process : Building CBuilding C
Suppliers Inputs Process Output(s) Customers
Occidental Chem.
Vista Chemical Eastman Chemical Penta Manuf.
Goldschmidt Chem.
Calgon
Local Disttributor
Plant facilities
Phthalic anhydride
Butanol
pTSA
Activated carbon
Sodium Hydroxide
Steam
Cooling Water Vacuum
Raw Materials Charging
- Molten PA addition
Reaction
- Heat-up, reaction,
reactor discharge
Washing steps
-Neutralization
-Water washes
Steam Stripping
- Continuous distillation
Act. Carbon Treatment
and Filtration
-Treatment
-Filtration and pump to
storage
Dibutyl Phthalate
Wet butanol
Aqueous waste
Internal
QC Lab Distribution Sales
External
Bulk customers Distributors
Input Metrics Process Metrics Output Metrics
Quality
Speed
Cost
Reaction time Number of washes Stripping steam rate AC treatment and filtration time
UMC (rework yes/no)
Phthalic Anhydride
Melt Color Acid numberButanol
Color % Assay (GC)pTSA
% assay
Weight of raws Reaction temperature Vacuum Acid Number (end of reaction)
NaOH amount Acid Number (after washes)
Stripping Temperature, Vacuum
% Assay (GC) Specific Gravity Color (APHA) Acid Number (mg KOH/g) Flash point (oC)
Overall process time
Process Time Rework Time, if any
Tools for Y and X selection:
SIPOC,
Value Stream Map
Cause and Effect Diagram
In a chemical engineering project the
key output (Y) is usually well defined,
however several secondary Ys may
need to be addressed
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
Problem:
Dibutyl Phthalate color
is sometimes out of spec
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Ishikawa Cause & Effect (Fishbone) DiagramTool to Determine Key Input, and Process Variables
MaterialsProcessEquipment/Facilities
Procedures/Policies Measurement:
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Effect
(Y)
,
Potential cause
People
Potential cause
Potential cause
Potential cause
Potential causes (Xs)
Cause Categories
Potential cause
Potential cause
Potential cause Potential cause
Raw MaterialsSynthesis ConditionsPost-synthesis
Equipment Color Measurement:
DBP
Color
,
Operator
Lab bias
APHA/Hazen
CIELAB
N2 purging procedure
Reactor bottom valve
Reactor seal
Sources
Reducing
Agents
Decolorizing
agents
Neutral. Temp.pTSA color
PA color
Inerting procedure
Inert Gas
Reaction temperature
Reaction time
Reactor
Discharging
Temperature
RM addition
PA impurities
Procedures/Execution
Stripping column
RM addition
Butanol Imp.
Team contribution:
brainstorming, available info,
assumptions
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
Problem:
Dibutyl Phthalate color
is sometimes out of spec
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Validate Measurement Methods - MSA
Are the measurements methods good enough?
A Measurement System Analysis (MSA) assesses how much variation is associated with the measurement system and compares it with the process variation (and specifications)
Main Tool: Gage R&R assesses the percentage measurement variation (repeatability and reproducibility) represents of the variation of the process.
Gage R&R results:
Under 10%: Acceptable measurement system.
10% to 30%: May be acceptable.
Over 30%: Unacceptable measurement system
Repeatability same operatorReproducibility different operators
Software packages like Minitab and JMP have standard MSA (Gage R&R) programs
Less expensive versions available from Six Sigma Consultancies (Excel based)
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Data Organizing Tools
Control Charts
Lots
Yie
ld,
%
71645750433629221581
100
90
80
70
60
_X=81.42
UCL=98.70
LCL=64.14
Historical yields
Pareto Charts
Yield target =90%
X-bar = 81.4%
Process in control, but Mean (X-bar)
for yield significantly under target process is not capable
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Butanol
impur.
Butanol
color
Time over
8hr
pTSA color PA color PA Impur.
