sixma xi - haplogroup determination of ancinet maya dna - michael haynes and edmund adjapong

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HAPLOGROUP DETERMINATION OF ANCIENT MAYA DNA Presenters Michael Haynes SUNY Plattsburgh Edmund Adjapong SUNY Plattsburgh Thursday, March 14, 13

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Page 1: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

HAPLOGROUP DETERMINATION OF ANCIENT MAYA DNA

Presenters

Michael HaynesSUNY Plattsburgh

Edmund AdjapongSUNY Plattsburgh

Thursday, March 14, 13

Page 2: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

Research Goals

Research Goals

To compose the largest haplogroup study of ancient Maya skeletons

The results of this study will contribute knowledge to biologist, anthropologist, and historians, not only about ancient Maya populations, but about Amerindians as a whole

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Page 3: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

Introduction

The primary objective of this research was to examine ancient DNA extracted from Maya skeletons that were previously unearthed from Tipu, Belize

The four primary migration routes of Native Americans (A, B, C, and D) were being studied (Figure 1), this will contribute to the study of haplogroups of ancient Maya people to date

There are approximately five hundred and eighty eight skeletons that were unearthed and collected (Figure 2)

These skeletons are the largest collection of Mayan remains from one burial site and are currently housed at SUNY Plattsburgh for continued study

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Page 4: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

Figure 1. Map depicting the four founder haplogroups of the Americas. The black square roughly designates Belize, while migration routes for haplogroup A, B, C, and D have been marked with red letters. Image retrieved and edited from O’Hare, 2009.

Figure 2. Diagram depicting the location of the Maya remains exhumed from Tipu. Created by Cohen

Figure 1. Map depicting the four founder haplogroups of the Americas. The black square roughly designates Belize, while migration routes for haplogroup A, B, C, and D have been marked with red letters. Image retrieved and edited from O’Hare, 2009.

Figure 2. Diagram depicting the location of the Maya remains exhumed from Tipu.Created by Cohen.

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Page 5: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

Research MethodsA preserved tooth was taken from the selected skeleton, then ground in the presence of liquid nitrogen (Figure 3)

A DNA extraction protocol was followed according to the GENECLEAN Kit for Ancient DNA

The haplogropus were determined with the use of specific primers in accordance with Gonzalez-Oliver et. al, (2001) and through DNA sequencingPolymerase Chan Reaction (PCR) samples were prepared as follows: 16 uL of dH2O, 2 uM of forward primer, 2 uM of reverse primer and 100 ng of ancient DNA (aDNA) for a total of 25 uL

Each sample went through the appropriate cycle forty times (Table 1)

Researchers used gel electrophoresis to determine the number of base pairs in each sample.Additionally, each sample was digested with restriction enzymes to confirm haplogroups

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Page 6: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

Figure 3. Photographs of Maya teeth which provided the ancient mitochondrial DNA. Photos from Coons, 2010.

Research Methods

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Page 7: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

ResultsResearchers have determined haplogroups for 25 Maya skeletons (Figure 3) Table 4 shows our results compared to published results

Our results:0% tested for haplogroup A

8% tested for haplogroup B64% tested for haplogroup C 28% tested for haplogroup D

Figure 3. Tipu Mission with haplogroup results of the tested skeletons.

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Page 8: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

ResultsOur findings matched most closely to those of Merriweather (1997) (Table 4)

To date, this study suggests that ancestors of Maya individuals who were buried in the Tipu burial site, as shown in Figure 2, migrated on routes associated with either C or D

The ultimate goal of this research was to conduct the largest haplogroup analysis of ancient Maya, and perhaps one of the largest such studies of any ancient/historic group in the New World

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Page 9: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

ReferencesAncient Maya from Xcaret, Quintana Roo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 116: 230-235.

Anderson et. Al (1981) Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature International Journal of Science 457: pp. 457-465.

Coons, Josh. Personal communication: photographs of teeth.

Gonzalez-Oliver, A., et. al. (2001). Founding Amerindian mitochondrial DNA lineages in Ancient Maya from Xcret, Quintana Roo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 116: 230-235.

Merriweather, D.A, Ferrell, R (1995) The Four Founding Lineage Hypothesis for the New World: A Critical Reevaluation. 241: pp.241-246

Merriweather, D.A., Reed, D., Ferrell, R (1997) Ancient and Contemporary Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Maya. Bones of the Maya, pp.208-217.

O’Hare, K. (2009) retrieved from http://blog.zap2it.com/kate_ohare/2009/08/. 4/8/2010

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Page 10: Sixma Xi - Haplogroup Determination of Ancinet Maya DNA - Michael Haynes and Edmund Adjapong

Acknowledgments

The researchers would like to thank Dr. Mark Cohen for granting access to the Maya skeleton collection. The researchers would also like to thank Dr. Nancy Elwess and Mrs. Sandra Latourelle for their patience and guidance. The researchers would also like to thank Josh Coons and AJay Daley Kesler for their time and dedication to this project.

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