Co
un
t
In Excel:
Bar (Column) Chart using Sort
In Minitab
Ranking based on frequency of occurrenceUpper and Lower Control Limits
+/- 3 sigma
Helps select vital few from trivial many 80/20 rule
For Analyze phase
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Baseline Process Capability Analysis
Process Capability index - Cp
Cp =
Process Capability:
Voice of the Customer (spec. limits) vs Status of Business (control limits)
Accepted Variation (Specification)
Process Variation
6
LSL -USLCp
Clarifies current status and will allow analysis/comparison of future improvements
LSL USL
Process Variation - 99.65% of values
Target
Cannot be used unless there are both lower (LSL) and upper specification (USL) limits
If process mean not centered on target results can be misleading
Cpk is the most common index for process capability
For cases where both LSL and USL is specified, the smaller Cpk number is reported
Typical manufacturing goal for Cpk is 1.33 - Sigma Qual. Index (SQL) of 4
LSLxor
xUSLMinC pk
33
X
_
A SQL is equal to a Cpk of 2.0
6
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Six Sigma
DMAIC Analyze Phase Tasks
1. Data and Process Analysis Tool box
2. Lean Opportunities - Non-Value Added Analysis
3. Identify most likely causes of the problem - Prioritize Critical Input and Process Variables (Xs) for Y = f(X)
4. Root Cause Proof/Experimentation
5. Summary/documentation of cause/effect findings
Define MeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControlMeasure Analyze
Six Sigma terms are in blue and red
Red items further detailsSix Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Data and Process Analysis
Root Cause Analysis Hypotheses for root causes of problem
Data: Statistical and other Six Sigma tools
Descriptive statistics and Data distribution - Excel
Control charts Excel applications
Pareto Charts - Excel (column charts sorted)
Regression Analysis Excel y=f(x) with R2
Hypothesis Testing (t-test and ANOVA) - Excel
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
Process: Six Sigma tools
Brainstorming
Process Maps PFD, P&ID
Cause and Effect (Fishbone) Diagram
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Non-Value Added Analysis
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Hypothesis Testingstatistical treatment
: 210 H
1. 1 sample t-test: Compares sample mean to historical mean or target
2. 2 sample t-test: Compares means of two samples
1. One way ANOVA: Compares means of more than two samples
2. Two way ANOVA: Compares two samples with multiple factors
Ho - null hypothesis: the mean of a sample/population is equal to.
Ha - alternative hypothesis: the mean of a sample/population is not equal to.
e.g. for two equal means the
difference is zero
: 21 aH
nothing changed
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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lean tool
Non-Value Added Analysis
Identifies Process Steps or Process Time which does not add value to the Process/Product
Categories:
Customer Value Added (CVA) meets a customer need
Business Value Added (BVA) required to be in business
Non-Value Added (NVA) not required for customer/business needs - waste
Customer Value Added (CVA)
customer sees the value, e.g. synthesis, purification
should be considered for optimization
Business Value Added (BVA)
required to complete the process/product, e.g. QC, maintenance, change-over, transfers
should be optimized and reduced
Non-Value Added (NVA)
not required, waste in the process, e.g. rework, storage/inventory, holding/delays, extra process time
should be eliminated
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Experimentation for Proof of Cause-Effect
Experimentation to prove hypothesis:
Confirm information from analysis of existing data
preferably in lab or pilot plant, sometimes at manufacturing scale
Experimentation
one factor at a time (OFAT)
design of experiments - DOE (designed experimentation)
Design of Experiments The variation of controllable factors(independent variables, Inputs, Xs) at different levels in order to assess their effect on the response (dependent variable, Output, Ys)
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Six Sigma
6. DMAIC Improve Phase Tasks
1. Generate/Develop Potential Solution(s)
2. Establish Evaluation Criteria Quality, Cost, Delivery, Safety
3. Select Best Solution(s) Pair-wise Comparison, Pugh Matrix
4. Risk Assessment Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
5. Pilot/Demonstrate Solution
Define MeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControlMeasure Improve
Six Sigma terms are in blue and red
Red items further detailsSix Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Pair-wise Comparison/Ranking:
Pairwise Comparison Example
Distillation Yield Improvement
Solution Ranking/Preference
Replace all valves 1 1 1 1 4
Install blanks 1 1 1 3
Change Control Program 0
Install check valves 1 1 2
Replace Column 1 1
Compare Solutions in
Pairs
Solution Selection Tools
Pugh Matrix:
1. List Requirements/Evaluation
Criteria
2. Assign Weight to each Evaluation
Criteria
3. List Solutions to be assessed
(< 8-10)
4. Current process is the Baseline
5. Fill in Pugh Matrix
6. Rate Solutions vs baseline:
+, 0, -, or ++, +, 0, -, --
7. Compute
8. Compare Totals (Pareto)
9. Select solution
Evaluation Criteria (VOC/VOB)
Quality, Cost, Delivery
Total
Weight
(Importance
Ranking)
(1-5)
Solution 4
Pugh Matrix - Which solution is the best
Baseline
(Current
process)
Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3
Solutions
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Proposed
Solution/Change
Potential
Failure Mode
Potential Failure
Effects
Potential
Causes
Current
Controls
R
P
N
Actions
Recommended
Resp.
Description of
change as per
proposed
solution
Negative
Impact,
Failure, or
Error
Impact on
Output
Variables
(identified risk
items )
What could
cause the
problem
Existing
controls and
procedures
To avoid/reduce
occurrence
and/or improve
detection
S
E
V
E
R
I
T
Y
O
C
C
U
R
A
N
C
E
D
E
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
Process / Product FMEA in Improve
Rating Scale:
1 not severe, not likely to occur, likely to detect, to10 very severe, very likely to occur, not likely to detect
Severity - Importance of the effect on customer requirements.
Occurrence - Frequency (or probability that it will occur).
Detection - The ability of current controls to detect, before or after occurrence
In Improve:
List of Proposed Changes
Recommended Actions if
problem occurs
Responsibility
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Pilot/Demonstrate Solution
Performed on a small scale (equipment or time)
Confirms with data the expected improvements
Reduces risk of failure, exposes issues
Will make the full scale implementation more effective
Compare results with baseline Process/Product
Tools:
Descriptive statistics, histograms
2 sample t-test compare mean of Improve results vs baseline
ANOVA (ANalysis Of Variance) compare mean of Improve results vs 2 or more baseline set of results
Process capability (Cpk) vs baseline
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Six Sigma
7. DMAIC Control Phase Tasks
1. Modify/Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
2. Develop a Control Plan
3. Implement Process Changes and Controls
4. Perform and Monitor the Improved Process
5. Transition Project to Process Owner
6. Recalculate Expected Financial Benefits
Define MeasureMeasureMeasure AnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyzeAnalyze ImproveImproveImproveImprove ControlControlControlControlMeasure Control
Beyond Control Phase: sustain the improved results
Six Sigma terms are in blue
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Control Plan
Measurements: What to measure, Measurement Methods
Sampling Plan
Control Plan Tools:
comparison to data prior to improvement
- control charts
- process capability (Cpk, Sigma Quality Level)
- (2 sample t-test)
- risk management
- mistake-proofing: redundancies
Control Plan Documents
Six Sigma Tool Box for Chemical Engineers
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Six Sigma and Chemical Engineers
Chemical industry and chemical engineering are data driven, very well suited for applying Six Sigma
Apply the tools creatively, where and when deemed to help, and in conjunction with sound technical judgment
Normally Six Sigma is a corporate/organization wide initiative- management driven, training
Do other options exist ?Projects may be conducted according to Six Sigma methodology without having a formal Black Belt or Green Belt project or full training
Not that complex use of phase methodology and associated tool box
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Select Six Sigma Websites
iSix Sigma - http://www.isixsigma.com
Soc. of Manuf. Engineers - http://www.sme.org/sixsigma
Six Sigma.us - http://www.6sigma.us
Knowware International - http://www.qimacros.com/index.html
Aveta - http://www.sixsigmaonline.org/index.html
Pyzdek Institute - http://www.pyzdek.com
Many others
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Select Six Sigma Books
Six Sigma Demystified A Self-Teaching Guide by Paul Keller, 2005 ISBN: 007144544-7
Lean Six Sigma Demystified A Self-Teaching Guide by Jay Arthur, 2006 ISBN: 007148650X
The Six Sigma Handbook: The Complete Guide for Greenbelts, Blackbelts, and Managers at All Levels, Revised and Expanded Editionby Thomas Pyzdek, 2003 ISBN: 0071410155
The Lean Six Sigma Pocket Toolbook: A Quick Reference Guide to 100 Tools for Improving Quality and Speedby Michael L. George, John Maxey, David T. Rowlands, Mark Price2004 - ISBN: 0071441190
Six Sigma for Dummiesby Craig Gygi, Neil DeCarlo, Bruce Williams2005 - ISBN: 0764567985
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Descriptive Statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance, median, confidence intervals)
Histograms
Run Charts
Control Charts
Scatter Plots
Bar Charts
Gage R&R (MSA)
Cp & Cpk
Pareto Chart
Box plots
Design of Experiments (DOE)
Regression Analysis
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Main Effects Plots
Interaction Plots
Hypothesis Testing (e.g. t-test)
Response Surface Methodology
Six Sigma Statistical Tools
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Basic Six Sigma ToolsHost of Tools That Can Be Used When Relevant Tool Box
Statistical Tools
SIPOC
Process Mapping
Value Analysis
Brainstorming
Quality Function Development (QFD HOQ)
Fishbone Diagram
Operational Definitions
Measuring System Analysis (MSA)
Affinity Diagrams
Interrelationship Diagraphs
Force Field Analysis
Tree Diagrams
Cause & Effect Matrix
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
Piloting
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
Control Plan